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292
PHYSICAL
EDUCATION
OF STUDENTS
Comparison of balance skills of visually impaired and
non-impaired judo athletes and goalball/futsal players
Aras D.1ABCD, Güler Ö.1ABC, Gülü M.1ABC, Akça F.1ABD, Arslan E.1BD, Akalan C.1CD
1 Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Coaching Education, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
2 School of Physical Education and Sports, Department of Coaching Education, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
Authors’ Contribution: A – Study design; B – Data collection; C – Statistical analysis; D – Manuscript Preparation;
E – Funds Collection.
Abstract
Purpose: In order to sustain the performance in sport, it is necessary to constantly struggle with the factors which
disrupt balance, and maintain the desired balance. The purpose of the present study is to compare and
demonstrate the eects of sight grade on static and dynamic balance, and fall risk parameters in visually
impaired and non-impaired judo athletes and goalball/futsal players.
Material: A total of 26 male athletes (13 Judo, 13 Goalball/Futsal) participated in the study voluntarily. The participants
performed two balance tests as Overall Stability Test and Fall Risk Test with the eyes open and eyes closed.
The parameters observed were static and dynamic overall stability, anterior-posterior, and medial-lateral
index, and fall risk.
Results: According to the ndings, there were signicant dierences in all the parameters with the eyes open and eyes
closed conditions in visually non-impaired athletes regardless of the sport branch, while visually impaired
athletes showed no signicant dierence. However, more loss of balance was observed in all the parameters
for visually impaired athletes.
Conclusions: These ndings show that visual system has a crucial role on balance, and athletes with visually impaired
have more advanced vestibular system and proprioceptive senses to maintain their balance. It was also
understood that visually non-impaired athletes tend to show more deteriorated balance level when their
eyes were closed. Future studies could examine the vestibular and proprioceptive senses besides visual
system to provide information about how balance is aected from other systems.
Keywords: Balance, visually impaired, judo, goalball, futsal.
Introduction1
Balance has been dened as the ability to maintain the
body position for a desired period of time [1]. Systems
constituting balance and/or postural control are vestibular,
visual, and proprioceptive senses and afferent pathways
between these senses and the central nervous system
[2, 3, 4]. An impairment in one of these components of
balance inuences postural stability negatively [3]. In
order to sustain the performance in sport, it is necessary
to constantly struggle with the factors which disrupt
balance, and maintain the desired balance [5, 6]. Balance
is generally divided into static and dynamic balance.
Static balance expresses to keep the center of gravity in
the support center with minimal movements. Dynamic
balance refers to maintain the balance during motion, and
return the body to stabilized position from the movement
[7]. Another denition of dynamic balance is that the
regulation of the posture with minimum movement on
unsteady grounds, reform, and maintenance [8, 9]. Both
static and dynamic balance level have role in Judo and
Goalball/Futsal games [10, 11]. It was stated that postural
instability, which causes lack of balance, can reduce the
force output about 50 % [6].
Goalball and Judo were two sport branches with the
highest injury rate in the Paralympic Games of London,
and they were performed by visually impaired athletes
[12]. Seeing that postural stability is also known as a tool
to evaluate the injury risk in sport [13]. Postural stability
© Aras D., Güler Ö., Gülü M., Akça F., Arslan E., Akalan C., 2018
doi:10.15561/20755279.2018.0602
and a developed level of balance could be considered as
substantial components of postural control of visually
impaired individuals [6, 14-16].
To our knowledge, there’s no study in the literature
comparing the balance skills of visually impaired and
non-impaired judo athletes, and goalball/futsal players
according to their sight grade. Therefore, the aim of
our study is to compare and demonstrate the effects of
sight grade on static and dynamic balance, and fall risk
parameters in visually impaired and non-impaired judo
athletes and goalball/futsal players.
Material and methods
Participants: A total of 26 athletes (13 male Judo
athletes and 13 male Goalball/Futsal players) participated
in the study voluntarily. The demographic characteristics
of the participants are shown in Table 1.
Procedure: To determine the static and dynamic
balance levels of visually impaired and non-impaired
Judo and Goalball/Futsal players, subjects were tested
in two different conditions. The rst balance tasks were
done with the eyes open, and second tasks were done with
the eyes closed. In the current study visually impaired
and non-impaired Judo athletes and visually impaired
Goalball players and non-impaired Futsal players were
compared with each other’s. Despite the fact that Goalball
is played by only visually impaired participants, Futsal
players were chosen to make a comparison as a very
similar sport branch to Goalball.
