PhD Thesis Writing Process: A Systematic Approach—How to Write Your Literature Review

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Creative Education, 2018, 9, 2912-2919
http://www.scirp.org/journal/ce
ISSN Online: 2151-4771
ISSN Print: 2151-4755
DOI:
10.4236/ce.2018.916219 Dec. 28, 2018 2912 Creative Education
PhD Thesis Writing Process: A Systematic
Approach—How to Write Your Literature
Review
Qais Faryadi
Future Expert Solutions, Creative Research and Innovations, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Abstract
Literature writing is a skill that every PhD candidate must procure to com-
municate his or her research findings clearly. The main objective
of this paper
is to facilitate the literature writing process so that PhD candidates under-
stand what PhD literature is and are able to write their PhD literature cor-
rectly and scientifically. The methodology used in this research is a descrip-
tive method as
it deliberates and defines the various parts of literature writing
process and elucidates the how to do of it in a very unpretentious and under-
standing language. As thus, this paper summarizes the various steps of litera-
ture writing to pilot the PhD students so that the task of PhD literature writ-
ing process becomes adaptable and less discouraging. This research is a useful
roadmap especially for students of the social science studies. Additionally, in
this paper, literature writing techniques, procedures
and important strategies
are enlightened in a simple manner. This paper adopts a how-
to approach
when discussing a variety of relevant topics, such as literature review intro-
duction, types of literature review, advantages of literature reviews, objective
o
f literature review, literature review template, and important check lists
about literature review are discussed. This paper has 5 parts, such as Intro-
duction, Literature Review, Methodology, Results and Conclusion. The lit-
erature review chapter is discussed in this paper. I will discuss the rest as a se-
ries in the future.
Keywords
Thesis Writing Process, Literature Review, PhD, Social Science, Research
Methodology
1. Introduction
Review of literature is the second stage in the thesis writing process. It is a criti-
How to cite this paper:
Faryadi, Q. (2018).
PhD Thesis Writing Process: A Systematic
Approach
—
How to Write Your Literature
Review
.
Creative Education, 9,
2912-2919.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2018.916219
Received:
November 21, 2018
Accepted:
December 25, 2018
Published:
December 28, 2018
Copyright © 201
8 by author and
Scientific
Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative
Commons Attribution International
License (CC BY
4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Open Access

Q. Faryadi
DOI:
10.4236/ce.2018.916219 2913 Creative Education
cal appraisal of published literature by qualified and accredited scholars and re-
searchers in the field of your study. When you cite certain researchers, you are
saying that your research is related to their findings in certain aspects (Baden-
horst, 2018). The selected research papers should be current, and they should
strengthen your argument about your research topic. They should help to out-
line the objectives, goals and purpose of your research.
The literature review is not a merely summary of whatever articles you have
read, nor is it a long bibliographic annotation. It is also not simply a list of stud-
ies that have been done and published on your research topic. You need to criti-
cally appraise related studies by scholars in the field to show whether they sup-
port your problem statement. You must have the skills to seek the necessary in-
formation in the literature to provide the theoretical framework and methodol-
ogy for your study so that you create new knowledge when you publish your
work (Dena, 2013).
How do you defend your claims? Once you establish a relationship between
your claims and related findings and theories from the literature, you will have a
theoretical framework to lend support to your investigation (Galvan & Galvan,
2017). The word
review
consists of two parts,
re
and
view
. This means that you
need to revisit existing work to find answers, to view new knowledge or the latest
findings related to the topic. Literature search is considered a secondary source
of information and lacks experimental value.
A good literature search must reflect scholarly evaluation of findings by other
scholars who have investigated areas related to your topic and research problem.
According to Dr. Neelima Mehta, “
a
review
of
the
literature
is
a
written
sum-
mary
of
journal
articles
,
books
and
other
documents
that
describes
the
past
and
current
state
of
information
,
organizes
the
literature
into
topics
and
documents
a
need
for
a
proposed
study
.” (Qais, 2017: p. 34).
“
A
literature
review
is
an
objective
,
critical
summary
of
published
research
literature
relevant
to
a
topic
under
consideration
for
research
.
Its
purpose
is
to
create
familiarity
with
current
thinking
and
research
on
a
topic
and
may
justify
future
research
into
a
previously
overlooked
or
understudied
area
” (Thompson
Rivers University-© Pamela Fry).
According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, literature refers to literary
work of a scholarly nature. Conducting a literature review helps you to clarify
the theoretical and conceptual issues that are related to your work so that you
can formulate your research design correctly.
Apart from that, literature review gives you an opportunity to persuade your
readers that your research topic is worthy of further investigation. Moreover, a
good literature review strengthens your claims and gives you the chance to cre-
ate new knowledge in support of other researchers, or even to disprove some of
their findings.
According Creswell (2005), the following are some important techniques of
doing literature search:
1) Categorize the keywords of your topic and search in scholarly databases

