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PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY, ISSN 0033-2097, R. 95 NR 1/2019 129
Joanna WYSZKOWSKA1, Milena JANKOWSKA1, Piotr GAS2
Nicolaus Copernicus University (1), AGH University of Science and Technology (2)
doi:10.15199/48.2019.01.33
Electromagnetic Fields and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Abstract. The aim of this work is to present the current knowledge about the possible participation of electromagnetic fields in the occurrence and
also in treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The literature data indicate both the negative and positive effects of electromagnetic fields and not
allow to draw unambiguous conclusions. Undoubtedly, the topic is still open and needs further intensive research to finally assess the mechanism of
action of the electromagnetic field on neurodegenerative diseases.
Streszczenie. Celem niniejszej pracy jest przedstawienie aktualnej wiedzy o możliwym udziale pól elektromagnetycznych w występowaniu oraz
w leczeniu chorób neurodegeneracyjnych. Dane literaturowe wskazują zarówno na negatywny, jak i pozytywny wpływ pól elektromagnetycznych
i nie pozwalają na wyciągnięcie jednoznacznych wniosków. Niewątpliwie temat jest nadal otwarty i wymaga dalszych intensywnych badań, aby
ostatecznie ocenić mechanizm działania pola elektromagnetycznego na choroby neurodegeneracyjne. (Pola elektromagnetyczne i choroby
neurodegeneracyjne)
Keywords: electromagnetic fields, nervous system, neurodegenerative diseases, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).
Słowa kluczowe: pola elektromagnetyczne, układ nerwowy, choroby neurodegeneracyjne, przezczaszkowa stymulacja mózgu (TMS).
Introduction
The increasing number of artificial sources of electro-
magnetic fields (EMFs) raises concern about its impact on
human health. Beside many beneficial and therapeutic
applications of EMFs [1], there are more and more publica-
tions describing the unfavourable effect of the EMFs expo-
sure on humans and mostly pointing on the deterioration of
well-being, disruption of the nervous system functions or
the cancer occurrence. Recently, there have also appeared
articles indicating the relationship between the higher
incidence of neurodegenerative diseases and the increased
exposure to EMFs [2]–[4]. However, the published results
are not unequivocal and often contradictory. Researchers
try to define a mechanism that could explain the impact of
EMFs exposure on the increased incidence of neuro-
degenerative diseases, suggesting the participation of,
among others, oxidative stress. Nevertheless, further re-
search is needed to thoroughly explain the mechanism of
action of the EM field on the central nervous system and to
explain the potential relationship with neurodegenerative
diseases. In this paper, neurodegenerative diseases such
as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD),
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALT) and multiple sclerosis
(MS) will be briefly presented. Next, the relationship be-
tween the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases and the
EMFs exposure will be discussed. Also an examples of
usage of EM fields in the treatment of neurodegenerative
diseases will be described at the end.
A brief description of neurodegenerative diseases
Neurodegeneration is the progressive loss of structure or
function of neurons, including death of neurons. There are
several hundred neurodegenerative diseases (NDD), and
the main difficulty in their classification lies in the fact that
their symptoms may coincide with each other. An additional
issue in the classification of neurodegenerative diseases is
the fact that in many neurodegenerative diseases several
areas of the brain are affected (e.g. in multi-system loss)
which lead to unspecific clinical picture, moreover different
combinations of brain changes may give different clinical
symptoms. In addition, the neurodegenerative process itself
can affect different areas of the brain at the beginning,
giving symptoms that differ from those typical for a given
disease. Despite these difficulties, the most common cate-
gorization of neurodegenerative disorders is based on: the
main clinical features or the topography of the prevailing
changes, often both are taken into account [5].
Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a syndrome of neuro-
degenerative disorders leading to dementia. The AD brain
is characterized by the presence of 2 classes of abnormal
structures, extracellular amyloid plaques and intraneuronal
neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). The soluble building blocks of
these structures are amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides for plaques
and tau proteins for tangles. Amyloid-β peptides are proteo-
lytic fragments of the transmembrane amyloid precursor
protein, whereas tau protein is a brain-specific, axon-
enriched microtubule-associated protein [6]. It has been
proven that Aβ stimulates the process of apoptosis, or pro-
grammed cell death [7, 8]. The behavioural symptoms of
AD correlate with the accumulation of plaques and tangles,
whose a direct consequences are damage and destruction
of synapses that mediate memory and cognition. Synapse
loss can be caused by the failure of live neurons to maintain
functional axons and dendrites or by neuron death [6].
