Pharmacological importance of Kaempferia galanga (Zingiberaceae): A mini review

Abstract

Kaempferia galanga L. belonging to the family Zingiberaceae is an endangered medicinal plant with potent medicinal activities. The leaves, rhizome and root tubers of the plant possess a number of medicinal applications. The plant is economically important and is over exploited to the extent that there is always scarcity of propagating material (rhizomes) which is the consumable part too. The present review provides broad information of Kaempferia galanga throwing light on its current status, ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Extracts of Kaempferia galanga have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-diarrheal, anti-bacterial, sedative, cytotoxic, insecticidal and anthelmintic properties which are reported here.
Keywords: Kaempferia galanga, zingiberaceae, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity

Full text

International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
32
International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
ISSN: 2455-698X
Impact Factor: RJIF 5.22
www.pharmacyjournal.in
Volume 3; Issue 3; May 2018; Page No. 32-39
Pharmacological importance of Kaempferia galanga (Zingiberaceae): A mini review
Hosne Jahan Shetu1, Kaniz Taskina Trisha2, Shishir Ahmed Sikta3, Raihanatul Anwar4, Sadman Sakib Bin Rashed5,
Pritesh Ranjan Dash6*
1, 2, 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
4, 5 Department of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
6 Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Abstract
Kaempferia galanga L. belonging to the family Zingiberaceae is an endangered medicinal plant with potent medicinal activities.
The leaves, rhizome and root tubers of the plant possess a number of medicinal applications. The plant is economically important
and is over exploited to the extent that there is always scarcity of propagating material (rhizomes) which is the consumable part
too. The present review provides broad information of Kaempferia galanga throwing light on its current status, ethnobotany,
phytochemistry and pharmacology. Extracts of Kaempferia galanga have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-diarrheal, anti-
bacterial, sedative, cytotoxic, insecticidal and anthelmintic properties which are reported here.
Keywords: Kaempferia galanga, zingiberaceae, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity
Introduction
Kaempferia galanga Linn., commonly known as Cekor,
Ekangi, Kencur or aromatic ginger is a stem less herb in
Zingiberaceae family. The plant is native to tropical Asia
including southern China, Indochina, Thailand, Taiwan,
Malaysia and India [1]. Being a source of valuable bioactive
compounds, KG is famous for its medicinal as well as edible
use [1]. As folk medicine, the rhizome of K. galanga L. is
employed for antibacterial, treatment of hypertension, asthma,
rheumatism, indigestion, cold and headache, relief abdominal
pain and toothache [2, 3]. In Thailand, the dried rhizome has
been used as cardiotonic and CNS [4], whereas an acetone
extract has an effect on monoamine oxidase inhibition [5]. K.
galanga rhizome can be used to treat wind and phlegm,
restore digestive heat, and help circulate the blood [6].The
powdered rhizome mixed with honey is an expectorant used to
treat productive cough and pectoral affection. Besides, oil
prepared from the rhizome is applied over the nasal region to
relieve nasal congestion [7]. The preparation also can be used
to treat wounds and applied to rheumatic region [8]. Roasted
rhizomes are applied as hot poultice in rheumatism [7].
Chemical constituents isolated from K. galanga possess
different pharmacological properties like antioxidant,
antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, sedative,
vasorelaxant, nematicidal, mosquito repellent, larvicidal,
antiprotozoal and wound healing activities [9, 10]. The most
vital phytoconstituent isolated from Ekangi extracts found
Ethyl-cinnamate and Ethyl-p-methoxy cinnamate.
Kaempferol, isolated from K.galanga rhizome was found
effective to reduce the risk of pancreatic and lung cancer.
Leaves and rhizomes of K. galanga are useful in treating
rheumatism traditionally. K. galanga is one of those precious
medicinal herbs that are still included in unutilized herbs in
spite of the variety of useful pharmacological properties it
possess. Therefore, the importance of the plant K. galanga as
a medicinal plant is to be documented and presented to the
mass of people. Keeping in view the above statement a brief
and up to date review about some of the medicinal values of
K. galanga has been made in the following study.
Botanical Classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Sub Kingdom: Phanerogamae
Division: Spermatophyta
Sub Division: Angiospermae
Class: Monocotyledonae
Order: Scitaminales
Family: Zingiberaceae
Genus: Kaempferia
Species: K. galanga
Common name
Aromatic Ginger, Resurrection lily, Lesser galangal, Sand
ginger; Hindi: Chandramula, Sidhoul; Marathi: Kapurkachri;
Tamil: Kacholum, Pulankilanku; Malayalam: Kachhuram,
Katjulam; Kannada: Kachchura, Kachhoora; Bengali: ekangi,
bhuichampa; Assamese: Chandramula; Sanskrit:
Chandramoolika, corakah, karcurah, Sathi, Sati,
Sugandhamula.
Botanical Description
Kaempferia galanga is a member of the Zingiberaceae family.
It is a stemless herb arising from tuberous rootstocks with
fibrous cylindrical roots. The rhizome has dark reddish-brown
skin and the soft interior is nearly white. The leaves usually 2-
3(-5), spread horizontally, dark green, broadly elliptical to

