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A Blockchain-Based Land Titling Project in the Republic of Georgia: Rebuilding Public Trust and Lessons for Future Pilot Projects
... This anchoring method allows the anchored blockchain to inherit part of the trust of the anchor blockchain. This method is believed [32] to allow keeping sensitive data private while removing the trust needed in the administrator of the blockchain. A similar albeit different method is used by Ubitquity and the Municipality of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sol, for the Brazilian pilot project [9]. ...
... It's worth noting that although in this pilot Ubitquity solution was configured to work with public BitTorrent solution, it's supposed to support referencing data stored on IPFS (InterPlanetary FileSystem) or a centralized storage. The republic of Georgia NAPR (National Agency of Public Registry) [12,32] who associated with Bitfury Group will move, in the second stage of the project, to using a Bitfury developed blockchain solution called Exonum anchored on Bitcoin blockchain. However, in the first stage of the pilot, which was successfully conducted between April 2016 and April 2017, the focus was guaranteeing safety and non-repudiation of the property title document [32] using Bitcoin blockchain. ...
... The republic of Georgia NAPR (National Agency of Public Registry) [12,32] who associated with Bitfury Group will move, in the second stage of the project, to using a Bitfury developed blockchain solution called Exonum anchored on Bitcoin blockchain. However, in the first stage of the pilot, which was successfully conducted between April 2016 and April 2017, the focus was guaranteeing safety and non-repudiation of the property title document [32] using Bitcoin blockchain. The Sweden case study which associated Lantmatriet (The Swedish Mapping, cadaster and land registration authority), Telia company, ChromaWay, Kairos Future, Landshypotek Bank and SBAB, [19,20] was evaluated to save over 100 million euro of taxpayer money per year. ...
In recent years, we witnessed extensive study of the integration of blockchain technology in Land Administration System. It is believed that it would enhance transparency and trust. Besides, since 2012 and the publication of the ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model we have evidence of it increasing adoption as the de facto domain model to use when creating new Land Administration System or refactoring existing one. To allow a broader implementation of blockchain technology in Land Administration System, we propose to blend those two trends to create a system that would integrate major technological advancement (blockchain) with international standards on effective land administration. Merging these two techniques have the potential to create a Fit-For-Purpose land administration framework that would meet land administration requirements while improving transparency. The main contribution of this paper is the proposition of a Proof of Concept of integrating blockchain technology in a land administration system based on the ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model.
... Consequently, the objective of this study is to identify recommendations that can guide adaptation of blockchain technology for land administration services especially for developing countries that are making the efforts towards a more efficient digital systems of land administration. We consider blockchain technology because it is currently being explored, and used in different land administration systems to address similar land challenges as found in Ghana (Goderdzishvili, Gordadze, and Gagnidze, 2018;Lazuashvili, Norta, and Draheim, 2019;Shang and Price, 2019;Alam, Rahman, Tasnim, and Akther, 2020;Sladíc, Milosavljevíc´c´c, Nikolíc, Sladíc, and Radulovíc´c´c, 2021). There have been different research studies on blockchain and Ghana's land sector (Oberdorf, 2017;Demah, 2018;Agbesi and Tahiru, 2020;de Vries, 2020, 2021;Miscione, Richter, and Ziolkowski, 2020;Mintah, Baako, Kavaarpuo, and Otchere, 2020;Mintah, Godwin, Tetteh, Gaisie, and Kwame, 2021). ...
... In 2017, Georgia took a step towards a blockchain-based land registry system (Goderdzishvili et al., 2018;Umrao and Patel, 2022). This initiative came partly because the National Agency for Public Registry (NAPR) which is the state registering authority in Georgia wanted to simplify land registry process, as well as to allow more stakeholders to partake in land related services given that the initial NAPR digitized database could not resolve the public trust issues in government agencies as officials could still manipulate land data in this database (Shang and Price, 2019). A pilot of the blockchain system was therefore started in 2017. ...
... A pilot of the blockchain system was therefore started in 2017. A review of this system shows that it led to increased transparency in land transactions and services, increased safety, and security of citizens' data, and improved data traceability (Shang and Price, 2019). Additionally, it increased the pace of land title delivery such that as at 2018, about 1.5 million land titles had been published on the Blockchain system which guaranteed the security, and immutability of these records, and were successfully issued in Georgia (Shang and Price, 2019;Thamrin, Harahap, Khoirunisa, Faturahman, and Zelina, 2021) far more than titles issued in previous years. ...
The adoption of efficient technologies in support of land administration services is still a challenge in Ghana.
Data on land ownership, use, and value in Ghana remain fragmented, and technological systems enabling information
services automation, and accessibility to reliable land information remain inefficient. This continues to
cause societal problems like; double sales of land, unauthorized changes to land documents, corruption, and
bribery. In this study, we argue that the absence of a context-focused guide for technology adaptation is a major
factor for failures in previous technology adoption attempts in Ghana’s land sector. We evaluate how a past
technology (GELIS) adoption at Accra Lands Commission in Ghana was executed and why it led to unrealized
expectations. We relied on elicited expert views followed by content analysis, and validated against a metasynthesis
qualitative review methodology of secondary data. We then extrapolated these results to possible
outcomes and trajectories for the adaptation of a new technology like blockchain. Based on blockchain’s
interdependent feature, Ghana’s contextual land issues, and the GELIS adoption experience, we develop suggestions
covering an extended TOE framework to include socio-cultural elements as a guide for blockchain
technology adaptation in Ghana, and other developing land administration systems with similar land issues as
Ghana. Policy implications underlining these suggestions are highlighted.
... Blockchain constitutes a distributed digital ledger technology that jointly verifies, records, and stores transaction information using peer-to-peer methods (Batubara et al., 2018). There is a new recognition among many researchers and technology enthusiasts that blockchain can solve some of the challenges in the LAS (Shang and Price, 2019). ...
... There has been a call for blockchain promoters, practitioners, and researchers to examine blockchain cases and benchmark best practices for implementing blockchain-based land administration projects. However, what is equally important is that even when we have institutionalized a blockchain land administration, it will not be enough to serve the land administration unless there is an appropriate institutional framework to guide the integration and operationalization of blockchain (Shang and Price, 2019;Makala and Anand, 2018a). Institutional factors are critical issues that can act as barriers and drivers to adopting disruptive technology such as blockchain (Ho et al., 2013). ...