Senile plaques have a negative effect on neurons and
damage them as a result of unexplained mechanisms, it is
suspected that they disturb ion balance in nerve cells which
results in damage to the nerve signal conduction and al-
tered calcium channel activity in synapses. In turn, the
intraneuronal presence of the NFT primarily reduces axonal
flow and slows down the metabolism of the neuron to ulti-
mately lead to cell death [7]. In Alzheimer's disease there is
a significant decrease in the concentration of acetylcholine,
an important neuro-transmitter that participates in memory
processes, and also a decrease in the concentration of
serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine.
Scientists don’t yet fully understand what causes AD
in most people. The molecular basis of Alzheimer's disease
is associated with mutations in three genes (15% of cases)
in early-onset Alzheimer's disease . Late-onset Alzheimer's
arises from a complex series of brain changes that occur
over decades. The causes probably include a combination
of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors as: 1) age,
which is one of the most important factors in Alzheimer's
disease; 2) sex; 3) low level of education or lack of edu-
cation; 4) serious head injury or repeated minor injuries; 5)
myocardial ischemia; 6) advanced maternal age, increases
the probability of occurrence of Alzheimer's disease in a
child, and 7) stressors. The association of AD with immune
disorders is also suspected. In the ethology of Alzheimer's
disease, it is more and more often indicated on the part of
oxidative stress, which leads to disturbances of the prooxi-
dative and antioxidative balance [9].
130 PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY, ISSN 0033-2097, R. 95 NR 1/2019
Multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a condition that affects the
central nervous system (the brain and the spinal cord) in a
variety of ways. Scientists don’t know what causes MS but
they do know that it provokes an “auto-immune reaction”. In
this ‘auto-immune attack’ the body fails to recognise its own
tissue (in this case, myelin tissue) as part of itself and the
immune system swings into action to destroy it. In MS, the
myelin sheath becomes inflamed. Sometimes the inflamma-
tion dies down, but if it continues, the myelin is damaged
and a scar forms. Scientists have called these scars
‘plaques’ or ‘sclerosis’ (from the Greek word for scar). This
process is called demyelination (FS-MS). Demyelination
causes slowing or loss of nerve conduction [10, 11]. Multi-
ple sclerosis can cause damage in any structure of the
central nervous system, which is the reason why the course
of the disease is very diverse in each person and depends
on the location of demyelinating lesions [11]. The onset of
the disease may not be noticeable, and the symptoms of
the disease may be transient and mild. Initial symptoms in-
clude: 1) sensory disorder on the limbs or face; 2) paresis of
a pyramidal limb; 3) impaired motor coordination; 4) total or
partial failure to see 5) double vision episodes; 6) impair-
ment; 7) instability of gait; 8) disturbance of balance. One of
the most common disorders in the case of MS is visual
disturbances. The spectrum of symptoms is very wide and
can affect almost every part of our body, which significantly
worsens the quality of patient's life [12].
Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neuro-
degenerative movement disorder associated with the loss of
cells in various parts of the brain, including a region called
the substantia nigra–one of the main producer of dopamine
in human brain. Loss of dopamine causes neurons to fire
without normal control, leaving patients less able to direct or
control their movement. The exact cause of Parkinson's
disease is unknown, although research points to a combi-
nation of genetic and environmental factors. The single
biggest risk factor for Parkinson's disease is advancing age.
Men have a somewhat higher risk than women. The primary
symptoms of Parkinson's disease are all related to voluntary
and involuntary motor function and usually start on one side
of the body. Other symptoms can include: 1) Cognitive
impairment; 2) Mood disorders; 3) Sleep difficulties; 4) Loss
of sense of smell, called hyposmia; 5) Constipation, speech
and swallowing problems [13]. Increasing evidence sug-
gests that oxidative stress is responsible for cell loss in
the substantia nigra [14, 15]. The substantia nigra of PD
patients exhibit increased levels of oxidized lipids [16],
proteins and DNA [17] and decreased levels of reduced
glutathione (GSH) [18].
