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Structural Efficiency of Tall Buildings: by Means of Parametric Design

Authors:
Pooyan Kazemi at Politecnico di Milano
Pooyan Kazemi
Roham Afghani Khoraskani at Shahid Beheshti University
Roham Afghani Khoraskani
Mohammad Tahsildoost at Shahid Beheshti University
Mohammad Tahsildoost
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Abstract

The architectural form directly affects a building's structural behavior, inadequate considerations of the schematic design process can reduce structural efficiency. A good understanding of the structural behavior of tall building could help the design team in the initial design phase by a parametric generative design process." Abstract Recently, cooperation between engineers and architects in the design process has faded, specifically in tall building design procedures. While "the architectural form" directly affects a building's structural behavior, inadequate considerations of the "schematic design process" can reduce structural efficiency. This presentation is a part of an ongoing research program whose main purpose is to address structural behavior in the architectural form during the tall building design process. In this research, tall buildings schematic architectural forms were parametrically (in Grasshopper plaguine in Rhinoceros software) generated based on the base plan, top plan, and a vertical transformation method (tapered forms were focused in this research). A diagrid structure with a tubular cross-section mapped on architectural forms. Then seismic load applies to each form with a statically equivalent method. After all, the structure of all models analyzed in a parametric structure plaguine (Karamba) and a comparison is made between all models structural efficiency. Figure 1: The architectural forms (Pooyan Kazemi) Figure 5: The Expected Design Weght in forms constituted of similar base and top plan N-gon (Pooyan Kazemi) Figure 3: The Drift in forms constituted of similar base and top plan N-gon (Pooyan Kazemi) Figure 2: The Drift diagram (Pooyan Kazemi) Figure 4: The Expected Design Weght Diagram (Pooyan Kazemi) Key Points • 144 potentially explorable forms were parametrically generated, based on previous research on form generation for tall buildings, consisting of regular geometries in symmetric axial, top, and base floor plans. The geometry plans constituted of simple polygons from 3-gon to 13-gon and 24-gon instead of circle. Overall forms were further generated by ascending from the base plan to the top, according to curvilinear and morph vertical transformations, by means of generative design. • a tubular steel diagrid structure was generated and mapped on the architectural form. The diagrid angle in each form is dependent to the number of vertices in top and base plans. Due to the abundance of models, a linear static parametric structural analysis was done after lateral loads were determined and applied. For the sake of comparison, all generated forms and structures follow the same parametric design process with highly similar specifications. • all models were subject to comparison through factors indicating structural efficiency that had been used in similar research, such as drift ratio, total mass, etc. Also, a novel structural efficiency factor is introduced as an "expected design weight, " which represents the expected designed weight of the structural members of the building without going through a structural element design process. This factor can be used as an indication of the cost of the building structure for similar construction techniques in parametric design environments. Conclusion In this research, a comparison was made between the structural behavior of 144 architectural forms. The structural efficiency of these forms mostly depends on the base plan (because all forms are tapered). in some cases, the increase of side count of geometry plans causes better structural efficiency (less Drift and less Expected Design Weight) and vice versa. due to the expected design weight and drift diagram, the forms that located on the secondary diagonals of architectural forms matrix (these secondary diagonals of form matrix shown as blue), has similar drift or expected design weight approximately. In simple forms which constituted of same top and base plans, the forms with the odd-sided polygon in geometry plans have different structural behavior from the forms constituted of the even-sided polygon.Also the relation between drift and expected design weight is linear approximately.
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Author(s):
Pooyan Kazemi
Shahid Beheshti University
Roham Afghani Khoraskani
Shahid Beheshti University
Mohammad Tahsildoost
Shahid Beheshti University
“The architectural form directly aects a building’s structural behavior, inadequate considerations of the schematic
design process can reduce structural eciency. A good understanding of the structural behavior of tall building
could help the design team in the initial design phase by a parametric generative design process.”
Abstract
Recently, cooperation between engineers and architects in the design process has faded,
specifically in tall building design procedures. While “the architectural form” directly affects a
building’s structural behavior, inadequate considerations of the “schematic design process” can
reduce structural efficiency. This presentation is a part of an ongoing research program whose main
purpose is to address structural behavior in the architectural form during the tall building design
process.
In this research, tall buildings schematic architectural forms were parametrically (in Grasshopper
plaguine in Rhinoceros software) generated based on the base plan, top plan, and a vertical
transformation method (tapered forms were focused in this research). A diagrid structure with a
tubular cross-section mapped on architectural forms. Then seismic load applies to each form with a
statically equivalent method. After all, the structure of all models analyzed in a parametric structure
plaguine (Karamba) and a comparison is made between all models structural efficiency.
