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Tensile and Torsional Strain Gauge Based on Fe48Co32P14B6 Metallic Glass
Abstract
We evaluate properties of the prototype of a strain gauge capable to discriminate different strain components: tension and torsion. It makes use of magnetoelastic effect in new Fe48Co32P14B6 metallic glass. As a sensing material, it surpasses characteristics of commercial Iron-Nickel Metglas® alloy: relative differential permeability of as quenched amorphous ribbon is of about 110000, the saturation induction Bs = 1.45 T, coercive field as low as 4 A/m, Curie temperature above 700 K, and significantly higher thermal stability. Different deformation components were determined through the analyses of the shape of hysteresis B-H loops. Fe-Co-P-B glass strain gauge can simultaneously detect as small tensile strains as 1.9 × 10⁻⁵ and less than 0.13 deg/cm of torsional distortions.
... Besides all of the abovementioned magnetic properties extraordinary high magnetoelastic coupling and large elastic thresholds make Fe-Co-P-B metallic glasses to be the best-known functional materials for mechanical stress sensing [6][7][8][9]. They possess several orders of magnitude better sensitivity than resistive wire-made gauges and much better thermal stability compared to semiconductor strain sensors. ...
... The opposite end of the ribbon is connected to the aluminum-alloy L6D-C3-3kg-0.4B single-point load cell [9]. Its calibrated output voltage 238 mV/N ensures the measurement of the tensile stress σ of 30 μm thick and 1 mm wide ribbon (cross sectional area S = 3 × 10 −8 m 2 ) with the accuracy of 0.1 MPa. ...
... (5), (6) for I(T) and U(T), is a sharp function of T. Although, as seen in inset to Fig. 3, α(T) increases twice due to the thermal shock at T = T x , the function exp(-Q/T) decays much faster at temperatures lower than T x . Therefore, only a Table 1 Fitting parameters: activation energy Q and the crystal/glass interfacial energy ς calculated from Eqs. (14) and (9). ...
Formation mechanism and crystallization kinetics were studied in series of rapidly solidified metallic glasses Fe80-xCoxP14B6 with x = 23, 25, 28, 32, 35 and 40 at.%. As soft magnetic materials, they surpass characteristics of commercial Iron-Nickel Metglas® 2826 alloy: differential permeability of as quenched amorphous ribbons is of about 110000, the saturation induction μoMs = 1.45-1.5 T, coercive field as low as 4 A/m, Curie temperature above 700 K, and significantly higher thermal stability. Isochronal and isothermal differential scanning calorimetry was employed to record the latent heat developed during crystallization. For both regimes, X-ray diffraction revealed two immiscible bcc α-FeCo and bct (Fe,Co)3(P,B) phases that crystallize from completely miscible amorphous glass matrix. Theoretical description of observed kinetics of crystallization process was convincingly accomplished within Kolmogorov-Johnson-Mehl-Avrami model. Enhanced thermal stability of iron-rich Fe80-xCoxP14B6 glasses that crystalize at higher temperatures relies upon higher crystal/glass interfacial energy.
... Their proposed new model declared that exact determination of the gauge factors and thermal coefficients was required for strain calculations. Using strain gauges, the tensile and torsional strain was determined for the Fe48Co32P14B6 metallic glass [5]. Muhammet et al. [6] determined appropriate residual stress values in rails using strain gauges. ...
... The process involved preparing a jig with sturdy construction and resistance to vibration, followed by the use of a strain gauge for data acquisition. The strain gauge was used to directly monitor the changes in strain and tension when appropriately placed, after which the data obtained were processed and analyzed [21,22,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. ...
The testing stage involves ensuring a product is produced correctly to achieve the targeted performance. Testing is observed from the determination of looseness resistance for a spare tire carrier to ascertain its durability due to car vibration when driven on flat and bumpy roads to avoid road users' dangers. Therefore, this study was conducted to observe the spare tire carrier's working process and analyze the changes in torque and chain tension in the drive shaft by installing a strain gauge sensor on the chain link. Moreover, the change in strain was converted into tension using mathematical calculations based on test standards. Each component of the spare tire carrier was also analyzed to determine the factors affecting chain tension changes. The results showed that the torque change on the driveshaft was 7.79%, while chain tension was 7.14% on axis 1 and 7.25% on axis 2. Therefore, the spare tire carrier passed the test with the difference not exceeding 25%, which means the road's safety aspect is guaranteed for all the users. However, the new fact is self-looseness is initiated by the vibration due to the stationary engine rotation.