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slightly flat with circular outline, measuring 8-15 cm wide.
The blade is often lying flat to the soil the top surface is
smooth while the bottom surface is cobweb-hairy [11].
The inflorescence is sessile, emerging from between the
leaves. It is 4-12(-15)-flowered. The sepal is 2-3 cm long. The
petal is white, with tube 2.5-5 cm long and lobes 1.5-3 cm
long. Their lip is broadly reversed egg-shaped, divided to
about halfway or more, white or pale purple with violet to
purple spots at the base. Each lateral lobe is about 2-2.5 cm x
1.5-2 cm. Other abortive stamen has an imperfect anther that
is oblong-reversed egg-shaped to oblong-lance-shaped, 1.5-3
cm long and white. Their fertile stamen is 10-13 mm long,
with two lobes deeply connective with abruptly bent lobes [11].
Fig 1: Kaempferia galanga
Phytochemical Constituents
A superabundant work has been done to identify and isolate
the chemical constituents from different polar and non-polar
extracts of Kaempferia galanga. Ethyl-cinnamate and ethyl–p-
methoxycinnamate are found to be the most vital constituents
in the dichloromethane [10], hexane [12] and methanol extracts
[13]. About 98.98% of essential oil constituents have been
isolated and identified with only 1.11% constituents that are
still unknown [13]. The most abundant essential oil constituents
include propanoic acid, pentadecane, ethyl-p-
methoxycinnamate. Other constituents include 1,8-cineol,
undecanone, isopropyl cinnamate, dicyclohexyl
propanedinitrile, dipentene dioxide, 9-hydroxy, 2-nonanone,
2,7- octadiene-1-yl acetate, ethyl cyclohexyl acetate, cis-11-
tetradecenyl acetate, 2-heptadecanone, 4-methyl isopulegone,
camphidine, trans,trans-octa-2, 4-dieny acetate, 10 undecyn-1-
ol, 3,7-dimethoxycoumarin, delta- 3-carene, alpha pinene,
camphene, borneol, cymene, alphaterpineol, alpha gurjunene,
germacrenes, cadinenes, caryophyllenes, luteolin and apigenin
[7, 10, 14, 15]. The percent concentrations of essential oil
constituents are shown in Figure 2. The chemistry of
important constituents of Kaempferia galanga is given in
table.
Fig 2: Percent composition of essential oil content of KG extracts [14]
Table 1: Important phytoconstituents isolated from KG extracts [10, 14, 15]
Serial No
Name
Structure
1.
2- propeonic acid
2.
Pentade cane
3.
Ethyl paramethoxycinnamate
4.
3 - carene

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5.
Cadinenes
6.
3, 4- methoxyphenyl
7.
Borneol
8.
3H- 3a, 7- methanoazulene
9.
Heptade cane
10.
1- methyl, 2-(1- methylethyl)
11.
1,6- cyclodecadienen
12.
8- heptade cane
13.
Camphene
14.
Tetradecane
15.
Delta limonene
16.
Alpha pinene

