No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Madagascar centre de spéciation et d'origine du genre Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae)
Abstract
Grand genre pseudopantropical, le genre #Kalanchoe$ existe en Amérique avec une espèce, en Afrique du Sud et de l'Est avec 56 espèces, à Madagascar avec 60 espèces et dans le Sud-Est asiatique jusqu'en Chine. Il comporte en tout, environ 125 espèces. Madagascar comprend le plus grand nombre d'espèces du genre #Kalanchoe$ (#Crassulaceae$), ce qui laisse supposer un centre de spéciation ancien, sinon le centre d'origine ; on y constate une plus grande diversité morphologique que partout ailleurs. C'est le seul pays comportant des espèces du genre #Kalanchoe$ qui soient épiphytes, arborescentes, herbacées ou lianescentes ; ailleurs, ce sont des plantes herbacées pérennes. Nous présentons les cartes géographiques des 60 espèces malgaches et tenterons d'analyser les tendances évolutives de ces diverses espèces. (Résumé d'auteur)
... Kalanchoë developed a unique asexual reproduction strategy [6]. Several Kalanchoë species acquired the ability to reproduce asexually by forming new plants (plantlets) on the margins of leaves. ...
... Intriguingly, an evolutionary transition is observed in the clades between basal and derived clades. Kalanchoë species in these transitory clades (e.g., K. fedschenkoi, K. prolifera, K. pinnata, K. streptantha, and K. gastonis-bonnieri), form plantlets after leaves are severely damaged or detached from the mother plant, and thus is referred to as inducible plantlet formation [6,7]. Interestingly, in Kalanchoë, asexual reproduction strategies via plantlet formation might have developed as a trade-off with regular sexual reproduction. ...
Few species in the Kalanchoë genus form plantlets on their leaf margins as an asexual reproduction strategy. The limited molecular studies on plantlet formation show that an organogenesis ortholog, SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM) and embryogenesis genes, such as LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1) and FUSCA3 are recruited during plantlet formation. To understand the mechanisms of two Kalanchoë plantlet-forming species with different modes of plantlet formation, RNA-sequencing analysis was performed. Differentially expressed genes between the developmental stages were clustered in K. daigremontiana (Raym.-Hamet and H. Perrier) and K. pinnata (Lam. Pers.), respectively. Of these gene clusters, GO terms that may be involved in plantlet formation of both species, such as signaling, response to wounding, reproduction, regulation of hormone level, and response to karrikin were overrepresented. Compared with the common GO terms, there were more unique GO terms overrepresented during the plantlet formation of each species. A more in-depth investigation is required to understand how these pathways are participating in plantlet formation. Nonetheless, this transcriptome analysis is presented as a reliable basis for future studies on plantlet formation and development in two Kalanchoë plantlet-forming species.
... coccinea H. Perrier ( K. blossfeldiana Poelln.). Later, Boiteau & Allorge-Boiteau (1995) and Allorge-Boiteau (1996) proposed to further subdivide these species into the two informal groups "Occidentales" and "Globuliferae", along with K. aromatica H. Perrier, K. bouvetii Raym.-Hamet & H. Perrier and K. lanceolata (Forssk.) Pers. ...
... Kalanchoe, and were all originally determined as representing K. pumila Baker. However, K. pumila differs from the collected specimens by being taller (20 -30 cm) and floury-pruinose, by lacking an indumentum, and by having large, pink-coloured, campanulate corolla tubes (Baker, 1884;Boiteau & Allorge-Boiteau, Plants small, perennial, rosulate and succulent, 8.5 -13.5 cm high, mostly erect, creeping to decumbent at base, soboliferous, bearing one to few lateral basal shoots, almost entirely densely covered with medium to long glandular hairs. Stems 2.5 -3.5 mm in diameter, terete, basally near-ligneous and without indumentum when mature, bearing roots and lateral shoots, densely covered with medium (0.5 -1 mm) whitebrownish glandular hairs. ...
