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An Overview of Development Studies and Policies Related to Geothermal Energy in Turkey

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Energy and Sustainability:
Theoretical and Applied Perspectives
Ed. Oktay KIZILKAYA & Emrah KOÇAK
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ISBN: 978-605-67769-3-9
Copyright © 2017 by Oktay KIZILKAYA & Emrah KOÇAK
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Energy and Sustainability: Theoretical and Applied Perspectives / edited by Oktay KIZILKAYA & Emrah KOÇAK
p. cm.
ISBN 978-605-67769-3-9
i
Editors
Oktay KIZILKAYA
&
Emrah KOÇAK
Energy and Sustainability:
Theoretical and Applied Perspectives
ii
iii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
GREEN GROWTH: EFFECTS OF RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY
CONSUMPTION IN THE OECD COUNTRIES
Kubilay Çağrı YILMAZ & Doğan UYSAL
. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................
. Literature Review ............................................................................................................................................................
. Data and Method............................................................................................................................................................... 
.. Stationarity Tests.....................................................................................................................................................
.. Panel Cointegration Tests ...................................................................................................................................
.. Estimation of Long Term Coefficients........................................................................................................ 
.. Results of Short and Long Term Causality............................................................................................... 
. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................... 
Appendix ................................................................................................................................................................................. 
References .............................................................................................................................................................................. 
CHAPTER II
INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT AND INDUSTRIAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN TURKEY: AN
EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF AGGREGATE AND DISAGGREGATE DATA
Şerife ÖZŞAHİN
. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 
. Literature Review ......................................................................................................................................................... 
. Energy Consumption in Turkey: An Overview .............................................................................................. 
. The Data and the Econometric Model ................................................................................................................ 
. Methodology .................................................................................................................................................................... 
. Empirical Results........................................................................................................................................................... 
. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................... 
References .............................................................................................................................................................................. 
iv
CHAPTER III
INCENTIVE POLICIES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN TURKEY
Mustafa MIYNAT & Osman GÜLDEN
. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 
. Overview of The Renewable Energy Concept ................................................................................................ 
. Renewable Energy in the World ............................................................................................................................ 
.. Renewable Energy in Turkey ......................................................................................................................... 
. Turkey's Renewable Energy Policies .................................................................................................................. 
. Incentıves And Subsidies For Renewable Energy In Turkey .................................................................. 
.. Renewable Energy Support Policies and Types ................................................................................... 
... Regulatory Incentive Mechanisms ................................................................................................. 
... Financial Incentive Mechanisms ..................................................................................................... 
. Policy Suggestions for Turkey ................................................................................................................................ 
. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................... 
References .............................................................................................................................................................................. 
CHAPTER IV
THE EFFECT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBANIZATION ON ENERGY INTENSITY IN
TURKEY
Emrah KOÇAK
. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 
. Theory and Empirical Literature .......................................................................................................................... 
.. Theory ........................................................................................................................................................................ 
.. Empirical Literature ............................................................................................................................................ 
. Model, Data and Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 
. Results ................................................................................................................................................................................. 
. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................... 
References .............................................................................................................................................................................. 
v
CHAPTER V
ECONOMICAL DIMENSION OF CURSE OF NATURAL RESORCE CNR
Yeşim KUBAR
. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 
. Energy Resources ......................................................................................................................................................... 
.. Resource and Natural Resources.................................................................................................................. 
.. Classifications of Natural Resources........................................................................................................... 
.. Hypothesis of Curse of Natural Resource ................................................................................................ 
.. The effects of Curse of Natural Resource ................................................................................................. 
.. The Concepts Accounting for Curse of Natural Resource ................................................................ 
... Volatility and Prices of Natural Resources ............................................................................... 
... Matsuyama Model................................................................................................................................... 
... Civil War ...................................................................................................................................................... 
... Rent-Seeking Behavior ......................................................................................................................... 
... Role of Institutes ..................................................................................................................................... 
. Dutch Disease .................................................................................................................................................................. 
.. Economic Effects of Dutch Disease .............................................................................................................. 
.. Country Examples of Dutch Disease ........................................................................................................ 
. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................... 
References .............................................................................................................................................................................. 
CHAPTER VI
THE IMPACT OF OIL PRICES ON INFLATION EXPECTATIONS IN TURKEY
Umit BULUT
. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 
. Motivation, contribution, and literature ......................................................................................................... 
. Data ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 
. Methodology .................................................................................................................................................................. 
.. Narayan and Popp  unit root test ................................................................................................ 
.. Hatemi-J  asymmetric causality test .......................................................................................... 
. Estimation results ....................................................................................................................................................... 
. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................... 
References ............................................................................................................................................................................ 
vi
CHAPTER VII
OIL PRICES PASS-THROUGH TO AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY PRICES
Taner TAŞ
. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................... 
. Literature Review ....................................................................................................................................................... 
. Methodology .................................................................................................................................................................. 
.. Data ............................................................................................................................................................................ 
.. Method ..................................................................................................................................................................... 
.. Empirical Results ................................................................................................................................................ 
. Results ............................................................................................................................................................................... 
References ............................................................................................................................................................................ 
CHAPTER VIII
POLLUTION HAVEN HYPOTHESIS AND CLIMATE CHANGE: ANALYSIS FOR NEWLY
INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES
Emrah SOFUOĞLU
. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................... 
. Literature ......................................................................................................................................................................... 
. Econometric Analysis ................................................................................................................................................ 
.. Method ..................................................................................................................................................................... 
.. Model and Data Set ............................................................................................................................................ 
.. Empirical Findings ............................................................................................................................................. 
. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................... 
References ............................................................................................................................................................................ 
CHAPTER IX
INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND ENERGY INTENSITY: CAUSALITY ANALYSIS FOR
MANIFACTURING INDUSTRY OF TURKEY
Aykut ŞARKGÜNEŞİ
. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................... 
. Theoretical Background and Empiric Literature ........................................................................................ 
. Material and Method ................................................................................................................................................. 
. Empirical Results......................................................................................................................................................... 
. Conclusion Remarks .................................................................................................................................................. 
vii
References ............................................................................................................................................................................ 
Appendix A: Sectoral Codes ISIC Rev.  ............................................................................................................ 
CHAPTER X
AN OVERVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES AND POLICIES RELATED TO GEOTHERMAL
ENERGY IN TURKEY
Mustafa KAN, Arzu KAN & Hasan Gökhan DOĞAN
. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................... 
. Changes in Development Policies in Turkey From Traditional Development to Sustainable
Development ..................................................................................................................................................................... 
. Developments in Sustainable Energy Policies of Turkey ....................................................................... 
. Interaction of Geothermal Source Usage Policies with the other Policies Energy, Climate,
Agriculture, Tourism, and Health and Supports ............................................................................................ 
. Universities in Policies; Vision and Strategies of Ahi Evran University on Geothermal ........ 
. Results and Suggestions .......................................................................................................................................... 
References ............................................................................................................................................................................ 