... Min et al. (2019) showed that an aerodynamically focused nanomaterial printing system is another possible solution for high sensitivity and large-stretchability strain sensors, which presents a GF of 58.7 and a maximum strain limit of 74%. Other materials, such as graphene/ZnO composite films (Has- (Hu et al., 2018)., metallic glass (Ignakhin et al., 2019), AIN (Schmid et al., 2020), and liquid polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) have also been used for similar SGs, which have potential in flexible and wearable electronics (Han et al., 2021), microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs) (Yi et al., 2012), and biomedical industry (Ferreira et al., 2018). ...
Water-lubrication bearings are critical components in ship operation. However, studies on their maintenance and failure detection are highly limited. The use of sensors to continually monitor the working operation of bearings is a potential approach to solve this problem, which is collectively called intelligent bearings. In this literature review, the recent progress of electrical resistance strain gauges, Fiber Bragg grating, triboelectric nanogenerators, piezoelectric nanogenerators, and thermoelectric sensors for in-situ monitoring is summarized. Future research and design concepts on intelligent water-lubrication bearings are also comprehensively discussed. The findings show that the accident risks, lubrication condition, and remaining life of water-lubricated bearings can be evaluated with the surface temperature, coefficient of friction, and wear volume monitoring. The research work on intelligent water-lubricated bearings is committed to promoting the development of green, electrified, and intelligent technologies for ship propulsion systems, which have important theoretical significance and application value.
The paper reviews recent research and applications of both laboratory prototypes and commercially fabricated capacitance gauges of mechanical strain. Basic operational principles as well as advantageous points of each type of sensors are considered. The prospective areas of applications of the capacitive gauges are briefly considered. The properties of other strain gauges are briefly discussed and compared with those of the capacitive sensors.
Becker-Kersten method, which involves observing hysteresis M-H loops under mechanical stress, was applied to measure magnetostriction properties in amorphous rapid quenched ribbons Fe80-x Cox P14B6. It is shown that magnetostriction constant increases with the growth of cobalt atomic content from (1.75 ± 0.13)×10⁻⁶ for x = 25 to (1.60 ± 0.05)×10⁻⁵ for x = 40.
The paper presents the possibility to build a tension gauge capable to discriminate different kinds of deformations: compression and twisting (induced by torsion strain) based on the magnetoelastic effect in new metallic glasses Fe80−x Cox P14B6. Applied loads increase coercive field H c, saturation induction B s and rectangularity of magnetic hysteresis loop. For example, hysteresis loop traced for 1 mm narrow, 50 cm long and 30 μm thick Fe40Co40P14B6 straight ribbon subjected to longitudinal stress of 346 MPa shown increased B s from 1.24 to 1.7 T and squareness from 0.55 to 0.88 compared to unloaded specimen. For twisting, on the contrary, both squareness and coercive field vary whereas the value of B s remains unchanged.
Crystallization kinetics and magnetic properties were studied in series of rapidly solidified metallic glasses Fe80-ξCoξP14B6 with ξ = 25, 32, 35 and 40 at. %. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed to determine crystallization temperature and to demonstrate the incubation phenomenon at isothermal annealing. Fitting DSC traces recorded in non-isothermal and isothermal regimes, we obtained the same activation energy Q. It describes atomic transfer across crystal/amorphous interface in Kolmogorov-Johnson-Mehl- Avrami (KJMA) model of the transition of metallic glasses into crystalline state. As-quenched metglas ribbons have amorphous structure and superior soft magnetic properties: coercive field 4 A/m, ac magnetic permeability as high as 110 000 at 60 Hz.
Existing magnetostrictive torque sensor designs typically measure the rotation of the saturation magnetization under an applied torque and their theoretical treatment revolves around the minimization of the free energy equation adapted according to the assumptions considered valid in each design. In the torque measurement design discussed in this paper, Ni-rich NiFe films have been electrodeposited on cylindrical austenitic steel rods. Contrary to existing designs, the excitation field is applied along the axial direction and is low enough to ensure that the resulting magnetization along the same direction remains in the linear region of the M(H) characteristic. Assuming homogeneous magnetization, positive magnetostriction constant λ, negligible hysteresis and demagnetizing fields, torque T may be expressed in terms of an effective uniaxial anisotropy constant Ku around 45° to the axial direction. It is shown, that for the proposed arrangement, the resulting M is the linear superposition of the effect of a torque-induced effective field and the excitation field, the applied field accounts for the vertical offset of the magnetization response and the applied torque increases the slope of the M(H) characteristic.
