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Computational International Relations: What Can Programming, Coding and Internet Research Do for the Discipline?
... Social media generates vast amounts of data and thanks to advanced techniques in natural language processing (NLP), researchers can use that data to generate many interesting insights (see section 4 for a more detailed explanation of the methods used). This has given way to a strand of international relations research sometimes called "computational international relations" (Unver, 2018). Generally, research of this type uses one or a combination of tools such as data mining, NLP, automated text analysis, web scraping, geospatial analysis and machine learning to study international relations. ...
This paper uses text mining and sentiment analysis of Twitter posts to explore the EU’s diplomatic communication practices and to measure public opinion on foreign affairs. Building on an original dataset of almost one million tweets from the past five years, this analysis reveals differences in public perceptions of the EU’s relationship with China, India and Russia. Attitudes are most positive in the case of the EU–India relationship, followed by EU–China and EU–Russia. Furthermore, the paper examines hundreds of official EU Twitter accounts, specifically their communications on diplomatic relations with these countries. A main finding is that the EU talks about its diplomatic relations in more positive terms than the wider public, though this verbal politeness effect is less pronounced in the case of EU–Russia relations.
... In addition to numerous theoretical approaches, the IR discipline has witnessed aconsiderable proliferation of research methods. Nowadays, a typical research toolkit in IR includes simulation and modelling (Alker & Brunner 1969;Ruloff 1976;Snidal 2004), manual event analysis (McClelland 1970), computational event analysis (Bennett & Stam 2000;Schrodt 2000), cognitive mapping (Johnston 1995), case study (Bennett and George 2005), statistical analysis (King, Keohane, & Verba 1994;Braumoeller & Sartori 2004), and computer data mining (Unver 2019). ...
Despite having a considerable community of international relations (IR) scholars, Ukrainian IR sociology remains an underdeveloped field. In particular, the degree of Ukrainian scholars' integration in the global IR community, favorite theories and methods, and application of scholars' expertise to policymaking remain uncertain. Based on the TRIP-2017 survey data analysis we discovered that, due to Soviet tradition and partial Westernization, Ukrainian IR scholars tend to espouse realism and constructivism as their preferred IR paradigms; use descriptive methods; conduct area studies researches, and focus on the CEE region and Western Europe. As an academic community, they have little impact on policymaking as they are sidelined by NGOs offering foreign-policy analysis. The divide between the Ukrainian IR field and the global community, plus its loss of prestige domestically, constitute the "double peripheralization" of Ukrainian IR.
Le présent texte vise à présenter une contribution méthodologique au problème de la justesse de l’analyse de la réaction des États face à des situations de contentieux international. À cette fin, après avoir considéré d’autres méthodologies d’analyse des relations internationales, une description d’un modèle fonctionnel d’application immédiate est présentée. Ce modèle indique les réactions probables des gouvernements face à certaines situations conflictuelles, à la suite d’une analyse dans laquelle des éléments objectifs de projection de puissance et de défense des intérêts nationaux sont associés à des variables politiques, culturelles et idéologiques qui composent le système cognitif et formation psychologique des élites dirigeantes d’un pays et finalement influencer son processus décisionnel.
The present text aims to present a methodological contribution to the problem of the accuracy of the analysis of the reaction of States in the face of situations of international disputes. To this end, after considering other methodologies for analyzing international relations, a description of a functional model of immediate application is presented. This model indicates the likely reactions of governments in the face of certain dispute situations, as a result of an analysis in which objective elements of power projection and the defense of national interests are associated with political, cultural and ideological variables that make up the cognitive and psychological formation of a country’s ruling elites and ultimately influence its decision-making process.
El presente texto pretende presentar un aporte metodológico al problema de la exactitud del análisis de la reacción de los Estados ante situaciones de controversias internacionales. Para ello, tras considerar otras metodologías de análisis de las relaciones internacionales, se presenta la descripción de un modelo funcional de aplicación inmediata. Este modelo indica las probables reacciones de los gobiernos ante determinadas situaciones de disputa, como resultado de un análisis en el que se asocian elementos objetivos de proyección del poder y de defensa de los intereses nacionales a variables políticas, culturales e ideológicas que componen el proceso cognitivo y formación psicológica de las élites gobernantes de un país y, en última instancia, influir en su proceso de toma de decisiones.