CHAPTER X
AN OVERVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES AND POLICIES RELATED
TO GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN TURKEY*
Mustafa KAN, Arzu KAN & Hasan Gökhan DOĞAN
. Introduction
The most important input of production is energy. As technological developments and
increasing populations increase production, demand continues to increase every day in
the world. Following the industrial revolution, with increasing energy needs, the
countries have constantly updated their energy policies, both in meeting their own
consumption and taking their place in the world power wars. Each country is now
forming compete position with the extent to which it can supply energy, which is now
the most important source of production. For this reason, energy is one of the most
important elements in development policies today.
Today, the energy policies mainly refers the energy policies obtained from oil and
natural gas. Energy is, in fact, an important issue that should not be considered on its
own and interacting with all politics. Any decision to be taken in the field of energy
directly affects the development of the sectors agriculture, industry and services that
form the triple hair leg of the economy. How the easy and cheap to get energy which is
the main source of the production, the competition on the production will be easy. For
that reason, countries are trying to achieve energy diversity in order to minimize both
the risk of energy supply and the reduction of energy costs, in other words to ensure
energy sustainability.
With a rapidly growing economy, Turkey has become one of the fastest growing energy
markets in the world. Turkey has been experiencing rapid demand growth in all
* This work was supported by Ahi Evran University, Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit.
Project Number: ZRT.E.7., Kırsehir-TURKEY
Corresponding Author. Asst. Prof. Dr., Ahi Evran University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of
Agricultural Economics, Kirsehir, Turkey, mustafa.kan@ahievran.edu.tr
Asst. Prof. Dr., Ahi Evran University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Agricultural Economics,
Kirsehir, Turkey
Asst. Prof. Dr., Ahi Evran University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Agricultural Economics,
Kirsehir, Turkey

segments of the energy sector for decades. Over the last decade, Turkey has been the
second country, after China, in terms of natural gas and electricity demand growth. The
limits of Turkeys domestic energy sources in light of its growing energy demand have
resulted in dependency on energy imports, primarily of oil and gas. At present, around
% of the total energy demand is being met by domestic resources, while the rest is
being provided from a diversified portfolio of imports Ministry of Foreign Affairs
MFA, .
It is essential for Turkey to substitute for oil and natural gas, which we depend
externally in terms of production within the energy supply, to establish long-term
sustainable production strategy and to take more place in renewable energy resources
that are more friendly with the environment. Turkey, which has a significant potential in
terms of renewable energy, ranks seventh in the World and first place in Europe with
geothermal potential Satman, ; Akçin, ; Akyüz, ; MFA, . Priority is
also given to the development of hydropower, wind and solar energy, as well as the
mentioned energy source. In this context, according to the "National Renewable Energy
Action Plan of Turkey" published by the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources in
December , Turkey is aiming to increase total capacity from renewables to ,
MW by . , MW of this total installed capacity will be composed of
hydropower; , MW of wind power, , MW of geothermal, ,MW of solar
and , MW of biomass energy. Thus, it is targeted that % of total electricity
production will be covered by renewable energy Ministry of Energy and Natural
Resources MoENR, .
The high cost of obtaining renewable energy types in general, the difficulty of storing the
energy obtained intermittently/continuously from many of them, and the limitation of
the renewable energy infrastructure, prevent the widespread use of renewable energy
in the world. However, due to increasing awareness of global warming and
environmental issues and improvements in energy production and transmission
technologies, it is expected that demand for renewable energy sources will increase
further in the coming years Bayraç, . On the other hand, Turkey was one of the
founding members of the International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA, an
agreement signed at the end of the conference held in Bonn on January , , as a
prelude to the development of renewable energy resources. It shows that Turkey is
proceeding with great determination to be an energy base both the plans with its
strategy documents and its progress towards building an energy corridor. The most
important question to be asked here is how effectively Turkey can use its own energy
production to become the energy base.
Geothermal resources, which are one of the most important sources that Turkey
possesses, are ground heat, hot water, steam, and gases containing chemicals that
accumulate in various depths of the earth's crust. Geothermal energy includes all kinds
of direct or indirect benefits from geothermal sources. Geothermal energy is a new,
renewable, sustainable, inexhaustible, cheap, reliable, environmentally friendly,
domestic and green energy Ministry of Development MoD . Geothermal

resources are available in % of the world's area. While this generation is called the fire
ring, Turkey is located on this fire ring. For this reason, Turkey is one of the lucky
countries using geothermal energy in the world Kılıç and Kılıç, .
Within the scope of energy diversification, geothermal resources and their use are
important in the concept of clean energy and renewable energy. The only site in Turkey
where geothermal resources are transformed into energy is in the Aegean region.
Turkey has a world-wide potential in terms of geothermal resources and is the first in
terms of resource potential among European countries and the third in terms of spa
applications. Thermal waters from over , sources in Turkey located on an
important geothermal belt and a young mountain chain called Alpin-Orogenic Belt, have
superior qualities than thermal water in Europe in terms of both flow and temperature,
and various physical and chemical properties. Having more than , sources with
temperatures ranging between - C and - lt/sec, Turkey is considered among
the top seven countries in terms of resource richness and potential. Ministry of Culture
and Tourism MoCT, a.
Geothermal resources are both a source of electricity and heat, and a potential for health
tourism, making these resources a multifunctional value. Geothermal resources
constitute an important part of the tourism revenues especially in terms of health
tourism other than energy. Health tourism is one of the important alternatives and has
become a worldwide industry with very rapid growth in recent years. Among the
alternative tourism types that Turkey can develop within the scope of tourism product
diversification strategy, thermal tourism is in the first place with the features such as
being for health purpose, being able to be done all year, being able to integrate with
other tourism types, spreading to different regions, length of stay and high average
occupancy rate of thermal tourism facilities Emir, Soyabalı, Baltok, .
In this study, evaluation of the change in renewable energy policies within Turkey's
energy policies within the scope of sustainability, the potential of geothermal resources
for both renewable energy and other uses, and the utilization efficiency of geothermal
resources within the scope of existing agriculture, energy, environment and tourism
policies have been evaluated.
. Changes in Development Policies in Turkey From Traditional
Development to Sustainable Development
Despite the multiple definitions of the concept of development, development in general
terms is defined as increase of production an per capita national income, development of
the people's value judgments in world standards, changes in socio-cultural and
economic structure Korkmaz ve Taşlıyan, . Development is the highest point that
every country wants to eventually reach. Development refers to the development of a
society with economic, social, environmental and even cultural dimensions. Each
country has reached its desired level of development by maximizing social utility by
using its internal dynamics. Social benefit is the optimization of all internal and external
factors except individuality. In other words, the maximum point of social benefit is the

balance point, where production and environment are the most important elements. In
other words, it is the balanced use of capital and natural resources within the
production factors. At this point, the concept of "sustainable development" emerges.
Sustainable development policies that provide the formation of global economic and
social development are now one of the priorities of the st century world. The concept
of sustainability is now in every politics. For the first time in the world, the concept of
"sustainable" was used in the Bruntland Report, formally prepared in  by the
United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development, which seeks
solutions to the subjects such as removal of poverty, equal distribution of benefits from
natural sources, population control and development of environmentally friendly
technologies in accordance with Sustainable Development Goals. In the Report, the
concept of sustainability refers to "the use of existing resources in a way that will lead to
future generations" United Nations UN, .
The concept of sustainability is often used in many areas and is defined as a
participatory process in which the social, cultural, scientific, natural and human
resources of the society are cautiously used and created a social look on the basis of
respect for it. Gladwin, Krause, Kennelly, . The basic characteristic of the concept
used in different fields is that it covers the human future and the preservation of the
resources of the area in which it is used. From this point of view, it is seen as the concept
that combining economics, social justice, environmental science and management,
business management, politics and law. At the same time, it is defined as a dialectical
concept that embraces rights, democracy, honesty and other important concepts.
Wilson, .
In this direction, discussions are being made on the three dimensions of the concept so
that sustainable development can be successful. These; Economic, Social and
Environmental Dimension Haris, ; Demirayak, ; Gürlük, ; Ergün ve
Çobanoğlu, ; Tıraş, .
Economic Dimension: It concerns the use of scarce resources. An economically
sustainable system is a system that provides sustainability of internal and external
debts, being able to produce according to the principles of continuity of goods and
services and avoids sectoral imbalances that damage agricultural and industrial
production.
Social Dimension: Human-focused. A socially sustainable system is a system that can
ensure the adequacy and equal distribution of social services, such as education and
health, gender equality, political responsibility and participation.
Environmental Dimension: Biological and physical systems are predicted to be
balanced. The aim is to ensure that ecosystems are adapting to changing conditions. An
environmentally sustainable system should abandon from exploitation of environmental
investment functions or renewable resource systems and consume that have been
adequately replaced by investments only from renewable sources by keeping the
resource base stable. This system also includes the conservation of biodiversity,