Figure 1: The architectural forms (Pooyan Kazemi)
Figure 5: The Expected Design Weght in forms constituted of
similar base and top plan N-gon (Pooyan Kazemi)
Figure 3: The Drift in forms constituted of similar base
and top plan N-gon (Pooyan Kazemi)
Figure 2: The Drift diagram (Pooyan Kazemi)
Figure 4: The Expected Design Weght Diagram (Pooyan Kazemi)
Figure 6: The relation of Expected Design Weight and Drift (Pooyan Kazemi)
Structural Eciency of Tall Buildings:
by Means of Parametric Design
Key Points
• 144 potentially explorable forms were parametrically generated, based on previous research on form generation for tall
buildings, consisting of regular geometries in symmetric axial, top, and base floor plans. The geometry plans constituted
of simple polygons from 3-gon to 13-gon and 24-gon instead of circle. Overall forms were further generated by ascending
from the base plan to the top, according to curvilinear and morph vertical transformations, by means of generative
design.
• a tubular steel diagrid structure was generated and mapped on the architectural form. The diagrid angle in each form is
dependent to the number of vertices in top and base plans. Due to the abundance of models, a linear static parametric
structural analysis was done after lateral loads were determined and applied. For the sake of comparison, all generated
forms and structures follow the same parametric design process with highly similar specifications.
• all models were subject to comparison through factors indicating structural efficiency that had been used in similar
research, such as drift ratio, total mass, etc. Also, a novel structural efficiency factor is introduced as an “expected design
weight,” which represents the expected designed weight of the structural members of the building without going
through a structural element design process. This factor can be used as an indication of the cost of the building structure
for similar construction techniques in parametric design environments.
Conclusion
In this research, a comparison was made between the structural behavior of 144 architectural forms. The structural efficiency
of these forms mostly depends on the base plan (because all forms are tapered). in some cases, the increase of side count
of geometry plans causes better structural efficiency (less Drift and less Expected Design Weight) and vice versa. due to
the expected design weight and drift diagram, the forms that located on the secondary diagonals of architectural forms
matrix (these secondary diagonals of form matrix shown as blue), has similar drift or expected design weight approximately.
In simple forms which constituted of same top and base plans, the forms with the odd-sided polygon in geometry plans
have different structural behavior from the forms constituted of the even-sided polygon.Also the relation between drift and
expected design weight is linear approximately.
... However, during the early design phases, the use of highly precise, measurement-oriented structural software may pose challenges for designers pursuing innovative shapes while working with limited time budgets [46]. Many experimental structures tend to rely on Karamba3D within Rhino and Grasshopper for variable structural analysis [47,48]. In conjunction with energy-related concerns, Karamba3D demonstrates excellent adaptability to parametric predesigns for generating architectural forms [43]. ...
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... However, the ratio of scientific studies on regular-complex forms within all the work done on seismic design is meager. In this approach, the researchers analyzed the effect of different tall building forms with different kinds of complexities on their seismic response (Kazemi & et al, 2018) (Khoraskani & et al, 2018). The correlation of the suggested complex indicators and the overall seismic performance of the structure is generally evaluated in terms of structural weight, deflection, or utilization (Kazemi & et.al, 2018). ...
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Exploring the Effects of Plan geometry and Twisting Architectural Form on the Seismic Vulnerability of Tall Buildings’ Non-structural Components (NSCs)
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Full-text available
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According to the global earthquake risk zoning map, the country of Iran is located in a high seismic hazard zone. Therefore, predicting the seismic risk and considering solutions to reduce the vulnerability of buildings against it, is one of the priorities of seismic codes and designers in this field. Tall buildings are, on one hand, essential needs in response to the rapid development and population growth of large cities in Iran, and on the other hand, they have a large volume of Non-structural Components (NSCs), including equipment, facilities, and architectural components. Any damage to these components during an earthquake, including instability, collapse, or even out of service can impose the need for crisis management and emergency service in the city. On the other hand, tall buildings, due to their height and scale, are important buildings and have an impact on the city's landscape and view, and for this reason, designers mostly like to use complex forms with complicated and impressive geometric in the design of these buildings. Referring to this issue, this article investigates the effect of twisting form as one of the common complex forms in the construction of tall buildings on drift and lateral displacement as indicators of measuring the vulnerability of non-structural components and the weight per unit area of the structure as an indicator of the optimal structural design of buildings. For this purpose, twisting forms with regular geometric plans, including triangles, squares, hexagons, and circles, each with degrees of relative twisting of the floors from zero to 3 degrees and with heights of 160, 180, and 200 meters have been investigated. This research is of quantitative type and has been done by modeling method with Rhinoceros architecture software and Karamba3D finite element simulator and analysis plugin. The results of this study show that twisting of the floors in the forms of triangular and square plans shape causes an increase in the amount of drift and lateral displacement and the weight of the unit area of the structure, and the intensity of this increase grows with the height of the building. On the other hand, the twisting of the floors on the forms with Circle and Hexagonal plans has a very little and even insignificant effect, and none of the investigated indicators cause a significant increase.
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Learning the Link between Architectural Form and Structural Efficiency: A Supervised Machine Learning Approach
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