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Γ΄ ∆ιεθνές Συνέδριο Μουσειολογίας και ετήσιο Συνέδριο της επιτροπής AVICOM,
Μυτιλήνη, 5-9 Ιουνίου 2006
D. Economou, K. Micha, S. Varytimiadis, M. Samaroudi & D. Gavalas
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
1
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERSONAL DIGITAL
ASSISTANTS (PDAS), AUDIO-GUIDES AND
PAPER LEAFLETS TO ENHANCE THE MUSEUM
VISIT EXPERIENCE
Daphne Economou1, Savvas Varytimiadis2, Myrsini Samaroudi3, Katy Micha4, Damianos
Gavalas5
Dept. of Cultural Technology and Communication
University of the Aegean
Harilaou Trikoupi & Faonos St., GR - 81100 Mytilene
Greece.
1D.Economou@ct.aegean.gr | 2sbar@soc.aegean.gr | 3m.samaroudi@ct.aegean.gr |
4k.micha@ct.aegean.gr | 5dgavalas@aegean.gr
This paper focuses on understanding the visitors and museum requirements to aid the
museum visit. To do this it performs a comparative study which examines the
effectiveness of different media: a Personal Digital Assistants' (PDAs) multimedia
application; an Audio-guide; and simple paper leaflet to enhance the Museum visit. The
study uses the Museum/Library Stratis Eletheriadis Teriade, in Lesvos, Greece as a case
study. The paper describes the design process of the "Fables" application with the use of
NaviPocket v. 2.4 by ORPHYS SYSTEMES (an authoring tool for PDA applications) to
create the Audio-guide and the PDA multimedia application. It includes an evaluation of
the three different media with real users.
1 INTRODUCTION
The last decade there has been a considerable amount of research on the use of
multimedia technologies to the museum environment to enhanced the museum visit
experience and provide information and interpretations for the Museum collections
(Evans & Sterry, 1999; Lehn & Heath, 2003; Proctor & Tellis, 2003; Wilson, 2004;
Woodruff et al., 2004). This paper focuses on understanding the visitors’ and museum
requirements for developing applications, or modifying the exhibition environment to
aid the museum visit. To do it performs a comparative study which examines the
effectiveness of different mobile media that can be used to enhance Museum visit.
To meet the study requirements a “real world” application is examined at the
Museum/Library Stratis Eletheriadis Teriade, in Lesvos, Greece. The Teriade
Museum hosts, preserves and exhibits the editorial work of Teriade, which includes
copies of the “Big Books” and “Verve” that have been illustrated by some of the
greatest artists of the 20th century, as well as copies of medieval manuscripts. The
role of the Museum is of major importance to the local community of Lesvos, as it is a
focal tourist attraction and plays an important educational role for the local schools.
The study presented in this paper focuses on the use of various mobile media for the
provision of interpretative information of a series of illustrations for the book of
“Fables” which is exhibited in Teriade Museum.
Γ΄ ∆ιεθνές Συνέδριο Μουσειολογίας και ετήσιο Συνέδριο της επιτροπής AVICOM,
Μυτιλήνη, 5-9 Ιουνίου 2006
D. Economou, K. Micha, S. Varytimiadis, M. Samaroudi & D. Gavalas
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2
Section 2 reviews the characteristics of various means of providing interpretative
information in order to enhance Museum visit experiences. Section 3 presents the
Teriade Museum requirements, that call for new technologies that connects the
exhibited collections to information (general and interpretative), presents information
in a interesting, user friendly and portable way, without encroaching on the aesthetics
of the gallery space. Section 4 describes the design process of: a set of paper leaflets;
the "Fables" application with the use of NaviPocket v. 2.4 by ORPHYS SYSTEMES
(an authoring tool for Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) applications) to create a PDA
multimedia application; and an audio-guide for a PDA to enhance the visiting
experience at Teriade Museum. Section 5 includes an evaluation of the three different
media with real users. Section 6 presents the study results and Section 7 provides
conclusions and directions for further work.