atmospheric balance and other ecosystem elements that can not be classified as
economic resources.
The concept of "sustainable development" has been used in Turkey since  with the
concepts of "sustainable growth" and "sustainable economy" in basic strategy, policy
and plan documents. Concepts such as sustainable agriculture, sustainable energy,
sustainable use of natural resources, sustainable rural development, sustainable cities,
sustainable transport are also frequently used. The area in which Turkey can best
analyze the changes and developments in the development process is the Five-Year
Development Plans. Development Plans are the basic policy documents, in which state
policies are defined, forming the basic framework for orienting the Turkish economy
and set out measures to realize industrialization, economic and social development.
When the process of development rhetoric in the Five-Year Development Plans-at the
last th Five-Year Development Plan has been published -- is examined,
since the publication of the First Five-Year Development Plan - in , it
appears that the policies created within the framework of economic-environment-
society interactions have been dealt with in different ways. When the Five-Year
Development Plans prepared by the Ministry of Development formerly the State
Planning Organization are examined, the change and development of sustainable
development policies in Turkey over time can be observed. The reflection of
environmental protection trends in the global sense has been taken up for the first time
in Turkey in the rd Five Year Development Plan. After the Stockholm Conference in
, environmental issues have been given a separate place as a demonstration of the
development of environmental consciousness of Turkey in the Plan - Egeli,
. In  Year Programme, published in the Official Gazette dated  December
 and numbered , the establishment of an environmental pollution inventory
for Turkey was accepted as a principle but the preparation of environmental status
reports and the creation of environmental inventories within the framework was added
to the agenda after establishment of Environment Inventory Department by the within
the Ministry of Environment in  Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation
MoEU, .
The approach, predominantly addressed at the  Rio Conference, aimed at
sustainable development first came to the forefront in the Sixth Five-Year Development
Plan -. During the th Five-Year Development period, Undersecretariat of
Environment, which could not catch up with industrial development, left its place in
 to the Ministry of Environment Okumuş, . Special Environmental Protection
Offices in  provinces were structured as headquarters affiliated to the center Altunbaş,
. In the same period, "the prevention of the waste of human and natural resources
and the protection of the environment in the conduct of economic and social activities"
was adopted as a principle and thus the sustainable development concept was included
in the main objectives and policies of the Plan. One of the important features of the plan
was to provide an incentive to invest in prevention of environmental pollution as an
important link in the context of environment and economy. In the Sixth Five-Year

Development Plan, it is seen that the measures for environmental and social
development take place in the development targets and policies of the main economic
sectors MoD, . During this period, implementation of the Local Agenda  action
plan was begun. Erim, . Turkey was one of the first countries to sign the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity UNCBD at the Rio Summit in . In addition,
Turkey signed the UN Convention on Combating Desertification UNFCCC in  with
the signing of the Agenda  document.
The main areas of change in the Seventh Five-Year Development Plan - were
the development of human resources, integration with agriculture, industry and the
world, increasing the efficiency in the economy, ensuring regional balances and
protecting and developing the environment. It was emphasized that the impo rtance of
the integration of environmental politics into all economic and social policies was
getting increase under the framework of sustainable development approach. In the
section "Protection and Improving of Environment" of the Plan"; "In keeping with the
sustainable development approach, the basic strategy was to manage the natural
resources in a way that will enable continuous economic development while preserving
human health and natural equilibrium, and leaving a natural, physical and social
environment worthy of coming generations". The strategies to prevent pollution by the
measures to be taken, instead of passive approaches that predicted pollution in the
development process and tried to refine this pollution was prioritized. The inclusion of
environmental and development indicators in decision-making processes is also a major
concern in the Plan. In addition, to measure the sustainable development approach was
added to the agenda with the measures to start the internalization studies of the
protection and development dimensions of the economy in the national income
accounts. Policies for sustainable development have been developed in many sectors
besides the environment sector MoD, .
The main aim of the Eighth Five-Year Development Plan prepared for the years -
 can be summarized as the fact that Turkey gets more share from the world output,
acceleration of the integration with the world in the perspective of European Union
membership and increasing the quality of life of the society. The main thing here was to
realize an uninterrupted growth process during the Plan period. Ensuring sustainable
development through the development of a competitive economic structure in the
strategy of the plan was identified as a priority. Measures to be taken in relation to the
environment in the Plan seem to be related to the increase of competition power of
economy for the first time MoD, .
The Ninth Development Plan - was prepared in a quality that prioritizes
problems and sets out strategies and targets in this frame, taking macro balances and
shapes institutional and structural regulations so as to enable more efficient functioning
of markets. The Ninth Development Plan was prepared for a period of seven years, not a
period of five years, unlike the other Development Plans. While determining the
structure, implementation approach and period of the plan, it was taken into
consideration that Turkey's future development strategy and policies were compatible

with the legal, institutional and more important financial arrangements of the European
Union. Under the development axes, what was to be done in the sectors and areas that
would make the most contribution to the priority and development efforts in the Plan
were listed as "policy priorities". The principle of "preservation of natural and cultural
assets and the environment in a way that considers future generations" took place
among the basic principles of the Plan. MoD, .
The Tenth Development Plan - has been designed to cover elements of high,
stable and inclusive economic growth as well as the rule of law, information society,
international competitiveness, human development, protection of the environment and
sustainable use of resources. In the Plan, Turkey's economic and social development
process has been dealt with from a holistic and multidimensional point of view and a
participatory approach has been adopted within the framework of human-oriented
development approach MoD, a.
In summary, in the Development Plans, while at the firstly, environmental policies were
based solely on mitigating pollution, after that, preventive policies come the front, and
with the Seventh Five-Year Development Plan, the policies were appeared that
prioritizing the integration of the environment and the economy in accordance with the
concept of sustainable development. Together with the Tenth Development Plan,
Turkey's steps towards achieving its  targets has showed that growth is at the
forefront, even though it was taken steps towards the development of environmental
awareness in development and environmental policies, and integrated into policies. The
absence of Turkey's commitment to reduce emissions for greenhouse gas emissions,
particularly in relation to climate change, for the period - MoEU,  is a
sign that Turkey will make more complementary moves in the near future.
. Developments in Sustainable Energy Policies of Turkey
Sustainability in energy cannot be ignored, which is the most important input that
comes to mind when sustainability is mentioned in production. In order to follow
sustainable development policies, a holistic approach to integrating economic, social and
environmental dimensions needs to be developed. The issue of energy security at the
crossroads of these dimensions is defined as a matter of national security for many
developed/developing states, as well as being vital for achieving sustainable
development goals. Given the link between energy and economic growth, energy in the
country's politics plays a major role. At a point of independence of the countries, it is
determined by "potential to meet its own energy". An energyless country politics has
been unthinkable because industry cannot be without energy, prosperous and happy
societies or the ability to preserve independence cannot be without industry.
The energy crises that began in  with the OAPEC countries Organization of Arab
Petroleum Exporting Countries not exporting oil, continued with the Oil Crisis in ,
so the s actually showed how important energy policies are in the development of
countries. The s have been an important process for re-observing countries' energy
policies and consumption. For example, with the "New Energy Policy Strategy" program