Настоящий текст призван представить методологический вклад в проблему точности анализа реакции государств на ситуации международных споров. С этой целью после рассмотрения других методологий анализа международных отношений представлено описание функциональной модели непосредственного применения. Эта модель указывает на вероятные реакции правительств перед лицом определенных спорных ситуаций в результате анализа, в котором объективные элементы проецирования силы и защиты национальных интересов связаны с политическими, культурными и идеологическими переменными, составляющими когнитивную и психологическое формирование правящих элит страны и в конечном счете влиять на процесс принятия ею решений.
Il presente testo si propone di presentare un contributo metodologico al problema dell’accuratezza dell’analisi della reazione degli Stati di fronte a situazioni di contenzioso internazionale. A tal fine, dopo aver considerato altre metodologie di analisi delle relazioni internazionali, viene presentata la descrizione di un modello funzionale di immediata applicazione. Questo modello indica le probabili reazioni dei governi di fronte a determinate situazioni di contenzioso, a seguito di un’analisi in cui gli elementi oggettivi di proiezione del potere e di difesa degli interessi nazionali sono associati a variabili politiche, culturali e ideologiche che compongono il sistema cognitivo e formazione psicologica delle élite al potere di un paese e, in ultima analisi, influenzare il suo processo decisionale.
Der vorliegende Text soll einen methodologischen Beitrag zum Problem der Genauigkeit der Analyse der Reaktion von Staaten angesichts internationaler Streitsituationen leisten. Zu diesem Zweck wird nach Betrachtung anderer Methodologien zur Analyse internationaler Beziehungen eine Beschreibung eines funktionalen Modells der unmittelbaren Anwendung vorgestellt. Dieses Modell zeigt die wahrscheinlichen Reaktionen von Regierungen angesichts bestimmter Streitsituationen als Ergebnis einer Analyse, in der objektive Elemente der Machtprojektion und der Verteidigung nationaler Interessen mit politischen, kulturellen und ideologischen Variablen verbunden sind, die das kognitive und geistige Denken ausmachen psychologische Bildung der herrschenden Eliten eines Landes und beeinflussen letztlich dessen Entscheidungsprozesse.
In the field of Natural Language Processing, information extraction from texts has been the objective of many researchers for years. Many different techniques have been applied in order to reveal the opinion that a tweet might have, thus understanding the sentiment of the small writing up to 280 characters. Other than figuring out the sentiment of a tweet, a study can also focus on finding the correlation of the tweets with a certain area of interest, which constitutes the purpose of this study. In order to reveal if an area of interest has a trend in ongoing tweets, we have proposed an easily applicable automated methodology in which the Daily Mean Similarity Scores that show the similarity between the daily tweet corpus and the target words representing our area of interest is calculated by using a na\"ive correlation-based technique without training any Machine Learning Model. The Daily Mean Similarity Scores have mainly based on cosine similarity and word/sentence embeddings computed by Multilanguage Universal Sentence Encoder and showed main opinion stream of the tweets with respect to a certain area of interest, which proves that an ongoing trend of a specific subject on Twitter can easily be captured in almost real time by using the proposed methodology in this study. We have also compared the effectiveness of using word versus sentence embeddings while applying our methodology and realized that both give almost the same results, whereas using word embeddings requires less computational time than sentence embeddings, thus being more effective. This paper will start with an introduction followed by the background information about the basics, then continue with the explanation of the proposed methodology and later on finish by interpreting the results and concluding the findings.
O presente texto tem o objetivo de apresentar contribuição metodológica para o problema da acuidade da análise da reação de Estados frente a situações de disputas internacionais. Para tanto, após considerações sobre outras metodologias de análise das relações internacionais, apresenta-se a descrição de um modelo funcional e de aplicação imediata. Esse modelo indica as prováveis reações de governos frente a determinadas situações de disputa, como resultado de uma análise em que elementos objetivos de projeção de poder e da defesa de interesses nacionais são associados a variáveis políticas, culturais e ideológicas que compõem a formação cognitiva e psicológica das elites dirigentes de um país e incidem, em última instância, em seu processo decisório.
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