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Recent advances in application of chitosan and its derivatives in functional finishing of textiles
... Shear-thinning solutions produce polyanion-based gels. [36]. ...
... Chemical properties of Chitosan: Chitosan is a reactive hydroxyl and amine group-containing linear polyamine (polymer-OF-glucosamine).Chelates a lot of metal ions in transition. [36]. ...
... With an increase in chitosan concentration, the activity rises. [36]. ...
... 3. Durable press finishing of cotton Cellulosic fibers, mainly cotton, will shrink or form wrinkle mostly after laundering due to their extremely moisture absorption property. As a result, the fibers swell, and the hydrogen bonds between polymer chains become disrupted, which leads to fiber shrinkage (Choudhury, 2017;Dehabadi et al., 2013;Shirvan et al., 2019). The formation of wrinkles on cellulose fibers has negative effects during printing, dyeing and finishing processes. ...
... The formation of wrinkles on cellulose fibers has negative effects during printing, dyeing and finishing processes. Hence to avoid these problems durable press or antiwrinkle finishing is mostly given for cellulosic fabrics mainly cotton (Dehabadi et al., 2013;Lim and Hudson, 2003;Schindler and Hauser, 2004;Shirvan et al., 2019;Yao et al., 2013). In ancient times polymerized finish was deposited in the pores of the fibers, to hinder the penetration of water molecules to the fiber structure. ...
... Formaldehyde-based chemicals were most widely used antiwrinkle agents for textiles. But due to their potential for environmental pollution, formaldehyde-free or low formaldehyde antiwrinkle agents such as crosslinking agents, for example, glutaraldehyde, polymers such as chitosan, and a range of (Schindler and Hauser, 2004;Schramm et al., 2004;Shirvan et al., 2019;Yang et al., 2000;Zaeem and Chatha, 2019). Biopolymer chitosan and crosslinking agent is considered as a possible eco-friendly wrinkle-resistant finishing agent for cotton (Bhala et al., 2012;Shirvan et al., 2019). ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to give compiled information on previously applied cotton fabric surface modifications. The paper covered most of the modifications done on cotton fabric to improve its properties or to add some functional properties. The paper presented mostly studied research works that brought a significant surface improvement on cotton fabric.
Design/methodology/approach
Different previous works on surface modifications of cotton fabrics such as pilling, wrinkle and microbial resistance, hydrophobicity, cationization, flame retardancy and UV-protection characteristics were studied and their methods of modification including the main findings are well reported in this paper.
Findings
Several modification treatments on surface modification of cotton fabrics indicated an improvement in the desired properties in which the modification is needed. For instance, the pilling tendency, wrinkling, microbial degradation and UV degradation drawbacks of cotton fabric can be overcome through different modification techniques.
Originality/value
To the best of the author’s knowledge, there are no compressive documents that covered all the portions presented in this review. The author tried to cover the surface modifications done to improve the main properties of cotton fabric.
... The characteristics of these biopolymers can be enhanced by adding nano-sized additives or fillers to the polymer [12,13]. For example, chitosan (C 6 H 11 O 4 N), a non-toxic, biocompatible, biodegradable polymer, which can be obtained by the deacetylation of chitin, exhibits excellent intrinsic properties [14,15]. In addition, it is considered safe and known as FDA-approved material, and can be extracted from shrimp, fungi, and crabs [15]. ...
... For example, chitosan (C 6 H 11 O 4 N), a non-toxic, biocompatible, biodegradable polymer, which can be obtained by the deacetylation of chitin, exhibits excellent intrinsic properties [14,15]. In addition, it is considered safe and known as FDA-approved material, and can be extracted from shrimp, fungi, and crabs [15]. Chitosan is widely used in medical, agricultural, textile, and wastewater treatment industries owing to its unique qualities [13][14][15][16]. ...
... In addition, it is considered safe and known as FDA-approved material, and can be extracted from shrimp, fungi, and crabs [15]. Chitosan is widely used in medical, agricultural, textile, and wastewater treatment industries owing to its unique qualities [13][14][15][16]. Several antibacterial non-toxic inorganic solid compounds have been successfully used as additives in food-preserved coatings [16][17][18][19]. ...
Following the global corona virus pandemic and environmental contamination caused by chemical plastic packaging, awareness of the need for environmentally friendly biofilms and antibacterial coatings is increasing. In this study, a biodegradable hybrid film, comprising of green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with a chitosan (CS) matrix, was fabricated using a simple casting procedure. The ZnO NPs were synthesized using wild Mentha pulegium extract, and the synthesized NPs and films were characterized using different approaches. The structural, morphological, mechanical, antibacterial, and optical properties, as well as the hydrophilicity, of the prepared samples were investigated using various techniques. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry measurements revealed the presence of phenolic compounds in the M. pulegium extract. In addition, a strong coordination connection between Zn²⁺ and the chitosan matrix was confirmed, which resulted in a good dispersion of ZnO in the chitosan film. The surface of the composite films was transparent, smooth, and uniform, and the flexible bio-based hybrid films exhibited significant antibacterial and antioxidant characteristics, strong visible emission in the 480 nm region, and UV-blocking properties. The ZnO/CS films displayed a potential to extend the shelf life of fruits by up to eight days when stored at 23°C, and also acted as an acceptable barrier against oxygen and water. The biodegradable ZnO/CS film is expected to keep fruit fresher than general chemical plastic films and be used for the packaging of active ingredients.
... As the hygienic living standards of humans and the awareness of sustainability increase, therefore various researchers have been focusing to innovate new sustainable and eco-friendly methods that should have the ability to produce safe multifunctional textiles. Nowadays the use of natural bioactive compounds (propolis [12], cyclodextrin [13], collagen [14], chitosan [3,15], alginate [16] and curcumin [8]) and technologies having a low-environmental impact based on ecological and sustainable biopolymers has gained much attentiveness for textile modification in a green approach owing to potentially detrimental or toxic effects of many chemical treatments. The 1-7-bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy phenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5dione is the active component present in curcumin (CRN). ...
... This is because CSN-CRN-APUDs application results in an increase in cross-functional-linkages or surface layer formation. In addition, the two chromophoric groups present in chitosan structures i.e., N-acetylglucosamine and glucosamine are assisting in UV resistance [15]. Thus, the chitosan and curcumin combination in an aqueous PU backbone leads to the strongest UV resistance. ...
The present research work aims to synthesize a blend of chitosan (CSN) and curcumin (CRN) based aqueous polyurethane dispersions (CSN-CRN APUDs) for the modification of textile surfaces. A series of anionic CSN-CRN APUDs were prepared by the reaction of isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and extended with chain extenders (CSN and CRN). Structural characterizations of prepared materials were examined through a fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer. The performances of coated CSN-CRN APUDs on the colorfastness properties (washing, rubbing and perspiration) and the mechanical properties like tensile strength and tearing strength of plain weaved poly/cellulosic textiles (dyed, printed and white) were examined before and after the application of CSN-CRN APUDs. The findings showed that the mechanical and colorfastness properties of all the CSN-CRN APUDs treated poly/cellulosic textile samples were improved significantly as compared with untreated poly/cellulosic textile samples. The newly synthesized CSN-CRN APUD coating materials are sustainable and greener products, particularly derivatized from bio-resources. These coating materials can be utilized as outstanding eco-friendly substitutes for poly/cellulosic textile coatings for surface modifications.
... Chitin has two different monomer structures of N-acetyl-glucosamine and N-glucosamine linked throughout the polymer chain (Min et al. 2015). It is insoluble in water and other organic solvents owing to its strong inter-and intra-molecular hydrogen bonding (Shirvan et al. 2018). Chitin-soluble substances exhibit toxic and corrosive nature (Shirvan et al 2018). ...
... It is insoluble in water and other organic solvents owing to its strong inter-and intra-molecular hydrogen bonding (Shirvan et al. 2018). Chitin-soluble substances exhibit toxic and corrosive nature (Shirvan et al 2018). ...
With global concerns on carbon emissions, there is increased need for various eco-friendly alternatives to conventional (cement and lime) additives used in ground improvement applications. This paper investigates the effect of three biopolymers — chitin, chitosan, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) — on the consistency limits of low plasticity organic silt soil. The theory of soil mechanics suggests that understanding the soil’s plasticity nature is helpful in predicting strength and compressibility characteristics. The variation in the Casagrande liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL), plasticity index, and flow index of the soil are presented for 0.5–4% chitin and chitosan dosages, and 0.25–1% NaCMC dosage. For all three biopolymers, the consistency limits (more-so for LL than PL) increased with increasing dosage, with NaCMC addition producing a more dramatic effect compared to chitin and chitosan additions. The biopolymer additives formed ‘bridge’ connections between the soil particles, helping to improve strength properties. This bridging effect explains the significant increases in LL (being essentially a strength-based parameter) for biopolymer addition. A greater LL increase was observed for NaCMC addition since it is a gellable biopolymer with moisture retaining property.
... Antimicrobial fabrics have gained lots of attention in recent years due to their significance in hospitals, medicine, and hygiene [1]. Antimicrobial fabrics have the potential to prevent the growth of bacteria and other microbes from proliferating, thereby reducing the spread of infectious disease [2]. The contaminated fabric may contribute to healthcare-associated infections [3]. ...
... The contaminated fabric may contribute to healthcare-associated infections [3]. As a result, antimicrobial-treated fabrics are becoming increasingly valuable and popular in clinical settings for designing hospital gowns, bed covers, curtains, patient clothes, and so on [2]. Interestingly, antimicrobial healthcare fabric had a global market value of US$ 422.3 in 2015, and that figure is predicted to nearly double by 2024 [3]. ...