... This is why an organisation must first identify the need for blockchain for LAif the aim is to promote decentralization, then a public blockchain provides the solution. Notwithstanding, several authors have advocated a hybrid blockchain as a solution to LA problems (Shang and Price, 2019;Bennett et al., 2021;Sladić et al., 2021). The hybrid approach mitigates the risk of data manipulation and unfair practices as it allows the public to view data and ensures that only selected actors make changes to the system (Sladić et al., 2021). ...
The land administration systems have witnessed many innovative technologies in the
attempt to revolutionalize the task of recording land and property rights. One such
revolution is the transition toward blockchain-based land administration. Like most
technologies, blockchain-based land administration projects are not immune to failures,
early adopters have encountered challenges, and several pilot cases have failed.
Institutional factors have proven to be issues that can hinder the successful adoption of
technological innovations such as blockchain-based land administration. This study
identifies and analyses institutional success factors for adopting blockchain-based land
administration. A systematic literature review of 37 studies resulted in the extraction of
18 related institutional factors critical to adopting blockchain-based land administration
projects. Using Scott’s three-pillar framework, the factors were divided into three
dimensions: regulatory, organisational and cultural environment. Despite the popular
opinion that the regulatory environment is integral to adopting blockchain-based land
administration, our review suggests that a mutual co-existence and interplay between
all the factors is key to the success of blockchain-based land projects. This study
concludes that the adoption of blockchain-based land projects can be enhanced by
understanding the institutional factors necessary to adopt blockchain-based land
administration.
... The digital registry adopted in 2013 brought significant efficiency advantages in Kazakhstan but left the centralized system prone to fraud and technical failures (Akhmetbek and Š paček, 2021). In Georgia, building a digital land registry database did not fully solve the public trust crisis in government agencies because there were concerns of corruption and cyber threats toward the centralized database (Shang and Price, 2018). Even if the Swedish land registry was digitized in the 1970 s and has not suffered from similar trust issues, the land transaction process is inefficient and nontransparent (McMurren et al., 2021). ...
... The second most often mentioned theoretical blockchain benefit for the real estate sector has been efficiency. The empirical findings indicated that blockchain application could indeed increase efficiency in the real estate sector (Alketbi et al., 2020;Allessie et al., 2019;Bennett et al., 2021;Shang and Price, 2018;Kempe, 2017 Mar), reduce time (Akhmetbek and Š paček, 2021;Rodima-Taylor, 2021;Kempe, 2017;Alketbi et al., 2020;Allessie et al., 2019), provide automation (Akhmetbek and Š paček, 2021;Alketbi et al., 2020;Bennett et al., 2021;Chang and Wang, 2021;Kempe, 2017 Mar), and simplify current processes (Akhmetbek and Š paček, 2021;Allessie et al., 2019;Bennett et al., 2021). The empirical studies also suggested that blockchain in real estate could increase verifiability (Kshetri, 2021;Shang and Price, 2018;Goderdzishvili et al., 2018;Kempe, 2017;Chang and Wang, 2021) and transparency (Alketbi et al., 2020;Allessie et al., 2019;Bennett et al., 2021;Lazuashvili et al., 2019;Chang and Wang, 2021;Kempe, 2017 Mar). ...
... The empirical findings indicated that blockchain application could indeed increase efficiency in the real estate sector (Alketbi et al., 2020;Allessie et al., 2019;Bennett et al., 2021;Shang and Price, 2018;Kempe, 2017 Mar), reduce time (Akhmetbek and Š paček, 2021;Rodima-Taylor, 2021;Kempe, 2017;Alketbi et al., 2020;Allessie et al., 2019), provide automation (Akhmetbek and Š paček, 2021;Alketbi et al., 2020;Bennett et al., 2021;Chang and Wang, 2021;Kempe, 2017 Mar), and simplify current processes (Akhmetbek and Š paček, 2021;Allessie et al., 2019;Bennett et al., 2021). The empirical studies also suggested that blockchain in real estate could increase verifiability (Kshetri, 2021;Shang and Price, 2018;Goderdzishvili et al., 2018;Kempe, 2017;Chang and Wang, 2021) and transparency (Alketbi et al., 2020;Allessie et al., 2019;Bennett et al., 2021;Lazuashvili et al., 2019;Chang and Wang, 2021;Kempe, 2017 Mar). The other empirically estimated blockchain benefit in the real estate sector was fraud and corruption prevention (Alketbi et al., 2020;Allessie et al., 2019;Bennett et al., 2021;Kshetri, 2021;Kempe, 2017 Mar;McMurren et al., 2021), supporting the theoretical benefit. ...
The real estate sector is often presented as an exemplary field that benefits from practical blockchain applications. The general hypothesis is that, in theory, blockchain could solve some significant challenges the real estate sector is facing, such as nontransparency, inefficiencies, fraud and corruption, high costs, and trust issues. However, the literature focuses on blockchain’s theoretical benefits, challenges, or concepts. This research aims to understand the recent developments in the blockchain literature, specifically in the real estate sector, and to understand the current real-world applications by collecting empirical evidence from blockchain studies. The systematic literature review identified 262 relevant documents, after which a thematic content analysis was performed. Conceptual blockchain literature was identified to propose blockchain benefits for the real estate sector in four categories: land administration, real estate transactions, tokenization, and real estate management. The thematic content analysis also identified 26 empirical applications, of which all except one were related to land administration. Although the conceptual and theoretical blockchain literature presents blockchain as a disruptive and transformative technology for the real estate sector, the empirical applications suggest that blockchain adoption materializes more in hybrid, smaller-scale settings, where blockchain is merely an add-on layer to existing systems. Overall, most of the conceptual blockchain benefits remain empirically unconfirmed. On the other hand, the empirical applications suggest that blockchain could, for example, increase efficiency, reduce time, and provide verifiability, transparency, and automation, even in smaller-scale, hybrid settings. In addition, the applications indicate that blockchain could, in some cases, help reduce fraud and increase security and trust compared with centralized digital solutions. Finally, the empirical insights emphasize the role of political will, regulatory framework, availability of reliable digital data, public–private partnerships, and educational aspects in blockchain applications.
... Some efforts would already be made by the Georgian National Public Registry Agency in digitizing land records, in which cadastral sections and satellite photos of them would be recorded. However, Ref. [32] indicate that, despite the digitization carried out, the records were still vulnerable to possible influences from third parties and did not guarantee full confidence to the population. In 2016 began the process of implementing Blockchain technology that aimed at its incorporation into the existing database system, as an additional layer. ...