2 MUSEUM REQUIREMENTS FOR INFORMATION
PROVISION: WHAT WORKS BETTER, WHEN IT WORKS
BETTER
Museums are organizations rich in content and their mission is to bring people
closer to artefacts and the meanings they convey. This is manifested by the museum
definition of United Kingdom Museums Association, which states that “museums
enable people to explore collections for inspiration, learning and enjoyment. They are
institutions that collect, safeguard and make accessible artefacts and specimens,
which they hold in trust for society” (The Museums Association (UK) definition,
2002). The collections of artifacts are at the core of the museums. However, the
artefacts can not convey knowledge by themselves. The visitors must be provided
with information about the artefacts in order to be able to assign meaning and
interpretations related to them. Museums tell stories through their exhibitions,
narrations, and interpretation (Bounia, 2002). Thus, one of the very important roles of
the museums is providing interpretational information about their collections. To do
this museums tend to use mainly static means of presenting information. However,
such static means are not enough to fulfill the visitors’ expectations. New
technologies and new media should be utilized for this reason. The following sections
further analyse these issues.
2.1 STATIC MEANS FOR INFORMATION PROVISION IN MUSEUMS
A common way of providing interpretative information in Museums is with the
use of labels, information boards, photographs, catalogues etc. These static means has
the advantage of presenting information in a concise way, which helps the visitors’
orientation in the exhibition area. However, the amount and the type of information
that can be communicated are limited and not necessarily enough to fulfill the
visitors’ expectations. Another disadvantage is their limitation to the museum
physical environment they are sited.
2.2 MOBILE MEANS FOR INFORMATION PROVISION IN MUSEUMS
Another way of providing interpretative information in Museums is with the use
of mobile means like, leaflets, audio-guides and PDAs. The leaflets have the
advantage of providing more information. However, this requires careful
Γ΄ ∆ιεθνές Συνέδριο Μουσειολογίας και ετήσιο Συνέδριο της επιτροπής AVICOM,
Μυτιλήνη, 5-9 Ιουνίου 2006
D. Economou, K. Micha, S. Varytimiadis, M. Samaroudi & D. Gavalas
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3
consideration, as the provision of extremely detailed information is such a
multitasking context as in a Museum exhibition can be tiring for the visitor. Leaflets
aid the visitors’ orientation and they can be designed to purposely direct the visitors’
navigation in the exhibition area. Leaflets are often taken as a souvenir, which is very
satisfying for visitors.
2.3 MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGIES FOR INFORMATION PROVISION
IN MUSEUMS
Multimedia and new technologies provide unique opportunities to museums as
they bring new ways of communication and interpretation. In addition, new
technology adapts to the visitors interests and re-defines the traditional role of the
museum. The successful integration of multimedia and new technologies in the
museum supports the role of the museum in a scaleable way which does not limit by
the physical environment of the museum. Technological solutions known by now like
projection systems and info-kiosks are successful in connecting artefacts to
information. However, these solutions are limited to the museum physical space.
Audio-guides are successful examples of connecting artefacts to information in a
portable way which is not limited by the physical environment. However, they are
limited to the use of audio and they could isolate the visitor.
Mobile means for information provision in Museums and particularly multimedia
technologies for PDAs holds great potential to enhance the museum visiting
experience, provide information and interpretation, keep visitors interest and
attention, as well as promote various Museum facilities. However, museums and
exhibitions are cautious in incorporating them because of the practical issues that have
been described above, but also because of the high cost per PDA.