A new species of small, rosulate and upright-flowered Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae) from northeastern Madagascar
is described and illustrated: Kalanchoe darainensis D.-P. Klein & Callm. Morphologically, Kalanchoe darainensis is most
similar to Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln. and Kalanchoe globulifera H. Perrier which are known from the northwestern
Tsaratanana Massif, c. 100 km southwest of Daraina. Detailed notes on the habitat and ecology of Kalanchoe darainensis
are provided, as well as a short taxonomical overview of allied species of the Kalanchoe subg. Kalanchoe from Madagascar,
including an identification key to those species. Despite its restricted distribution in the protected Antsahabe massif, the
new species is preliminary assessed as “Least concern” [LC] using the IUCN Red List Criteria.
... Kalanchoe Adans. is such group of introduced plant species that belongs to the family Crassulaceae. The Crassulaceae family consists of approximately 33 genera and 1500 species distributed worldwide, except for Australia and the Pacific Islands (Allorge- Boiteau, 1996). The family includes no crop species but many are popular in Chapter One: Introduction 2 horticulture as rocky garden, green roof and indoor plants. ...
Genus Kalanchoe Adans., belonging to the Crassulaceae family, is a familiar group of
succulent plants throughout the world. A limited number of Kalanchoe species are
found in Bangladesh which is mainly cultivated as ornamental and medicinal plants.
The study was aimed to a comparative analysis on morphological, anatomical and
physiological properties as well as phytochemical composition and some selected
bioactivities namely, antioxidant and toxicity tests of five Kalanchoe species from
Bangladesh. Morpho-anatomical study of the plant samples indicated the
amphistomatic nature of leaves with anisocytic stomata. The abaxial leaf surface
possessed more stomata than the adaxial surface. In the transverse section, Kalanchoe
stems were clearly differentiated into a thick epidermis with a cuticular layer, a broad
cortex, a thin pericycle, numerous collateral vascular bundles arranged in a ring and
narrow pith. The vascular bundles of leaf midrib were mostly arranged in a crescent
shape and the mesophyll tissues were not differentiated into palisade and spongy
parenchyma. During the physiological study, K. blossfeldiana and K. delagoensis
showed higher chlorophyll concentration under drought-stress condition than
optimum condition. But in the remaining three species, chlorophyll concentration was
higher under optimum condition. However, the chlorophyll a/b ratio was always
reduced during the drought stress condition in all species. The highest chlorophyll
concentration was recorded in K. pinnata (0.699 ± 0.022 mg/g) under optimum
condition while the lowest concentration was recorded in K. gastonis-bonnieri (0.161
± 0.025 mg/g) under drought-stress condition. Qualitative phytochemical screening of
the plant samples revealed the presence of the considerable amount of alkaloids,
flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, steroids, tannins, saponins and plant phenolics in
different solvent extracts. Ethanol and methanol showed better performance than
water to extract phytochemicals from plant samples. Antioxidant potential was
evaluated using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Ethanol extracts of Kalanchoe
species possessed higher antioxidant activity, followed by methanol and aqueous
extracts. Ethanol extract of K. pinnata showed the most potent antioxidant activity
(IC50 = 25.29µg/ml) while the aqueous extract of K. blossfeldiana proved to be the
lowest (IC50 = 576.89 µg/ml).Ethanol extracts were richer in phenolic content than
methanol and aqueous extracts of Kalanchoe species following the Folin–Ciocalteu
method. The highest phenolic content was observed in ethanol extract of K. pinnata (154.82 ± 1.61 mg GAE/g) and the lowest phenolic content was observed in both
aqueous extracts of K. blossfeldiana and K. delagoensis (4.88 ± 0.36 mg GAE/g and
4.88 ± 1.26 mg GAE/g, respectively). As like the total phenolic content, total
flavonoid content was also higher in ethanol extracts than methanol extracts. In all
studied species, the total flavonoid content of aqueous extracts was found below
detection level. Moreover, K. gastonis-bonnieri did not show any positive result in all
the three solvent extracts. The highest amount of total flavonoid content was recorded
in K. laciniata (18.39 ±0.10 mg QE/g). Toxicity of leaf extracts was determined using
the brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Usually, methanol extracts of Kalanchoe had a
higher value of toxicity than ethanol and aqueous extracts. However, the ethanol
extract of K. pinnata possessed the highest level of toxicity (LC50 = 64.44 ppm) and
the lowest toxicity was recorded in the aqueous extract of K. blossfeldiana (LC50 =
549.85 ppm).