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a group of rare
neurological diseases that mainly involve the nerve cells
(neurons) responsible for controlling voluntary muscle
movement. ALS is caused by gradual deterioration (de-
generation) and death of motor neurons which initiate and
provide vital communication links between the brain and the
voluntary muscles [19]. Messages from motor neurons in
the brain (called upper motor neurons) are transmitted to
motor neurons in the spinal cord and to motor nuclei of
brain (called lower motor neurons) and from the spinal cord
and motor nuclei of brain to a particular muscle or muscles.
In ALS, both the upper motor neurons and the lower motor
neurons degenerate or die, and stop sending messages to
the muscles. Unable to function, the muscles gradually
weaken, start to twitch (it is called fasciculation), and waste
away (atrophy). Eventually, the brain loses its ability to
initiate and control voluntary movements [20].
Early symptoms of ALS usually include muscle weak-
ness or stiffness. Gradually all muscles under voluntary
control are affected, and individuals lose their strength and
the ability to speak, eat, move, and even breathe.
In searching for the cause of ALS, researchers are also
studying the impact of environmental factors. The number
of possible causes is investigated such as exposure to toxic
or infectious agents, viruses, physical trauma, diet, and
behavioural and occupational factors.
One of the suggested mechanisms is oxidative stress,
which increases the permeability of the mitochondrial mem-
brane and the release of calcium ions. This in turn leads to
the death of the cell, and thus the motor neurons of the
brain, trunk and spinal cord cortex [19].
Electromagnetic field and neurodegenerative diseases
Researchers are looking for external factors that are
responsible for developing the neurodegenerative diseases.
Several recent reports indicate that exposure to electric and
magnetic fields may be associated with increased risk of
NDD, and the most importance is attached to occupational
exposure. It has been strengthened in the last decade, for
example in the following studies [21]–[25].
Based on an analysis of the death certificates, it was
found that among people professionally exposed to electro-
magnetic fields (e.g. power plant operators) there is higher
ratio of death because of neurodegenerative diseases than
in other professional groups [26]. However, occurrence of
Alzhaimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis was
stronger associated with electric and magnetic field
exposition than Parkinson’s disease. In similar study [27]
the higher mortality rate because of Alzheimer’s disease
in men exposed to magnetic field is found, but in contrast
to the study [26] myotrophic lateral sclerosis deaths was not
associated with magnetic field exposure. The increase risk
of Alzheimer’s disease was also confirmed in an extensive
meta-analysis [22]. Study [28] seems to confirm evidence of
a relationship between occupational EMF exposure and AD,
in which an increased incidence of Alzheimer's disease in
males before the age of 75 exposed to EM fields at work,
was concluded. Researchers also provided analysis of
death rate of people lived in neighbourhood of the high-
voltage line. Authors observed increased mortality due to
neurodegenerative diseases in particular Alzheimer's dis-
ease in residents living nearby (50 m or less) 220–380 kV
power lines [3].
In contrary, study [29] in huge analysis based on 30,631
persons does not observed correlation between Alzheimer’s
diseases and occupational exposure to electromagnetic
fields.
In most available data the association between Par-
kinson disease and electromagnetic field exposure is not
observed [22, 29, 30]. However, in [22] the authors found
an increased incidence of PD as a result of electromagnetic
fields exposure.
Although the publications on the subject of association
of EM field and neurodegenerative diseases are quite
numerous, it is important to note that all those analysis are
based on death certificates and medical documentation
only. Many external factors can be important in determining
the risk of NDD in different professional groups, such as the
severity of work, physical or mental work, and lifestyle.
People subjected to occupational exposition of EMF are
predominantly physical worker. What is more, the data from
death certificates mostly concerns people who lived and
worked in the ’70, ’80 and ’90. Such a data may lead to
conclusions that are inadequate to the present days.
PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY, ISSN 0033-2097, R. 95 NR 1/2019 131
In in vivo and in vitro studies conducted in [3] it was
shown that EM fields can cause mild oxidative stress
(increase in ROS (reactive oxygen species) and changes
in antioxidant levels) and is involved in anti-inflammatory
processes (reduction of proinflammaory cytokines and in-
crease in anti-inflammatory cytokines). The increase in the
level of pro-inflammatory cytokines after exposure to EMF
(1–7 mT, and 50 Hz) was also demonstrated in experiments
on rats [31].