... The partnership with a private entity called Bitfury, allowed the creation of a private Blockchain for the registration of property rights, implemented in the public Bitcoin Blockchain [33]. By the year 2018 it was possible to register approximately 1.5 million properties on the Blockchain network [32]. Ref. [34] indicates that this system also seeks to deal with property transactions, mortgages, demolitions and notary services. ...
Real estate markets play a crucial role in the economy, providing opportunities for investment and housing. However, there are several challenges in both direct and indirect investment mechanisms affecting its social and financial sustainability. These challenges include high costs, lengthy processes, limited transparency, and restricted investor control. Additionally, the dominance of large investors in the market intensifies these issues, creating barriers to smaller investors. This raises concerns around social inequality and sustainability among small investors, that represent, in number, the largest share of investors. Blockchain technology has emerged as a possible solution to address these issues in the real estate sector, with the potential to improve its long term social and financial sustainability. Features such as smart contracts and tokenization can enhance efficiency, transparency, security, and accessibility in property transactions. In the case of smart contracts, these enable self-executing and automated agreements, and tokenization allows for fractional ownership and increased liquidity. To assess the knowledge and perceptions of professionals in the real estate sector and evaluate the possible impact of the technology in the market, a survey-based methodology was followed. It targeted individuals actively involved in the industry, including professionals from real estate investment companies and real estate agencies. The data revealed that most professionals in the Portuguese real estate market have little to no knowledge about blockchain technology. Yet, those who possess knowledge recognize the potential benefits it can bring to the industry. This lack of awareness can be attributed to the relatively recent emergence of blockchain and its limited discussion within the real estate sector.
... C. Policies on the use of new technologies in digital government development 15. The desire for sovereign control over the Internet on the part of an increasing number of States is reflected in their attitude towards the storage of personal data. ...
... 14 In 2018 in Georgia, 1.5 million land titles were published on a blockchain-based platform, which helped to strengthen the integrity of the land registry system by providing an immutable chain of records on the ownership and value and an unalterable history of transactions of land titles. 15 36. The digitalization of government contracting is a critical policy area for the deployment of integrity technology. ...
Policy Paper of the Committee of Experts on Public Administration considered in its Twenty-first session on 4–8 April 2022
... The information in the blocks becomes immutable and resistant to alteration or falsification once transactions have been confirmed and accepted onto the Blockchain system. This ensures that no one can change the data, including the person who produced it, and that the transaction and its data may be accessed at any time by all stakeholders, ensuring transparency [35,36] (Fig. 5). ...
Land registration system is a very critical component of a revenue department as it holds the record of lands and their owners. In many countries, land records are stored in paper form at centralized locations, making them vulnerable to forgery. Moreover, the centralized system has performance bottleneck, non-transparency, double-spending problems, and a single point of failure. Such issues lead to corruption and conflicts. Recently, Blockchain has been conceived as a technology having the potential to implement and enforce critical security requirements in land revenue systems. With Blockchain, the common issues in revenue systems, such as forgery, falsification, misrepresentation, and human-induced anomalies in records at various levels/stages, can be prevented. The focus of this research is to identify the relationship between Blockchain technology and the land administration system. We discuss issues with current paper-based centralized systems. The potential benefits of Blockchain technology in land management systems are also examined. We present the comparisons of state-of-the-art solutions along with their problems in detail. Finally, research challenges and future directions in Blockchain-enabled land management systems are explored.
... Regarding the technical aspects of public utilities and 3D cadastres, research topics on 3D public utility mapping, as well as research on the whole workflow from data surveys to public utility data usage, is being conducted [42,43]. Digitalisation has improved the efficiency and transparency of land administration, which is why many jurisdictions are digitalising their land administration systems [44]. Therefore, the modelling of 3D physical objects and legal spaces is a highly researched topic, which often includes public utilities registration [45]. ...
Public utilities, such as electricity, water, heat, oil, gas, and electronic communication, are a vital component of every modern society. With rising urbanisation, more complex buildings and infrastructure, underground and overground construction, as well as a limited amount of space in such areas, the proper registration of utilities has become more important than ever. A bibliometric analysis was conducted on the research topic of public utilities’ registration. On publications retrieved from the Scopus database concerned with the topic of public utilities in land administration a bibliometric performance analysis and a scientific mapping analysis were conducted. A total of 241 publications containing the keyword ‘utilities’ or ‘infrastructure’, together with the keyword ‘cadastre’ or ‘land administration’, in their titles, abstracts, or keywords were selected for this research. The outcomes of the performed analysis were also compared with the outcomes of analysis of publications concerned with land administration research in general. Our results revealed that research conducted on the topic of public utilities registration has increased but is still rare compared to the research conducted on land administration in general. Our results also showed the importance of the development of three-dimensional cadastres, as well as standard models, such as the ISO standard Land Administration Domain Model, for including utilities in land administration.
... This strategy is believed to guarantee user data privacy and make use of the immutability of public blockchains. The timestamped documents are made available in the public chain [43] . The full documents and associated transactions being stored are placed in a NAPR backend database on the private chain. ...
Blockchain technology is referred to as a very secure decentralized, distributed ledger that records the history of any digital asset. It is being used in numerous governmental and private sector organizations across numerous nations. Surveying the current state of blockchain applications and difficulties in e-government services is the goal of this review. Held to the account are use cases for current facilities that use blockchain. Finally, it examines the research gap in blockchain deployment and makes suggestions for future work for additional research.
... The example documents in land administration either provided blockchain land administration as a general example or mentioned some real-world blockchain applications in land administration. Moreover, all but two of the real-world application papers of the total literature concerned land administration [11,14,[51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66]. ...
In recent years, blockchain technology has received increasing attention in the real estate literature. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that blockchains could provide some added benefits for the real estate sector even in the current hybrid settings, where blockchain is usually just an add-on to existing systems. This research provides an up-to-date and systematic understanding of blockchain’s theoretical potential, pros, and cons for the real estate sector. The research aims to understand why and where to apply blockchain in real estate by conducting a systematic review that identified 296 relevant documents and performed a thematic content analysis. The identified blockchain adoption proposals were classified using standardized real estate vocabulary. Most of the literature focused on blockchain possibilities within land administration, followed by property transactions, real estate investment, leasing and renting, and real estate administration. However, real estate development and real estate maintenance did not appear as attractive real estate subsectors for blockchain. This paper provides a detailed analysis of blockchain technology’s possibilities for each real estate subsector, i.e., blockchain merits, and discusses the pros and cons. Last, this review provides suggestions for future research directions.