... The Crassulaceae commonly known as succulents consist of approximately 1500 species belonging to 33 genera and distributed worldwide except in Australia, and Pacific Island (Allorge- Boiteau, 1996). Southern Africa is the suspected place of origin and the centers of diversification are Mexico, Micronesia, and the Mediterranean region along with the Himalayas (Ham and Hart, 1998). ...
The best-known species of the succulents family Crassulaceae in Bangladesh are Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, Kalanchoe daigremonitnum, Kalanchoe heterophylla, Kalanchoe laciniata and Kalanchoe pinnata during the period January, 2019 to March, 2020. But this is the first time that two new species named K. delagoensis and K. gastonis-bonnieri were reported from Bangladesh in this study.Viviparous plantlets formation along the leaf margin is the remarkable feature of these new two species along with formerly reported species K. pinnata. The abundance of K. pinnata among the five species of this genus was the highest (53%), while K. gastonis-bonnieri was the lowest (3%). The experimented five species were used to treat 9 human ailments named cough and cold, cuts and wounds, stomach disorder, kidney and gall bladder stones, jaundice, high blood pressure, skin burning, headache, and eye pain. The citation frequency of all the species except K. laciniata ranged from 2% to 100% in contrast to any ailment, while K. blossfeldiana and K. pinnata were frequently cited. Alike citation frequency the species K. blossfeldiana and K. pinnata along K. gastonis-bonnieri had the highest fidelity level, but K. delagoensis had the lowest fidelity level among the five species analyzed. Leaf juice and baked leaf are the common modes of administration. The most cited and high-fidelity species K. blossfeldiana and K. pinnata were top-ranked in DMR analysis. These two top-ranked species are under threat for several factors and need conservation strategies.
... The Kalanchoë genus evolved to reproduce by forming plantlets on the leaf margins (Allorge-Boiteau, 1996;Garces et al., 2007; Garceŝ et al., 2009). Whereas basal Kalanchoë species have an obligate sexual reproduction system, more derived inducible plantlet-forming species such as K. pinnata can switch from sexual to asexual reproduction by producing plantlets in the leaf crenulations. ...
Several Kalanchoë species reproduce asexually by forming plantlets in the leaf crenulations. Some species produce plantlets incessantly via somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis, whereas others exclusively develop plantlets after leaf detachment, presumably through organogenesis. SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM), which mediates SAM functions, appears to be involved in Kalanchoë plantlet formation, suggesting that meristem genes may be essential for plantlet formation. However, the genetic regulatory network for establishing and maintaining plantlet primordia in Kalanchoë remains elusive. Here, we showed that meristem genes were differentially expressed in the leaf crenulations of K. pinnata during plantlet development after leaf detachment. The regulatory interactions among these meristem genes are largely conserved in K. pinnata crenulations. Moreover, transgenic antisense (AS) plants with lower expression of these key meristem genes formed significantly fewer plantlets with some morphological defects, suggesting that the meristem genes play an important role in plantlet formation and development. Our research revealed that key meristem genetic pathways were co-opted to the leaf margin to facilitate the unique asexual reproduction mechanism in K. pinnata. This also highlights how evolutionary tinkering invents new structures such as epiphyllous buds and plantlets by rewiring pre-existing genetic pathways.
... (sinônimo: Bryophyllum pinnatum Lamark, 1786) é um membro da família Crassulaceae. A planta é comumente distribuída em várias regiões (Allorge-Boiteau, 1996;Judd et al., 2009), sendo usada na medicina popular da África tropical, da Índia, da China, da Austrália, da América tropical, de Madagascar, da Ásia e do Havaí (Yadav & Dixit, 2003) para tratar várias doenças e infecções, como hipertensão, distúrbios renais e urinários (Lans, 2006), diarreia, flatulência e vômitos (Kamboj & Saluja, 2009), tosse, bem como na profilaxia da asma (Salami et al., 2013), de icterícia (Yadav & Dixit, 2003), de feridas, de contusões e de picadas de insetos (Kirtikar & Basu, 1975;Pal & Nag Chaudhuri, 1991). ...