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17.
Germacrene
18.
Beta pinene
19.
Cyclooctene
20.
1- methyl- 3-(1- methylethyl)
21.
Gamma elemene
22.
Ethyl cinnamate
23.
Eucalyptol or 1, 8 cineole
24.
Cymene
25.
Alpha Terpineol
26.
Alpha Gurjunene
27.
Beta-Caryophyllen

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28.
Kaempferide
29.
Cinnamaldehyde
30.
Kaempferol
Pharmacological activities of Kaempferia galangal
Antimicrobial activity
Kaempferia galangal extract has the ability to inhibit
Lactobacillus acidophilus, bacteria responsible for dental
caries. The extract of KG was made using three solvents
namely dichloromethane, aquades and ethanol; amongst which
the ethanolic extract was most effective against Lactobacillus
acidophilus, exhibiting better antibacterial activity than
penicillin but less than erythromycin [16]. Essential oils
extracted from the rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga were
tested for antibacterial activity against both gram positive
(Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and gram-
negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escheria
coli). K. galanga did not exhibit any antibacterial activity
against the bacterial strain tested [17]. The in vitro antibacterial
activities of Kaempferia galanga leaves and rhizomes
(extracted in acetone) were tested against gram positive
bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus), Bacillus
cereus (B. cereus) and gram negative bacteria such as
Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aureus (P. aureus),
Shigella dysenteriae (S. dysenteriae) and Klebsiella
pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) using disc diffusion method. All
the extracts showed moderate activity against all the strains of
bacteria mentioned except Klebsiella pneumoniae (K.
pneumoniae) [18]. Ethyl p-methoxy cinnamate (EPMC)
extracted from Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome was screened
for its antibacterial activity. The results indicated that EPMC
compound with concentration up to 1.2 and 2.4% have
minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against S.aureus and
S. epidermidis; while for P.acne, the concentrations are 0.6,
1.2 and 2.4%. In conclusion, it can be said that EPMC 1.2%
can be regarded as risk free since there were no reports of
allergic irritation [19]. The antimicrobial activity of Kaempferia
galanga rhizome was investigated using methanol, ethanol,
chloroform, petroleum ether and aqueous extracts of it. Ten
bacterial pathogenic species (Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis,
Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli,
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pesudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio
cholerae) and four fungal species (Aspergillus niger, A. flavus,
A.fumigatus and Candida albicans) were assayed using disc
diffusion method and then the zone of inhibition was
analysed. All the extracts showed good to moderate antifungal
and antibacterial activity; although ethanolic extract depicted
most prominent antibacterial activity against S.aureus [20].
Cytotoxic and Antineoplastic Activity
Cytotoxic activities were assessed by standard MTT and SRB
measures against four cancerous viz., DU145, PA1, SW620,
B16F10 and a normal Vero cell cultures by using the extracts
of the rhizome from Kaempferia galanga and also some
progressive extracts like petroleum ether, ethyl acetic acid
derivation and ethanol. In case of cancer cells Successive
ethyl acetate extract appeared particular poisonous quality but
for normal cells they were less harmful [21]. Extracts of K.
galanga and its bioactive compound EPMC exhibited
moderate cytotoxic activity against human CCA tumor (CL-6)
cell line [22]. KG extracts possesses inhibitory impact on
tumor-promoting arrange of neoplasia and hence detailed as
anti-neoplastic [23]. Hindrance of TPA (12-O tetradecanoyl-
phorbol-13-acetate) initiated activation of epsteinbarr virus
early antigen in Raji cells is caused due to the methanolic
extracts of KG that is assessed by circuitous
immunofluorescent assay and western blot and display
fractional inhibitory impact on tumor-promoting stage [23].,
80% restraint is perceived at a dose of 320 µg/ml. At a dose of
640 µg/ml it can be escalates to a most extreme level of 90%
[23]. Colorimetric tetrazolium salt assay of the methanolic
extracts of KG Linn showed that at doses more than 250
µg/ml may grant inhibitory impact on human cardiac
fibroblast (cell line HCF-7) and human T cell leukemia (HT-
29 cell line) [24]. KG extract, ethyl-p methoxycinnamate
follows a dose dependent manner and exhibits the inhibition in
proliferation of human hepatocellular liver carcinoma (Hep
G2 cell line) [25]. Dash and his colleagues reported that by
using lethality bioassay technique in case of brine shrimp
nauplii we can see that the LC50 esteem of acetonic leaf
extract was 4.78 μg/ml. Thus it is reported that all the extracts
display direct cytotoxic action while equating with vincristine
sulphate, a standard drug which has an LC50 esteem of
0.52μg/ml [26].
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity
Alcoholic extract of Kaempferia galanga was tested for