Q. Faryadi
DOI:
10.4236/ce.2018.916219 2914 Creative Education
online. Start with general keywords and slowly narrow down your search. Iden-
tify main concepts and theories that are relevant to your research problem and
hypotheses.
2) Identify your research purpose, objectives, nature of your study, type of
problem and research questions so that you can concentrate on relevant studies.
3) Utilize academic libraries, electronic sources, primary and secondary
sources. Focus mainly on primary sources (original work, first-hand account of
events and literature, including diaries, creative works, letters, newspaper arti-
cles, reports, photographs, financial records, memos, etc.).
4) When you select literature to review, make sure you review it critically.
Consider every angle of an issue. Pay attention to who argues for or against your
claims. Look for strengths, weaknesses and limitations of their studies.
5) Your search should also include refereed academic journals, conference
proceedings, theses and dissertations as such literatures usually contain current
qualitative and quantitative research findings. When citing opinions, make it
clear that they are opinions and not substantiated facts. Limit your citation of
websites. Websites lack academic standing.
6) It is also crucial to have good organization of the literature that you intend
to read and those that you have read. When you do a literature review, you need
to read hundreds of papers that are relevant to your topic. Hence, you must or-
ganize them properly so that you remember who said what. One of the best or-
ganization methods for your reviewed literature is to create a folder in your
computer. In that folder arrange all your reviewed articles accordingly. There
should be proper indexing and referencing to facilitate writing the reference sec-
tion of your thesis.
7) One of the best referencing styles in thesis writing is the American Psycho-
logical Association (APA) style (which will be discussed later).
8) When doing a literature review, read the abstract of the article first. Gener-
ally, there is no need to read the rest of the paper unless critical issues are dis-
cussed in other sections. Look for the results and conclusion of that article in the
abstract. While reading scholarly articles, look for the gap in the knowledge and
see whether there is any direct relationship to your investigation. As part of your
literature review, have a habit of taking short notes from the field and interviews
(Rewhorn, 2018).
9) If you cannot find articles in support of your claims, never state that noth-
ing has been written about your research topic. Perhaps you have not carried out
adequate investigation. Maybe the topic is discussed in detail in other languages,
but you are not aware of it. So, you could just say:
To
the
best
of
my
knowledge
,
no
study
has
been
conducted
on∙∙∙
Nevertheless, try your best to find materials to
support your research questions, hypothesis and your problem statement. Make
sure you acknowledge the source of your information.
10) Not all written literatures are scholarly. You must ask yourself about the
authenticity of the article. Does the article clarify your topic? What are its limita-
tions? Does this article help you to answer your questions? Has the author ana-

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10.4236/ce.2018.916219 2915 Creative Education
lyzed the findings correctly or objectively? What is his/her contribution?
When writing your review of literature, you must show your readers what in-
formation has been documented about your problem statement and what
knowledge has not been documented yet so that your findings might narrow or
fill the gap in the literature. Your literature review should showcase studies that
are related to your research objectives, questions and problem statement. The
articles you cite should define and strengthen your case for an in-depth investi-
gation of the research problem (Price, 2017).
As mentioned earlier, your literature review should not be just a long list of
bibliographic references or a summary of re-articulated materials.
2. Problem Statement
Writing literature reviews require exceptional skill that every PhD candidate
must take note in order to convey his or her research findings clearly. Unfortu-
nately, majority of PhD candidates find it difficult to finish their thesis on time
because of confusion and lake of expertise in writing literature review. Most of
them in deed do not know how to write the literature review correctly, scientifi-
cally and how to cite them properly.
3. Objectives
1) To assist PhD candidates to understand what literature review means.
2) To describe literature review writing process.
3) To help PhD candidates in writing literature review academically and scholarly.
4. Methodology
The methodology applied in this research was descriptive as it discusses and de-
scribes the various parts of PhD literature writing process and explains the how
to do of them in a very simple and understanding language (Faryadi, 2018). De-
scriptive analysis is applied to explain the basic features of thesis writing process
(García et al., 2015). Descriptive method is very useful in providing basic sum-
maries of the chapters (Al-Raqqad et al., 2017). The followings are the process of
PhD thesis writing process.
4.1. Types of Literature Review
1) Primary Literature Review: The articles or documents deal with fresh and
original researches that are documented in international journals, conference
proceedings and theses. The findings are the result of first hand work. This type
of literature is peer reviewed, indexed, and published for the first time.
2) Secondary Literature Review: Deals with specific subjects, books, mono-
graphs, and generalization where the information described does not come from
the author’s own work but is from the work of others that he refers to. It also
deals with interpretation and evaluation of original findings, e.g. academic
books, journal articles, documentaries, biographies, and annotations.