As plantas medicinais são fontes de moléculas bioativas que podem ser utilizadas contra infecções bacterianas. Neste estudo, avaliou-se a atividade antibacteriana do extrato etanólico das folhas de Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. contra 68 bactérias resistentes a multidrogas, isoladas de pacientes diabéticos com lesões nos pés, e de seis cepas de referência da American Type Culture Collection, através dos métodos de disco difusão em ágar (DD) e de microdiluição em caldo (MC). Realizou-se também a correlação entre o extrato e os antibióticos cefoxitina ou amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico. O extrato das folhas apresentou atividade antimicrobiana em ambos os métodos, no entanto, o método MC foi mais sensível na menor diluição (0,039 mg/mL) utilizada. Cepas comumente isoladas nesses tipos de lesões foram inibidas pelo extrato, como Staphylococcus aureus (40,91%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (42,86%), Streptococcus pyogenes (100,00%), Streptococcus agalactiae (50,00%), Enterobacter spp. (33,33%), Pseudomonas spp. (66,67%) eProteus spp. (28,57%). A associação do extrato com os antibióticos não potencializou a atividade antibacteriana, sugerindo que eles possuem mecanismos de ação independentes. Nossos resultados mostraram que o extrato etanólico das folhas possui uma boa atividade antimicrobiana. No entanto, estudos adicionais devem ser realizados para determinar a eficácia e a toxicidade dele no tratamento de infecções bacterianas.
... B. pinnatum is native to Madagascar and has been well-adapted to Brazil, mainly to the Caatinga Biome (Allorge-Boiteau, 1996;Gehrig et al., 2001), but it is not an endemic species to Brazil (Zappi, 2015). Traditional medicine described the use of their leaves to treat skin wounds (Amaral et al., 2005). ...
Bryophyllum pinnatum (Crassulaceae) is used in traditional medicine for treating skin wounds. In our previous study, a topical gel containing B. pinnatum aqueous leaf extract showed a preclinical anti-inflammatory effect in in vivo acute edema models. In continuation, the present study aims to evaluate the phytochemical content and the stability of a formulation in gel containing B. pinnatum aqueous leaf extract and its healing properties and mechanism of action through an experimental model of induction of skin wounds in rats and in vitro assays. The animals were treated topically for 7 or 14 days with a formulation in gel containing extract at 5% or a placebo or Fibrinase® in cream. In addition, to establish some quality control parameters, the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and a study focusing on the phytochemical and biological stability of a gel for 30 days at two different conditions (room temperature and 40°C/75% RH) were performed. Gel formulation containing extract showed a TPC and TFC of 2.77 ± 0.06 mg of gallic acid/g and 1.58 ± 0.03 mg of quercetin/g, respectively. Regarding the stability study, the formulation in gel showed no significant change in the following parameters: pH, water activity, chromatographic profile, and the content of the major compound identified in the extract. The gel formulation containing extract stimulated skin wound healing while reducing the wound area, as well as decreasing the inflammatory infiltrate, reducing the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α, and stimulating angiogenesis with increased expression of VEGF, an effect similar to Fibrinase. In conclusion, the gel formulation containing extract exhibited relevant skin wound healing properties and, therefore, has the potential to be applied as a novel active ingredient for developing wound healing pharmaceuticals.
... This family has xeromorphic characteristics which enable its species to adapt to the high incidence of sunlight and water scarcity (Herrera, 2008). In view of this, although B. pinnatum is native to Madagascar, it has adapted well to Brazil, mainly to the Caatinga biome (Allorge-Boiteau, 1996;Gehrig et al., 2001), being considered naturalized and not endemic from Brazil (Zappi, 2015). ...