... According to Shang and Price [24], not a long time ago in Georgia there was a large possibility of frauds in land records changing. To solve the problem, in 2016, they started a pilot project (1st Phase) on BCT implementation in their LA and LR. ...
In recent years, many papers have been published on the topics of the blockchain (BC) and blockchain technology (BCT). Some papers put BCT in the context of land registries (LRs), land cadastres (LCs), land registration, land administration (LA) and land management (LM) and its implementation benefits. Some eight years later, from its beginnings in 2014, the question of the future of the proposed concept and whether it has one, has been raised. The Scopus database was analysed using bibliometric analysis methodology and Rstudio software with the Bibliometrix R-package and the Shiny package environment. Based on this research, significant interest and growth in the topic was found in both technical and land-governance directions. Different approaches to the topic have been established in the global north and global south. From today’s perspective, the future of BCT in both worlds is guaranteed.
... Such technologies have successfully been implemented topdown in public administration [91][92][93] , inter alia to reduce corruption 94 . For example, the government of Georgia has transferred its land registry into a permissioned DLT 95 . This move brings with it benefits for AI-ACT. ...
Corruption presents one of the biggest challenges of our time, and much hope is placed in artificial intelligence (AI) to combat it. Although the growing number of AI-based anti-corruption tools (AI-ACT) have been summarized, a critical examination of their promises and perils is lacking. Here we argue that the success of AI-ACT strongly depends on whether they are implemented top–down (by governments) or bottom–up (by citizens, non-governmental organizations or journalists). Top–down use of AI-ACT can consolidate power structures and thereby pose new corruption risks. Bottom–up use of AI-ACT has the potential to provide unprecedented means for the citizenry to keep their government and bureaucratic officials in check. We outline the societal and technical challenges that need to be overcome to harness the potential for AI to fight corruption. Despite the growing number of initiatives that employ AI to counter corruption, few studies empirically tackle the political and social consequences of embedding AI in anti-corruption efforts. The authors outline the societal and technical challenges that need to be overcome for AI to fight corruption.
... A verifiable claim will be a permanent record by government authority acknowledging the rights of a property owner at a certain stage. If property certificates are lost, or the owners were relocated, the verifiable claim will remain [21]. SSI development is still at the initial stage. ...
Providing an identity solution is essential for a reliable blockchain-based land registry system. A secure, privacy-preserving, and efficient identity solution is essential but challenging. This paper examines the current literature and provides a systematic literature review in three stages based on the three research questions (RQ) that show the assessment and interpretation process step by step. Based on the parameters and RQ specified in the research methodology section, a total of 43 primary articles have been selected from the 251 articles extracted from various scientific databases. The majority of these articles are concerned with evaluating the existing self-sovereign identity (SSI) solutions and their role in the blockchain-based land registry system to address the compliance issues in the existing SSI solutions with SSI principles and find the best possible SSI solution to address the identity problems in the land registry. The existing digital identity solutions cannot handle the requirements of the identity principle and are prone to various limitations like centralization and dependency on third parties that further augment the chance of security threats. SSI has been designed to overcome these limitations and provide a secure, reliable, and efficient identity solution that gives complete control to the users over their personal identity information (PII). This paper reviews the existing SSI solutions, evaluates them based on the SSI principles, and comes up with the best possible SSI solution for a blockchain-based land registry system. It further provides a detailed investigation of each SSI solution to present its functionalities and limitations for further improvement.
... As a result, nowadays one uses online services even in highly regulated industries like banking and public sector [5]- [7]. Blockchain-based smart contracts [8], [9] enabled agreements in the form of a computer program including a peerto-peer environment [10] and state level [11]. Smart contracts use blockchain as a tamper-resistant public bulletin board to define rules-contract calls-together with the ordering and processing services for these calls. ...
Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO) launched on a blockchain and governed by a smart contract promises to bring self-organization to a new technological level. Crisis management has no standard decentralized solution within DAO yet. A central authority is a natural component due to compliance reasons in certain domains, for example, special-purpose financing, in which the DAO governance model could be reasonably applied. More generally, a centralized DAO representative could streamline implementing DAO decisions that involve interactions with legacy systems. The article presents a perspective of modern technologies for organizing a foundation for special-purpose financing and considers longevity as a model example of the purpose.
... Although there are ample scientific papers available for certification and verification using blockchain [16], we noted that most papers focus only on addressing the problems separately. ...
... 75 In recent years, there has been a surge of American and European startups attempting to apply blockchain technology to land registries. 76 Georgia, 77 India, 78 Ukraine, 79 the Netherlands, 80 the United Kingdom, 81 Colombia, 82 Saudi Arabia, 83 Kenya, 84 Honduras, 85 Bermuda, 86 Brazil, 87 Mexico, 88 St. Kitts and Nevis, 89 Ghana, 90 Rwanda, 91 Zambia, 92 Liberia, 93 India, 94 Ethiopia, 95 and Papua New Guinea 96 are all at various stages of implementing blockchain land registries. ...
The influence of global food demand has become the main driver of the formation of specialization of the agro-food complex of Ukraine. Increasing the production and export of grain and oilseed crops has allowed farmers to improve their financial situation and create a basis for recovery processes. The deepening of such specialization intensified with the advent of large capital in agriculture, including non-agricultural and foreign. Over a long period of time, there has been an intensive increase in capital investment in agriculture, which has become one of the important factors in creating the basis for the formation of large farms with a significant bank of land and updated material and technical resources. Foreign investment also grew. It was carried out mainly by companies owned by foreign residents and those controlled by foreign companies resident in Ukraine and, in fact, are Ukrainian capital previously withdrawn from the country, as well as international financial institutions. Currently, the greatest interest for foreign and domestic investors in the domestic agricultural sector is financing the production of grain and oilseed crops with more than half of all FDI and more than two thirds of domestic investment. Data from the Land Matrix, an independent land monitoring initiative, show a broad presence in Ukraine's agricultural land use of both foreign capital and capital that positions itself as Ukrainian but has foreign registration. The most typical schemes of land use agreements are also highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the inclusion in the agreements of requirements for the issuance of permits for special use of water resources and the use of irrigation infrastructure, which poses threats to water degradation. The consequences of increasing the presence of large capital in agricultural land use are revealed. Emphasis is placed on the need to regulate large investments in agriculture to ensure sustainable, structurally balanced and ecologically balanced functioning of the domestic agro-food complex.