adopted by the European Council in September  after the first oil crisis in , it
adopted a policy of raising consumption to a reasonable level, increasing supply security
and protecting the environment in energy production and consumption. Thus, this crisis
was caused the Community to set a strategy for the first time in energy policy.
Subsequently, in the s, environmental pollution emerged mainly as a consequence
of the burning of fossil fuels. In recent years, energy use, greenhouse gas emissions and
their potential impacts on global climate change are among the most debated topics. One
of the most effective ways to reduce energy use in industry, transport, commerce,
housing and agriculture is to increase energy efficiency. In today's industrial world, the
use of energy and other resources has reached a significant level. For this reason, on the
one side providing the natural resources has begun to decrease, and on the other side,
the damages on nature such as environmental pollution have been getting increase.
When energy is called today, energy obtained from oil and natural gas comes first. The
increasing need for energy with industrialization has led to an increasing adverse effect
of energy supplied by oil and natural gas on the environment. In addition to the scarcity
of energy resources and reserves, the greenhouse effect resulting from global warming
and climate change require the production of energy policies at national and
international levels, taking into account the interests of future generations. Bayraç,
.
Today's most important goal of developed and developing countries is to ensure
sustainable development. Energy is closely related to all of the economic, social and
environmental dimensions of sustainable development, and is also an extremely
important parameter of internal and external politics. As recent developments in the
world have clearly shown, the provision of energy supply security is much more
influenced by world politics today than it is in the past. It is clear that the energy policies
of today's energy sources and the possibilities offered by the technologies and the one-
dimensional approaches to energy politics are incompatible with a sustainable energy
future. It is not possible to solve the problems related to energy, which have many
different dimensions such as economic, social and environmental, by dealing with
reducible or one-dimensional approaches by reducing the base excessively. For a
reasonable solution, however, an approach that evaluates the complexity caused by
different dimensions can help. For this reason, it is imperative to find an optimal
solution that addresses all of the problems of different dimensions by considering
energy problems in a holistic framework Saygın, 
The most important way of ensuring energy security is ensuring diversity.
Diversification is achieved in a number of different ways, including diversification of
supply mechanisms domestic and imported supply, network production and local
production balancing, supply countries and energy lines as well as energy sources and
technologies. In order to ensure sustainable development, the most appropriate mix of
energy and geopolitical factors must be determined without ignoring the specific
conditions of the countries and/or regions. Saygın, .

By the time of the recent period, the criterion of the sustainability of the energy system
was related to the extent to which consumption was overcome by energy supply.
Nowadays, importance is given to the scientific and ethical aspects of sustainable
development in terms of energy security and environment security. Global climate
changes, particularly those caused by carbon emissions, are at the heart of the
sustainability of energy policies. For this reason, the transition to the low-carbon
economy has become a focal point of debate about energy politics today Saygın, .
With the impact of environmental problems, significant changes are taking place in
terms of preference for energy resources all over the world. Parallel to the whole world,
there are also significant changes in the choice of energy sources in Turkey. Turkey has
experienced significant developments in the way of becoming an energy base with the
moves it has made. Turkey has become a focal point not only with the movements
towards oil and natural gas but also with the moves made to find and use renewable
energy resources. It is not sufficient to explain only the environmental factors that
explain the changes in Turkey's energy source preference, which aims to increase the
share of renewable energy resources among the  targets seriously. Especially, we
are still a serious importer of oil and natural gas and the large share of energy in the
external deficit plays a serious role in giving importance to Turkey's own internal
reserves.
Turkey has taken an important step towards sustainability in the field of energy,
declaring on May ,  that it was formally a part of the Kyoto Protocol to the UN
Climate Change Covenant Convention, as of  August . As is known, the energy
sector and all its actors have a much more controlled and disciplined structure
compared to other sectors in Turkey. In this sense, the Environment Law No.  and
the Law No.  on Renewable Energy have also identified the legal framework of
energy sector's sustainability.
In particular, the incentives and regulations to increase the share of renewable energy
sources in total energy production within government plans and increase investments
towards the renewable energy sources in the last  years in Turkey are important
developments which show that Turkey will not be dependent on oil and natural gas in
the future. Within the scope of sustainable and reliable energy supply activities for
consumers, Turkey give the attractive incentives to inventors such as tariff guarantee,
purchase guarantee, connection priorities, license exemption, etc. depending on the
capacity and capacity of the power generation plant.
. Interaction of Geothermal Source Usage Policies with the other Policies
Energy, Climate, Agriculture, Tourism, and Health and Supports
Today, as private sector investments have increased rapidly, geothermal resources are
the most important in Turkey with its multifunctionality in renewable energy sources. In
terms of geothermal resources, Turkey is a country with rich reserves Map .
Especially geothermal resources, which are concentrated in the west of Turkey, have
spread widely in Turkey.

Map . Nanotectonics-volcanic activity and geothermal fields in Turkey MoENR, 
Being able to be used in agriculture, energy, tourism and health sectors and having
multifunctionality feature does not allow the use of geothermal resources to be
evaluated with a single policy. For this reason, geothermal policies are closely related to
the energy, agriculture, tourism and health sectors. With the introduction of the concept
of sustainability within the policies established in all sectors in Turkey, sources such as
geothermal resources, wind, and hydraulics have become the rising trend of today.
The energy sector is in the first place for the development of the countries and even for
their independence. Today, the crises of the Gulf, Middle East or Afghanistan, which can
be described as oil wars, show that energies have international independence side as
well as industry needs. Within the -year period of the Organization for Economic Co-
operation and Development OECD, Turkey has emerged as the country with the fastest
increase in energy demand. Likewise, Turkey has become the second largest economy in
the world, with the highest rate of increase in electricity and natural gas since  after
China. Turkey's stronger position depends on expanding its energy portfolio and
increasing energy efficiency with investments. In order to grow within sustainable
development goals, it is necessary to use renewable energy resources effectively for the
energy sector.
In recent years, many regional and national and international policies and campaigns
are being implemented to increase the use of renewable energy resources around the
world. Particularly, one of the most important issues on the agenda in this new policy, in
which climate change is forefront, is about increasing the share of renewable energy
sources in total energy resources and energy efficiency. When the  World Energy
Outlook is examined, it is expected that the share of renewable energy sources in 
will be .% according to the current policy scenario, .% according to the new
policy scenario and % according to the  ppm scenario. It is planned to increase the
proportion of renewable energy sources with an increase of about %, when the current
share of current renewable energy use is thought to be % WEO, . Today around

the world, about $  billion in renewable energy sources are supported, % of which
is given to electricity generation, % to the transport sector and about % to heating.
Estimates suggest that after climbing to a peak of around $  billion per year in the
s, this figure is expected to fall in a decreasing trend with the decline in costs and
the increase in electricity prices paid by the end user World Energy Outlook WEO,
.
When we analyze the distribution of Turkish electricity energy production according to
primary energy sources, the electricity energy we produce from thermal power plants in
total electricity production by the end of September,  is ,%. In this ratio, the first
order is coal-fired power plants with .% rate, followed by natural gas + LNG-based
power plants with .% rate. Hydraulic plants are followed by .% share to thermal
power plants. As of the end of September , the share of electricity produced in wind
power plants increased from .% to .% and the share of geothermal energy
increased from .% to .% Table .
Especially the rise of geothermal energy by years is striking. Geothermal energy
production, which was  GWh in , increased to  GWh in  and is
expected to rise to  GWh in the estimation of the first quarter of  Enerji Atlası,
. This uptrend is an effect of support and desire for renewable energy resources
investments in Turkey.
Table . Distribution of Turkish Electricity Energy Production According To Primary Energy
Sources GWh


 September
Primary Energy
Source
Electricity
Production
GWh
Share in
Total
Production
%
Electricity
Production
GWh
Share in
Total
Production
%
Electricity
Production
GWh
Share in
Total
Production
%
Coal
Coal +
Imported
coal +
Asphaltite
, . , . , .
Lignite
,
.
,
.
,
.
Liquid
Fuel
Fuel
-
Oil
,
.