The following sections focus on examining if other, more cost effective, mobile
means for providing information and enhancing museum visiting experience are more
effective than PDA multimedia applications. To do this three different mobile media
are compared:
• a set of paper leaflets
• an audio-guides
• and a PDA multimedia application
3 THE TERIADE CASE
To determine the requirements for enhancing the Museum visit experience it is of
paramount importance to study a ‘real world’ situation, as only in such a situation do
seemingly trivial problems arise that in reality may determine the success or failure of
a system. Gunton (1993), characteristically said “if they do not like the technology
they will simply not use it” (meaning the users). To achieve this the research suggests
the development of a set of mobile media that aid the interpretation of the collection
of “Fables” (a book which was inspired by the tales of Greek, Hindu, Persian, Arabic
and Chinese writers) by Jean de La Fontaine, which have been illustrated by Marc
Chagall and is exhibited in Teriade Museum. The collection of Fables offers a great
interpretational and educational interest for Greek and European visiting audience
Γ΄ ∆ιεθνές Συνέδριο Μουσειολογίας και ετήσιο Συνέδριο της επιτροπής AVICOM,
Μυτιλήνη, 5-9 Ιουνίου 2006
D. Economou, K. Micha, S. Varytimiadis, M. Samaroudi & D. Gavalas
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_____________________________________________________________________
4
because it exhibits 100 stories, including stories of Aesop and other Balkan
philosophers, which have been illustrated by Marc Chagall. The Teriade Museum
pays great attention to the development of educational programs. Thus, it is believed
that the development of the proposed support material is an important contribution to
the museum visitors, and it will aid the advertisement of the Museum.
In its galleries Teriade Museum exhibits only the illustration of the “Big Books”, the
“Verve” and the medieval manuscripts (see Figure 1(b)). Thus, the illustrations are
disconnected by the story they accompany (see Figure 1(a)), which makes it difficult
for the visitor to understand their meaning. As much important and interesting a
Museum collection might be if there is not enough information communicated to the
visitor about the exhibits, it is very hard for common visitors to appreciate its
importance. One of the politics of the Teriade Museum management is to preserve the
way Teriade decided to present his collection, without including interpretative
information. Then again the Teriade Museum appreciates the visitors’ requirements of
being provided with more information about the collection, and somehow connecting
the illustrations to the stories, however, this should not superimpose the physical site.
(a) (b)
Figure 1. (a) A snapshot of two pages of the “Fables” book, which contains a
story and its illustration by Marc Chagall. (b) A part of the exhibition of
“Fables” in Teriade Museum.
The use of mobile means for information provision suits adequately to the Teriade
Museum requirements, as it provides a very rich way of connecting the stories to the
illustrations and providing general and interpretational information for its collections
without encroaching on the aesthetics of the gallery space.
The following sections describe the design and development process of a set of PL, a
PDA-M and an AG, all aiming to provide information about the Fables collection at
Teriade Museum and enhance the Museum visit. This mobile support material is then
used for a comparative study that evaluates their effectiveness to serve their purpose.
4 MOBILE SUPPORT MATERIAL TO ENHANCE THE
MUSEUM VISIT
The Fables interpretative mobile support material aim to:
Γ΄ ∆ιεθνές Συνέδριο Μουσειολογίας και ετήσιο Συνέδριο της επιτροπής AVICOM,
Μυτιλήνη, 5-9 Ιουνίου 2006
D. Economou, K. Micha, S. Varytimiadis, M. Samaroudi & D. Gavalas
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5
• connect the stories to the illustrations
• provide general and interpretative information about the Fables’ illustrations that
allows the visitor to comprehend the collection
• direct the visitors’ attention
• at the same time allow the visitors to create their own personal opinion about the
collection without imposing any interpretative information.
The included content was especially selected in order to reflect the information which
is of value to certain stakeholders. This set of stakeholders consists of the Teriade
Museum curators, the museum management and art historians who might provide
various interpretations for the collection and visitors. This stakeholder-oriented
method of content requirements analysis evolved out of the Soft Systems approach
(Gunton, 1993). To identify the stakeholders’ requirements common techniques in
requirements gathering have been used, such as interviews and questionnaires.