... Ethereum supports proofs for each account state and associated storage [17]. Since 2015, parallel to public blockchains, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, private blockchain [6,37] got their popularity for blockchain applications in many projects at the state and global business levels [30,31]. ...
Blockchain-based applications are already being used for countless applications that support new goals in organizations and society at large. In this chapter, the authors will survey existing blockchain-based applications according to four quadrants: economic; social; environmental; and governmental/organizational transparency. The chapter also details several cases, spanning one or more of the identified quadrants, namely solutions for food products traceability, sustainability and circular economy, product dematerialization (NFTs and Digital Twins), cryptocurrencies, and others.
In present-day land recording and land registration systems of India can be professed as mistrustful, inefficient and outdated despite that India has completed 94.53% digitization of its land records. Due to loose coupling among different land related government departments and centralized data storage system, various types of forgery and lots of legal disputes are still there in the present system. For this reason real landowners are still suffering from numerous land related litigations and which creates confusion about the existing system's reliability and effectiveness. This causes judicial huge waste of time. The government needs to protect dwellers rights of records rendering a smart transparent web-application enabled e-Governance, supported by a competent substratum technology. Adoption of the Blockchain, the underlying technology of cryptocurrency, could be a most exclusive and assured way out to solve these issues related to land recording and land registration systems. Established systems could achieve a peer-to-peer, collaborative, trustworthy, secure, transparent, reliable, scalable and real-time based system. Blockchain technology assures users of inviolability and has no way to anticipate breach of contracts. The objective of the present study is to focus on how significant impacts we can observe through the implementation of a Blockchain based land registration and land recording system.
Blockchain technologies are increasingly live‐tested in experiments aimed at improving governance in a growing range of activities. A key question often lost amongst these efforts is whether such projects redistribute wealth and power, and, if so, in which ways. Examining the case of blockchain‐based land governance, this contribution explores the tensions between ambitious visions and their actual scales of implementation around the redistributional promises of distributed ledger technologies. Bringing together the concepts of ‘imaginaries’ and ‘infrastructures’, we analyse land governance blockchainization emerging in the Global South and the metaverse. Identifying a contrast between imaginaries ‘scaling up’ redistributive promises yet tending to materialize in ‘scaled‐down’ forms, we argue for more sustained attention to pluriversal perspectives that foreground local concerns and diverse voices.
Executive Summary Financial digitalization (FinDig) is changing the landscape of the international monetary and financial system. The COVID-19 pandemic helped accelerate the demand for digitalization, including in financial services. However, the crypto crisis events of 2022 were timely reminders of the significant risks FinDig can pose to financial stability if not adequately coordinated and regulated. With digital finance anticipated to increasingly dominate a growing volume of global cross-border transactions, the main challenge for policymakers is how to facilitate and support FinDig to leverage its benefits while mitigating and minimizing attendant risks. The Japan Ministry of Finance has invited AMRO staff to study the opportunities and challenges of cross-border FinDig and what they could mean for regional financial cooperation. The objectives of this paper are to: (1) identify FinDig initiatives in the ASEAN+3 region that could have cross-border implications, and (2) assess the possible implications of FinDig for the Regional Financing Arrangement (RFA), through its impact on capital flows and potential balance of payments (BoP) needs, currency substitution, and the speed of contagion in a financial crisis, among other issues. FinDig offers many cross-border benefits and opportunities for ASEAN+3 economies. Its advances have improved the functioning of market infrastructures and payment systems, increased transaction speeds, and lowered transaction costs through greater competition. Importantly, it has also broadened financial inclusion-and consequently economic growth-through wider access to services and enhanced transparency in information that enable lenders to provide financing while managing risks. However, digital innovation in the financial sector also carries inescapable cross-border risks. The growing share of unrecorded cross-border digital transactions could increasingly affect the ability of authorities to monitor and manage capital flows, with consequences for a country's exchange rate and foreign exchange reserves, especially given the potential speed of spillovers and contagion in a crisis. Some transactions could also be exploited for nefarious aims such as money laundering, bypassing international sanctions, and financing of terrorism. FinDig could also lead to widespread fragmentation of processes, lack of interoperability, and/or give rise to dominant players and products that challenge monetary sovereignty. Appropriate and proportionate regulations and their digital enforcement are needed to ensure the sustainable growth of innovative technology in the financial sector. More specifically, policies may be necessary to limit speculative activities and enforce safeguards, ii while incentivizing long-term adoption initiatives. To date, speculation in virtual assets has crowded out practical adoption of other aspects of FinDig. For example, the technology underpinning distributed ledger technology and smart contracts offer potentially significant improvements to financial services and beyond. However, the lack of guidelines and regulations on blockchain-related businesses has limited participation by traditional institutions that are concerned about compliance and reputational risks, and consider regulation to be a key driver of FinDig. Moreover, the public and private sectors may have to make significant investment in the requisite RegTech (cutting-edge technological regulatory solutions).
More than 6 million people have lost their lives due to COVID-19 across the world (Ghatkopar in Fake negative COVID-19 certificate scam unearthed, 2019, [2]; WHO (World Health Organization) in https://covid19.who.int/table, [3]). Recently, fake COVID-19 test certificate scams have spiked up drastically and become one of the reasons for the spread of COVID-19. In light of the current scenario, this paper proposes a decentralized approach called, “D-Test” for COVID-19 testing which allows the hospital and the general public to register themselves at a common platform which follows the concept of CIA triad (Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability) and allows users to register without any fear of data breach. This platform registers users based on smart contract and enables the user to do the following once registered successfully: (a) Book Testing Slot, (b) Find nearby registered testing laboratories, and c) Generate the COVID-19 reports which could be imported and exported as and when required by the user. This has a higher value of trust because the source of the report can be traced back since usage of Blockchain prevents the likelihood of data tampering by an entity. This framework could help the government(s) keep track of distributing authentic COVID-19 testing certificates, prevent the fake COVID-19 testing certificate scams, and will speed up the process of verifying the users’ test reports, thereby saving lives of many citizens around the world.KeywordsFake COVID-19 certificateBlockchainSmart contractMeta-maskCOVID-19
https://scioteca.caf.com/handle/123456789/1901
Este informe busca contribuir al estado del arte que vincula los conceptos de digitalización e integridad, y propone una estructura de política pública basada en la adopción de innovaciones digitales para la prevención, detección e investigación de fenómenos de corrupción. La irrupción de la tecnología en el espacio de la integridad tiene, por lo menos, tres grandes mecanismos de acción: 1. A través de la expansión del acceso a la información y la apertura de datos, los ciudadanos tienen mayor información sobre sus derechos en la interacción con sus Gobiernos. 2. El avance del gobierno digital permite la simplificación de los procesos administrativos, y la racionalización de la política regulatoria y las infraestructuras de datos abiertos. 3. El uso de técnicas de análisis de datos como dispositivos anticorrupción por parte de los actores de la integridad dentro y fuera del Gobierno.