The participation of inflammatory processes may lead to
the activation of microglia and the intensification of oxidative
stress caused by the explosion of electrons. Inflammation in
the central nervous system often occurs in the case of
Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease or in the case of
chronic neurological disorders. The cascade of inflamma-
tion is initiated by microglia and astrocytes of the central
nervous system. The fact that microglia are active in the
aging brain and the occurrence of natural neuronal death
indicates that the interaction between neuron and glial
cells play a significant role in controlling the inflammatory
response of the central nervous system [32, 33]. As it was
already mentioned, EM field exposure can lead to oxidative
stress in the body. In the review [34], author indicates, that
the exposure to EMFs (50 Hz, 0.1–1.0 mT) can cause redox
reactions and the induction of oxidative stress in the mouse
brain. This increases the level of free radicals, which leads
to oxidative damage to the lipids in the brain of mice
and rats. In the experimental model of the rat, which was
exposed to the 50 Hz EM field (100 and 500 μT), there was
a strong toxic effect disturbing the antioxidant effect. It was
shown that exposure to 50 Hz frequency electromagnetic
field (0.1–1.0 mT), affects the antioxidant capacity of en-
zymes in both the brain of young and old rats. However,
in older rats, a large decrease in all major anti-oxidative
enzymes was observed, thus indicating an age-dependent
greater susceptibility to induction of oxidative stress as a
result of exposure to the EM field [34].
Electromagnetic fields in the treatment of neuro-
degenerative diseases
Despite the negative influence of electromagnetic fields
on the CNS, its positive effects is noticeable and is used in
the therapy of many neurodegenerative diseases as shown
in the following studies [35]–[37].
Magnetotherapy
Magnetotherapy involves the use of a magnetic field
with a magnetic flux density value from 0.1 to 20 mT, and a
frequencies up to 100 Hz. Its action on the nervous system
consists in improving the metabolism of nerve cells, blood
supply to the brain, intensification of synaptic reorganization
processes or analgesic effects, in patients with MS
receiving magnetotherapy, reduction in muscle tremor,
nystagmus, pain, dizziness and better urination control
is observed. It was also proved that after magnetotherapy
treatment, the functions of damaged cranial nerves were
restored. In the case of MS, retrobulbar optic neuritis is
common, and after magnetotherapy, visual acuity was
improved [38]–[40]. It is worth noting that researchers still
design novel applicators for magnetotherapy and their
performance is tested both by computer simulation and
experiments [41]–[43]. An important problem is also human
exposure to electromagnetic fields near various magneto-
therapeutic devices [44].
Magnetostimulation
Magnetostimulation is a procedure in which a magnetic
field is used (the magnetic flux density values are from 1 pT
to 100 µT and the basic frequency course ranges from a
few to 3000 Hz). Basic waveforms are modulated in such a
way that their envelopes have a waveform with frequencies
from a few to 100 Hz. The therapeutic cycle should include
14 daily treatments. In selected cases, it is advisable to re-
peat the cycle after 4 weeks [40, 45]. Magnetostimulation
affects the limbic system and the cerebral cortex. Particular
indications for magnetostimulation are depression, fatigue
syndrome, cognitive disorders and circadian rhythms.
Magnetostimulation reduces the symptoms of depression,
improves the mood of patients, reduce anxiety. The results
of clinical trials confirmed the high therapeutic efficacy of
magneto-stimulation using weak variable magnetic fields in
the treatment of neurotic symptoms in the course of multiple
sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease
[46]–[49]. In the paper [50], the authors described positive
effects of treatment with EMFs of a patient with chronic
progressive MS. Regularly weekly transcortical treatments
with pulsed EMFs (4.2 Hz, and 7.5 pT) improved mental
functions, returned the strength in the upper extremities,
and recovered a trunk control. With prolonged treatment the
return of more hip functions and recovery of motor functions
in legs were observed. Also about 80% of functions in the
upper limbs and hands was regained.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
In In the 1980’s, researchers introduced TMS into medi-
cal practice as a diagnostic tool in neurology for exploring
brain function, and for treating neurological disorders such
as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's dis-
ease, autism, Asperger’s disorder, substance addictions,
neuropathic pain, and schizophrenia [50].