4.1 THE DESIGN OF PAPER LEAFLETS
The paper leaflets have been designed according to design guidelines for the
preparation of exhibition material (Dean, 1996). The text which was included in the
application was slightly summarised compared to the audio and video narrations that
have been used in the other two media, which are described in the following sections,
as reading long text gets tiring in such a multitasking context as in a Museum
exhibition. Selective imaged accompanied the text provided, which was separated in
sensible sections as these have been identified by the stakeholders (see above). The
leaflets were folded into three horizontal parts and had different colours that stood for
different content (see Figure 2).
Figure 2. A two sided paper leaflet that connects four selected stories from
the Fables collection to its illustrations and provides general information
about Marc Chagall and his involvement with Fables.
Γ΄ ∆ιεθνές Συνέδριο Μουσειολογίας και ετήσιο Συνέδριο της επιτροπής AVICOM,
Μυτιλήνη, 5-9 Ιουνίου 2006
D. Economou, K. Micha, S. Varytimiadis, M. Samaroudi & D. Gavalas
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6
4.2 THE DESIGN OF THE FABLES PDA MULTIMEDIA APPLICATION
The design of PDA applications for cultural organizations (e.g. museums)
should address the organizations’ requirements and provide the visitors a pleasant
experience (Ciavarella & Paterno, 2003). Woodruff et al. (2004), studied the visitor
behavior using PDAs in museums and they identified certain issues related to the user
interaction with the PDA application:
• the visitors should be provided with visual feedback for their selection
• the information presented should be short and the system should support audio
presentation of the information
• the audio information should not interfere with the interaction between the visitors
in the museum
In terms of the interface design, the PDA applications should pursue criteria similar to
web sites development (Ciavarella & Paterno, 2003). In addition, the Canadian
Heritage Information Network adds some practical guidelines (CHIN, 2004) for the
graphic design of the interface:
• each screen node of the PDA application should fit the size of the PDA screen
• the navigation should be structured hierarchically
• backtrack and easy access to the home page should be supported
The design of an aesthetically pleasing interface is important, however, the success of
the system is based on accessing information in an intuitive and easy way (Preece,
2002).
The multimedia content format which was included in the PDA multimedia
application was videos made of narration and animated pictures. Text was not used as
visitors cannot afford the time to read the text while moving through the gallery
(Wilson, 2004). Furthermore, PDA devices are too small to provide long textual
descriptions, therefore audio was chosen as the preferred medium (Proctor & Tellis,
2003). One hundred illustrations of the Fables were digitized and edited for the
creation of the videos, which duration did not exceed the 1 minute, as long
descriptions are tiring for the visitor (Proctor & Tellis, 2003, Woodruff, et al., 2004).
For the narration a male and a female voice have been used, in order not to tire the
visitor. Appropriate background sound has been incorporated to the videos. The user
can navigate through the content by choosing manually the sections of their interest.
For the design of the application graphical user interface (GUI) and navigation system
various issues of usability have been taken into consideration (Norman, 1998; Preece
et al., 2002). The application interface consists of four parts as it appears in Figure 3:
• part 1 remains static in all pages and includes two buttons, the left one leads to the
home page, and the right provides information for the Teriade Museum
• part 2 describes the current section the visitors views and includes a button that
returns to the previous page
• part 3 includes either navigation buttons that lead to the various sections and
subsections of the application, or a video related to the subsections selected
Γ΄ ∆ιεθνές Συνέδριο Μουσειολογίας και ετήσιο Συνέδριο της επιτροπής AVICOM,
Μυτιλήνη, 5-9 Ιουνίου 2006
D. Economou, K. Micha, S. Varytimiadis, M. Samaroudi & D. Gavalas
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7
• part 4 includes control buttons for the video and audio
Figure 3. The layout of the “Fables” prototype application.