International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
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analgesic and antiinflammatory activities in animal models,
where two doses 600 mg/kg and 1200 mg/kg of plant extract
exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan
model and cotton pellet granuloma model and significant
analgesic activity in tail flick model and hot plate model [27].
In traditional medicine, leaves and rhizomes of Kaempferia
galanga are used to treat headache, swelling, stomach ache,
toothache and rheumatism [28]. When given subcutaneously in
doses of 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg, the aqueous extracts of
Kaempferia galanga leaves show significant anti-
inflammatory effect in rats in a dose dependent manner [29].
The capacity of the extracts to block abdominal constriction,
hot plate and formaline test indicates that analgesic activity
has both central mechanism, involving opioid receptors, and
peripheral mechanism that involves cyclooxygenase pathway
[30]. The methanol extract of Kaempferia galanga at doses of
100 and 200mg/kg demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity
which seemed to be dose and time dependent [31]. Ethyl-p-
methoxycinnamate is an anti-inflammatory constituent which
can be isolated from Kaempferia galanga L. Extracts [32].
Kaempferia galanga inhibits inflammation by suppressing
interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and angiogenesis by
blocking endothelial functions [33]. Kaempferia galanga L.
extract has the same effectiveness as meloxicam in reducing
pain, stiffness in patient with knee osteoarthritis [34].
Antidiarrheal activity
According to Ali et al, experimental animals were randomly
selected and divided into four groups denoted as control,
standard and test samples (group-I and group-II) and
consisting of 6 mice in each group. Mice were fasted for 18h
before the test with free access to water. Control (water
5ml/kg), standard (Loperamide 3mg/kg) and test samples
Kaempferia galangal (100 and 200 mg/kg) were administered
orally. Then 1 h later, 0.3ml castor oil was administered orally
to each mouse to induce diarrhea. The total numbers of both
dry and wet faeces excreted by the animals were counted
every hour for a period of 4 h. The total number of diarrheal
faeces of the control group was considered 100%. In this
castor oil-induced diarrhea experiment, the mice group that
did not receive the plant extracts showed typical diarrheal
signs and symptoms such as watery and frequent defecation.
The effects of Kaempferia galangal were found to be
statistically significant (p < 0.05-0.001) which shows it has
the power to inhibit the severity of diarrhea induced by castor
oil [35].
Anthelmintic activity
According to Dash et al, test samples of extract of Kaempferia
galanga were prepared at 25, 50 and 100mg/ml concentration
in normal saline water and approximately equal size of six
earthworms (Pheretima posthuma) were placed in each beaker
containing 50ml of above test solutions of extract.
Albendazole (10 mg/ml) was used as a reference standard and
normal saline water as control. Time for death of worms were
recorded after ascertaining that worms neither moved when
shaken vigorously nor when dipped in warm water (50ºC).
Eventually, dose-dependent paralysis followed by death
occurred in each crude extract containing 25, 50 and
100mg/ml. At 25mg/ml concentration in all extracts (ACR =
Acetone extract of rhizome, PEF = Petroleum ether fraction of
rhizome, CHF=Chloroform fraction of
rhizome, MEF=Methanol fraction of rhizome) showed
paralytic effect approximately in 48 min and took more than
80 min for death sentence. However, for 50 and 100mg/ml
concentration, within a very short time each extract
successfully produced paralytic effect followed by death. The
reference drug albendazole also showed strong anthelmintic
action. As a whole, different extracts of Kaempferia
galanga showed anthelmintic activity in a dose- dependent
manner [36].
Mosquito repellent and larvicidal activity
The essential oil of Kaempferia galanga rhizomes
demonstrated contact toxicity against the booklouse,