This form of stimulation involves the use of a magnetic
field of 2 T and a very short pulse duration (100-200 μs)
with a frequency from 1 to 100 Hz to induce an electric field
in the brain [51, 52]. Therapeutic potential lies in repetitive
stimulation modulating cortical excitability which also has
behavioural consequences. TMS uses EM induction to elec-
trically influence nearby cells. Strong effects can depolarize
neurons and trigger action potentials. Low intensity TMS
mostly stimulate low-threshold inhibitory interneurons,
whereas higher intensities excite axons of neurons [53, 54].
This method allows to stimulate the brain areas located up
to 2 cm from its surface [40, 50]. Moreover, an induced
electric field might cause several changes in metabolism,
neurotransmitters release, and induction of gene expression
[47]. TMS holds great potential as a tool for understanding
how the brain works, correcting its dysfunctions and even
augmenting its abilities [37].
TMS replaced the painful transcranial electrical stimu-
lation, due to the deeper penetration of the magnetic pulse
through resistant electrical tissues, this method ensures
painlessness and non-invasiveness. The use of TMS to
assess the functional status of the central motor neuron
enabled a better understanding of the neurophysiological
basis of Parkinson's disease. In patients with PD, attempts
were made to use rTMS (repetitive TMS – magnetic stimu-
lation with a series of pulses), at a frequency of 0.2, 1 to
5 Hz, which resulted in improved motor function in these
patients. In patients with MS, the use of TMS resulted in
lowering the amplitude of reflexes and muscle contraction in
the lower limb, scientists explain this fact with plastic lesions
in the spinal cord under the influence of TMS. Recent
studies have indicated that high frequency repetitive TMS
has significant therapeutic effect on cognitive function in
patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s diseases [55]–
[57]. What is interesting, the TMS issue is successfully
analysed in numerous computer studies [58]–[60].
132 PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY, ISSN 0033-2097, R. 95 NR 1/2019
Summary
The aim of this work was to present current knowledge
about the participation electromagnetic fields in the oc-
currence and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases are the increasingly common
problem of today's society. This is due to the fact that every
year the number of cases of these diseases increase.
Currently, in the era of rapid technical progress, people are
increasingly surrounded by devices emitting an EM field.
Researchers are trying to link these two issues. The thesis
that the EM field increases the risk of neurodegenerative
diseases generates much lack of clarity.
In the case of Parkinson's disease and multiple sclero-
sis, there is not enough research to determine whether
EMFs affects the development of these diseases. However,
some scientists cast a shadow of uncertainty claiming that
the electromagnetic field contributes to the formation of
oxidative stress in the body and in this way to the oc-
currence of these diseases. However, in the case of
Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, there
are many studies indicating the participation of the EMF in
the development of these diseases. Although many results
are not consistent, there is an increased risk of AD
developing in men, but it is not found in women. The
uncertainties in the results of research probably result from
insufficient methodology, they are based mainly on death
certificates.
It can be assumed that EMFs affects the occurrence of
neurodegenerative diseases indirectly, EMFs causes oxida-
tive stress in the body and is involved in the anti-
inflammatory process, and these processes may contribute
to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. The
lack of a sufficient number of tests and literature data does
not allow to draw unambiguous conclusions regarding the
influence of the electromagnetic field on neurodegenerative
diseases.
As it was briefly described above EMFs could be a
useful also as therapy for any brain disorder involving
dysfunctional behaviour in a neural circuit. EMFs have been
tried to employ as a treatment for disorder, schizophrenia,
Parkinson’s, dystonia (involuntary muscle contractions),
chronic pain and epilepsy.
For most of these cases, only a few inconclusive studies
currently exist. Nevertheless, interest remains high among
researchers who continue of using safe magnetic fields to
turn specific brain regions on and off [36]. Undoubtedly,
further intensive research is needed to finally assess the
mechanism of action of the electromagnetic field on
neurodegenerative diseases.
Acknowlegments
The authors would like to thank Donovan Kelorii (LSBA,
CELTA) for constructive criticism and copy editing of the
manuscript.
Authors: dr Joanna Wyszkowska, Nicolaus Copernicus University,
Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of
Biophysics ul. Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, E-mail:
joanna.wyszkowska@umk.pl;
mgr Milena Jankowska, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of
Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Biophysics,
E-mail: milena.jankowska@umk.pl;
dr inż. Piotr Gas, AGH University of Science and Technology,
Department of Electrical and Power Engineering, al. Adama
Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, E-mail: piotr.gas@agh.edu.pl.
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