.
,
.
Diesel Fuel

.
,
.
-
-
LPG
-
-
-
-
-
-
Naphta
-
-
-
-

.
Natural Gas+LNG
,
.
,
.
,
.
Renewable+Waste
,
.
,
.
,
.
Thermic
,
.
,
.
,
.
Hydraulic
,
.
,
.
,
.
Wind
,
.
,
.
,
.
Geothermal
,
.
,
.
,
.
Solar
.
.

.

.
TOTAL
,
.
,
.
,
.
Source: MoENR, 
While the electricity energy market in Turkey was in the hands of the public at the
beginning of the year , it has been currently being directed by the private sector

with a rate of .%. It can be said that the private sector has increased its weight
especially after  Table . Within this increase, it is important that the share of
energy investments obtained from wind and geothermal sources in renewable energy
investments.
Table . Distribution of Turkish Electricity Energy Production According To Producer
Establishments and SourcesGWh
Institutions     

September
EUAS and
affiliated
institutions
Thermic
,
,
,
,
,
,
Hydraulic
,
,
,
,
,
,
Geothermal

Total
,
,
,
,
,
,
Companies
Thermic
,
,
,
,
,
,
Hydraulic
,
,
,
,
,
,
Wind

,
,
,
,
,
Geothermal


,
,
,
Solar



Total
,
,
,
,
,
,
Total
Thermic
,
,
,
,
,
,
Hydraulic
,
,
,
,
,
,
Wind

,
,
,
,
,
Geothermal



,
,
,
Solar



Total
,
,
,
,
,
,
Source: MoENR, 
At the end of , it was reported that geothermal power plants had  MWe
installed power Bertani,  and geothermal energy direct utilization power had
 MWt Lund and Boyd, . In the - data period, the first five
countries with the absolute increase in MWe were Kenya, the United States, Turkey, New
Zealand and Indonesia Bertani, . The five countries with the highest installed
capacity for direct use including heat pumps are China, USA, Sweden, Turkey and
Germany Lund and Boyd, .
The total installed capacity of  Geothermal Power Plants located in Turkey is 
MWe. It is expected that this power will reach  MWe together with existing and
invested geothermal power plants Table . In - period, there was a great
increase in the ratio of total consumption to geothermal power generation. The ratio,
which was around .% in , rose to .% in . This is an indication that
geothermal resources will play an even more active role in the future over the course of
energy diversification Enerji Atlası, .

Table : Geothermal Power Plants Profile
Active Power Plants Number

Installed Power
 MWe
Share in Total Installed Power
.%
Annual Electricity Production
~ , GWh
Rate of Production to Consumption
.%
Geothermal Power Plants
Installed Capacity and Project Capacities
Situation
Power MWe
Rate
Enable

.%
Ongoing Installation

.%
Production license received

.%
Production pre
-
license received

.%
In the project phase

.%
TOTAL
,
%
Source: Enerji Atlası, .
The most important geothermal power plants in Turkey are concentrated in the western
regions Marmara and Aegean Regions in which Aydın, Denizli, Manisa, İzmir,
Canakkale, Afyonkarahisar provinces are located Map  and Map . The geothermal
resources in other regions are mainly directed to use in thermal tourism, heating and
other areas due to the fact that the thermal grades are lower. When the maps published
by General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration are examined, it can be seen
that geothermal resources are found in many areas of Turkey. It is important that the
necessary investment is directed and the support mechanisms are established in order
to use and evaluate this potential more effectively.
Map . Geothermal power plants and potential areas in Turkey General Directorate of Mineral
Research and Exploration GDMRE, 

Map . Geothermal power plants installed in Turkey and some characteristics GDMRE, 
The public has been busy for many years the fact that fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas
and coal will be consumed in the not too distant future when human history is taken into
account. The availability of new reserves in the Middle East and Central Asia will only
delay this process for a while, but will not bring a lasting solution to the energy problem
waiting for the world. Especially after the oil crises of  and , people have
turned to sustainable alternative energy sources whose resources are in the nature.
Many countries have realised to the inconveniency of external dependence on a vital
subject like energy by the effects of these crises. For this reason, support mechanisms
for increasing the share of renewable energy resources in total energy production are
being carried out.
Various mechanisms have been developed in many countries to promote the use of
renewable energy resources. These can be grouped under three main headings
Uluatam, ; Abolhosseini and Heshmati, :
incentives that set price and quantity obligations,
Cost-cutting investment policies,
Public investments and incentives for the development of the renewable energy
market.
The incentives that bring price-setting and quantity obligations consist mainly of feed-in
tariff and renewable energy portfolio standards RPS. According to this, although the
tariffs for purchase guarantee vary from country to country, it is mainly based on the
purchase of electricity produced by renewable energy sources by the state through

electricity distribution companies at a price determined by the state. It is envisaged that
a defined amount of electricity produced in RPSs in a particular region or country will be
produced from renewable energy sources. This quota system can be a capacity-based
standard that means a certain amount of production until a specified time, or it can be a
power generation-based standard that corresponds to a certain percentage of electricity
generation. In addition, in some countries, there are also tenders that allow producers to
earn a certain amount of electricity from the renewable energy source. In addition,
Green Energy Certificates granted to the producers provide concessions to their owners
Uluatam, .
Subsidies and reductions constitute a cornerstone of cost-cutting investment policies.
Another method is tax deduction. These include investment tax credits, accelerated
depreciation, production tax credits, property tax credits, income tax incentives, VAT
exemptions, environmental tax exemptions, import tax reductions, grants, equipment
credits and similar applications. These incentives are applied to small-scale individual
installations as well as to large-scale investments. Therefore, such policies are not only
directed at investors who represent supply in the energy market, but also at consumers
who represent demand Uluatam, .
Finally, public investments and incentives for the development of the renewable energy
market are made up of infrastructure policies, including funding for public benefit,
construction and design, site determination and permits, equipment standards,
contractor certification and network connectivity. However, renewable energy
legislation, where bureaucratic obstacles are reduced to a minimum, can be counted as
such incentives Uluatam, .
When the incentives for investments made in Turkey are examined, it can be said that
the most important support mechanism started with the Law No.  dated  May
 on "Renewable Energy Sources". This law is the first legal regulation concerning
this issue in Turkey. Renewable Energy Sources Supporting Mechanism-RESSM is an
important support for renewable energy. RESSM, which is especially designed to make
installation of power plants based on renewable resources attractive, is a very effective
support system and this mechanism lies behind the fact that solar, wind, geothermal and
biomass investments in Turkey have a very wide range of interest. RESSM is guaranteed
of buying the electricity a certain price for  years by the state for power plant
constituent powered by water, wind, solar, geothermal and biomass. The prices to be
applied to the facilities located at RESSM are determined by the Renewable Energy Law
and are . US cents / kWh for production facilities based on hydroelectric and wind
energy, . US cents / kWh for production facilities based on geothermal energy, and
. US cents/kWh for production facilities based on biomass and solar energy. This
support shall be applied to the production facilities within the scope of this Law for a
period of  years, which has entered into or will be in operation from the effective date
of the Law, // to // Resmi Gazete, .