Does digitalization reduce corruption? What are the integrity benefits of government digitalization? While the correlation between digitalization and corruption is well established, there is less actionable evidence on the integrity dividends of specific digitalization reforms on different types of corruption and the policy channels through which they operate. These linkages are especially relevant in high corruption risk environments. This article unbundles the integrity dividends of digital reforms undertaken by governments around the world, accelerated by the pandemic. It analyzes the rise of data-driven integrity analytics as promising tools in the anticorruption space deployed by tech-savvy integrity actors. It also assesses the broader integrity benefits of the digitalization of government services and the automation of bureaucratic processes, which contribute to reducing bribe solicitation risks by front-office bureaucrats. It analyzes in particular the impact of digitalization on social transfers. It argues that government digitalization can be an implicit yet effective anticorruption strategy, with subtler yet deeper effects, but there needs to be greater synergies between digital reforms and anticorruption strategies.
In a developing country like Bangladesh, the land is seen as a valuable asset. Therefore, investing in land assets appears to be the best way to put people’s money to utilize. However, purchasing land is time-consuming due to the need for a sequence of communications among buyers, sellers, and many government agencies to obtain the required documentations for approval. In addition, most land administration operations in Bangladesh are paper-based, making them more difficult to manage and secure. This paper presents LANDCHAIN, a blockchain-based land administration system that automates the land administration process while maintaining security and transparency. Instead of a typical database, the system is built on the blockchain, ensuring that data is tamper-proof. Our proposed approach is lightweight, making it simple to deploy and to scale automatically. This proposed model is tested on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) and is shown to be more reliable, secure, efficient, and easier to scale than that of a typical database management system. Thus, the LANDCHAIN solves the existing issues of land administration while also assisting the government in optimizing the processes.
The prime objective of the study is to explore the capabilities of the organizations and universities toward embracing 4IR for sustainable business. To achieve this objective, the researchers used both primary and secondary data. The capabilities of the organizations and universities have been measured using the Five-Point Likert Scale ranging from very unlikely (1) to very likely (5). For primary data collection, 200 samples were selected from organizations and universities based on convenient and purposive sampling. The collected data were analyzed with the help of statistical tools and techniques. Study findings show that there is a lacking in the capabilities of the organizations and universities to incorporate the 4IR components. The implication of the study was that the policy makers of government and different stakeholders should work together to sensitize and create awareness for the proper application of 4IR-based digital technologies in business. The study faced some limitations and finally pinpointed the future directions for further research in this area.
A persisting municipal solid waste (MSW) management plan for any city in Bangladesh has to be focused on the understanding of dynamic interactions and ionized effect of all elements of the current MSW management system. Municipalities are the responsible authority for managing the generated MSW including the food and bio-degradable waste which is the major discarded constituent all over the country in terms of weight percentage. This study utilized system dynamics (SD) approach to not only understand the MSW management system of Khulna city with numerous interconnected and independent parameters but also investigated a number of policy scenario emphasized on the collection and separate industrial scale treatment for food and bio-degradable MSW of the city. The quantity of CH4 emission potential for a certain time period has been found to increase from 6.71 Gg in year 2020 to 51.969 Gg in 2050. Three different policy scenario has been implemented in the developed SD model to reach to the dynamic conclusion that “Policy 3” is the most effective on the criteria of the illustrated sustainable development goal (SDG 12.3) with a less fluctuating composite index value of 6.05 until year 2050. To achieve the 71% composting scenario illustrated in “Policy 3” there is no alternative to industrial or commercial composting for the near future. Finally, the illustrated results represents that this developed SD model can be used as an effective simulation platform for MSW management system’s evaluation as well as to determine the methods of achieving sustainable condition in the long run.
The COVID-19 pandemic has long moved beyond a global health crisis and morphing into a social and economic crisis, which combined with climate change threats, can seriously jeopardize the advancements that have been made to date towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), globally and in particular in Bangladesh. Our collective actions towards economic recovery and building resilience against future pandemics represent a chance to pave the way for a more sustainable future. At its center lies sustainable energy access as defined in SDG 7 and a key enabler for the majority of the remaining SDGs. SDG 7 is essential to build future resilience. Public energy utilities need to recover from a dramatic shortfall in revenues, households, and businesses have to overcome financing challenges to be able to tap into significant and inclusive growth opportunities. At the same time, it is important that central grid expansion, or the threat thereof, does not negatively affect or prevent decentralized and decarbonized solutions. C-19 has also unearthed several shortcomings in our existing systems. The future of energy is fueled by the 5Ds: decarbonization, decentralization, democratization, digitization, and disruption. The 4th Industrial Revolution has provided us with the right tools to start turning this future vision of the power sector into a reality today. In this paper, we are proposing an innovation policy, the Bangabandhu Tariff, for both a greener and a more inclusive recovery based on smart IoT devices enabling the interconnection of remote solar home systems and their collective feed-in to the national grid. This policy is based on Community Power Purchase Agreements an effective tool towards a resilient and sustainable recovery, the development of national utilities while empowering decentralized renewable energy prosumers with a financial incentive for electricity generation and storage usage to help power the nation starting at the base of the pyramid.
With the advent of the 21st century, healthcare systems all around the world are facing challenges at an unprecedented scale. The recent covid‐19 outbreak is a glaring example of such challenges. After facing such situations anyone can conclude that there is a need to change the way our current health system works and the recent blockchain technology emerged as a way to bring out this change. From universal health blueprint to medical supply chain management and connecting vetted suppliers, blockchain is making an impact. This paper introduces the concept of blockchain along with its applications with the main focus on healthcare and medical systems.