Balance performances of the participants were
2018
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determined in the performance laboratory. Besides the
balance levels, the body composition of the participants
was also measured. After measuring body composition,
dynamic and static balance levels were determined with
20 minutes of rests, and each one recorded with the eyes
open eyes closed conditions.
Subjects were asked to refrain from any food intake
for three hours before the measurements and to avoid
caffeine, alcohol and strenuous exercise for 48 hours
before tests. Subjects were also informed about the
tasks on the rst day of the study. All subjects signed an
informed consent form, and this study was conducted in
accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki 2013.
Body composition analysis: To determine the body
composition a bioelectrical impedance analyzer (PlusAvis
333, Jawon Medical, South Korea) was used. The
parameters used were; Body weight (BW), percent body
fat (PBF), and body mass index (BMI).
Balance test: Balance tasks were performed on Biodex
Balance System SD (Biodex Medical Systems, Shirley,
NY). All the participants were told to take off their shoes
and socks before testing. Participants we also told to stand
straight during each test with their hands on their hips,
and their feet shoulder width apart. Participants performed
two different balance tests as overall stability test (OSI)
and fall risk test (FR). All tests were performed one with
the eyes open and one with the eyes closed conditions.
The overall stability test was executed three times, and
lasted for 20 seconds with the 10-second resting times.
The parameters obtained from OSI balance tests were;
overall stability index static-dynamic (S-OSI, D-OSI),
anterior-posterior stability index static-dynamic (S-APSI,
D-APSI), and medial-lateral stability index static-dynamic
(S-MLSI, D-MLSI). The FR lasted was executed twice,
and for 30 seconds with the 10-second resting times.
Statistical Analyses: Normality of the distribution
was analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk test. According to the
distribution of the data Paired Sample t-Test or Wilcoxon
Test was used for intra group analyses, and Independent
Sample t-Test or Mann-Whitney U Test was chosen for
inter group analyses. A probability level of 0.05 was
established to determine statistical signicance. All
statistical analyses were conducted using SPPS version
20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).
Table 1. Demographic characteristics of the participants.
Group Branch Sight grade
(%) Age (year) Body height
(cm)
Body weight
(kg)
Body Mass
Index (BMI)
Percent
body fat (%)
Visually
impaired
Judo (6) 83.33 ± 2.58 32 ± 4.29 173 ± 10.33 81.72 ± 15.96 27.05 ± 1.98 24.22 ± 2.21
Goalball
(6) 82.50 ± 2.74 26.50 ± 3.02 178 ± 11.66 78.25 ± 9.99 24.73 ± 3.01 21.22 ± 8.70
Non-
impaired
Judo (6) 100 19.57 ± 1.72 174.71 ± 7.34 73.34 ± 7.70 23.99 ± 1.82 17.99 ± 3.83
Futsal
(6) 100 32 ± 4.29 173 ± 10.33 81.72 ± 15.96 27.05 ± 1.98 24.22 ± 2.21
Table 2. The static and dynamic OSI, APSI, MLSI, and FR values and their inter- and intra-group mean differences of
visually impaired and non-impaired Judo athletes during with the eyes open and closed conditions.
Parameters Sight condion Visually impaired Non-impaired P_
S-OSI Eyes open 1.25 ± 0.55 0.37 ± 0.95 0.001*
Eyes closed 1.60 ± 0.70 0.79 ± 0.33 0.018*
P_ 0.096 0.012*
D-OSI Eyes open 2.73 ± 2.09 0.90 ± 0.27 0.003*
Eyes closed 4.33 ± 3.58 2.41 ± 1.69 0.044*
P_ 0.053 0.018*
S-APSI Eyes open 0.85 ± 0.48 0.20 ± 0.06 0.004*
Eyes closed 1.18 ± 0.56 0.64 ± 0.37 0.062
P_ 0.083 0.016*
D-APSI Eyes open 1.88 ± 1.37 0.60 ± 0.15 0.031*
Eyes closed 3.03 ± 2.43 1.51 ± 0.88 0.113
P_ 0.058 0.018*
S-MLSI Eyes open 0.72 ± 0.48 0.23 ± 0.10 0.022*
Eyes closed 0.92 ± 0.52 0.34 ± 0.10 0.037*
P_ 0.114 0.047*
D-MLSI Eyes open 1.62 ± 1.34 0.51 ± 0.23 0.005*
Eyes closed 2.37 ± 1.86 1.66 ± 2.27 0.246
P_ 0.074 0.018*
FR Eyes open 2.67 ± 2.05 0.81 ± 0.29 0.037*
Eyes closed 2.82 ± 2.63 1.70 ± 0.50 0.731
P_ 0.786 0.017*
S-OSI: Static overall stability index; D-OSI: Dynamic overall stability index; S-APSI: Static anterior-posterior stability
index; D-APSI: Dynamic anterior-posterior stability index; S-MLSI: Static medial-lateral stability index; D-MLSI: Dynamic
medial-lateral stability index; FR: Fall risk.