Due to their bactericidal and fluid repellent capabilities, antimicrobial textiles with hydrophobic properties have aroused a lot of interest in healthcare, hygiene, air purifiers, water purification systems, food packaging, and other domains. Silver and silver-derived compounds have long been employed in antimicrobial coatings; nevertheless, they are costly, limiting their widespread use. In this work, we combined mussel-inspired polydopamine (pDA) coating chemistry with graphene oxide (GO) and antimicrobial copper compounds (Cu(NO 3) 2 , CuCl 2 , Cu nanoparticles (CuNPs), and Cu-Carbon nanofibers (Cu-CNF)) to create hydrophobic antimicrobial nanocoatings on cotton fabric. The structural, morphological, wettability, and antibacterial characteristics of the produced coatings were evaluated. The fabric coated with Cu(NO 3) 2 and CuNPs had good hydrophobicity, which was stabilized for 30 minutes following GO integration. The coated fabric with GO and CuNPs showed 100% bacterial inhibition for S. aureus and a 99.995% reduction for P. aeruginosa bacteria. Overall, this bioinspired approach to developing antimicrobial coatings on fabric utilizing Cu(NO 3) 2 and CuNPs with GO shows a lot of promise in preventing the transmission of bacterial and viral infections through contaminated garments and has potential in designing clothing for healthcare settings such as PPEs, gowns, aprons, face mask filters, curtains, and so on.
... Antimicrobial fabrics have gained lots of attention in recent years due to their significance in hospitals, medicine, and hygiene [1]. Antimicrobial fabrics have the potential to prevent the growth of bacteria and other microbes from proliferating, thereby reducing the spread of infectious disease [2]. The contaminated fabric may contribute to healthcare-associated infections [3]. ...
... The contaminated fabric may contribute to healthcare-associated infections [3]. As a result, antimicrobial-treated fabrics are becoming increasingly valuable and popular in clinical settings for designing hospital gowns, bed covers, curtains, patient clothes, and so on [2]. Interestingly, antimicrobial healthcare fabric had a global market value of US$ 422.3 in 2015, and that figure is predicted to nearly double by 2024 [3]. ...
... 5 Also, chitosan has excellent adsorption properties due to the presence of high-functioning groups -amine and hydroxyl in its backbone, which act as active sites for metal ion adsorption. 6 This characteristic of chitosan makes it a potential solution to the problem that heavy metals inside cigarette butts inflict on our environment. 7 Chitosan is biodegradable and inexpensive, making it a realistically viable solution. ...
... However, the main difference between chitin and chitosan, which is important for commercial applications, is that chitin is insoluble in most aqueous acid solutions and dissolves only in toxic and corrosive solvents. On the contrary, chitosan is soluble in dilute acid solutions (169). The information for the suppliers that were reached is summarized in Table 2 (152,153). ...
This report is a comprehensive review of natural and human-made materials with the potential to reduce cement content in concrete by partially replacing portland cement or as additives. The review aims to reveal possible source materials as alternative supplementary cementitious materials (ASCMs) to coal-burned fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag as these SCMs supplies rapidly decline. Information required to estimate supplies of each ASCM was gathered, and ASCM candidates with enough abundance to support California’s concrete paving sector were identified for further laboratory evaluation. In addition, the required chemical, thermal, and mechanical treatments of the source materials were gathered so the environmental and economic impacts of the processes could be considered. A review of scientific literature on the technical performance of the studied materials in cement paste, mortar, or concrete was also conducted when that information was available.
The reviewed feedstock material categories include biomass sources, construction and demolition wastes, natural pozzolans (volcanic and sedimentary materials), and post-consumer waste. As part of the biomass category, biopolymer-based nanomaterials were also included in the review for their promise to reduce cement content from added strength. The following information was included for each material considered in this report: feedstock description, the potential mechanism of performance in concrete, physical and chemical properties, feedstock supplies and processing method, technology readiness level (TRL), a summary of technical performance in cementitious systems based on the scientific literature, environmental impacts of the production phase, and cost considerations.
Based on the comprehensive information gathered, several materials present potential as ASCMs, fillers, and admixtures for the California paving industry. However, most materials identified are at TRL 3 or 4, requiring more research and development to move toward implementation. In addition, some of these ASCMs may not fully satisfy the current regulations for SCMs. For example, biomass ash from some sources may contain a high alkaline content and a greater than 6% unburnt carbon content. Furthermore, some natural pozzolans impose a high water demand and have slow strength gain. In addition, the reported performance in the literature for the biobased nanomaterials studied is conflicting and performance data in concrete is scarce. Finally, some reviewed materials were not selected for more advanced laboratory evaluation because a supplier was not found in California. These materials include municipal solid waste ash, wastewater treatment sludge, and seashell waste. In addition, ground glass, harvested coal-burnt fly ash, and fines from carpet recycling were not chosen for laboratory evaluation because they are being investigated in other Caltrans and non-Caltrans research contracts.
... With the increased attention on environmental aspects in all walks of life, textile colourist is looking for natural biodegradable polymers, which helps impart other functional properties and increase dye uptake. Many researchers have reported using chitosan and sericin to enhance dye uptake value [5,9]. Research has been carried out to apply sericin on jute fabric along with trisodium citrate as an esterification catalyst to improve its dyeing parameters [10]. ...
Sericin is a highly hydrophilic macromolecular protein comprising 18 amino acids. It is considered biocompatible, nontoxic, and has antibacterial and antioxidant properties. It is applied on fabric, however, either the fabric needs to be pretreated with electrolytes or catalyst are used thereby increasing the number of processing steps. This study achieved sericin with multifunctional properties through chemical modification using cyanuric chloride. Modified sericin was applied in the dyeing stage along with the dyes on various textile substrates like wool, silk, and polyester. The functional properties were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and in modified sericin new chlorine peak at 779 cm−1 was obtained, X-ray diffractogram shows increase in crystallinity after modification of sericin, SEM showed particles of sericin on all fabrics even after 5 washes. Fabrics were analysed for antimicrobial activity and showed antimicrobial properties against gram negative and positive bacteria. Fastness properties and ultra violet protection factor of the samples were also determined.
... Natural fibre nonwoven textiles based on kenaf, jute, cotton, banana, bamboo, and flax fibres have been used for floor covering systems as noise absorbers in cars (Parikh et al., 2006;Chen, 2008;Thilagavathi et al., 2010;Islam and Mominul Alam, 2018). On the other hand, natural biopolymers (chitosan) have recently been interested in automotive applications with antiodour properties (Ul- Islam and Butola, 2018;Shirvan et al., 2019). In addition, natural fibre polymers incorporated with inorganic nanoparticles (SiO 2 , TiO 2 ) are also antiodour textiles for auto interior parts (Mishra et al., 2022). ...
... Bionanocomposites are broadly used as antimicrobial packing materials, medicinal aids, culinary additives, and functional coatings. Moreover, they have been successfully employed in the textile and agro-industries [1], wound dressings [2], wastewater treatment [3], and tissue engineering [4]. ...
The complete dependency on synthetic and artificial materials threatens human life because they adversely affect our ecological system and affect the environment destructively. To mitigate that currently, the most talkative issue is to protect the environment by using biodegradable, nontoxic, biocompatible, and reusable materials for therapeutic, agricultural, food product manufacturing, and packaging purposes. In this case, chitosan-based materials show hopes, as chitosan is the second most plentiful natural biopolymer existing on the planet earth. Moreover, chitosan possesses film-forming abilities, antibacterial behavior, excellent mechanical and thermal properties. At present, chitosan-based bionanocomposite have appeared as ideal candidates for wide-ranging applications owing to the availability for surface modification together with their biodegradable, biocompatible, and nontoxic properties. However, this chapter highlights multiple aspects of chitosan such as its source, structural chemistry, properties, and modification. Additionally, It concentrates on chitosan-based bionanocomposites by describing its preparation techniques, characteristics, and applications. Finally, this chapter discusses the advantages and downsides of chitosan-based bionanocomposite to ensure its application superiority in numerous fields compared to other composites.
... Among medical textiles, surgical and hospital textiles used by medical workers are intended to reduce the spread of infection between patients and healthcare personnel and protect them from the transmission of bacteria that can persist on clinical clothing for several days and even after washing [3]. These products benefit from the use of antimicrobial medical textiles that, upon coming into direct contact with endogenous bacteria, have a potential to inhibit the bacterial growth on their surfaces and reduce cross-infections in primary care settings [4]. Because an open wound provides an ideal environment for bacterial and fungal proliferation that might trigger wound inflammation, antimicrobial wound dressings are another type of antimicrobial textile product that are effective in reducing the risks of infection [5,6]. ...
Bleached and cationized cotton fabrics were chemically modified with reactive orga-noselenium compounds through the nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reaction, which allowed for organo-selenium attachment onto the surface of cotton fabrics via covalent bonds and, in the case of the cationized cotton fabric, additional ionic interactions. The resulting textiles exhibited potent bactericidal activity against S. aureus (99.99% reduction), although only moderate activity was observed against E. coli. Fabrics treated with reactive organo-selenium compounds also exhibited fungicidal activities against C. albicans, and much higher antifungal activity was observed when organo-selenium compounds were applied to the cationized cotton in comparison to the bleached cotton. The treatment was found to be durable against rigorous washing conditions (non-ionic de-tergent/100 °C). This paper is the first report on a novel approach integrating the reaction of cotton fabrics with an organo-selenium antimicrobial agent. This approach is attractive because it provides a method for imparting antimicrobial properties to cotton fabrics which does not disrupt the traditional production processes of a textile mill.
... Chitosan is one such inexpensive, nontoxic, and biodegradable agent that has been extensively studied due to its unique biological properties (Roy et al. 2017). It is a polysaccharide composed of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine units and has reactive functional sites that are readily subject to chemical modifications for the development of potential antimicrobial derivatives (Abdul Khalil et al. 2016;Shirvan, Shakeri, and Bashari 2019). Chitosan is a particularly attractive candidate due to its antibacterial properties, which are advantageous for the development of medical and healthcare products (Li et al. 2021). ...
Development and useful utilization of materials from agricultural wastes and biomass feedstock for the textile-finishing industry is of great significance to the research community worldwide. In this work, a sustainable and green chitosan and waste onion peel extract (CS-OS) composite material is prepared by the co-precipitation method and applied onto cotton fabrics for the development of antibacterial and radical-scavenging textiles. The composite was loaded onto cotton with and without citric acid as a cross-linker to obtain final textile substrate with durable functions. The composite formation and the coated cotton fabrics were examined using SEM, FT-IR, and TGA techniques. Antioxidant activity of the finished fabrics was evaluated using the DPPH assay, and antibacterial tests were performed using the colony counting method. The results revealed that composite-treated cotton showed good radical-scavenging and antibacterial activities. It was found that citric acid-cross-linked cotton fabrics displayed enhanced antibacterial and antioxidant properties.