Liposcelisbos Trychophila Badonnel, with an LC50 value of
68.6 g/cm2. Four active constituents, including 1,8 single,
ethyl cinnamate, ethyl-methoxycinnamate, and trans-
cinnamaldehyde were isolated from the essential oil and
identified. Ethyl cinnamate (LC50 21.4 g/cm2) exhibited
stronger contact toxicity than both ethyl –methoxycinnamate
(LC50 44.6) and trans-cinnamaldehyde (LC50 43.4 g/cm2)
while 1,8-cineole showed weak acute toxicity[37].Methanolic
extract of Kaempferia galanga showed the significant toxicity
effect at different concentrations (0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%
and 4.0%) against the different instar (I, II, III and IV) larvae
and pupae of Anopheles stephensi. The LC50 and LC90
values of K. galanga for I instar larvae were 0.63 %,3.15 %, II
instar 0.86 %, 3.66%, III instar 1.12%, 4.14%, IV instar
1.43%, 4.55%, respectively. The LC50 and LC90 values of
pupae were 0.69%, 3.05% [38]. The extracts have shown
significant larvicidal activity even against pyrethroid resistant
strains of A. aegypti [14]. Ethyl-pmethoxycinnamate, ethyl-
cinnamate, 3-carene, 2- propionic acid and pentadecane are
mainly responsible for larvicidal activity [14, 39]. Ethyl-p-
methoxycinnamate has shown more larvicidal activity (LC 50
= 12.3 to 20.7 mg/L) against A. aegypti, O. togo iand C.
pipenspallens, on the other hand, ethyl-cinnamate and 3-
carene have more larvicidal activity (LC 50 = 24.1 and 21.6
mg/L respectively) against C. pipenspallensbut less activity
(LC50 = 40 to 60 mg/L) against A. aegyptiand O.
togio[39].Essential oils extracted from the rhizomes of K.
galanga have shown considerable repellent and larvicidal
activity against a number of mosquito species, including
Aedes togoi, Culex pipenspallens [40], Aedes aegypti [40, 41, 42].
Armigeres subalbatus, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles
aconitus, Mansonia uniformis, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex
gelidus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus [42].Without irritating
human skin for about 3 h, these essential oils exert repellent
effect against A. aegypti (effective dose (ED 50) = 30.73
µg/cm2) [42].This protection time increases further by the
addition of 10% vanillin [41]. Methanolic extracts of K.
galanga showed 100% mortality, at a concentration of 100
ppm against A. aegypti, A. togoi and C. pipenspallens, which
reduced up to 78% at the concentration of 50 ppm [40]. A
study on the possible mechanism of toxicity of ethanolic
extracts of K. galangal against C. quinquefasciatus larvae has
revealed that the possible site of action is the anal gills of C.
quinquefasciatus where it causes the destruction of ionic
regulation [43].

International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
38
Sedative activity
The acetone extracts of rhizome (200 mg/kg) and leaf (200
mg/kg) of Kaempferia galangal exhibited significant (p < 0.05
and p < 0.001) reduction of onset and duration of thiopental
sodium induced sleeping time. The extracts possess central
nervous system (CNS) depressant properties which support its
use in traditional medicine [44]. Inhalation of hexane extract of
K. galanga has shown considerable decrease in locomotor
activity in rats, at doses ranging from 1.5 to 10 g. This
sedative activity is due to ethyl trans-p-methoxycinamate and
ethyl-cinnamate that inhibits locomotor activity at doses of
0.0014 and 0.0012 mg, respectively [13].
Conclusion
Kaempferia galanga is an important herb with many valuable
medicinal properties. The plants K. galanga or aromatic
ginger are already has gained the acceptances worldwide
because of their medicinal activity, odor and tastes. The
further and advanced study and research could improve and
enhance their application in more broader and appropriate
range. The review presented here dealt with the taxonomy,
ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of K.
galanga. However, the extensive information provided here in
all these aspects will be useful as a concrete support for future
experimental studies targeting K. galanga.
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