By the year , a total of operators in total operators who apply for RESSM
support are producing and selling electricity from geothermal sources. The installed
capacity of these enterprises is . MWe, corresponding to .% of the installed
capacity of the total supported enterprises Enerji Enstitüsü, 
Although the private sector investments increased rapidly especially in the electricity
generation applications after the legal amendments made in , the percentage of
domestic technology usage remained low in the investments made. On the other hand,
although geothermal energy is known as environmentally friendly, it is also important to
determine the chemical structure of the produced fluid and the environmental effects of
the gases produced with the fluid. In this context, there is a great need for R&D studies
on geothermal energy technologies in order to develop domestic technologies and to
reduce the environmental effects of the produced fluids. TÜBİTAK-ARDEB The
Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey-Research Support Programs
Directorate Renewable Energy Resources Call Program "-ENE-YENI-7-
Geothermal Energy Technologies" has been opened and the accepted projects will be
started to be supported with the aim of supporting R & D activities within this scope
TÜBİTAK, .
In addition, the European Union's Horizon  Program, which Turkey is involved in, is
another support program that can be utilized in the field of geothermal energy. This
program is a suitable support program aiming to create a green and competitive
economy that is "Sustainable Growth" in the targets of Eropean Union EU .
GEOTHERMICA, a project participated by TUBITAK within the scope of European Union
Horizon  Program, is to establish research and development partnerships among
the European countries in the studies carried out by the industry related to geothermal
energy and to increase industrial applications related to geothermal energy. Under
GEOTHERMICA, an international call for support of R & D projects in the field of
geothermal energy has been opened. It has been stated that total  million Euro 
million Euro contribution of  countries4 and million Euro contribution of European
Comission, will be supported for the research and partnerships in the following issues5;
Determination and evaluation of geothermal resources, reserves and reservoirs,
Development of geothermal resources and reservoirs,
Supply and Integration to intelligent energy systems,
New approaches to geothermal operations.
In recent years, environmental factors have begun to occupy more and more space in
energy politics. Turkey, which is a member of the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development OECD, has been placed both in Annex I and Annex II of
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC, together with
Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Portugal/Azores,
Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey
Deadline:  Jully , Project Starting Date:  May 

developed countries. While supporting the purpose and general principles of the
UNFCCC, Turkey, which was not a party to the UNFCCC due to its unfair position,
struggled for a long time to change this position. Following the decision in the th
Conference of the Parties held in Marrakech, Morocco in , Turkey was removed
from Annex-II and given special conditions in Annex-I and than Turkey became a party
to the UNFCCC on May ,  and the Kyoto Protocol on August ,  MoEU,
.
As UNFCCC Annex I Party, Turkey has an obligation to develop and implement policies to
combat climate change and to inform UNFCCC of the relevant greenhouse gas emissions
and emissions. On the other hand, Turkey does not have a commitment to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions during the first - and second - periods
of the Kyoto Protocol MoEU, .
Turkey's national vision for climate change is to be a country integrating climate change
policies with development policies, promoting energy efficiency, increasing the use of
clean and renewable energy resources, actively participating in the combating against
climate change with special conditions and offering high living standards and welfare to
all citizens with low carbon intensity. In this context, one of the projects, in which
geothermal projects have also included in Turkey and takes measures against climate
change is "Voluntary Carbon Markets VCM. Voluntary Carbon Markets; which are
developed independently of the governments' goals and policies to combat climate
change, and of which all sectors concerned, from the business world to local
governments, NGOs and individuals, can participate with carbon offsetting purposes.
Increasing public awareness of climate change and impacts and acknowledgment of the
fact that carbon offsetting is a reliable precautionary strategy has allowed these markets
to grow rapidly in recent years. Emission credits traded on this market are called
Voluntary Emission Reduction Units –VER. Companies that want to balance the
greenhouse gases emitted by the atmosphere within their activities calculate emissions
by measuring their carbon footprint and purchase carbon credits they generate from
projects that reduce emissions to reduce and balance these emissions on a social
responsibility basis.
Although Turkey is not able to benefit from the flexibility mechanisms that are subject to
the Kyoto Protocol's emissions trading, the projects for voluntary carbon market, which
operate independently from these mechanisms and are based on environmental and
social responsibility principles, are being developed and implemented for a long time.
Turkey has been hosting the projects in which certificates are being improved in the
voluntary carbon market since . Although the voluntary carbon market represent a
very small percentage in the World Carbon Market, Turkey, which is already using this
market effectively, offers an important opportunity to participate in carbon markets in
the future MoEU, .
In the current situation, there are  voluntary carbon market projects in Turkey.
Greenhouse gas emission reductions of over  million tCO equivalents per year are

expected from these projects. When the sectoral distribution of these projects is
examined Table , it can be seen that there are  projects on geothermal.
Table . Sectoral Distribution of Projects Transacted in Voluntary Carbon Market 
Project Types Number
Annual Emission
ReductiontCO/year
Hydroelectric power plant

,,
Wind Power Plant

,,
Energy Production from waste / Biogas

,,
Energy efficiency

,
Geothermal
,
TOTAL

,,
Source: MoEU, 
Among the Voluntary Carbon Markets, Turkey is one of the countries that receive
significant demand with the sales of . million tCO emissions in international markets
in . The value of CO emissions sold is $ . / t and with this value, Turkey is among
the cheapest countries selling CO emissions in this market. Hemrick and Goldstein,
.
So far, the main consumption area of geothermal resources in Turkey have been ,
heating housing, greenhouse, thermal facility etc., electricity generation and health
tourism. The biggest share in consumption is the central heating systems with .%.
Utilizing geothermal resources is heating, energy production and thermal utilization
intensity in terms of capacity. Apart from this, other uses such as chemical production
liquid carbon dioxide, dry ice, leather processing, agricultural drying, heat pump, etc.
are also utilized from geothermal sources. However, it has not yet become widespread
despite its potential.
Another use of geothermal resources is agriculture. In Turkey, the use of geothermal
resources in agriculture is usually in the form of greenhouse heating and agricultural
drying. Geothermal agriculture drying studies have started in Afyon, Kızılcahamam and
Kırşehir in Turkey and research and project studies are continuing in other areas.
Agricultural drying is currently carried out at a capacity of . MWt Table . According
to the records of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock in the greenhouse
activity, a total of  enterprises are engaged in geothermal greenhousing activities in
the field of . hectares. .% of the production area is located in Aegean Region.
Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock MoFAL, .

Table . Evaluation of Geothermal Resources
Electricity Generation
.
MWe
Central Heating City, Housing
,
Housing Equivelant MWt
Hot
Spring Facilities, Thermal Otels,
Heating of Circuit Property Plants . Housing Equivelant  MWt
Greenhouse Heating
.
Hectare  MWt
Geothermal Heat Pump
.
MWt
Agricultural Drying
.
MWt
Total geothermal heat use
.
MWt . Housing Equivelant
Balneological usage in hot spring, spa,
thermal facility 
Number  MWt. Million
people/year
Carbon Dioxide Production
,
Tone/Year
Source: Akkuş ve Alan,  çalışmasından alınan GDMRE, , Mertoğlu ve diğ., ,
The use of geothermal resources in agricultural activities in Turkey is significantly
supported. % -% discount credit is able to be supplied the greenhouse producers,
having controlled conditions at least  decare size area, within the scope of the Decree of
the Council of Ministers on the Use of Low Interest Investment and Enterprise Loan for
Agricultural Production, in accordance with the Regulation on Registration of
Greenhouse Production by Ziraat Band and Agricultural Credit Cooperative. Within the
framework of the project to support rural development investments, % grant support
can be provided up to a certain upper limit to greenhouse projects constructed using
alternative energy sources geothermal, solar energy. Ministry of Finance According to
 and  National Real Estate Communiqués published by the General Directorate of
National Real Estate, entrepreneurs who will invest in technological and geothermal
greenhouses may be allowed to use treasury real estate or easement right within certain
criteria. Within the framework of the provisions of the Regulation on the Amendment of
the Pasture Regulation No.  dated //, it is possible to make changes in the
allocation of purpose with the information and documents required in the allocation of
purpose change demands for the geothermal-originated technological greenhouses. In
the framework of the Decision on State Aids in Investments, incentives are provided at
rates varying according to the regions in greenhouse investments MoFAL, .
Another institution that provides support for geothermal in Turkey is the Agriculture
and Rural Development Support Institution ARDSI. The ARDSI provides support for
the use of renewable energy sources in enterprises engaged in agricultural activities,
especially in rural areas. These supports are important in terms of diversification of
energy in agricultural enterprises and enabling enterprises to produce their own energy.
The ARDSI supports energy investments under IPARD II program under  headings.
Renewable Energy Investments for Enterprises to Meet Their Own Consumption
- Renewable Energy Investments
 Physical Investments to Rural Infrastructure Services
Within the scope of - renewable energy investments, TKDK supports all kinds of
renewable energy activities excluding hydraulic energy to be established with the aim
of generating electricity, heat, light and gas. These; Biomass, biofuels, concentrated solar