... It was visually noted that NaOHtreatment enhanced the solubility of chitosan, suggesting that an increase in DD had occurred, improving the hydrophilicity of the polymer. Deacetylation is the process of the removal of acetyl groups from chitin and substitution of amino groups [74]. Chitin that is deacetylated above 50% is defined as chitosan [75]. ...
Chitosan is one of the most researched biopolymers for healthcare applications, however, being a naturally derived polymer, it is susceptible to endotoxin contamination, which elicits pro-inflammatory responses, skewing chitosan’s performance and leading to inaccurate conclusions. It is therefore critical that endotoxins are quantified and removed for in vivo use. Here, heat and mild NaOH treatment are investigated as facile endotoxin removal methods from chitosan. Both treatments effectively removed endotoxin to below the FDA limit for medical devices (<0.5 EU/mL). However, in co-culture with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), only NaOH-treated chitosan prevented TNF-α production. While endotoxin removal is the principal task, the preservation of chitosan’s structure is vital for the synthesis and lysozyme degradation of chitosan-based hydrogels. The chemical properties of NaOH-treated chitosan (by FTIR-ATR) were significantly similar to its native composition, whereas the heat-treated chitosan evidenced macroscopic chemical and physical changes associated with the Maillard reaction, deeming this treatment unsuitable for further applications. Degradation studies conducted with lysozyme demonstrated that the degradation rates of native and NaOH-treated chitosan-genipin hydrogels were similar. In vitro co-culture studies showed that NaOH hydrogels did not negatively affect the cell viability of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs), nor induce phenotypical maturation or pro-inflammatory cytokine release.
... Chitosan has been used for a wide range of industrial purposes, including water filtration and biomedical applications. It should be possible to replace the current petroleum feedstock with a significant number of raw materials by recycling this bioindustrial waste [121]. ...
The idea of a circular economy (CE) has gained ground over the past ten years as a means of addressing sustainable development and getting around the limitations of the current and linear dominant production and consumption patterns. The primary goal of a CE is to encourage the adoption of closing-the-loop production methods to improve resource use efficiency, modify chemical processes, and increase product and material lifespan. According to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which focuses on 17 Sustainable Development Goals, 14 of which call for the appropriate application of green chemistry (GC) concepts and patterns, the role that chemistry may play in the shift toward more sustainable models is critical. By serving as the foundation for novel products made from renewable feedstocks and designed to be reused, recycled, or recovered with the associated minimum energy requirements, green and sustainable chemistry could be the key to unlocking the economic potential of the CE toward new product design and ultimately solving waste management problems. The aim of this perspective paper, while using a variety of literature sources, is to essentially capture the main issues associated with the CE and GC paradigms and how these two approaches can merge toward sustainable business models and the production of new materials. This integration focuses on reducing waste, conserving resources, and minimizing negative environmental impacts, while also considering economic viability. However, the obstacles to achieving implementation of the CE and GC principles are investment, environmental education, and legislation. To advance toward the circular economy and green chemistry, international agreements should be reconsidered to provide an appropriate framework, including the creation of incentives for businesses and individuals to adopt circular practices, the establishment of education programs to promote the benefits of circular practices, and the development of regulations to support the transition to sustainable production and consumption patterns.
... In general, the degrees of N-acetylation products typically range from 0.05 to 0.30. The complete deacetylation is achieved by doing the alkaline treatment repeatedly (Shirvan et al., 2019). Chitosanases were measured using scattered chitosan, which was produced by violently agitating a chitosan solution in diluted HCl with aqueous NaOH (Yabuki et al., 1988). ...
Disposal of biodegradable waste of seashells leads to an environmental imbalance. A tremendous amount of wastes produced from flourishing shell fish industries while preparing crustaceans for human consumption can be directed towards proper utilization. The review of the present study focuses on these polysaccharides from crustaceans and a few important industrial applications. This review aimed to emphasize the current research on structural analyses and extraction of polysaccharides. The article summarises the properties of chitin, chitosan, and chitooligosaccharides and their derivatives that make them non-toxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible. Different extraction methods of chitin, chitosan, and chitooligosaccharides have been discussed in detail. Additionally, this information outlines possible uses for derivatives of chitin, chitosan, and chitooligosaccharides in the environmental, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and food industries. Additionally, it is essential to the textile, cosmetic, and enzyme-immobilization industries. This review focuses on new, insightful suggestions for raising the value of crustacean shell waste by repurposing a highly valuable material.
... Chitosan's antibacterial activity, as well as its combination with other polymers, have been investigated for a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections. Biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity and physicochemical properties are the most important characteristics of chitin and chitosan [60]. Zhang et al. (2019) [61] used silk fibroin/chitosan microspheres (SFCM) and low-temperature nitrogen plasma (LTNP) to enhance the antibacterial and antistatic capabilities of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics. ...
The circular economy plays an important role in the preparation and recycling of polymers. Research groups in different fields, such as materials science, pharmaceutical and engineering, have focused on building sustainable polymers to minimize the release of toxic products. Recent studies focused on the circular economy have suggested developing new polymeric materials based on renewable and sustainable sources, such as using biomass waste to obtain raw materials to prepare new functional bio-additives. This review presents some of the main characteristics of common polymer additives, such as antioxidants, antistatic agents and plasticizers, and recent research in developing bio-alternatives. Examples of these alternatives include the use of polysaccharides from agro-industrial waste streams that can be used as antioxidants, and chitosan which can be used as an antistatic agent.
... Chitin and chitosan are other polysaccharide-based polymers with biodegradability, biocompatibility, renewability, nontoxicity, and antibacterial properties that are easily processed into fibres, films, aerogels, and hydrogels. Chitin and chitosan fibres have attracted great interest owing to their high surface area, ease of processability, and ability to be fabricated into a 2D and 3D structure [68,69]. There are several attempts at chitin and chitosan fibre fabrication by the wet spinning process for biomedical applications. ...
Over the past decade, there has been a significant growth in the use of fibre-based products and structures for biomedical applications, with new fibrous materials and manufacturing technologies being introduced in various medical sectors. Wet spinning is one of the most common manufacturing techniques for the fabrication of fibrous structures. Novel wet spinning-based fabrication methods such as computer-aided wet spinning, rotary wet spinning, microfluidic wet spinning, and channel-based wet spinning techniques have been developed to create bespoke fibrous materials for medical use. A wide range of fibrous materials from natural and synthetic polymers are now available with various designs and properties, including core-shell and hierarchical structures, hollow, and braided fibres. The present review provides a detailed overview of the wet spinning process, the effects of process parameters on the surface texture of wet-spun fibres, and novel wet spinning-based manufacturing techniques. Various wet-spun structures and materials, and the cellular response to surface characteristics of wet-spun fibres are discussed. An overview is also given on the potential applications of wet-spun fibrous structures in cardiac, bone, tendon, ligament, nerve repair, annulus fibrosus regeneration, shape memory surgical sutures, wound healing, drug delivery, and hemodialysis systems.
... Since chitosan is a biological preservative of animal origin, it only plays a role in the preservation of fruits and vegetables (Duan et al., 2019). It is also a thickener and preservative that can be added to aquatic food (Shirvan et al., 2019). Moreover, chitosan has a wide range of sources, a simple production process, easy film-forming, is safe and natural, as well as biodegradable (Srinivasa and Tharanathan, 2007). ...
The compound polysaccharide composed of chitosan and hydroxypropyl starch was aimed in this study to be used as a novel treatment to improve the quality of Tilapia fish surimi. Surimi gel properties, retention of oil, rate of water loss, colour changes, changes in protein content and gas composition were analysed. Compared with the control group, with the increase of hydroxypropyl starch content, the rate of water loss in all the groups (chitosan and hydroxypropyl starch) was improved, and 1.5% chitosan-treated samples showed significantly lower water losses. The protein content tended to increase at the beginning and then decrease. The whiteness index of surimi in both groups was significantly improved. The addition of 1.0% hydroxypropyl starch showed the highest oil retention in all treated groups (1.0% chitosan treated sample showed oil retention of 0.77 mL/g, while 1.5% chitosan treated samples showed maximum oil retention of 0.7 mL/g). Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis detected two identical volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in both the control and compound polysaccharide groups. These results indicate that using complex polysaccharides can significantly improve the quality of fish surimi and, therefore, can be used as a practical basis for industries to improve freshwater fish surimi's gel properties.
... The MCCh-30 showed the highest DA of 89.04%, followed by MCCh-90 with a DA value of 88.85%, and MCCh-150 showed the lowest DA of 88.07%. The decrease in N-acetyl units is because of chitin deacetylation, which occurs when chitin is treated with either acid or alkali (Roy et al., 2017;Shirvan et al., 2019). ...
In this study, microcrystalline chitin (MCCh) was prepared from commercial shrimp shell α-chitin by acid hydrolysis at ambient temperature for various treatment durations (30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 min), and their structural, polymeric and thermal properties were studied. Results showed that MCCh was distinct from native chitin structure, exhibiting loosened fibrillar structure with large pores and void diameter, increasing with treatment duration from <0.5 μm for native chitin to 1.653 μm for MCCh-150. The recovery rate obtained was in the range of 57.50 to 71.65%. The degree of N-acetylation reduced slightly from 89.86% for native chitin to 88.07% for MCCh-150 with increasing treatment duration. Crystallinity indexes increased from 85 to 92% after 30 min of acid treatment, then decreased slightly to 90% after 150 min. DSC analysis indicated MCCh were thermally stable. These results suggest that extended acid hydrolysis treatment can greatly improve MCCh polymeric and thermal properties. Furthermore, the method described is simple, easy, energy-efficient, and requires less acid compared to earlier studies, making it more practical and scalable for the production of MCCh.
... In our study, the DD value of pure chitin (CC-00) was 6.24 ± 0.12 % which is roughly 93.76% N-acetyl units (i.e., 100 − DD). Chitin deacetylation can occur in either acidic or alkaline conditions, but alkali deacetylation is more commonly used to deacetylate chitin to generate a new chemical entity called chitosan (DD > 60%), which is soluble in organic acids like acetic acid ( Roy et al., 2017 ;Shirvan, Shakeri, & Bashari, 2019 ). The DD values of colloidal chitin samples were expected to increase with treatment duration in our investigation, but the opposite was observed. ...