Enterprise blockchains often have an inherent boost in their ability to scale since they work with smaller networks with trust guarantees. For the same reason, enterprise blockchains are less decentralized than public blockchains, which matches their use case. Because enterprise blockchains are mostly permissioned, there are fewer potential security issues. Each architecture is designed keeping three properties—scalability, decentralization, and security in mind which further entails consideration of network architecture and choice of consensus mechanisms. The perspective and regulations on blockchain technology are developing every day; the chapter covers the most accurate snapshot of present‐day perception around the technology. This chapter aims to review all the feasible applications of blockchains, with a focus on the technical perspective of the applications.
Blockchain technology promises that it can transform completely modern society and its applications in the near future. Its main characteristics could change activities that are related to public politics and services, such as administrative processes, security, privacy, transparency, integrity, and confidentiality. The citizens concern about the potential risks, that are mainly related to data security, respectively documents falsification in a corrupted and non-transparent government. Not only in terms of administrative efficiency, but also in terms of boosting confidence, transparency, and accessibility of services, blockchain technology has the potential to play a major role in the digitalization of the public sector. Blockchain-based solutions facilitate citizen-government collaboration by safely streamlining and automating procedures while maintaining privacy and secrecy. To better understand the adoption of blockchain in public administration, we conducted a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) including 32 primary papers in this study. We intend to address one of the Informatics Society's major concerns: the data security of thousands of individuals and the inviolability of citizen databases. Furthermore, we identified gaps and future trends to support researchers in this domain.
The aim of this article is to present a framework of the influencing factors in the land registration system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The framework is mainly developed to enhance the stockholders’ trust in purchasing properties. This framework is developed by reviewing the challenges in the land registration systems and identifying the factors that capture from socio-technical elements derived from the literature, interview with investors, and then validated by an expert review. The study applies a qualitative methodology that involves semi-structured interviews, and a thematic method to analysis the collected data to pursue the intended aim. The article suggests a social trust framework for the land registration system which enhances the trust in the provided information by mitigating the challenges in the current system. The findings also indicate that appropriate use of technology such as smart contracts and blockchain would reach the aim of the study.
Blockchain technology originally finding applications in Fintech and supply chain management is rapidly expanding applications to other industries as well as the public sector. “Blockchain has been compared to the invention of the internet and its comprehensive impact on almost every industry.” R. Beck and B. Markey-Towler (2017) A recent study by PWC (2020) found that, “Blockchain technology has the potential to boost global gross domestic product by $1.76 trillion USD over this decade.” It has been argued that the digital revolution has favored more developed nations and that has helped create a “digital divide” with less developed nations. Business and governmental infrastructure in developing nations have lagged that of more developed nations. Some of these challenges faced by developing nations include the registration of property ownership, financial systems, modern efficient supply chains often accompanied by a lack of trust and the ability to verify and audit organizational processes rapidly and economically. Blockchain technology has the promise to address many of the critical needs of developing countries internally and in external trade relationships to help enable them to be more competitive. This paper will review the literature and examine the impact of Blockchain technology on how its adoption may ameliorate many of these critical challenges for developing nations helping to improve governance and economic benefits that are shared more equitably. Potential for both positive and negative impacts with be discussed along with policy implications for public policy makers and private enterprises.
OneofthebiggestproblemsinIndiaistheland/propertydisputesforthelandproprietorshipissues. Themainreasonbehinditcouldbethenumberofintermediariesintheprocessoflandregistry,which createsdoubtfultransactionsandnon-clarityoftitle.Maintainingtransparencyandtamper-proof landtitlesarethechallengingtaskswhiledataaremovingthroughanumberofchannels.Byusing blockchaintechnology,onecansolvetheseissuesduringlandproprietorshiptransfer.Thispaper explainscomplexitiesinthepresentlandregistrationprocedureandhowtoresolvetheseissuesby usingblockchaintechnology.Furthermore,thepaperprovidesareliableframeworkconfiguration utilizingblockchaintechnologyforthesupportsofthelandproprietorshiptransferinthenation.The proposedframeworkwillremovetheintermediariesandminimizethecauseoffraudintheprocess. Usingtheframework,thelandtitlesareuniqueandgivevalidanddecisiveauthoritytoproprietorship.
Blockchain technology plays an important role in the business development. Many businesses can possibly benefit from the novelties blockchain decentralization expertise and confidentiality procedures offer with regard to make safe, information access, inspecting and handling dealings within digital platforms. This research work delivers understandings into the existing growths within blockchain expertise. It examines and delivers insights into the safety of blockchain applications by review. This research work suggests likely solutions in detail for improving the safety of the blockchain for business applications.
Citation: Shuaib, M.; Hassan, N.H.; Usman, S.; Alam, S.; Bhatia, S.; Agarwal, P.; Idrees, S.M. Land Registry Framework Based on Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) for Environmental Sustainability.
From the times of Satoshi Nakamoto's Bitcoins invention in 2008 Blockchain has become one of the most popular technologies to keep records secure, immutable, transparent and in distributed ledger. Blockchain is the underlining technology of Bitcoin. Blockchain technology has been used in many domains such as IoT, healthcare, education, business, Land management and so on. Among them Land Registration and Ownership Management is a very tough process all over the world. Land is a state immovable object and many frauds claim false ownership. It creates disputes among people. Also, many intermediaries are involved in this system. These intermediaries take huge amount of money to solve problems in time. For this reason, many people fail to achieve their own land. Blockchain technology has the all characteristics to solve these problems. It keeps data transparent, immutable and secure, at the same time it does not need any intermediaries. For the powerful characteristics of blockchain technology, the authors of this paper proposed a permissioned blockchain-Hyperledger based solution model to solve the problems of land registration and ownership management system. Here the authors present a system overview of the proposed system, a flowchart of working flow and an architecture. And last of all, some basic algorithms are also built to conduct a proper research.
A variety of studies have put forward heterogeneous stage models of e-government development since 2000. However, there is lack of research on a general framework of the stages of e-government development and further theoretical foundations for the stages of e-government development seldom are discussed. Therefore, this study focuses on providing a general framework of the stages of e-government development from public value perspective. First, this study conceptualizes public value evolution from public management paradigms. Specifically, the evolution of three kinds of public value, that is, transparency, efficiency, and engagement, is identified from public management paradigms. Second, a general framework of three stages of e-government development is proposed to investigate e-government evolution approaches, which consist of information stage, transaction stage, and engagement stage. Every stage of e-government development aims at providing different focus of public value. Third, a case study is provided to demonstrate the feasibility of the three-stage-model of e-government development. Eventually, the practical implications of this model of e-government development are analyzed accordingly.