Gastric ulcer is a common disease that develops complications such as hemorrhages and perforations when not properly treated. Extended use of drugs in the treatment of this pathology can provoke many adverse effects. Therefore, finding medicinal plants with gastroprotective and mucosal healing properties has gained increasing interest. Bryophyllum pinnatum (Crassulaceae), popularly known in Brazil as “ sai ã o ” or “ coirama ,” has been used to treat inflammatory disorders. It is rich in flavonoids, and quercetin 3- O -α- L -arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)- O -α- L -rhamnopyranoside-Bp1 is its major compound. In this study, we aimed to investigate ulcer healing properties of B. pinnatum against an acetic acid–induced chronic ulcer model and the gastroprotective activity of Bp1 against gastric lesions induced by ethanol and indomethacin. Ultrafast liquid chromatography was used to quantify the main compounds (mg/g of the extract)—quercetin 3- O -α- L -arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)- O -α- L -rhamnopyranoside (33.12 ± 0.056), kaempferol 3- O -α- L -arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)- O -α- L -rhamnopyranoside (3.98 ± 0.049), and quercetin 3- O -α- L -rhamnopyranoside (4.26 ± 0.022) and showed good linearity, specificity, selectivity, precision, robustness, and accuracy. In vivo studies showed that treatment with the extract at 250 and 500 mg/kg stimulated the healing process in the gastric mucosa with significant ulceration index reduction, followed by improvement in the antioxidant defense system [increased glutathione (GSH) levels, decreased superoxide dismutase upregulation, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels]. Moreover, the extract decreased interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor- a levels and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, increased interleukin 10 levels, showed a cytoprotective effect in histological analyzes and also downregulated the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and NF-κB (p65). The pretreatment with Bp1 at a dose of 5 mg/kg reduced gastric lesions in the ethanol and indomethacin models, increased GSH, and decreased MDA levels. In addition, the pretreatment decreased MPO activity, interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α levels, while also showing a cytoprotective effect in histological analyzes. Our study suggests that treatment with B. pinnatum extract showed a higher inhibition percentage than pretreatment with the Bp1. This might in turn suggest that Bp1 has gastroprotective activity, but other compounds can act synergistically, potentiating its effect. We conclude that B. pinnatum leaf extract could be a new source of raw material rich in phenolic compounds to be applied in food or medicine.
... ).Taç (Korolla):Çiçeğin taç kısmındaki en önemli iki kriter, taç tüpü ve taç lobudur. Çok belirgin kesinlikler olamamakla birlikte Kalanchoe cinsine ait çiçeklerde taç kısmı bazı karakteristik özellikler göstermektedir (Allorge-Boiteau, 1996). Taç tüpü alt ve üst taraf olmak üzere iki belirgin parçadan oluşur. ...
... This reproductive pathway proved to be only slightly viable for K. daigremontiana and K. pinnata, which, although producing seeds, have a low germination rate, opting instead for vegetative propagation (Herrera & Nassar, 2009;Leon, Herrera & Guevara, 2016). Such vegetative capacity is significant in the genus Kalanchoe, but both reproductive pathways, sexual and asexual, guaranteed the geographical expansion of these vegetables, even in places with inhospitable conditions (Allorge-Boiteaij, 1996). ...
Crassulaceae of the Kalanchoe laetivirens species have ornamental potential, but are poorly studied, especially their reproductive biology and trophic resources made available to visitors. The aim of this study, therefore, was to characterize the reproductive system of K. laetivirens through analyses of floral morphology, trophic resources and floral visitors. Floral structures, pollen / egg ratio, in vitro pollen germination, pollen grain structure in scanning microscopy and the availability of trophic resources by the evaluation of potential and instant nectar were described. The survey of floral visitors was carried out, and the pollen and nectar collection frequencies were recorded. The results show that the species has tubular flowers, complete with tetramer calyx and corolla, eight epipetalous stamens and four pistils with pluriovulated ovaries. Based on pollen / ovule ratio, this species is optionally autogamous. Morphologically, the pollen grain is small, tricolporate and has radial symmetrywith in vitro germination facilitated in the presence of sucrose (20%). Visitors mostly collected pollen with the highest frequency of visits at 9:30 am. The production of instant nectar had little variation between the evaluated times. The results are relevant to the understanding of the reproductive biology of Kalanchoe laetivirens and its relationship with floral visitors.
... The K. laciniata (L.) DC. specie ( Fig. 1) is popularly known as "saião", "corama-branca", "folha-da-fortuna", "para-tudo", "fortuna-de-flores-amarelas", "folha-da-costa", "folha-grossa" in Alagoas, "coerana" in Pernambuco, and "erva-da-costa" in Bahia. This species is found in almost all states of the Northeast region (Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, Pernambuco, Paraíba, Bahia and Sergipe), Southeast (Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and São Paulo), South (Paraná and Santa Catarina), Midwest (Federal District and Mato Grosso do Sul) and North (Acre) regions, mainly in the coastal zone (Allorge-Boiteau, 1996;Amaral et al., 2005;Zappi, 2015). The accepted name for this specie is K. laciniata (L.) DC. and others botanics synonyms are Kalanchoe brasiliensis and Kalanchoe crenata (The Plant List, 2010;Zappi, 2015;Tropicos, 2019). ...