In this study, the physicochemical, rheological, and functional properties of colloidal chitin prepared from commercial shrimp shell α-chitin by acid hydrolysis at ambient temperature for various treatment durations were investigated. With increasing treatment duration, the functional properties viz solubility, water and fat binding capacity, and emulsion capacity increased significantly (p<0.05). Color of colloidal chitin had higher lightness values and whiteness index than commercial chitin (p<0.05), but were non-significant (p>0.05) among treatment durations. The degree of deacetylation decreased as treatment duration increased (p<0.05). The Carr index and Housner ratio showed that colloidal chitin powders had poor flowability. The colloidal chitin suspensions had rheothinning tendency, i.e., viscosities of the suspensions decreased with an increase in shear rate. These results suggest that colloidal chitin obtained in this study has better functional properties with enhanced whiteness index than commercial chitin, making it suitable for application as a functional ingredient in the food industry.
Eco-friendly sources of organic nanomaterials are distinguished by their nanoscale dimensions with unique properties such as enhanced biodegradability, less toxicity, and better performance in functional textiles. These biodegradable organic nanomaterials are under consideration as a result of the increasing demand for sustainable textiles and apparel. This review provides a thorough analysis of multifunctional organic materials that are eco-friendly. They are used in the manufacturing of protective clothing. These nanomaterials provide novel aspects that enable the manufacturing of biodegradable and sustainable textiles. They have positive impacts such as enhanced self-cleaning characteristics, antibacterial properties, and energy harvesting capabilities. This review also discusses green synthesis methods that minimize environmental impacts. The evaluations of integrating these materials into multifunctional textile manufacturing highlight the development of smart and functional textiles that react to environmental stimulation, which provides the wearer with extra advantages. It also discusses the economic and environmental benefits of using organic nanomaterials as raw materials. These benefits include less dependence on non-renewable inorganic resources, waste reduction from durable fabrics, and possible maintenance cost savings. The aim of this review is to give prominent concepts of organic nanomaterials to manufacturers and policymakers about the advantages and challenges by providing a comprehensive overview of the present situation and future potential applications of organic nanomaterials in multifunctional textiles.
Nanotechnology has contributed towards developing of advanced and functional textile materials over the past few decades. A wide variety of nanomaterials (organic to inorganic) has currently been introduced in finishing of natural fibre-based textiles to impart finishes like antimicrobial, UV-resistant, flame-retardant, self-cleaning, superabsorbent, easy-care and many more. Incorporation of nanoparticles on natural fibres without hampering their inherent fibre properties is always a challenge. Application techniques like sol–gel, chemical and physical vapour deposition, nanoencapsulation, plasma treatment is used to apply or synthesise nanoparticles within the natural fibre structures. The use of nanotechnology has made the textile finishing area subject to ample possibilities to achieve multi-functional properties on natural fibre-based textiles. This chapter provides an overview of the types of nanomaterials, advanced application and synthesis methods, nanostructure and fibre property relationship and various challenges and future trends.
Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é investigar o potencial do uso de folhas de crajiru como corante natural em tecidos de algodão. Referencial Teórico: São apresentados conceitos sobre tingimento natural, química dos corantes, métodos de extração e teoria de adsorção em substratos têxteis, fornecendo base para a investigação. Método: O estudo experimental inclui a extração do corante, tingimento dos tecidos e avaliação de solidez e proteção UV. Foram utilizadas folhas secas de crajiru, quitosana, ácido acético, detergente não-iônico, equipamentos de controle de temperatura e máquinas de tingimento. A coleta de dados ocorreu por observações diretas e testes laboratoriais, medindo eficiência de extração, rendimento tintorial, solidez à lavagem e proteção UV. Resultados e Discussão: Temperaturas mais altas aumentaram a eficiência de extração do corante. O tingimento a temperaturas elevadas resultou em melhor rendimento tintorial. O pré-tratamento com quitosana aumentou significativamente a absorção do corante pelas fibras de algodão. Testes de solidez à lavagem mostraram boas propriedades de solidez. A proteção UV foi alta, especialmente em amostras pré-tratadas com quitosana. Esses resultados são discutidos à luz do referencial teórico, considerando implicações e limitações do estudo. Implicações da Pesquisa: São discutidas implicações práticas e teóricas, como a aplicação dos resultados na moda sustentável, desenvolvimento de novos produtos têxteis e melhoria de processos de tingimento natural. Originalidade/Valor: O estudo investiga o uso inovador de folhas de crajiru como corante, destacando a influência da temperatura e do pré-tratamento com quitosana. A originalidade está na combinação de quitosana com tingimento natural e novas descobertas sobre eficiência de extração e proteção UV, com potencial impacto na indústria têxtil sustentável.
The primary focus of this review is an eco-friendly biopolymer chitosan which is mainly produced by the conversion of environmental wastes into useful applications. Chitosan has drawn much interest due to its unusual characteristics, including anti-microbial, biodegradability, and non-toxicity. This study explores numerous approaches available for the production and extraction of chitosan from various sources, including crustaceans, fungi, and insects. The available techniques are classified into chemical and biological methods and further divided into enzymatic and fermentation methods. This review also covers the steps in the upstream and downstream processes that are involved in the production of chitosan. Additionally, a few techniques available for the characterization of chitosan are covered, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, potentiometric titration, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, and emission scanning electron microscopy. Comparisons are also made between the characteristics of chitosan derived from sources like insects and fungal strains. Characteristics of chitosan obtained from sources such as fungal strains and insects are compared with those of commercial chitosan. This study also focuses on the most recent applications of chitosan in the medical sector, wastewater treatment plant, agricultural sector, food packaging industry, and cosmetic industry. A few patents related to chitosan in the health sector are also discussed. Finally, it concludes that further research on chitosan and its derivatives is necessary to fully understand the advantages of this polymer. It also emphasizes the difficulties involved in extracting chitosan from crustaceans, insects, and fungi. To fully explore the advantages of this polymer, it is concluded that further research into chitosan and its derivatives is necessary.
Biomaterials are materials that exhibit a high level of biocompatibility and are designed to interact with biological systems in a variety of ways, such as tissues, organs, cells, and molecules. Biomaterials can be classified into: (i) natural (e.g. collagen, chitosan, dextran, and silk), offer inherent biocompatibility and bioactivity and: (ii) synthetic (e.g. polypropylene, polyurethanes, metals), provide the advantage of precise control over material properties, allowing for customization based on specific applications. For tissue engineering, drug delivery, and other biomedical applications, natural polymers based on proteins and polysaccharides show a lot of promise. Mammalian-derived polymers are preferred over non-mammalian sources because they have a multitude of physiologically active designs and favourable host-material responses. Compared to mammalian collagen, marine collagen (MC), which comes from marine organisms, has excellent physical and chemical robustness, and is readily available in huge amounts. In recent years, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine opt for collagen-based materials over other types of biomaterials on account of their high biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and structural versatility. This chapter discusses the significance and classification of biomaterials; protein-based and polysaccharide-based biomaterials and the application biomaterials with a special focus on marine-derived collagen.
This review discusses the development and application of nanocellulose (NC)-aerogels, a sustainable and biodegradable biomaterial, with enhanced flame retardant (FR) properties. NC-aerogels combine the excellent physical and mechanical properties of NC with the low density and thermal conductivity of aerogels, making them promising for thermal insulation and other fields. However, the flammability of NC-aerogels limits their use in some applications, such as electromagnetic interference shielding, oil/water separation, and flame-resistant textiles. The review covers the design, fabrication, modification, and working mechanism of NC porous materials, focusing on how advanced technologies can impart FR properties into them. The review also evaluates the FR performance of NC-aerogels by employing widely recognized tests, such as the limited oxygen index, cone calorimeter, and UL-94. The review also explores the integration of innovative and eco-friendly materials, such as MXene, metal-organic frameworks, dopamine, lignin, and alginate, into NC-aerogels, to improve their FR performance and functionality. The review concludes by outlining the potential, challenges, and limitations of future research on FR NC-aerogels, identifying the obstacles and potential solutions, and understanding the current progress and gaps in the field.
Biopolymers are polymers obtained from some living organisms; therefore, they are recyclable and biocompatible; moreover, they have a variety of efficient groups permitting the resistor of the boundary through nanofillers and the multistate assembly. They discover usage in various manufacturing reaching from nutrition engineering to manufacturing, packing and biomedical industry. Biopolymers are capable materials due to their appearances, comparable profusion, biocompatibility and sole properties alike non-toxicity etc. have been used during many textile industrialized processes. They have been used as necessary agents, i.e., chitosan and smoothing representatives, i.e., fiber ethers, to permute the coloring process, which results in quickness and an extra uniform shade in the completed textiles. Biopolymers are actual much compulsory in the future as they are an illumination to lime and sustainable environment. They are biodegradable, renewable and their building produces less glasshouse air. This work will focus on a brief overview of biopolymers and their actual role in the fabric industry.
This chapter explores the role of biopolymers in enhancing textile dyeing, printing, and functional finishes. Biopolymers, derived from renewable sources, offer a sustainable alternative to conventional synthetic chemicals in the textile industry. They improve dye uptake, colour fastness, and print quality, enhancing textile performance. Biopolymers serve as natural dye carriers, promoting eco-friendly dyeing practices and reducing reliance on synthetic dyes. Additionally, biopolymer-based thickeners and binders enable precise and vibrant textile printing while supporting environmental sustainability. The development of biopolymer coatings for antimicrobial and UV-protection finishes enhances textile functionality. Comprehensive performance and sustainability assessments guide responsible manufacturing practices, ensuring environmentally conscious and socially responsible textile production. As the industry embraces biopolymers, future research is expected to advance their engineering and applications, contributing to a greener and more sustainable textile sector.
Graphical Abstract: Potential of biopolymers in textile dyeing and printing industries.