In recent years it has been demonstrated that the use of the traditional property registry models involves the risk of corruption along with long waiting times. This paper points out the main problems associated with conventional models and makes a survey of the new ones that are based on blockchain technology. This type of model is already being developed as a proof of concept by different countries. With the use of this technology in land registry systems, it is possible to improve the transparency of the processes as well as optimize costs and execution time. To show the theoretical results of this study, the Spanish land registry has been taken as an example of a use case scenario.
Proving ownership of the land should preferably be done with a legal document that proves it decisively. Many authorities retain various documents, any of which could be used to assert a claim on the land. To prevent document falsification, the land administration mechanism ought to be robust, accessible at all times, and quick to accomplish exercises. But, any such solutions are prone to a slew of issues, including data accuracy, security, and dispute resolution. Usage of blockchain technology in land administration is considerably advanced to solve issues that plague current LAS. With the adoption of blockchain, the problem of cooperation among a variety of land records is articulated. The proposed model has integrated units to digitally sign the land assets to store securely into the blockchain using cryptography algorithms after which land assets are verified. The proposed approach eliminates deception, improves administration. The results show that the time complexity for registering, signing, and verifying land facts to establish a system using blockchain is relatively secure.
Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are used in various machining processes in order to
reduce friction, dissipate heat and transport metal swarf. Most MWFs are based on finite
resource - mineral oil and, in order to prevent bacterial contamination during the prolonged
use, contain biocides additionally harmful for human health. Their use in metal machining
generates metal swarf categorized as hazardous waste, thus making its recycling economically unjustified. This paper examines the literature on glycerol as a feedstock for MWF production, due to its abundance as it is the major by-product of the biodiesel industry. Glycerol has been shown to have biostatic and corrosion protection characteristics, and similar functional performance during use phase compared to oil-based and oil emulsion MWFs. An overview of a novel glycerol-based biocide-free MWF is presented. Its use would be in line with the principles of circular economy, while eliminating the hazards of traditional MWFs.
Purpose
This study aims to understand the benefits and challenges associated with the adoption of a blockchain-based identity management system in public services by conducting an academic literature review, and to explore the design of such a system that can be applied to the Korean government.
Design/methodology/approach
This study explores the adoption of a blockchain-based identity management system using a literature review and an actual design case intended for use by the government sector.
Findings
Blockchain-based identity management systems can significantly improve transparency, accountability, and reliability in the user control of one's own data while reducing the time and cost needed to deliver public services, as well as increasing administrative efficiency. However, it is not always easy to implement such systems, and introducing new technologies in the government field requires a complicated, time-consuming process. There is currently an appetite for research extending beyond the typical technology-driven approach to elucidate the government adoption of new technologies and explore its implications.
Practical implications
The idea behind this system is that by storing and managing personal information on the blockchain and providing mobile apps to customers, users can log in or retrieve previously authenticated personal information without having to go through an authentication process. Since users do not need to go through the verification process every time, it is expected that they will be able to access only the necessary personal information more quickly and conveniently without having to deal with unnecessary details. In addition, the blockchain-based operation of a public service effectively increases the transparency and reliability of that service and reduces the social costs caused by personal information leakage.
Originality/value
This study introduces the design of a blockchain-based identity management system that can be used in public services, specifically in the Korean government sector for the first time. Along with a literature review, the implications that this study gleans from these real-world use cases can contribute to this field of research.
Business model innovation (BMI) is a well-established approach to adapt structures, activities, and services to dynamic environments. Increasing digitization and changing stakeholder demands put pressure on public organizations to adjust their business models (BMs). However, public BMI research is fragmented and lacks conceptual sophistication. Drawing on an analysis of BMI studies and supplementary public management literature, our study develops an integrative framework representing the underlying public value-oriented BM structure that can be innovated through democratically driven BMI processes. Our framework specifies public BMI and serves as a guide for research and practice by providing implications for improving public value.
As recently as 2016, there was barely any literature available which could connect the breakthrough technology of blockchain to any potential use case in the public sector. As of 2020, numerous use cases have not just been proposed but have also been implemented by governments all over the world. However, in a large number of government offices, documents are still printed, signed, and then uploaded for public access. This method, though quite successful in terms of making information accessible, partially defeats the aim of digitalization. This chapter discusses various use cases which blockchain finds in e-governance. The benefits it offers over the current stack of technology being used and the challenges posed in the switchover are also mentioned. Various case studies of governments which have successfully implemented blockchain-based solutions are also discussed in brief.
For Billions without Formal Land Rights, the Tech Revolution Offers New Grounds for Hope
- Klaus Deininger
Deininger, Klaus. "For Billions without
Formal Land Rights, the Tech Revolution
Offers New Grounds for Hope." Let's Talk
Development text, March 15, 2018.
Available at
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k/billions-without-formal-land-rights-techrevolution-offers-new-grounds-hope.
Land Rights and Global Development
- Chris Jochnick
Jochnick, Chris. "Land Rights and Global
Development." Foreign Affairs, February 7,
2017. Available at
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7-02-07/land-rights-and-globaldevelopment.
Registering Property: Using Information to Curb Corruption
- Yuriy Avramov
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to Curb Corruption." World Bank,
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Blockchain and Property
- Mellon Graglia
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Bitfury: Blockchain for Government. Harvard Business School Case 818-031
- Mitchell Weiss
- Elena Corsi
Weiss, Mitchell, and Elena Corsi. Bitfury:
Blockchain for Government. Harvard
Business School Case 818-031, Harvard
Business School, October 16, 2017.
Republic of Georgia to Pilot Land Titling on Blockchain with Economist Hernando De Soto, BitFury
- Corsi Weiss
Weiss and Corsi, Bitfury.
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Land Titling on Blockchain with
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The First Government to Secure Land Titles on the Bitcoin Blockchain Expands Project
- Laura Shin
Shin, Laura. "The First Government to
Secure Land Titles on the Bitcoin
Blockchain Expands Project." Forbes,
February 7, 2017. Available at
https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurashin/201
Bitfury Trumpets Blockchain Land Registry with Republic of Georgia at Harvard and UN
- Corsi Weiss
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Weiss and Corsi, Bitfury.
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Registry with Republic of Georgia at
Harvard and UN." International Business
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