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A Comparative Study on Cephalic and Facial Indices among Students from Southern
Abstract
Background: Craniofacial anthropometry deals with the dimensions of head and face. Based on these measurements race and sex can be determined. Objective: To correlate the concurrence of the head and facial type, and to determine the predominant head and facial type in males and females from southern parts of India. Materials and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students in a Medical College Puducherry, India. A total of 195 subjects (105 males and 90 females), above 18 years were studied. Cephalic and facial indices of all the subjects were analyzed based on Martin & Saller method. Results: There is no correlation between head types and facial types. However, Mesocephalic/medium head type was predominant in both males (44.76%) and females(48.89%) type. In the case of facial types, leptoprosopic/narrow face (30.48%) in males and hyper leptoprosopic/very narrow face (35.56%) was the most predominant in females. Conclusion: This study not only appreciated the prevalence of the cephalic and facial phenotypes but also found the concurrence of both these phenotypes in males © 2019, Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. All rights reserved.
... As present study individuals are exposed to quite different environmental, genetic and climatic conditions than their neighbouring population groups, so they are expected to have distinct bodily features and proportions/dimensions, morphological facial features and behavioural adjustments. Various studies have reported wide variations in cephalometric features of two sexes among different Indian population groups [3,[15][16][17][18][19][20]; but no such study was accessible in the literature to report such differences in cephalometric features of Kargil individuals; also, no population specific discriminant function equations have been suggested for the target population groups of Kargil. Present study was formulated to study sexual differences in the cephalometric features of Brokpas and Purigpas and to develop statistical equation for sex and stature estimation of unknown individuals whose remains are found in forensic anthropological and bioarchaeological context. ...
Forensic anthropology involves diverse applications of anthropological knowledge to medico-legal problems like human identification based on sex determination, age estimation, stature reconstruction, and deciphering ancestry of unknown living individuals or skeletal remains. Sex can be determined by using different body parts such as extremities (legs and arms) parameters, head, face, clavicle, and other parameters. In present cross-sectional study, cephalometric dimensions of 800 Ladakhi subjects (431 males and 369 females) of Purigpas and Brokpas ancestry were taken. Descriptive statistics of cumulative cephalometrics in two sexes revealed that all the measurements were significantly larger in males than females (p<0.001). Statistically, significant sex differences were found in the various anthropometric, cephalometric, and morphological features of Brokpas and Purigpas of Kargil (Ladakh, UT). Univariate discriminant function analysis found head length as the best cephalofacial variable to estimate the sex of 73.4% of individuals; followed by physiognomic facial length to estimate the sex of 71% of subjects. From multivariate discriminant function analysis, the physiological facial length, head length, nasal breadth, head circumference, nasal height, bizygomatic breadth, length of right ear, and left ear breadth were selected as the best variables to correctly classify the sex of 83.8% of individuals to their category (81.9% males and 85.9% females). The present study results are the only cephalometric standards that have been suggested for Purigpas and Brokpas of Ladakh (Jammu and Kashmir) which can be used for medico-legal sex determination of unknown individuals of the studied population.
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