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10.4236/ce.2018.916219 2916 Creative Education
3) Tertiary Literature Review: It refers to merged knowledge from primary
and secondary sources. It also refers to the summaries, abstracts or annotations
of primary and secondary sources. It is rarely used for an academic purpose.
Example: encyclopedias, atlases, review articles and so on.
4.2. Ten Rules of Literature Review
Rule
1:
Identify
the
topic
and
audience
.
Rule
2:
Search
and
re-search
the
Literature
.
Rule
3:
Take
notes
while
reading
.
Rule
4:
Choose
the
type
of
review
you
wish
to
write
.
Rule
5:
Keep
the
review
focused
but
make
it
generally
interesting
.
Rule
6:
Be
critical
and
consistent
.
Rule
7:
Find
a
logical
structure
.
Rule
8:
Make
use
of
feedback
.
Rule
9:
Include
your
own
relevant
research
but
be
objective
.
Rule
10:
Be
up-to-date
,
but
do
not
exclude
older
studies
(Marco & Bourne, 2013).
4.3. When Evaluating Literature, You Must Ask Yourself
1) Does the literature review discuss the heart of your problem statement?
2) Does the literature review significantly support your research problem
statement?
3) Does the writer agree or disagree with the existing knowledge, and why?
4) Is his/her final judgment or conclusion sound, logical or persuasive?
5) Does the researcher cite literature that proves or disproves his/her problem
statement? (Qais, 2012)
4.4. Advantages of Doing Literature Review
1) To find the latest studies concerning your topic so that you know who the
other researchers are and what they have contributed.
2) To make yourself more knowledgeable in your area of specialization.
3) To answer key questions about your topic of study.
4) To see what methods and methodologies are being used by current re-
searchers so that you can apply them in your own research.
5) To collect supporting evidences to justify the investigation of your problem
and hypotheses.
6) To identify any gap in the literature so that your new findings can close or
narrow that gap.
4.5. Objectives of Literature Review
1) To identify what information is already exists.
2) To identify gap in knowledge.
3) To find out who else is doing the same thing.
4) To identify documented papers about your area of specialization.

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5) To find out what concepts and methodologies are used.
6) To compare and contrast findings and scientific ideas.
7) To identify relationship and designs.
8) To use your solution in case needed.
9) Offer your conclusion and expertise.
4.6. Literature Review Template
The literature review format or template varies from one university to another. It
is best that you consult your supervisor and your department to make sure you
are doing the right thing. However, a typical and general literature review tem-
plate is as follows:
1) Introduction: Define your topic and the scope of your search. Make a gen-
eral statement about your research topic before focusing on specific aspects of
your research problem. Lastly, determine the scope of your investigation. Men-
tion what type of material you are going to exclude or include.
2) Main Body: Critical evaluation of the literature, use sequential and the-
matic approaches in your evaluation. Summarize your article reviews critically.
Identify the methodology you are going to apply and give proper justification by
citing scholarly and peer reviewed papers.
3) Conclusion: Summarize the findings of the selected researchers. Relate
their findings to your research topic. Compare scholarly work based on their
strengths and weaknesses. Take note of articles that support your claim. Point
out the flaws or weaknesses of published work that refute your claim.
4) References: In-text citations. Depending on the type of citation style, all
reviewed articles must be acknowledged and must be cited in-text as well as a
full citation of the complete source in the reference section.
A Literature Review should help you answer these questions:
1) What scholarly knowledge has been documented on your research topic?
2) Who are these scholars?
3) What theories and hypotheses have been applied by other researchers?
5) What type of academic and scholarly questions have been put forward?
6) What methodologies are appropriate for your research?
7) You want to know everything about your topic so that you can write with
authority. That’s why you need to read up on as many related studies as possible.
You need to find the relevant documents, read them carefully and make critical
summaries.
5. Conclusion and Final Checklist for Your Review
As we have discussed earlier in this chapter, the literature search or review calls
for intensive reading of scholarly materials that are relevant to the investigation
of your research problem. Reviewing related literature is thus an unavoidable
process if you want to find answers to your enquiries as well as seek guidance in
the direction of your research.

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Hence, the literature review provides a theoretical and methodological con-
tribution to your sea of knowledge. While the literature review can be a tedious
process, it must be conducted in an organized manner, otherwise valuable re-
sources, time, and energy will be wasted.
Remember the following vital points while carrying out your literature review:
1) Before you start writing this chapter, make sure that you know the meaning
and the purpose of literature review.
2) Do your literature search based on the objectives and purpose of your
study.
3) Did you scrutinize the authentication of the information sources?
4) Do you think your search is judicious?
5) Are the studies cited recent or updated? Did you evaluate the studies criti-
cally? Are you concentrating more on primary sources of information?
6) Do you think the study cited is relevant to your research problem?
7) Have you planned how to organize the materials to be read and those that
you have read? Have you summarized the important points?
8) Are you satisfied with the new knowledge you have discovered while doing
reviews?
9) Do you have enough references to prove or disprove your claims?
10) Were your data correctly analyzed? Do you think your work has made a
significant contribution to the existing knowledge?
11) Are you sure you have an answer to your questions? Do you think your
work contributed to the knowledge of your peers so that they now know things
that they did not know before?
12) Just do your best and then leave it to your examiners to judge your hard
work.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this pa-
per.
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