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PHYSICAL
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Results
The results derived from the balance tests of visually
impaired and non-impaired judo athletes are shown in the
Table 2.
As seen in Table 2, the visually non-impaired athletes
reached better balance and fall risk scores. However, all
the balance and fall risk parameters showed signicant
deteriorations for the visually non-impaired athletes. No
signicant change was observed in the visually impaired
group. Moreover, all the balance and fall risk parameters
between visually impaired and non-impaired athletes were
signicantly difference during the eyes open condition.
Only signicant changes were in the S-OSI, D-OSI, and
S-MLSI parameters during the eyes closed condition.
The ndings obtained from the balance tests of
visually impaired and non-impaired goalball and futsal
players are shown in the Table 3.
In the accordance with the Table 3 there was no
signicant change in any of the static or dynamic balance,
and fall risk parameters in visually impaired athletes
according to sight condition. On the contrary visually non-
impaired athletes showed signicant impairments in all of
the balance and fall risk parameters when their eyes were
closed. Even though visually non-impaired athletes had
better values in all of the parameters, the only signicant
differences were observed in the eyes open condition.
Discussion
The purpose of the current study was to compare
and demonstrate the effects of sight grade on static and
dynamic balance, and fall risk parameters in visually
impaired and non-impaired judo athletes and goalball/
futsal players.
When the results were examined it could be clearly
seen that there was a signicant difference in all the
balance parameters with the eyes open and eyes closed
conditions in visually non-impaired athletes regardless
of their sport branch. Accordingly, it was understood
that visually non-impaired athletes tend to show more
deteriorated balance level when their eyes were closed.
There was not found a statistically signicant difference
in any of the balance parameters of visually impaired
athletes depending on their sight condition. There are
some other studies showing that blind individuals could
produce better scores in some tasks than visually impaired
or non-impaired individuals [17, 18]. Its reason could be
that the athletes with visually impaired, has more advanced
vestibular system and proprioceptive senses to maintain
their balance [18]. Nevertheless, blind individuals since
birth improve their perception level from other sources
due to lack of vision [18]. Hence, the visually impaired
people probably tend to use proprioceptive system, and
muscular feedback more, while visually non-impaired
individuals use mostly visual system [19, 20].
Table 3. The static and dynamic OSI, APSI, MLSI, and FR values and their inter- and intra-group mean differences of
visually impaired and non-impaired Goalball and Futsal players during with the eyes open and closed conditions.
Parameters Sight condion Visually impaired Non-impaired P_
S-OSI Eyes open 1.30 ± 0.69 0.54 ± 0.13 0.014*
Eyes closed 2.05 ± 1.10 1.24 ± 0.61 0.124
P_ 0.204 0.018*
D-OSI Eyes open 2.48 ± 1.14 1.36 ± 0.23 0.026*
Eyes closed 3.42 ± 0.98 3.29 ± 0.54 0.767
P_ 0.242 0.000*
S-APSI Eyes open 0.88 ± 0.50 0.44 ± 0.14 0.045*
Eyes closed 1.62 ± 0.97 0.81 ± 0.34 0.064
P_ 0.204 0.017*
D-APSI Eyes open 1.97± 0.58 1.14 ± 0.33 0.007*
Eyes closed 2.15 ± 0.59 2.10 ± 0.45 0.867
P_ 0.683 0.015*
S-MLSI Eyes open 1.28 ± 0.51 0.36 ± 0.29 0.002*
Eyes closed 1.07 ± 0.84 0.64 ± 0.30 0.234
P_ 0.632 0.003*
D-MLSI Eyes open 1.37 ± 0.81 0.54 ± 0.26 0.027*
Eyes closed 2.20 ± 0.68 2.14 ± 0.74 0.888
P_ 0.129 0.000*
FR Eyes open 2.02 ± 0.61 1.17 ± 0.37 0.011*
Eyes closed 2.37 ± 0.55 1.91 ± 0.55 0.167
P_ 0.173 0.018*
S-OSI: Static overall stability index; D-OSI: Dynamic overall stability index; S-APSI: Static anterior-posterior stability
index; D-APSI: Dynamic anterior-posterior stability index; S-MLSI: Static medial-lateral stability index; D-MLSI: Dynamic
medial-lateral stability index; FR: Fall risk.