The species Kalanchoe laciniata (L.) DC. and Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam) Pers. are native from Brazil and Madagascar, respectively. Both belonging to the Crassulaceae family and being widely used by population as a natural anti-inflammatory agent. These species have similar leaf morphology and for this reason, they are known by the same popular name as “ saião ” or “ coirama ”. Several studies have been published involving different parts and preparations of these species. Therefore, this review aims to provide an update overview about the traditional uses, chemical constitution, pharmacology and toxicology of K. laciniata and B. pinnatum species. An extensive literature review was conducted in different scientific databases. Various chemical constituents have been identified in extracts from different parts of K. laciniata and B. pinnatum , being flavonoids the major compounds. They have been traditionally used to treat inflammation, microbial infection, pain, respiratory diseases, gastritis, ulcers, diabetes and cancer tumors. Non-clinical in vitro assays evaluated mainly the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, while in vivo assays evaluated the leishmanicide, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Regarding toxicity, few studies have been conducted for the two species. The information reported in this work might contribute to the recognition of the importance of K. laciniata and B. pinnatum species, as well as to direct further studies.
... The genus Kalanchoe Adanson (Crassulaceae) contains approximately 150 species distributed mainly in Madagascar, South Africa, eastern Africa, and Asia. Kalanchoe can have diverse forms, such as shrubs, small trees, lianas and small epiphytes both having succulent leaves [13,14]. Half of Kalanchoe species are native to Madagascar [15]. ...
Drug resistance remains a major challenge in the treatment of cancer. The multiplicity of the drug resistance determinants raises the question about the optimal strategies to deal with them. Essential oils showed to inhibit the growth of different tumor cell types. Essential oils contain several chemical classes of compounds whose heterogeneity of active moieties can help prevent the development of drug resistance. In the present paper, we analyzed, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry the chemical composition of the essential oil of the leaves of Kalanchoe beharensis obtained by hydrodistillation and compared the chemical composition of its essential oil with that of Cyphostemma juttae. Our results demonstrated the anticancer and proapoptotic activities of both species against acute myeloid leukemia on an in vitro model and its multidrug resistant variant involving NF-κB pathway. The essential oils of both species produced a significant decrease in many targets of NF-κB both at mRNA and protein levels. The results corroborate the idea that essential oils may be a good alternative to traditional drugs in the treatment of cancer, especially in drug resistant cancer.
... The genus Kalanchoe Adans. in its recent circumscription (including Bryophyllum Salisb.: Gehrig et al. 2001;Descoings 2003) comprises more than 150 species distributed in tropical regions of the Old World. The center of diversity is Madagascar (Allorge- Boiteau 1996) from where many species of Kalanchoe have spread into continental Africa as ergasiophytes due to their cultivation (Bailey 1953;Boiteau and Allorge-Boiteau 1995;Descoings 2003). Today some of them have become (African Plant Database) 2017). ...
The distribution of Elytraria acaulis (Acanthaceae), the most widely distributed species of the genus in Africa, is expanded to include two further tropical West African countries, Benin and Togo. Silene melitensis (Caryophyllaceae) is reported for the first time from northern Africa. Arthrocaulon franzii (Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthaceae) is reported for the first time for Senegal. Two new combinations are proposed within Hypertelis (Molluginaceae): H. namaquensis and H. pusilla previously treated within Mollugo and Pharnaceum. The newly described Neobotrydium burundiense (Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthaceae) is synonymized with Dysphania congolana, a species native to west-central tropical Africa. The genera Neobotrydium, Ambrina and Roubieva are treated here as congeneric with Dysphania. Several new alien species are recorded for the African flora: Amaranthus standleyanus (Amaranthaceae s.str.) found in Sal Island (Cape Verde) is new for tropical Africa, and Dysphania pumilio (Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthaceae) is reported from DR Congo (new for west-central Africa). Bassia indica (Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthaceae) is cited from Kenya and Tunisia, and its invasive status is confirmed for northern Africa. Kalanchoe daigremontiana, K. delagoensis, K.×houghtonii, and K. fedtschenkoi (Crassulaceae) are ergasiophytes in Tunisia, each with a different invasion status. A key to the non-native Kalanchoe species found in Tunisia is provided.