The videos have been created with the use of Flash MX 2004 (by Macromedia) and
then imported as MPEG in NaviPocket v. 2.4 by OPHRYS SYSTEMS. NaviPocket is
an authoring tool which allows the creation of multimedia applications on electronic
message minders of PDA type. The final application is 104 MB (although it is only a
prototype and not the final application), due to the large size of graphics and videos
that support the multimedia application. These files are stored locally on the PDA
storage or an SD card and executed by the Navipocket “Run-time”.
4.3 THE DESIGN OF THE FABLES AUDIO-GUIDE
The Audio-guide design follows exactly the same design and logic to the PDA
multimedia application with the difference that the videos have been replaced by
static images leaving only the audio narration. Thus, the visitor navigates through the
provided interface as this has been described in section 4.2 to choose the audio
narration of their interest.
The following section describes the evaluation process of the study.
5 THE FABLES PROTOTYPE EVALUATION PROCESS AND
RESULTS
The scope of the evaluation of this study is to compare the effectiveness and the
efficiency between: a paper leaflet, a PDA multimedia application and an audio-guide
for providing interpretative information about the Fables collection at Teriade
Museum and enhancing the Museum visit.
Twenty two subjects took part in the evaluation process, mainly University students
with equal male and female distribution. Six of the subjects that participated the study
had previously experienced the use of an audio-guide in a museum and 1 of them
have used a PDA, but not in museum context.
The study took part on site at the Teriade Museum. The subjects visited the gallery
where the Fables collection in pairs twice, with the following combinations and order
of using the aforementioned mobile support material (see Figure 4(a)):
p
art 2
p
art 3
p
art 4
p
art 1
Γ΄ ∆ιεθνές Συνέδριο Μουσειολογίας και ετήσιο Συνέδριο της επιτροπής AVICOM,
Μυτιλήνη, 5-9 Ιουνίου 2006
D. Economou, K. Micha, S. Varytimiadis, M. Samaroudi & D. Gavalas
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8
• leaflet and then PDA multimedia application
• leaflet and then audio-guide
• audio-guide and then PDA multimedia application
The subjects were allocated with a list of tasks (i.e. to find information about the Marc
Chagall, or to find general information about the Teriade Museum etc.) in order to
make them explore the provided material to extract information. The duration of this
session was 30 minutes and during this time a researcher was observing them, in order
to provide support in case a particular problem arose. At the end there was a 15
minutes interview with the researchers, who tried to extract information about the
subjects’ experience and their understanding about the exhibition (see Figure 4(b). All
the interviews have been recorded. Section 6 below presents the evaluation results.
(a) (b)
Figure 4. (a) A snapshot of a pair of subjects going through the gallery without
the use of leaflets on the left and the PDA multimedia application on the right.
(b) The same pair of subjects being interviewed by one of the researchers.
6 THE STUDY RESULTS
This section presents the evaluation results of the comparative study about the
effectiveness and efficiency for information provision and Museum visit enhancement
between a paper leaflet, a PDA multimedia application and an audio-guide. These are
as follows:
• content quality and length
Participants commented that content quality and length in all three sets of support
material was good, they characteristically mentioned that “if it was more it would
be tiring” and that “it put the visitor in context”. From a discussion regarding
“what more information could be included in the content provided” participants
suggested that they would like to see:
• more information about how the collection end up at the Teriade museum
• more information about the Teriade Museum, the painters whose work is
exhibited in it, and more about Marc Chaggall, the technique he was using, the
art schools he was inspired
Γ΄ ∆ιεθνές Συνέδριο Μουσειολογίας και ετήσιο Συνέδριο της επιτροπής AVICOM,
Μυτιλήνη, 5-9 Ιουνίου 2006
D. Economou, K. Micha, S. Varytimiadis, M. Samaroudi & D. Gavalas
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
9
• more precise information about the illustrations, like the story they depict,
symeological information and links to resources
• elements that aid understanding of the information and remembrance
The majority of the participants agreed the multimedia elements of the PDA
multimedia application helped their understanding about the collection and aid
their memory. Seventeen out of 22 participants commented that the audio narration
was more natural and not distracting, as they could simultaneously carry out other
activities in the exhibition area and study the collection. Half of the participants
agreed that the use of animated images, the effect of highlighting words and
zooming on illustrations’ details while the narration was going on helped their
understanding, focused their attention and aid their memory. Seven of them
characteristically mentioned that the aforementioned elements of the PDA
multimedia application helped them noticed things that they missed when reading
the paper leaflet. Being able to pause, rewind and forward the videos were helpful
features. The use of a map of the Museum helped their orientation in the
exhibition. The participants agreed that the use of colour was harmonic and the
interface of the application was aesthetically pleasing and functional.