2018
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295
However, more loss of balance was observed in all the
parameters of visually impaired athletes. The signicant
differences were observed in all parameters only with
the eyes open condition for Goalball/Futsal players. In
addition to the eyes open condition, the S-OSI, D-OSI,
S-MLSI were also signicantly different with the eyes
closed condition in Judo athletes. It is known that Judo
athletes’ balance ability is mostly depended visual
feedback [21]. Thus, observing more loss of balance in
Judo athletes than Goalball players could be accepted.
These ndings show that visual system has a substantial
role on balance. According to Klavina and Jekabsone
(2014) almost 80 % of the stimuli is perceived through
the optic canal. Therefore, an insufciency of this process
could affect the level of static balance [22]. Tomomitsu et
al. (2013) stated that the level of static balance tends to
decrease when visual stimuli is limited [23].
This is the rst study to compare the balance skills
of visually impaired and non-impaired Judo athletes and
Goalball/Futsal players. Being one of the skill-related
components of physical tness, balance has a crucial role
in the quality of life of all individuals [24]. A reduction in
balance level can be a reason of musculoskeletal injuries
and functional losses in all age groups [25]. Having an
enhanced level of balance is substantial not only for daily
physical activities but also for sport performance. Thus, a
number of studies investigated the relationship between
balance and sport performance [26-28].
Judo and Soccer are sport branches in which postural
control has a critical role [29]. Thus, researchers did some
studies investigating the balance level in these sports.
For instance, Kurz et al. (2018) reported that 4 weeks of
balance training decreased postural sway and increased
the sport performance signicantly in visually impaired
cross-country skiers (p<005) [30]. Bednarczuk et al.
(2017) investigated the static balance level of 37 goalball
players and 20 shooters, and found no signicant difference
between them [31]. In another study Bednarczuk et al.
(2017) evaluated the static balance of 42 male and 23
female visually impaired goalball players. Their results
showed that there was no signicant difference between
the male and female athletes. Only the athletes with more
than 10 years of experience had better static balance
scores (p<0.05) [32]. Krzak et al. (2015) reported that
playing goalball provides signicant enhancements on
motor abilities in visually impaired individuals [33].
Earlier studies showed that balance level of trained
people is better than untrained [34, 35]. However, it is
known that to train the balance has an important role
not only for untrained individuals but also professional
athletes [36]. Behm and Colado (2012) stated that 105
% enhance in functional performance brings about 31 %
increase in balance [37]. There are also studies showing
that balance level of visually impaired athletes could be
improved even though their lack of vision [30, 38].
Conclusions
As a result of our study, it could be inferred that to
train the balance with the eyes closed could affect the sport
performance in individual or team sports. In addition,
future studies could examine the effects of vestibular
system, and proprioceptive senses besides visual system.
These examinations could provide information about
how balance is affected from these systems in visually
impaired individuals.
Financial support:
There is no nancial support for the present study.
Conict of interest
The authors declare no conict of interest.
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Information about the authors:
Aras D.; (Corresponding author); http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9443-9860; diclearasx@gmail.com; Ankara University Faculty of
Sport Sciences, Department of Coaching Education; Golbasi, 06830, Ankara, Turkey.
Güler Ö.; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5713-3395; ozkanguler@msn.com; Ankara University Faculty of Sport Sciences,
Department of Coaching Education; Golbasi, 06830, Ankara, Turkey.
Gülü M.; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7633-7900; mehmetgulu80@gmail.com; Ankara University Faculty of Sport Sciences,
Department of Coaching Education; Golbasi, 06830, Ankara, Turkey.
Akça F.; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0764-105X; ratakca@gmail.com; Ankara University Faculty of Sport Sciences,
Department of Coaching Education; Golbasi, 06830, Ankara, Turkey.
Arslan E.; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2933-6937; Ersanarslan1980@hotmail.com; Siirt University School of Physical
Education and Sports, Department of Coaching Education; Kezer Yerleskesi, Pinarca Koyu 56100, Siirt, Turkey.
Akalan C.; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7669-3358; cengizakalan@gmail.com; Ankara University Faculty of Sport Sciences,
Department of Coaching Education; Golbasi, 06830, Ankara, Turkey.
Cite this article as: Aras D, Güler Ö, Gülü M, Akça F, Arslan E, Akalan C. Comparison of balance skills of visually impaired
and non-impaired judo athletes and goalball/futsal players. Physical education of students, 2018;22(6):292–297.
doi:10.15561/20755279.2018.0602
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.sportedu.org.ua/index.php/
PES/issue/archive
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en).
Received: 04.09.2018
Accepted: 09.10.2018; Published: 26.12.2018