... The genus Kalanchoe (syn. Bryophyllum), first established by Adanson (1763), comprises 125 species, most of them native to Madagascar [1]. The great importance of some Kalanchoe species for traditional medicinal use in many regions of the World, especially India, Africa, China and Brazil, stimulated several research groups to investigate the pharmacological properties of the active plant extracts as well as their chemical composition [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. ...
The Kalanchoe genus (syn. Bryophyllum), family Crassulaceae, comprises 125 species, most of them native to Madagascar. The great importance of several of these species for the traditional medicine in several regions of the World, esspecially India, Africa, China and Brazil, stimulated research programs into these plants from both a pharmacological and chemical point of view. The present review focuses on the main results obtained during the last decade on the secondary metabolites isolated from these species - endowed or not with a specific biological profile - with emphasis on flavonoids. The distribution of these molecules in the genus will be summarized and special attention will be given to K. brasiliensis and K. pinnata, two species well-known for healing inflammatory and infectious processes. Ornamental Kalanchoe species are also discussed as a potential source of bioactive compounds. This review covers the period 1970-2008.
... pinnatum, B. calycinum) is a member of the Crassulaceae family. The species is commonly distributed in tropical regions (Allorge-Boiteau, 1996;Judd et al., 2009). Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) and succulent leaves allow its acclimation to environmental factors such as periodic drought and hot days (Winter, 1985;Judd et al., 2009). ...
Background and aims:
UV-B radiation can be stressful for plants and cause morphological and biochemical changes. Kalanchoe pinnata is a CAM leaf-succulent species distributed in hot and dry regions, and is rich in flavonoids, which are considered to be protective against UV-B radiation. This study aims to verify if K. pinnata has morphological or anatomical responses as a strategy in response to high UV-B levels.
Methods:
Kalanchoe pinnata plants of the same age were grown under white light (control) or white light plus supplemental UV-B radiation (5 h d(-1)). The plants were treated with the same photoperiod, photosynthetically active radiation, temperature and daily watering system. Fragments of the middle third of the leaf blade and petiole were dehydrated and then embedded in historesin and sectioned in a rotary microtome. Sections were stained with toluidine blue O and mounted in Entellan®. Microchemical analyses by optical microscopy were performed on fresh material with Sudan III, Sudan IV and phloroglucinol, and analysed using fluorescence microscopy.
Key results:
Supplemental UV-B radiation caused leaf curling and the formation of brown areas on the leaves. These brown areas developed into a protective tissue on the adaxial side of the leaf, but only in directly exposed regions. Anatomically, this protective tissue was similar to a wound-periderm, with outer layer cell walls impregnated with suberin and lignin.
Conclusions:
This is the first report of wound-periderm formation in leaves in response to UV-B radiation. This protective tissue could be important for the survival of the species in desert regions under high UV-B stress conditions.
... Kalanchoe pinnata is a widespread species of Crassulaceae, used in popular medicine in Brazil and around the world to treat several diseases, mainly inflammatory processes [15,16]. This species is rich in phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids, which account for some of these biological activities [16]. ...
... The plant Kalanchoe tubiflora (Harvey) Hamet (Crassulaceae) is a succulent plant native to Madagascar (Allorge-Boiteau, 1996), also known as Bryophyllum and Kitchingia (Chernetskyy, 2012). The plant of Kalanchoe genus has been applied medicinally for treatment of abscesses, bruises, coughs, fever, and stomachache in Southeast Asia (Kao, 1996). ...
One new megastigmane, (6S,7R,8R,9S)-6-oxaspiro-7,8-dihydroxymegastigman-4-en-3-one (1) (tubiflorone, 1), and ten known compounds were isolated and characterized from the EtOH extract of Kalanchoe tubiflora (Harvey) Hamet. Structures of these isolates were assigned based on spectroscopic analyses that included 1D and 2D NMR techniques, such as HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY. The anti-inflammatory activities of selected isolated compounds (1–6 and 9–11) were evaluated as inhibitory activities against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cell lines. Compounds 1–4, 6, 9, and 11 possessed nitric oxide inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging from 15.1 ± 0.9 to 98.9 ± 1.3 μM.
