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Effect of direct seeded rice on yield, water productivity and saving of farm energy in reclaimed sodic soil
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted on conventional rice transplanting (TPR) and direct seeded rice (DSR) in different sets of crop establishment technique with the objective to examine water productivity and save the natural resources. The basmati rice (CSR30) produced maximum grain yield in TPR with and without residue incorporation (3.72 and 3.68t ha, respectively) followed by DSR without residue (3.67 t ha). DSR with sesbania co-culture yielded 3.50 t ha. High yielding Pusa 44 produced maximum grain yield in TPR with residue incorporation (7.66t ha) followed by TPR without residue (7.40t ha). There was no significant difference in yield of puddled and un-puddled transplanted rice. DSR in wheat stubbles resulted minimum yield (4.54t ha). DSR with sesbania brown manuring yielded 5.79 t ha. Water productivity was more in DSR compared to TPR. The maximum water saving (39.4%) was recorded in DSR with sesbania co-culture. Water productivity of rice Pusa 44 was 0.45 kg m when grown in DSR without crop residue while it was 0.43 kg m with sesbania co-culture. The maximum water saving was 32.3% in DSR with sesbania. In case of permanent raised bed, rice transplanting saved 23.3% irrigation water. DSR in different combinations saved irrigation water 30.2%, reduced diesel consumption by 42% in reduced tillage method and by 86% in zero tillage in comparison to transplanted rice. DSR technology reduced labour requirement by 24% in reduced tillage and 30% in zero tillage, whereas power saving in DSR was more than 29%.
... The DSR system avoids the nursery preparation, uprooting of seedlings and transplanting. Hence, less labour inputs, adds to the significance of DSR, as it needs almost 8-60 % less labour compared with PTR system (Ranbir et al., 2019). Besides, a significant quantity of water can be saved through adoption of DSR, as about 12-60% of irrigation water saving has been observed in DSR than PTR (Ranbir et al., 2019;Basavalingaiah et al., 2020). ...
... Hence, less labour inputs, adds to the significance of DSR, as it needs almost 8-60 % less labour compared with PTR system (Ranbir et al., 2019). Besides, a significant quantity of water can be saved through adoption of DSR, as about 12-60% of irrigation water saving has been observed in DSR than PTR (Ranbir et al., 2019;Basavalingaiah et al., 2020). This saved water may be utilized to increase area under cultivation for strengthening the food security. ...
... But now, as a result of the looming water crisis and shortage of labour, farmers in Asia are considering dry direct-seeding as a good alternative to transplanting Mangat 2018, Dhillon et al. 2021), where, rice crop is established by drilling the rice seeds directly in the field. It is reported that DSR saves 12-60% of irrigation water, 8-60% in labour, reduce global warming potential by 32-44%, cost of cultivation by 6436-7950/ha and results in better wheat yield (8-10%) than puddled transplanted rice (PTR) (Kumar and Ladha, 2011, Kumar and Harikesh 2018, Bhullar et al. 2018, Ranbir et al. 2019, Basavalingaiah et al. 2020. However, weeds are the major bottleneck in realizing the yield potential of direct-seeded rice (Dhillon et al. 2021a). ...
... The extent of water savings in DDSR was relatively low (only 8-12%) in the sandy loam composition of the soil in comparison to transplanted rice, which might be attributed to the absence of a plow pan or a hard pan [11]. DSR with sesbania co-culture saved irrigation water (34%), increased water productivity (0.43 kg m), reduced labor requirements (24%), and saved electricity (29%) [89]. Similarly, when compared to transplanted rice, the global warming potential (GWP) of dry DSR rice was 76.2 percent lower than that of wet direct-seeded rice, which was 60.4 percent lower [90]. ...
Rice is a water-guzzling crop cultivated mostly through inefficient irrigation methods which leads to low water use efficiency and many environmental problems. Additionally, the export of virtual water through rice trading and the looming water crisis poses significant threats to the sustainability of rice production and food security. There are several alternative rice production methods to improve water use efficiency. These include aerobic rice, direct-seeded rice (DSR), alternate wetting and drying (AWD), saturated soil culture (SSC), drip-irrigated rice, a system of rice intensification (SRI), and smart irrigation with sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT). However, each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. For example, drip-irrigated rice and IoT-based automated irrigation are not feasible for poor farmers due to the high production costs associated with specialized machinery and tools. Similarly, aerobic rice, drip-irrigated rice, and the SRI are labor-intensive, making them unsuitable for areas with a shortage of labor. On the other hand, DSR is suitable for labor-scarce areas, provided herbicides are used to control weeds. In this article, the suitability of different water-saving rice production methods is reviewed based on factors such as climate, soil type, labor, energy, and greenhouse gas emissions, and their prospects and challenges are evaluated. Additionally, the article examines how cultural practices, such as seed treatment, weed control, and nutrition management, contribute to enhancing water use efficiency in rice production.
... The direct-seeding of rice (DSR) skips practices like nursery raising, puddling and transplanting, and thus reduces both labour and irrigation requirement (Bhullar et al. 2018). Therefore, DSR is gaining popularity over PTR due to increased economic and ecological benefits such as saving of labour (8 to 60%), irrigation water (12 to 60%), less drudgery, early maturity (7-10 days), reduced cost of cultivation, improved fertilizer use efficiency, offers better soil environment and improves the productivity of succeeding crops, and less emission of greenhouse gases (Gathala et al. 2011, Jat et al. 2014, Chakraborty et al. 2017, Kaur and Singh 2017, Dhillon and Mangat 2018, Ranbir et al. 2019, Basavalingaiah et al. 2020. In parts of India, Covid-19 pandemic situation severely affected the labor movement, which delayed the crop establishment and made farmers to explore the alternative rice establishment methods such as directseeding and transplanting of rice using machinery (Shirsath et al. 2020). ...