energy, geothermal, solar energy, photovoltaic, wind pumps, wind turbines, and
combinations of these. In this context, it is obligatory to connect the system to the
national network if electrical energy is produced.
One of the most important uses of geothermal resources is thermal tourism. Thermal
Tourism involves such various treatments as thermomineral baths, thermal water
drinking, inhalation, mud baths, etc., combined with climate treatment, physical therapy,
rehabilitation, exercise, psychotherapy and diet, together with recreational activities
MoCT, a.
Thermals springs in Turkey are ranked th in the world and the best in Europe and
Turkey is the rd in terms of hot spring applications in Europe. In order to enable more
effective and productive use of unique and renewable geothermal resources in Turkey,
policies are being developed to establish an understanding different from a traditional
hot spring use. With regard to development of Thermal Tourism, the goal is to increase
not only the number of high quality facilities with cure parks, cure centers and
accommodation integration, but also the number of tourists and the tourism income in
general. Besides traditional hot spring bathing approach, Thermal Tourisms new
objective is to establish facilities that can provide wellbeing, vitality, recreation, fun,
relaxation and sports activities all the year around. Initiatives of the Turkish Ministry of
Culture and Tourism regarding health travel and thermal tourism constitute a significant
portion of the diversification and extension of tourism activities in T urkey MoCT,
a.
Turkey's goal in Thermal Tourism is to be one of the most important of Europe and one
of the top five destinations of the world. One of the most important policies
implemented within this scope is the establishment of "Culture and Tourism
Preservation and Development Region CTPDG and Tourism Centers TC".
Historical, archaeological and socio-cultural tourism values of the country, thermal,
winter, hunting and water sports, health tourism and other existing tourism potential
are taken into consideration in the determination of CTPDG and TC.
Preserving the regions that are intense on historic and cultural values or have high
touristic potential, using, and to provide sectoral development and the planned
development, the regions that are detected and declared by the decision of Council Of
Ministers and their boundaries are suggested by the Ministry of Culture And Tourism.
This study aims to create large scale planning, alternative management and business
models targeting regional and local development MoCT, b. The CTPDG is not just
a border-setting process, but also involves the use of such powers as planning and
allocation within the boundaries in line with pre-determined goals and principles.
There are  "Thermal Culture and Tourism Conservation and Development Regions" and
 "Thermal Tourism Centers" in Turkey. Turkey aims to be the world's most important
destination as a result of the planning studies with the investment of  thousand bed
capacity thermal facilities in the short term period -,  thousand beds in
the medium term - and  thousand beds in long term -.

. Universities in Policies; Vision and Strategies of Ahi Evran University on
Geothermal
As part of the usage of geothermal resources within the meaning of the law in  the
fact that the private sector was started to be supported for renewable energy
investment, apart from that, within the context of IPARD II, besides The Ministry of
Food, Agriculture and Livestock Agricultural and Rural Development Support Institution
supported particular rate of the investments made in renewable energy resources, the
most important steps made in  was that the universities in Turkey were supplied to
establish regional priority in some matters via mission differentiation. Within the
context of Regional Development Oriented Mission Differentiation and
Specialization of Universities themed project of which preparatory studies were
started in the year of , by supporting the new universities which were founded
after the year of  to specialize in particular subjects, they are aimed to be integrated
in order to help the regional development. within the context of this project which is
coordinated by Higher Education CouncilHEC and carried out coordinately with
Ministry of Development, pilot universities were given different missions on the date
of  October . In this context, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University were given the
mission in the area of Agriculture and Geothermal and studies were started to make
it the pilot university in this area. Within the context of Regional Development
Oriented Mission Differentiation and Specialization Self-Assessment Report
which Ahi Evran University prepared for HEC in the date of October , the strategies
and plans on the usage of geothermal resources, which the university prepared, can be
specified as the following Ahi Evran University AEU, ;
Mission; to become a human centered, environment friendly university which
researches and educated in the light of science, produces information, technology and
services, offers its productions on behalf of society, contributes in regional and national
development, makes changes and innovation for permanent perfection, has assimilated
national and universal values.
Vision; to become a leader university which shapes the future by getting inspired from
historical, cultural and art background, is human – centered, enterprising, innovator,
productive, has contributions in science, is open to cooperation, is preferred because of
its qualified education, is based nationally and universally, is prouded of becoming its
member,
Ahi Evran University has determined five basic aims in the plan which it has made in line
with its mission, vision and values. The first of these aims is directed to contribute in
local development by means of social cooperation Aim : To Lead in Local and Regional
Development in Cooperation with Shareholders. First two goals of the eight goals
whiach are formed in Aim  are directly related to the usage of geothermal resources in
either energy or agricultural area. Goal : new project and activites will be made for
the efficient use of potential energy resources in the region. Goal : national and 
international project will be made, which are aimed to develop regional agriculture and
livestock.

One of the most powerful sides of the university is that there have been geothermal
water resources and Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation CenterPTR in its past. The
fact that geothermal resources existing in the region are already being used in health
care is a big potential for the development of the region in geothermal health tourism
are with the contribution of the university. The university which has an important
potential in terms of either substructure or education elements is a big candidate for
Turkey with respect of being a health center by using the geothermal resource.
The university has projects concerning the transformation of the geothermal resource
into energy and the use of this energy to heat the serums in agriculture. Within the scope
of the priority and the goals determined in  -  Strategy Plan of the University,
directed regional development in – years term, renewable energy resources have an
important place directly and indirectly in the primary projects which it plans to conduct
in cooperation with other sectors. The topics related to this project are AEU, :
Renewable Energy Projects
Geothermal Welded Health and Rehabilitation Projects
Sustainable Agriculture and Livestock Projects
Culture, Art and Tourism Projects
Industry Collaboration Projects
Kırşehir province has more than one renewable energy resources depending on its
climate and natural environment characteristics. In this context, renewable energy
resources such as wind, geothermal, sun and biogas are all together in Kırşehir and it
has a potential suitable for production. The use of geothermal resources has an
importance in the project topics which Kırşehir Ahi Evran University has determined
within its Strategy Plan. Also the university has attached the foundation of a research
and application center in order to develop the use of renewable energy resources
including the geothermal.
Another factor which The University is assertive is the geothermal health complex.
Regarding the foundation of a big and integrated Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation
Center so as to meet the increasing demand within The University and to make more use
of geothermal energy , the studies have been completed; the construction of Physical
Therapy and Rehabilitation Application Research Hospital and Physical Therapy and
Rehabilitation Academy Complex which is within Bağbaşı side, has daily the capacity of
 patients  of which are in bed and  of which are outpatients, has .
square meter indoor space has been started.
Associate Degree Programs in The University, Agricultural Faculty, Agricultural
Application and Research Center AARC and Vocational High School have contributions
in the development of the region in terms of education and research. The studies have
been started to found a model agricultural running farm based on the association of
herbal and animal production on the land of  decare which was assigned to The