• navigation
Participants pointed out that finding information was easy in all three in all three
sets of support material and particularly in the PDA multimedia application, which
they found more usable and attracting.
• pleasure
Participants commented that the PDA multimedia application was fun to use and
certainly enhanced the visit experience in the Museum.
• communication
All the participants who used the PDA multimedia application pointed out that it
reinforced communication (as the participants used the application in pairs).
• distraction
Half of the participants who used the PDA multimedia application mentioned that
general information provision could distract the visitors’ attention, but information
related directly to the illustrations and the stories they depicted was well received.
In general the participants stated that the use of the PDA multimedia application made
then fell they have been provided with a personal guide, it helped them understand the
meaning of the gallery and they expressed great enthusiasm using it. Many of them
stated that they were prepared to buy certain services after their visit like:
• a CD with more information (something like an electronic book)
• to get an e-mail with all related resources about a subject of their interest, that they
could mark using the PDA multimedia application
• to get selected illustrations printed in flexible dimensions that mach their
requirements.
7. CONCLUSIONS
The paper presented a comparative study which examines the effectiveness of
different mobile media to create enhanced experience during a Museum visit and
Γ΄ ∆ιεθνές Συνέδριο Μουσειολογίας και ετήσιο Συνέδριο της επιτροπής AVICOM,
Μυτιλήνη, 5-9 Ιουνίου 2006
D. Economou, K. Micha, S. Varytimiadis, M. Samaroudi & D. Gavalas
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
10
provide information and interpretations about a Museum collection. To address the
research requirements the study used Teriade Museum as a case study. It evaluated
the effectiveness of a simple paper leaflets, a PDA multimedia application and an
audio-guide for providing interpretative information for the collection of “Fables”
which is exhibited in Teriade Museum. For the development of these material a
stakeholders requirements gathering study took place, which identified the content to
be included and the way the information should be presented.
The prototypes evaluation revealed various issues regarding information
comprehension, interpretation and usability and showed that particularly the use of the
PDA multimedia application helped the visitors understand the meaning of the
gallery, improved the museum experience and served the user requirements
effectively and efficiently. The use of multimedia elements like the video, the
narration and the music provided a pleasant way of getting information and helped
focussing the visitors’ attention.
Future work should focus on issues related to content and services provision via PDA
multimedia application, and automation of the navigation process. Furthermore, in
order to understand better the way visitors interact with museum collections with the
scope to develop applications that serve better museum and visitors’ requirements,
these type of evaluative studies should be repeated with a wider range of people.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank the Teriade Museum management and in particular Mr
Kostas Mantiatopoulos for their permission to use the Museum collection material,
free entrance to the Museum and access to information and for their precious help and
support for the development of the application. We would also like to thank Radiant
Technologies for the provision of NaviPocket and the Laboratory of Picture, Sound
and Cultural Representation of the Department of Cultural Technology and
Communications for their technical support. We especially thank all the students that
participated to the evaluation of the project and everybody else who has contributed to
the development of the project.
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Γ΄ ∆ιεθνές Συνέδριο Μουσειολογίας και ετήσιο Συνέδριο της επιτροπής AVICOM,
Μυτιλήνη, 5-9 Ιουνίου 2006
D. Economou, K. Micha, S. Varytimiadis, M. Samaroudi & D. Gavalas
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