• Another important issue which farmers come across is mixture of different varieties in paddy crop. It is observed that many farmers are sowing paddy nursery by broadcasting the seed in dry field followed by irrigation. This practice results in germination of seed which was shed last year in the field. To overcome this problem, farmers are advised to go for stale seed bed by applying rauni to the field followed by 2-3 ploughings over a period of 10-15 days. So that the seed shed during last year may germinate and be destroyed by ploughing.
... Rice-wheat system contributes major share towards food security of India. Resource conservation in ricewheat system has the potential to address some of the emerging ill effects of nutrient mining, poor input use efficiency, and pest pressure and yield stagnation (Singh et al., 2015). ...
In the Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia, the predominant cropping system occupies 13.5 million hectares and consists of rice and wheat. Rice cultivation using the traditional puddle transplanted method requires a lot of water, capital, and energy. The structural integrity of the soil will deteriorate as a result of this system. Additionally, wheat yields are affected by aeration stress because of the formation of hard pans during the rice growing season. Growing plants on a mat-type nursery require specific expertise, and learning how to operate a transplanter puts mechanical transplanting in the background as a secondary choice. Sustainable rice production is possible with the use of direct sowing with zero or reduced tillage if the issues of weeds, nutritional deficiencies, worms, and the establishment of an aerobic variety are dealt with. Direct seeding of rice is an option for sustainable rice production. In addition, rice grown via direct seeding results in lower emissions of greenhouse gases. In this article, we examine the efficacy of directly seeding rice in soils with varying textures and a variety of agroclimatic conditions, as well as the primary challenges that this method presents. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International License.
In the Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia, the predominant cropping system occupies 13.5 million hectares and consists of rice and wheat. Rice cultivation using the traditional puddle transplanted method requires a lot of water, capital, and energy. The structural integrity of the soil will deteriorate as a result of this system. Additionally, wheat yields are affected by aeration stress because of the formation of hard pans during the rice growing season. Growing plants on a mat-type nursery require specific expertise, and learning how to operate a transplanter puts mechanical transplanting in the background as a secondary choice. Sustainable rice production is possible with the use of direct sowing with zero or reduced tillage if the issues of weeds, nutritional deficiencies, worms, and the establishment of an aerobic variety are dealt with. Direct seeding of rice is an option for sustainable rice production. In addition, rice grown via direct seeding results in lower emissions of greenhouse gases. In this article, we examine the efficacy of directly seeding rice in soils with varying textures and a variety of agroclimatic conditions, as well as the primary challenges that this method presents
Declining per capita land, water and other resources triggered by changing climate and increasing population need resource conservation technologies (RCTs) for agricultural sustainability. This paper has presented findings from recent research on resource conservation technologies that have been attempted in different regions of India. The superiority of resource conservation technologies (RCTs) such as laser land leveling, zero tillage, bed planting, direct seeded rice, leaf colour chart, green seeker and crop diversification over conventional methods of cultivation practices is evaluated in terms of saving of energy, water and labour, increase in crop yield, water productivity, nutrient-use efficiency, net returns and making agriculture climate smart. Zero tillage with residue retention increase soil organic carbon sequestration, conserve soil moisture and lower soil temperature thus making agriculture climate smart. Direct seeded rice is solution for labour scarcity, excessive water and fuel use in transplanted rice. Use of leaf colour chart saves nitrogenous fertilizers. Laser land leveling and bed planting practices increase water productivity and crop yield over conventional practices. But the machinery required for adoption of RCTs are heavy and costly, so the study has suggested the use of machines on co-operative basis and also the wider scale testing of new technologies under diverse production systems.
Poor early growth and uneven crop establishment are reported as the major bottlenecks in wide-scale adoption and optimal yield realization of dry direct-seeded rice (DSR). Seed priming can potentially help overcome these problems in DSR. Therefore, laboratory and field studies were conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India, during kharif/wet-season 2018 and 2019 to evaluate the effect of different priming techniques on germination, establishment, growth, and grain yield of rice under DSR conditions. The following priming treatments were evaluated: dry non-primed seed (control), hydropriming with distilled water, halopriming with 2.0% potassium nitrate, hormopriming with 50 ppm gibberellic acid (GA3), and osmopriming with polyethylene glycol (PEG)(−0.6 MPa), each with 12 and 24 h priming duration. In 2019, priming treatments were tested under two DSR establishment methods—conventional DSR (sowing in dry soil followed by irrigation) and soil mulch DSR (locally known as vattar DSR) (sowing in moist soil after pre-sowing irrigation), whereas in 2018, priming treatments were evaluated under conventional DSR only. In both years, halopriming and hormopriming resulted in a 7–11% increase in rice yields compared to non-primed dry seed (control). Osmopriming resulted in a 4% yield increase compared to control in 2018 but not in 2019. The higher yields in halopriming and hormopriming were attributed to higher and rapid germination/crop emergence, better root growth, and improvement in yield attributes. Priming effect on crop emergence, growth, and yield did not differ by DSR establishment methods and duration of priming. Conventional DSR and soil mulch DSR did not differ in grain yield, whereas they differed in crop emergence, growth, and yield attributes. These results suggest that halopriming with 2.0% potassium nitrate and hor-mopriming with 50 ppm GA3 has good potential to improve crop establishment and yield of rice in both conventional and soil mulch DSR systems.
Keywords: direct-seeded rice; gibberellic acid; PEG; potassium nitrate; productivity; root mass density; seed priming; vigor index
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