An application of the sensors in strain and load measurements for outdoor applications requires both high corrosion resistance and independence of measuring signal on long-term moisture of the surroundings. One of the best candidates for this field of application is a magnetoelastic sensor using the amorphous magnetic ribbons with negative magnetostriction. Two-coil strain sensors based on stress-annealed Co69Fe2Cr7Si8B14 amorphous magnetic ribbons were designed, fabricated, and evaluated. Their sensitivity is much more higher compared with resistance gauges, allowing low-price electronic portable equipment for outdoor measurements.
A new series of quaternary magnetic Fe80-xCoxP14B6 (x = 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 at. %) bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) has been prepared by combining fluxing treatment and J-quenching technique, and the maximum critical diameter for fully glass formation reaches up to 2.0 mm for x = 40 among this series of FeCo-based BMGs. The effects of Co content on glass-forming ability, thermal stability, mechanical and magnetic properties of the present FeCo-based BMGs have been systematically investigated. It is found that the highest thermal stability, namely the highest glass transition temperature (Tg) and the onset crystallization temperature (Tx), is achieved when the ratio of Fe and Co contents is 1:1 in the present FeCo-based BMGs. It should be noted that the maximum Curie temperature reaches 791 K when x = 40, which is the highest Curie temperature for (Fe, Co, Ni)-based BMGs so far as is known. Moreover, the present FeCo-based BMGs exhibit very good soft magnetic properties and large room plasticity, which are promising for potential industrial application as high performance functional and structural materials.
The Fe40Co40P14B6
metallic alloy has been prepared in a glassy state by a melt-spinning
process. The 15-25 μm thick as-quenched ribbons have superior soft
magnetic properties compared with those of well-known Fe40Ni
40P14B6 glass: the saturation
magnetization is about 1.45 T, coercive field 4.0 A/m @ 0.1 Hz,
incremental magnetic permeability μmax~90000 @ 60 Hz and
Curie temperature above 700 K. The crystallization temperature,
determined by differential scanning calorimeter, is approximately 60 K
higher than that for FeNi-based alloy, indicating the enhanced thermal
stability of FeCo-glass
Magnetization changes due to tensile stress for a Co-based amorphous ribbon sample with a negative magnetostriction constant were detected as the induced output voltage. The induced output voltage is proportional to the product of the magnitude of tension, frequency of the stress cycle, number of turns, cross section of the sample, and the value of the derivative of magnetization with respect to the tension. Each of these has been measured, and the possibility of using the sample as a stress sensor is discussed.
The most remarkable characteristics of metallic glasses as well as their main technological applications are reviewed. Particular interest is focused on stress transducers and magnetic field sensors. The possibility of tailoring transition-metal-metalloid amorphous alloys is analysed and attention is also paid to the role and stability of properties such as a magnetostriction and magnetic anisotropy in connection with such applications.
The low-field magnetic properties of some amorphous magnetic alloy ribbons have been measured. The as-prepared specimens have low coercive field but rather low remanence. The application of elastic stress greatly increases the remanence, and can also decrease the coercive field. Some of the improvement due to stress can be made permanent by annealing under stress. These alloys should be useful in various magnetic devices.
Metallic glass with a nominal composition of Fe40Co40P14B6 (numbers denote at.%) was prepared by the melt-spinning process. The as-quenched FeCo-based ribbons have good soft magnetic properties: the saturation magnetic polarization μ0Ms=1.45 T, a quasistatic coercive force of 4 A m−1 and a maximum differential magnetic permeability of about 110 000 at 60 Hz. Fe40Co40P14B6 glass crystallizes by a eutectic reaction resulting in the face-centered cubic (f.c.c.) solid solution and the body-centered (b.c.) tetragonal (FeCo)3(PB) compound. The crystallization temperatures, determined using differential scanning calorimetry, are approximately 60 K higher than those for Fe40Ni40P14B6. Kolmogorov–Johnson–Mehl–Avrami model has been modified to account for temperature dependencies of nucleation and crystal growth rates and has been employed to quantify the non-isothermal glass crystallization process. Two fitting parameters: the activation energy of atomic transfer across crystal/glass interface Q and crystal/glass interfacial tension σ, which govern crystal nucleation and growth, have been calculated from the set of experimental data of crystallization temperatures at different heating rates. While the estimated crystal growth rates in Fe40Co40P14B6 and Fe40Ni40P14B6 amorphous alloys are rather close, the homogeneous nucleation frequency in the FeCo-glass was found to be essentially lower than that in the FeNi-counterpart. It was concluded that a higher value of the crystal/glass interfacial tension σ is responsible for enhanced thermal stability of the Fe40Co40P14B6 glass.
Application of amorphous ribbon as a stress sensor
- A Saito
- K Kuwata
- K Yamamoto
A. Saito, K. Kuwata, K. Yamamoto, Application of amorphous ribbon as a stress
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