There are considerable financial and environmental advantages to using biopolymers in the textile business. Biopolymers are polymers that are compostable and biodegradable and are produced from natural feedstock that includes plants, animals, and microbes. A significant amount of innovative textile material derived from sustainable polymeric resources, such as cellulose, etc. In particular, biopolymers generated from naturally occurring substances are environmentally friendly, harmless, and recyclable materials. The ability of biopolymers to lessen the volume of plastics waste produced by the textile sector is one of the key environmental advantages of these materials. Biopolymers can take the place of typical synthetic materials made from petroleum, which are not sustainable and can require several centuries to break down. The textile industry may lessen its influence on the environment and help to build a healthier era by employing biopolymers. The textile sector may potentially profit economically from the use of biopolymers. Financially speaking, biopolymers are more attractive in the modern world and much less costly of low cost with practical availability. They can be made at cheaper price like typical synthetic polymers, as they do not need petro feedstock and mostly generated using less energy. Yet, there are significant drawbacks to using biopolymers in the textile sector. For instance, biopolymers could not be as strong and durable as traditional synthetic polymers and might need more processing steps. In summary, employing biopolymers in the textile sector have the ability to have a substantial positive impact on both the environment and the economy. The significant ecological effects of biopolymers and their advantages for the textile industry will be covered in this chapter. The advantages of biopolymers in the textile industry for the environment and economy will be addressed through the use of sustainable methods.
The limited usage of chitosan as a dye adsorbent is attributed to its compact structure and low swelling ability, despite its exceptional properties. The present study aimed to prepare novel chitosan/pyrazole Schiff base (ChS) adsorbents enriched with greenly synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles. The preparation of ZnO-NPs was carried out through a green approach using the Coriandrum sativum extract. The presence of ZnO-NPs at the nanoscale was validated through TEM, DLS and XRD analyses. FTIR, 1H NMR confirmed the successful preparation of the Schiff base and its ZnO-NPs adsorbents. The incorporation of ZnO-NPs improved the thermal, swelling and antimicrobial properties of the chitosan Schiff base. In addition, a significant improvement in the adsorption of Maxilon Blue dye from its aqueous solution by the Schiff base/ZnO-NPs adsorbent. The prepared ChS/ZnO-NPs adsorbent has the potential to be used as an alternative to conventional adsorbents for the removal of dyes from wastewater.
Chitin is a biopolymer widely distributed in nature, and it is the second most abundant polysaccharide after cellulose. Due to its biological activities and usefulness in industry, chitosan and its oligosaccharides have recently attracted a lot of interest. Chitosan is a nontoxic biopolymer made by deacetylating chitin. Chitin, chitosan, and its derivatives are often employed in food science, tissue engineering, and wound healing. Easy techniques for making chitin and chitosan nanofibers have recently been established, and research on the biological uses of chitin and chitosan nanofibers is continuing. This chapter aims to analyze the recent advances in biomedical applications of chitin and its derivatives.
extraction of chitin from shrimp (Metapenaeopsis stridulans) wastes was performed chemically or biologically (using Bacillus subtilis (B) and Lactobacillus plantarum (L) via single-step (L or B) or successive co-fermentation techniques (L/B or B/L)).
In recent years, consumers have become more aware of the importance of having a well-balanced diet to prevent disease. This has led to the development of functional foods. The food industry has embraced this concern by increasing the use of ingredients that provide technological functionality (to maintain or improve the organoleptic properties of their products), but also physiological functionality. Dietary fiber (DF) has been used for this purpose because it has proven to be a regulator in the human body due to its prebiotic nature, anti-inflammatory activity, reduction of blood glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. In addition, DF possesses the ability to retain and absorb oil and water, gel, swell, emulsify, etc. These properties greatly depend on the chemical composition of the DF, mainly its solubility. For this purpose, traditional and novel treatments have been used to extract and/or modify the DF from different sources. The main objective of the novel treatments is to improve the sustainability of the process by reducing costs, temperatures, or operation times by reducing or eliminating the use of solvents. The increased interest in circular economy and similar concepts has raised the need for use of these technologies. In this chapter, conventional and novel sources of DF are described. In addition, green and traditional extraction and modification treatments are discussed.
The development of more efficient and sustainable methods for synthesizing substituted urea compounds and directly utilizing CO2 has long been a major focus of synthetic organic chemistry as these compounds serve critical environmental and industrial roles. Herein, we report a green approach to forming the urea compounds directly from CO2 gas and primary amines, triggered by oxygen electroreduction in ionic liquids (ILs). These reactions were carried out under mild conditions, at very low potentials, and achieved high conversion rates. The fact that O2 gas was utilized as the sole catalyst in this electrochemical loop, without additional reagents, is a significant milestone for eco-friendly syntheses of C-N compounds and establishes an effective and green CO2 scavenging method.
This chapter discusses the state-of-the-art and future perspectives on chemicals and procedures that have been used in the development of alginate-based flame-retardant polymeric materials. The mechanics of combustion and fire retardancy is discussed as well as the chemistry of flame-retardant actions, the various types available, and their applications. The chemistry of molecules and synthesis processes used to promote fire retardancy as well as their thermal stability and flame-retardant qualities are discussed. Relationships between the chemical structures of alginate-derived flame retardants in a range of polymers can be found using simplified assumptions about the gas- and condensed-phase processes of flaring combustion. A summary of generally approved characterization approaches for studying fire behavior is also provided. Finally, a list of applications for alginate-derived flame retardants is provided as well as a discussion of the obstacles in the usage of polysaccharides.
In the last years, the world of flame retardance is experiencing a new trend toward the assessment of the suitability of bio-sourced products for the design of efficient flame retardants (FRs) for bulk plastics, textiles, and foams. In this context, during the last decade, chitosan, the deacetylated form of chitin, emerged as a new bio-sourced flame-retardant product, hence paving the way for new uses of this biomolecule, very far from its well-known applications. Indeed, chitosan shows several advantages and peculiarities that may justify its use for the design of new flame retardants. First, it is a good carbon source that, also combined with other selected intumescent products, can confer acceptable to high flame-retardant properties to different polymer systems. Then, this quite cheap product can be further chemically modified, hence ameliorating its flame-retardant features or its ease of dispersion within selected polymer matrices. In addition, the biomolecule can provide multifunctional features to the treated polymer systems: as an example, apart from flame retardance, it is well known to possess good antibacterial features. Finally, the use of chitosan for flame-retardant purposes is well addressed toward a green and sustainable approach, well matching the current circular economy concept. This chapter is aimed at summarizing the latest progresses regarding the use of chitosan as “key” constituent for the design of effective flame-retardant formulations suitable for bulk polymers, fabrics, and foams. The recent advances will be discussed, together with some perspectives for the next future.
Chitosan and chitin emerged as biodegradable, biocompatible and nontoxic polymers with a variety of vital applications in both biomedical and agricultural sectors. As nanobiotechnology has emerged as an out of the ordinary field, researchers have incorporated nanomaterial-based chitosan in a variety of products to increase their efficiency. Furthermore, due to its intrinsic antimicrobial and chelating properties, and the accessibility of adaptable functional groups, chitosan-based nanoparticles are also straight used in various areas. In this chapter, the major emphasis is on the employ of chitosan-based nanomaterials in the agricultural area, which is related to water availability for crops, the managing of abiotic stress in plants, controlling food-borne pathogens plus their types of delivery. Overall, it may be concluded that chitosan-based nanomaterials demonstrate potential characteristics for sustainable agricultural practices and useful protection/growth of plants to fulfill the global demand for food in an eco-friendly manner.
The affinity of anionic dyes for cotton can be improved by adding cationic sites to the fiber. Various cationising agents have been employed on cotton and dye uptake and fastness properties are reported for two different reactive dyes and one acid dye. Satisfactory dye yields and colour fastness properties were obtained without the use of salts and without multiple rinsings which are generally employed in dyeing of cotton. Most of the conventional finishing agents used for easy-care are formaldehyde based cross-linkers which improve wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) and durable press (DP) but at the cost of strength and also releases formaldehyde which is a known carcinogen. Also most of traditional durable press finishing agents and flame retardants are either non-durable or environmentally unsafe or expensive. Ionic cross-linking can be the potential solution to these problems. In the method followed, cotton fabric was imparted anionic or cationic sites, using natural bio-polymer like chitosan and other agents. These sites are durable and covalently bonds with the cellulose. Various agents were then applied onto the modified cotton fabric to get desired easy-care and/or flame-retardant and/or anti-microbial properties. There is no later release of hazardous chemicals also there is increase in tensile strength properties as compared to the untreated cotton fabric. Keywords—2-chloro-3-hydroxy-trimethylpropyl ammonium chloride (CHTAC) (64% aqueous solution), Chitosan,poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate).
This paper investigates the dyeing and antimicrobial properties of jute fiber with natural dye henna after treatment with biopolymer chitosan. The treatment was carried out by applying chitosan solution on the fiber followed by dyeing with henna dye. Then, the performance was assessed in terms of the depth of shade by measuring K/S value and colorfastness properties of chitosan-treated dyed fabric samples. It has been observed that chitosan-treated fabrics showed a higher depth of shade compared to untreated dyed samples. As far as colorfastness is concerned, the dyed samples with and without chitosan pretreatment exhibited almost similar dry rubbing fastness. However, chitosan-treated fabrics showed inferior fastness ratings for wet rubbing and washing, particularly for the fabrics with higher chitosan concentrations. Again, the experimental results demonstrated that the combination of chitosan and henna dye can significantly enhance the antibacterial activity of jute fiber against the organism Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. These findings suggest that the application of chitosan and natural dye from henna onto jute fiber is an approach to get the desired dyeing and antibacterial property.