University by General Directorate of National Estate for agricultural purpose in .
Good agricultural practices, protective zootechnics and veterinary services, breeding
animal production, rootstock plant Kaman walnut and seed production, drought
tolerated plant breeding, feed crop production, application of new watering
technologies, biogas production from fertilizer and wastes, vegetables and fruit
production in serum utilizing geothermal energy, the use of this energy in coops and
broiler production are being planned within The University by the means of model
agricultural running which will be founded.
. Results and Suggestions
Turkey is one of the few countries in the world that has made great strides in the way of
development in recent years and has tried to solve these legal and structural problems
in order to assess the potential of local resources. The geopolitical position grants the
potential for natural resources to Turkey. Renewable energy sources need to be
exploited in order to effectively prevent environmental problems arising from the direct
or indirect use of fossil fuels. For this reason, Turkey has made significant investments in
the use of renewable energy resources with significant energy moves in the last  years
and to be continued.
Among the renewable resources, geothermal resources that are prominent with its
multifunctionality are increasingly being used in activities such as health tourism, which
is also called spa tourism in Turkey, especially geothermal heat pumps in agricultural
areas, greenhouses, animal shelters, fish farms, mushroom production, and product
drying activities as well as energy fields in Turkey. In our country, investments in
renewable energy R&D activities have increased in recent years. Particular emphasis has
been given to R&D spending on energy technologies in order to meet the growing
demand for energy, to secure energy supply security, and to achieve the goals set out in
the Development Plan.
Despite the developments that have been recorded, the need to increase both the
amount of resources allocated for AR-GE and innovation and the effectiveness to
transform it into the desired benefit continues. In particular, the need to strengthen the
commercialization process of the technological product manufacturing process, to
develop innovative entrepreneurship, to support the development of domestic
technologies for public procurement, to improve the productivity in the production
process and to support the sustainable production, and to increase the share of high
technology sectors in manufacturing industry production and exports maintain its
importance.
In order to provide the contribution of universities in R & D in Turkey, YÖK has given
new missions under the mission differentiation study in  for newly established
universities. In this context, the mission of "Ahi Evran University" in the field of
"Agriculture and Geothermal" is important for focusing on the specific subjects and
directing R & D expenditures. Turkey has been trying to provide an opportunity for the
university to play an active role in the research and development of geothermal

resources for the last  years. Significant future investments will be made with the
individuals to be trained in the areas determined within the scope of the development of
social and human capital which is the most important phase of development.
Increasing the support for geothermal in terms of high investment costs for renewable
energy sources is important in terms of finding these resources and exploiting them.
Geothermal resources need to be considered not only for energy purposes but also for
other functions. It is important that Turkey is an international health tourism
destination and to search more possibilities of using renewable energy resources in
agriculture including geothermal energy for reaching the  targets. In addition,
applications for the provision of energy efficiency, investments for domestic technology
and research and development are the factors that ensure the sustainability of these
targets.

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This paper explores what a critical commentary on micro principles texts might look like, examining what is to be critiqued and how to do it. [Tufts University Global Development And Environment Institute working paper pre-print version (June 2000) is posted here.]
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Considering that the major part of greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide, there is a global concern aimed at reducing carbon emissions. In addition, major consumer countries are looking for alternative sources of energy to avoid the impact of higher fossil fuel prices and political instability in the major energy supplying countries. In this regard, different policies could be applied to reduce carbon emissions, such as enhancing renewable energy deployment and encouraging technological innovation and the creation of green jobs. This study compares three main support mechanisms employed by governments to finance renewable energy development programs: feed-in-tariffs, tax incentives, and tradable green certificates. Considering that many of the promising technologies to deploy renewable energy require investment in small-scale energy production systems, these mechanisms could be used to enhance renewable energy development at the desired scale. Employing a carbon emission tax or emission trading mechanism could be considered ideal policies to mitigate emissions at the lowest cost. The comparison of feed-in-tariffs and renewable portfolio standard policies showed that the former is good when a policy to develop renewable energy sources with a low level of risk for investors is considered. However, the latter is an appropriate policy when a market view policy is applied by the government. Finally, considering technological progress and the cost reduction for power generation by renewable energy sources, we suggest that support mechanism policies should be reconsidered from the financial point of view.
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An earlier version of this paper was presented by Dr Gladwin at the First Annual Senior Executives' Seminar on 'Sustainability and Profitability: Conflict or Convergence' sponsored by the HRH the Prince of Wales's Business & the Environment Programme and developed by the University of Cambridge Programme for Industry, Cambridge, UK, September 1994. The authors express their appreciation to AT&T, the Energy Foundation, the Management Institute for Environment and Business and the Merck Family Fund for their support of 'The Global Environment Program' at New York University, which partially financed preparation of this paper. The viewpoints herein should be attributed only to the authors. Sustainability, in most corporate gatherings and initiatives, has been conceptualized as something mainly having to do with eco-efficiency, involving pollution prevention and resource conservation in the Northern Hemisphere. It is asserted here that eco-efficiency is a necessary, but not sufficient, prerequisite for full sustainable development. Socio-economic sustainability - involving poverty alleviation, population stabilization, female empowerment, employment creation, human rights observance and opportunity redistribution on a massive scale - is equally important, although perhaps infinitely more intractable. Although calls for corporate engagement in progressive social change have often been resisted in the past, we argue that the somber social state of the world, diminished governmental capacities and enlightened corporate self-interest demand that private enterprise must now assume greater responsibility for human development on a global scale. After reviewing a broad array of indicators and origins of social unsustainability a set of working principles of socially sustainable business is proposed. A concluding section pinpoints the tasks of transformational leadership needed for redirecting corporations to the cause of ensuring a sustainable future.
Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Bölgesel Kalkınma Odaklı Misyon Farklılaşması ve İhtisaslaşması Öz Değerlendirme Raporu. Unpublished Report-Basılmamış Rapor
  • Aeü Ahi Evran
  • Üniversitesi
AEÜ Ahi Evran Üniversitesi,. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Bölgesel Kalkınma Odaklı Misyon Farklılaşması ve İhtisaslaşması Öz Değerlendirme Raporu. Unpublished Report-Basılmamış Rapor
Renewable energy policy and biomass energy potential in Turkey
  • M Akçin
Akçin, M.. Renewable energy policy and biomass energy potential in Turkey, Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı, Retrieved from http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/events//
Türkiyenin Jeotermal Kaynakları, Projeksiyonlar, Sorunlar Ve Öneriler Raporu. TMMOB, Jeoloji Mühendisleri Odası
  • İ Akkuş
  • H Alan
Akkuş, İ. & Alan, H.,. Türkiyenin Jeotermal Kaynakları, Projeksiyonlar, Sorunlar Ve Öneriler Raporu. TMMOB, Jeoloji Mühendisleri Odası. Retrieved from http://www.jmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/eefbfcbe_ek.pdf
Küresel Enerji Politikaları ve Türkiye: Petrol ve Doğal Gaz Kaynakları Açısından Bir Karşılaştırma
  • H N Bayraç
  • R Bertani
Bayraç, H. N.,. Küresel Enerji Politikaları ve Türkiye: Petrol ve Doğal Gaz Kaynakları Açısından Bir Karşılaştırma. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Bertani, R.. Geothermal power generation in the world-update report. Geothermics ::-.
Biyolojik Çeşitlilik-Doğa Koruma Ve Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, Tübitak Vizyon Projesi Çevre Ve Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Paneli İçin Hazırlanmıştır
  • F Demirayak
Demirayak, F.,. Biyolojik Çeşitlilik-Doğa Koruma Ve Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, Tübitak Vizyon Projesi Çevre Ve Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Paneli İçin Hazırlanmıştır, Aralık