To accelerate healing of severe hemorrhagic wounds, a novel highly absorbent hemostatic dressing composed of a Tencel®/absorbent-cotton/polylactic acid nonwoven base and chitosan/nanosilver antibacterial agent was fabricated by using a nonwoven processing technique and a freeze-drying technique. This study is the first to investigate the wicking and water-absorbing properties of a nonwoven base by measuring the vertical wicking height and water absorption ratio. Moreover, blood agglutination and hemostatic second tests were conducted to evaluate the hemostatic performance of the resultant wound dressing. The blending ratio of fibers, areal weight, punching density, and fiber orientation, all significantly influenced the vertical moisture wicking property. However, only the first two parameters markedly affected the water absorption ratio. After the nonwoven base absorbed blood, scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation showed that erythrocytes were trapped between the fibrin/clot network and nonwoven fibers when coagulation pathways were activated. Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) blood agglutination of the resultant dressing decreased to 14.34 and 50.94 s, respectively. In the femoral artery of the rate bleeding model, hemostatic time was saved by 87.2% compared with that of cotton cloth. Therefore, the resultant antibacterial wound dressing demonstrated greater water and blood absorption, as well as hemostatic performance, than the commercially available cotton cloth, especially for healing severe hemorrhagic wounds.
Chitin is the most abundant aminopolysaccharide polymer occurring in nature, and is the building material that gives strength to the exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects, and the cell walls of fungi. Through enzymatic or chemical deacetylation, chitin can be converted to its most well-known derivative, chitosan. The main natural sources of chitin are shrimp and crab shells, which are an abundant byproduct of the food-processing industry, that provides large quantities of this biopolymer to be used in biomedical applications. In living chitin-synthesizing organisms, the synthesis and degradation of chitin require strict enzymatic control to maintain homeostasis. Chitin synthase, the pivotal enzyme in the chitin synthesis pathway, uses UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDPGlcNAc), produce the chitin polymer, whereas, chitinase enzymes degrade chitin. Bacteria are considered as the major mediators of chitin degradation in nature. Chitin and chitosan, owing to their unique biochemical properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, ability to form films, etc, have found many promising biomedical applications. Nanotechnology has also increasingly applied chitin and chitosan-based materials in its most recent achievements. Chitin and chitosan have been widely employed to fabricate polymer scaffolds. Moreover, the use of chitosan to produce designed-nanocarriers and to enable microencapsulation techniques is under increasing investigation for the delivery of drugs, biologics and vaccines. Each application is likely to require uniquely designed chitosan-based nano/micro-particles with specific dimensions and cargo-release characteristics. The ability to reproducibly manufacture chitosan nano/microparticles that can encapsulate protein cargos with high loading efficiencies remains a challenge. Chitosan can be successfully used in solution, as hydrogels and/or nano/microparticles, and (with different degrees of deacetylation) an endless array of derivatives with customized biochemical properties can be prepared. As a result, chitosan is one of the most well-studied biomaterials. The purpose of this review is to survey the biosynthesis and isolation, and summarize nanotechnology applications of chitin and chitosan ranging from tissue engineering, wound dressings, antimicrobial agents, antiaging cosmetics, and vaccine adjuvants.
The polyfunctional nature of chitosan enables its application as a polymer ligand not only for the recovery, separation, and concentration of metal ions, but for the fabrication of a wide spectrum of functional materials. Although unmodified chitosan itself is the unique cationic polysaccharide with very good complexing properties toward numerous metal ions, its sorption capacity and selectivity can be sufficiently increased and turned via chemical modification to meet requirements of the specific applications. In this review, which covers results of the last decade, we demonstrate how different strategies of chitosan chemical modification effect metal ions binding by O-, N-, S-, and P-containing chitosan derivatives, and which mechanisms are involved in binding of metal cation and anions by chitosan derivatives.
The aim of this study was to develop a procedure for preparing film polyelectrolyte complex pectine/chitosan
with increased sorption capacity for heavy metal ions which could be used as adsorbent to remove lead (II) ion in waste water. A film of the polyelectrolyte complex between chitosan and pectin were prepared by mixing the complex of both polysaccharides. Firstly, chitosan was grafted with acetate to
form carboxymetyl chitosan (CMC). Subsequently, CMC is mixed with pectin to form CMC/pectin film. The result showed that the optimum mass ratio of CMC: pectin to synthesis CMC-Pectin film was 70:
30%, optimum adsorbent mass to adsorb Pb(II) was 10 mg with 70% of adsorption and adsorption capacity was 30.1 mg/g. Optimum contact time to adsorb Pb(II) was 75 minutes with 87% of adsorption and adsorption capacity was 40.0 mg/. Optimum pH to adsorb Pb(II) was at pH 5 with 93% of adsorption andadsorption capacity was 42.7 mg/g.
Index Terms
—
CMC
, pe
c
tin, CMC
-
pec
tin
film
,
adsorbe
The Synthesis of Carboxymethyl Chitosan-Pectin Film as Adsorbent for Lead (II) Metal. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284596325_The_Synthesis_of_Carboxymethyl_Chitosan-Pectin_Film_as_Adsorbent_for_Lead_II_Metal [accessed May 13, 2016].
Deacetylation of chitosan was performed by alkali treatment for different time periods. Degree of deacetylation (DDA) was determined by using FTIR spectrophotometer, potentiometric titration and CHN analyzer. The higher the duration of alkali treatment, the higher was the DDA and lower was the molecular weight. At low crosslinking concentration, the oil loading, loading efficiency and release rate of essential oil from deacetylated chitosan or deacetylated chitosan-gelatin matrix decreased as DDA increased. At higher crosslinker concentration, the trends were opposite. Swelling decreased as DDA increased. SEM study indicated that degree of deacetylation and crosslinking controlled the surface smoothness of the microcapsules.
Chitosan is a natural polycationic linear polysaccharide derived from chitin. The low solubility of chitosan in neutral and alkaline solution limits its application. Nevertheless, chemical modification into composites or hydrogels brings to it new functional properties for different applications. Chitosans are recognized as versatile biomaterials because of their non-toxicity, low allergenicity, biocompatibility and biodegradability. This review presents the recent research, trends and prospects in chitosan. Some special pharmaceutical and biomedical applications are also highlighted.
This review describes the most common methods for recovery of chitin from marine organisms. In depth, both enzymatic and chemical treatments for the step of deproteinization are compared, as well as different conditions for demineralization. The conditions of chitosan preparation are also discussed, since they significantly impact the synthesis of chitosan with varying degree of acetylation (DA) and molecular weight (MW). In addition, the main characterization techniques applied for chitin and chitosan are recalled, pointing out the role of their solubility in relation with the chemical structure (mainly the acetyl group distribution along the backbone). Biological activities are also presented, such as: antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor and antioxidant. Interestingly, the relationship between chemical structure and biological activity is demonstrated for chitosan molecules with different DA and MW and homogeneous distribution of acetyl groups for the first time. In the end, several selected pharmaceutical and biomedical applications are presented, in which chitin and chitosan are recognized as new biomaterials taking advantage of their biocompatibility and biodegradability.
In general, the term 'finishing' applies to all of the operations, both chemical and physical, carried out on the grey fabric. From this point of view, finishing can be considered as a very wide range of operations. In textiles, chemicals are widely used to add value to fabrics through effects varying from various feels such as soft, supple, dry feel, bouncy etc and/or to adding to the functionality and durability of the fabric such as water-oil repellent finish, wrinkle free finish, moisture management, stain protection etc; because of the use of these chemicals, the environment gets affected. As textiles have always been one of the most environment polluting industries, an attempt to innovate a suitable textile processing method (that delivers not only ecofriendly finished products but also does not hamper the surrounding environment due to emissions and effluent discharges) has been made. This resulted in a good alternative of finishing of fabrics using enzymes and other bio-materials which is known as bio-finishing.
Pal. J., Verma, H, Vijay Kumar Munka, Satyendra Kumar Maurya, Deepayan Roy, Jitendra Kumar (2014). Biological Method of Chitin Extraction from Shrimp Waste an Eco-friendly low Cost Technology and its Advanced Application, International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 1(6): 104-107.
The major components of the shells of shrimps, lobsters, crabs and other arthropod shells, chitin is a natural macromolecule abundant in the natural environment. Chitosan is the deacetylated derivative of chitin.Crude Chitosan and crab Chitosan coated muslin cloth shows good blood clotting time in comparison with control. Chitosan containing dressing can be used for cut wounds with potential healing property.
The morphological changes of gold nanoparticles induced by T7 virus (bacteriophage) and the determination of its femtomolar concentration by a plasmonic method are presented. Carboxymethyl chitosan capped gold nanoparticles (CMC-AuNPs) are used as plasmonic probes and are synthesized by a simple one pot wet chemical method. HR-TEM images show that the spherical structure of the CMC-AuNPs is changed into chain-like nanostructures after the addition of T7 virus due to the strong coordination of CMC-AuNPs with T7. Since T7 capsids comprise a repeating motif of capsomers built from proteins that bind to the acid groups of chitosan, the conjugation of carboxymethyl chitosan-linked AuNPs with T7 virions enables colorimetric biosensing detection. The absorbance intensity (∼610 nm) increases in the concentration range of T7 from 2 × 10(-15) M to 2 × 10(-13) M and the detection limit is found to be 2 × 10(-15) M (2 fM). The present work demonstrates eco-friendly biopolymer stabilized AuNPs as potential nanomaterials for biosensing of viruses. Our method is very simple, low cost, selective and highly sensitive, and provides new insight into virus induced chain-like morphology of AuNPs.
Chitin was prepared from prawn shell waste by a chemical process involving demineralization, deproteinization and decolorization. Chitosan was prepared from chitin by deacetylation. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of deacetylation process during chitosan production on the physiochemical and functional properties of prawn shell chitosan. Four experimental chitosan samples were prepared at ambient temperature with different duration of deacetylation process (i.e. 45, 55, 65 and 72 hrs and their characteristics were evaluated. This study demonstrated that duration of deacetylation affected mostly the degree of deacetylation, solubility and viscosity of the product. Therefore, the process of deacetylation of chitin for conversion to chitosan needs careful control and observation.
Key words: Prawn shell; Duration of Deacetylation; Chitosan; Ambient temperature; Physicochemical and Functional properties.
DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v45i4.7330
Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 45(4), 323-330, 2010
Durable press (DP) or easy care finishing is almost always used for cotton fabrics or textiles with a high content of cellulosic fibers. This finish provides resistance against shrinkage and improved wet and dry wrinkle recovery to cellulosic textiles. Inhibition of easy movement of the cellulose chains by crosslinking with resins/polymers is the mechanism of a DP finish. Initially, derivatives of urea such as urea-formaldehyde and melamine-formaldehyde resins were used. Environmental concerns and the potential danger of formaldehyde led to the introduction of formaldehyde-free finishes. Among them, polycarboxylic acids such as 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acids and citric acids are the most promising chemicals. To enhance the flexibility, tensile strength and whiteness of the easy care finished textiles, novel finishing agents have been recently considered; for example, ionic crosslinking, polyamino carboxylic acids and non-ionic poly- urethane, as well as employing nano-materials as the catalyst or co-catalyst. The possible application of the easy care treatment with other functional finishes, mainly antimicrobial, flame retardancy and water–oil repellency, has been also been focused upon.
Chitosan, a naturally available biopolymer which is now increasingly used as a functional finish on textile substrates to impart antimicrobial characteristics and increase dye uptake of fabrics, was blended with different ratios of gelatinized starch. The chitosan was extracted and characterized by IR, 1H-NMR, and X-ray powder diffraction. These blends were tested as thickeners in textile screen printing using Curcuma tinctoria as natural dye. The rheological properties and the viscosity of the printing paste were measured. The effect of chitosan on the printing properties of different fabrics (natural, blends, and synthetic fabrics) was studied by measuring the color strength value (K/S) and related color parameters of the printed fabrics. The antimicrobial properties of printed fabrics were assessed. The results proved that the printed fabrics using these new thickeners showed increase in the color strength value (K/S) giving darker color which means that chitosan increased the dye uptake on fabrics. Fastness properties of the printed fabrics to washing, rubbing, perspiration, and light have also been improved. The treated fabrics were found to be antimicrobial.
Synthesis of chitosan/ZnO nanoparticles was performed using different concentrations of ZnO at different temperatures. Nanoparticles of ZnO/chitosan were prepared in rod form with average length 60 nm and average width 5–15 nm. Thus, obtained nanoparticles of ZnO/chitosan were characterized using UV spectrophotometer, FTIR, TEM, X-ray, and SEM. Size and shape of chitosan/ZnO nanoparticles relied on conditions of their synthesis. Notably, chitosan/ZnO in rod form with average length of 60 nm and average width 5–15 nm could be achieved. Application of chitosan/ZnO nanoparticles to cotton fabric conferred on the latter antibacterial and UV protection properties. Cotton fabric was characterized using SEM, ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) rating, and antibacterial (gram-positive and gram-negative) characteristics. Finished cotton fabric exhibited good antibacterial properties against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The UV testes indicated a significant improvement in UV protection of finished cotton fabric which is increasing by increasing the concentration of nanoparticles of ZnO/chitosan.
In the current work some modification reactions have been conducted to modify Chitosan with some organic compounds, such as aldehydes and organic acids. On the other hand, different blends of Chitosan with some carbohydrates were prepared to obtain Chitosan derivatives of certain physical and chemical properties. The obtained products have been characterized with the necessary chemical and spectroscopic techniques. The efficiency of the obtained modified materials has been investigated for separation of metal ions and for water uptake.
Clothing textiles protect our human body against external factors. These textiles are not sterile and can harbor high bacterial
counts as sweat and bacteria are transmitted from the skin. We investigated the microbial growth and odor development in cotton
and synthetic clothing fabrics. T-shirts were collected from 26 healthy individuals after an intensive bicycle spinning session
and incubated for 28 h before analysis. A trained odor panel determined significant differences between polyester versus cotton
fabrics for the hedonic value, the intensity, and five qualitative odor characteristics. The polyester T-shirts smelled significantly
less pleasant and more intense, compared to the cotton T-shirts. A dissimilar bacterial growth was found in cotton versus
synthetic clothing textiles. Micrococci were isolated in almost all synthetic shirts and were detected almost solely on synthetic
shirts by means of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprinting. A selective enrichment of micrococci in an in vitro growth experiment confirmed the presence of these species on polyester. Staphylococci were abundant on both cotton and synthetic
fabrics. Corynebacteria were not enriched on any textile type. This research found that the composition of clothing fibers
promotes differential growth of textile microbes and, as such, determines possible malodor generation.
The growth of microbes on textiles during use and storage negatively affects the wearer as well as the textile itself. The detrimental effects can be controlled by durable antimicrobial finishing of the textile using broad-spectrum biocides or by incorporating the biocide into synthetic fibers during extrusion. Consumers' attitude towards hygiene and active lifestyle has created a rapidly increasing market for antimicrobial textiles, which in turn has stimulated intensive research and development. This article reviews the requirements for antimicrobial finishing, qualitative and quantitative evaluations of antimicrobial efficacy, the application methods of antimicrobial agents and some of the most recent developments in antimicrobial treatments of textiles using various active agents such as silver, quaternary ammonium salts, polyhexamethylene biguanide, triclosan, chitosan, dyes and regenerable N-halamine compounds and peroxyacids. Examples of commercial antimicrobial products are presented to illustrate the active agents used and their finishing methods.
Abstract Dye removal from textile wastewater has been a big challenge over the last decades. The effectiveness of adsorption for dyes removal from wastewater has made it an ideal alternative to other expensive treatment methods. This study inspects the possible use of chitin for the removal of dye from textile wastewater. Chitin was prepared from shrimp shell by a chemical process involving demineralization, de proteinization and decolorization. Prepared chitin was characterized by FTIR spectral analysis. The effects of various conditions such as adsorbent dose, pH and contact time were studied for this work. By using 1.5 g of chitin for 25 mL solution, the removal efficiency was achieved almost 96% at p H = 5 where the retention time was 60 minutes. The adsorbent behavior was studied on the basis of Langmuir isotherm model. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted to the Langmuir isotherm equation. This study provides a cost effective and environment friendly dye removal process for textile wastewater treatment.
Thin layers of chitosan (positively charged)/sodium hyaluronate (negatively charged)/nonwoven fabrics were constructed by polyelectrolyte multilayer pad-dry-cure technique. Pure chitosan (CS) was isolated from shrimp shell and immobilized onto nonwoven fabrics (NWFs) using citric acid (CTA) as cross linker and solvent agents through a pad-dry-cure method. The prepared thin layer of chitosan citrate/nonwoven fabrics (CSCTA/NWFs) were consequently impregnated with hyaluronan (CSCTA/HA/NWFs) in the second path through a pad-dry-cure method. Chitosan/hyaluronan/nonwoven fabrics wound dressing was characterized by different tools such as FTIR-ATR, TGA and SEM. The antibacterial activity and the cytotoxicity of the dressing sheets were evaluated against Escherichia coli (E.coli) and Streptococcus aureus (St. aureus), mouse fibroblast (NIH-3T3) and keratinocytes (HaCaT) cell lines, respectively. The cell-fabrics interaction was also investigated using fluorescence microscope, based on live/dead staining assay of 3T3 cells. The healing properties of the new wound dressing were evaluated and compared with the control sample.
There are a wide variety of softening agents of all ionogenic types available on the market. This paper discusses their advantages and disadvantages and looks at the most important testing methods. The product groups discussed are: cationic, anionic, amphoteric, polyethylene, ethoxylates and silicones. Despite the availability of testing instruments, for fast decisions in textile production a subjective, manual handle assessment by experienced staff is still the method of preference.
Chitosan citrate has been evaluated as non-formaldehyde durable press finish to produce wrinkle-resistance and antimicrobial properties for cotton fabrics. The carboxylic groups in the chitosan citrate structure were used as active sites for its fixation onto cotton fabrics. The fixation of the chitosan citrate on the cotton fabric was done by the padding of chitosan citrate solution onto cotton fabrics followed by dry - cure process. The factors affecting the fixation processes were systematically studied. The antimicrobial activity and the performance properties of the treated fabrics, including tensile strength, wrinkle recovery, wash fastness and whiteness index, were evaluated. The finished fabric shows adequate wrinkle resistance, sufficient whiteness, high tensile strength and more reduction rate of bacteria as compared to untreated cotton fabric.
In the present study, chitosan-treated cotton fabrics have been subjected to dyeing with different classes of dyes by different techniques of application and fastness to washing and light, dry and wet rubbing of dyeing determined. Chitosan-treated polyester and P/C fabrics have also been studied for antistate properties and pilling. Furthermore, its antibacterial properties to cotton was examined.
Methods of deodorizing fabrics and recent studies are introduced and the aim of the current study defined as the development of deodorizing systems that impart high performance with reduced risk of skin irritation. Chitosan was chosen for reasons specified. The polymerization reactions of methacrylic acid with chitosan were done in water, and the emulsions were free of monomeric acid. The polymer particles showed high deodorizing performance, even in hydrophobic and hydrophilic circumstances, and fabric treated with the emulsion was also found useful for deodorizing. The materials used were listed and both Polymer A Synthesis and Polymer B Synthesis described. Measurements were listed and application method. The outcomes were explained and characterization. Neutralizing acidic substance followed and was discussed. The deodorant performance was covered fully and the polymer B emulsion was easily applied and fixed on fabric by padding applications. Further technical details were supplied.
In the present work, the usefulness of chitin and chitosan has been investigated for the removal of Zn2+, Cd2+ and Cu2+. Kinetic data and equilibrium sorption isotherm were measured in batch conditions. The influence of different experimental parameters such as time contact, initial concentration of zinc, chitin mass, initial pH of solution and temperature on the kinetics of zinc removal was studied. The main parameters that play an important part in removal phenomenon were initial zinc concentration, chitin mass and initial pH of solution. The process follows a pseudo second-order kinetics. The zinc uptake of chitin was quantitatively evaluated using sorption isotherms. In order to describe the isotherm mathematically, the experimental data of the removal equilibrium were correlated by either the Langmuir or Freundlich equations. Results indicated that the Langmuir model gave a better fit to the experimental data than the Freundlich equation. Scanning electron microscopy dispersed analysis for zincequilibrated chitin, demonstrated that zinc existed on its surface. The biosorption of the metals studied by chitin and the chitosane varies in the same order: Cu (II) > Cd (II) > Zn (II) and the quantities biosorbed in equilibrium by the chitosan are higher than that of chitin.
After cellulose, chitin is the most widespread biopolymer in nature. Chitin and its derivatives have great economic value because of their biological activities and their industrial and biomedical applications. It can be extracted from three sources, namely crustaceans, insects and microorganisms. However, the main commercial sources of chitin are shells of crustaceans such as shrimps, crabs, lobsters and krill that are supplied in large quantities by the shellfish processing industries. Extraction of chitin involves two steps, demineralisation and deproteinisation, which can be conducted by two methods, chemical or biological. The chemical method requires the use of acids and bases, while the biological method involves microorganisms. Although lactic acid bacteria are mainly applied, other microbial species including proteolytic bacteria have also been successfully implemented, as well as mixed cultures involving lactic acid-producing bacteria and proteolytic microorganisms. The produced lactic acid allows shell demineralisation, since lactic acid reacts with calcium carbonate, the main mineral component, to form calcium lactate.
Chitin and chitosan are considerably versatile and promising biomaterials. The deacetylated chitin derivative, chitosan is more useful and interesting bioactive polymer. Despite its biodegradability, it has many reactive amino side groups, which offer possibilities of chemical modifications, formation of a large variety of useful derivatives that are commercially available or can be made available via graft reactions and ionic interactions. This study looks at the contemporary research in chitin and chitosan towards applications in various industrial and biomedical fields.
Dibutyrylchitin (DBC), a soluble chitin derivative, is a polymer with confirmed biological properties. DBC was obtained in the reaction of shrimp chilin with butyric anhydride, carried out under heterogeneous condition, in which perchloric acid was used as a catalyst of reaction. Production of DBC batches was carried out on a half - technical scale line. DBC parties were examined by infrared spectrometry, size exclusion chromatography and viscometry. DBC with molar mass of 132 × 103 daltons was used for the manufacturing of DBC fibres and DBC non-woven materials. DBC non-woven fabrics after γ-sterilisation were applied to a group of nine patients with different indications. DBC dressing materials were used exluding the use of other medical products. Satisfactory results of wound healing were achieved in most cases, especially in cases of burn wounds and postoperative/posttraumatic wounds and various other conditions causing skin/epidermis loss.
During the last thirty years, occlusive dressings have brought a revolution in wound management. The most important advantage of an occlusive dressing is the creation of a moist wound environment which is believed to be beneficial for wound healing. This concept has resulted in a rapidly growing world-wide market for dressings with a variety of characteristics. This review focuses on the high performance fibres and materials currently used in the fabrication of wound care products. These range from natural and modified polysaccharides and proteins to synthetic materials. The products include the most popular materials currently on the market and those patented with future potential in terms of performance and commercial value. The composition, chemistry during manufacture, physical and medical characteristics, advantages and limitations during application have been reported. Based on the present research and existing products, some new and futuristic approaches, especially in the development of novel fibres for wound healing, have been proposed.
Polyester fabrics are electrostatic, and much research has been conducted to develop antistatic treatments for them. Since PET has hydroxyl functional groups, it was possible to crosslink them with the amine groups of chitosan using a catalyst and some diacids to produce an antistatic finish. After the PET was crosslinked, electrostatic voltage was found to decrease below 1/10th of that of untreated polyester, which is greater than the possible hydropholic contribution of chitosan. Tensile strength of the cured fabric was increased by chitosan crosslinking. But in the case of high weight loss by alkaline treatment, this increase was not sufficient to compensate for the loss of the tensile strength by alkaline hydrolysis.
100% cotton fabric has been treated with suitable combinations of chitosan and polycarboxylic acids (PCAs) to impart multiple functional properties. It is found that irrespective of the type of PCA added, samples treated with all combinations of chitosan and PCAs exhibit very good protection against Escherichia coil and Staphylococcus aureus bacterial strains. Zone of bacterial inhibition ranges from 21mm to 25mm and 24mm to 27mm for these strains respectively. Addition of PCAs to chitosan helps to improve other functional properties, like crease recovery behavior, soil release property and flame retardency in addition to the antimicrobial property. Samples treated with the mixture of chitosan and PCAs show good thermal resistance with Class I flammability. Maleic acid with chitosan shows higher values of flame propagation time as compared to that of other PCAs combination with chitosan. Soil release property is also improved from grade 3 for parent sample to grade 5 for all combinations of PCAs + chitosan treated samples. The crease recovery angle of samples treated with chitosan and PCAs combination has increased upto 261(0) compared to 215(0) for parent sample Loss of tensile strength and tearing strength is found to be lower in chitosan and PCAs combination samples than in resin treated samples. From the results, it is evident that all the combinations of PCAs and chitosan can impart multiple functional properties on cotton materials.
In this study, chitosan and pentasodium tripolyphosphate (TPP)-based bilayers were fabricated on the cationized woven cotton fabrics via layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly technique. The initial cationic charges on cotton fabric were produced through the aminization procedure involving the covalent attachment of reactive dye to cotton fabric and subsequent reductive cleavage of the dye to free amine. Different numbers of bilayers (1, 5, and 10) consisting of chitosan/TPP have been deposited on the fabrics. The surface morphology, cationic group content, chemical surface modification, whiteness index, surface tension and antibacterial properties of the modified cotton samples were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), methylene blue test, FTIR, reflectance spectroscopy, water contact angle measurements and antibacterial test, respectively. The bacterial inhibition experiments demonstrated that the modified cotton fabric with the addition of chitosan/TPP bilayers can increase the degree of inhibition on E. coli and S. aureus bacteria. The utilized LBL method was an easy and cost-effective procedure for developing of novel antibacterial textiles with the highly attractive feature in the medical and hygienic products.
Chitosan, a naturally available biopolymer, was used as finishing agent to increase dye uptake and color fastness of cotton fabrics. Thian King leaves extract a natural dye was applied on cotton fabrics after chitosan treatment. The whiteness index and tensile strength of samples were measured to study the effect of chitosan application. The color of dyed samples was investigated in term of the colorimetric parameters (L*, a*, b*, ∆E) and K/S values. The color fastness to washing, rubbing and light of dyed samples was determined according to AATCC test method. The results showed that the chitosan concentration enhances the whiteness index and tensile strength of the treated cotton fabrics. Chitosan treatment showed increase dye uptake of cotton fabrics. Fastness properties of these to washing, rubbing and light have also been discussed.
In this work, a water soluble chitosan derivative, hydroxypropyl chitosan (HCS) of low molecular weigh was synthesized with chitosan and epoxypropane under the alkaline condition by the heterogeneous reaction. HCS nanoparticles was further prepared through ion-gel technologies. The particles were characterized in terms of size and surface charge measurement, and both analysis showed nanoparticles of mean hydrodynamic diameter around 40 nm and positive zeta potential value +41.7 mV. When the HCS nanoparticles were applied to Antheraea pernyi (A. perny) silk fabric treatment in the presence of 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylic acid and sodium hypophosphite by a conventional pad-dry-cure process, the antibacterial properties of treated fabrics were evaluated against test bacteria S. aureus and E . coli according to the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) method. The results indicated that the HCS nanoparticles treated fabric showed over 95% bacterial reduction before laundering and over 90% bacterial reduction even after 20 and 50 launderings against S. aureus and E. coli. The treatment of A. pernyi silk fabric with HCS nanoparticles also strengthened the wrinkle resistant property. Moreover, the treated A. pernyi silk fabric was also given durable wrinkle resistant property even after 20 and 50 launderings. The whiteness of the silk fabric changed a little.
Diacetyl chitin (DAC) is an acidylated chitin obtained using acetic anhydride mixed perchloric acid system. By wet spinning and weaving technique, DAC has been successfully developed into a novel absorbable surgical suture. Thanks to the unique properties of chitins, the potential application of this novel monocomponent multifilament DAC suture may break the monopoly of synthetic polymer sutures in wound closure area. In this study, DAC was synthesized and characterized by multiple approaches including elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In addition, we performed the feasibility assessment of DAC suture (USP 2-0) as absorbable suture for wound healing. Several lines of evidences suggested that DAC suture had comparable mechanical properties as synthetic polymer sutures. Moreover, DAC suture retained approximately 63% of the original strength at 14 days and completely absorbed in 42 days with no remarkable tissue reaction in vivo. Most important of all, DAC suture significantly promoted skin regeneration with faster tissue reconstruction and higher wound breaking strength on a linear incisional wound model. All these results demonstrated the potential use of DAC suture in short- or middle-term wound healing, such as epithelial and connective tissue. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2015.
© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polyester fabrics, the surfaces of which were hydrolyzed with caustic soda solution to incorporate the functional groups (-COOH) were treated with chitosan to obtain the new available functions expected. The chitosan was fixed to the surface by the reaction of these carboxyl-groups and the amino-groups of the chitosan molecules. At the same time, the chitosan films on the fibers were insolublized by the cross-linking with dicarboxylic acids. The strength of the polyester fabrics was decreased greatly by the alkali-treatment but recovered by the chitosan-treatments. One of the functions obtained with the chitosan treatment was the remarkable antistaticity.
Chitin the second most abundant polysaccharide is synthesized by an enormous number of living organisms including fungi and insects. These biopolymers have found many applications in different areas such as: packaging material, membrane for removal of metal ions, dyes and pigments in waste water engineering; anti-cholesterol, fat binding, preservative and food additive in food industry; seed and fertilizer coating, controlled agrochemical release in agriculture; surface treatment, photographic paper in pulp and paper industry; moisturizer, body creams and lotions in cosmetics and toiletries. It has also found wide applications in biomedical such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound dressing, scaffolds, cancer diagnosis, etc. The majority of these versatile applications are coming of its non-toxicity, biocompatibility and biodegradability. Chitin is also easily processed as gel, membrane, and nanofiber. This review emphasizes an extensive bibliography of recent basic and applied research and investigations on the aspects of this interesting biopolymer including the recovery, preparation, modification and application of chitin and its derivatives and related compounds. A new class of biocompatible and biodegradable chitin-based polyurethane (PU) elastomer was also introduced and reviewed in this study and it was found that by incorporation of chitin into the PU elastomer backbone, biocompatibility and degradation rate of the final elastomer improved. PUs are one of the synthetic biocompatible polymers with excellent physical and mechanical properties. Combination of this polymer with chitin resulted to a new tailor-made biocompatible and biodegradable polymer with improved properties. These polymers have potential applications in various applications including biomedical.