... Kalanchoe Adans. (Allorge-Boiteau 1996). One can only speculate as to why this lineage has not radiated more on Socotra. ...
We investigated the phylogeny, taxonomy and biogeography of the Eritreo-Arabian genus Echidnopsis Hook. f. (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae). Phylogenetic reconstructions based on nrITS sequence data were obtained using maximum
likelihood and parsimony analyses. The results reveal two weakly supported clades, each with a mix of African and Arabian
taxa, including the genus Rhytidocaulon, and with four Socotran species forming a subclade of their own. Rather than a vicariance origin of these island elements,
our data suggest a single dispersal event from eastern Africa. Echidnopsis thus parallels biogeographic patterns found for other Socotran endemic plants. Our revised taxonomy recognizes 28 species
and 4 subspecies in the genus. Two new combinations, E. planiflora subsp. chrysantha and E. sharpei subsp. bavazzani are proposed.
... Kalanchoe pinnata (Lamarck) Persoon (syn.: Bryophyllum pinnatum), belonging to the Crassulaceae family, is a medicinal species from a botanical genus comprising more than a hundred species [1,2]. Leaves from K. pinnata (here denominated KP) have long been used for healing wounds and soothing inflammation [3]. ...
The chemical composition and immunosuppressive potential of the flowers from Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae) were investigated. We found that the aqueous flower extract was more active than the leaf extract in inhibiting murine T cell mitogenesis in vitro. Flavonoids isolated from the flower extract were identified and quantitated based on NMR and HPLC-DAD-MS analysis, respectively. Along with quercetin, four quercetin glycosyl conjugates were obtained, including quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucuronopyranoside and quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, which are described for the first time in K. pinnata. All flavonoids inhibited murine T cell mitogenesis and IL-2 and IL-4 production without cell toxicity. This is the first report on the pharmacological activity of flowers of a Kalanchoe species, which are not used for curative purposes. Our findings show that K. pinnata flowers are a rich source of T-suppressive flavonoids that may be therapeutically useful against inflammatory diseases.
... Kalanchoe pinnata (Kp, syn Bryophyllum pinnatum Kentz., Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb., Crassulaceae) (Figure 2), is widely used in folk medicine in the form of infusions, juices and compresses to treat rheumatoid arthritis, gastric ulcer and in skin disorders (Lucas and Machado, 1946; Lorenzi and Abreu-Matos, 2008). It is native of Madagascar, Kp is now found in several countries such as India, China, and Brazil (Allorge-Boiteau, 1996).Torres-Santos et al., 2003, Sousa et al., 2005). The clinical safety of Kp was also suggested during a study in 67 pregnant women (25 to 35 weeks of gestation) and their neonates (Plangger et al., 2006), corroborating its popular acceptance and pharmaceutical potential. ...
... The genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) comprises about one hundred species, most of them native from Madagascar (1). Kalanchoe pinnata (KP) is a perennial medicinal herb popularly used in Brazil and other parts of the world to treat various inflammatory diseases (2), (3), which contains substances such as bufadienolides (4), terpenoids and flavonoids (5). ...
Previously we demonstrated that Kalanchoe pinnata (KP) leaf extracts inhibited in vitro lymphocyte proliferation and showed in vivo immunosuppressive activity. Here we attempt to identify the immunosuppressive substances present in KP guided by the lymphoproliferative assays. From the ethanolic extract was purified a fraction (KP12SA) twenty-fold more potent to block murine lymphocyte proliferation than the crude extract. Chemical analysis by 1H- and 13C-NMR, IR and GC-MS of KP12SA (methylated sample) showed 89.3% of palmitic acid (C16), 10.7% of stearic acid (C18) and traces of arachidic (C20) and behenic acids (C22). This study provides evidence that fatty acids present in Kalanchoe pinnata may be responsible, at least in part, for its immunosuppressive effect in vivo.
This datasheet on Kalanchoe integra covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
Kalanchoë cultivars rank as one of the most sold potted ornamental plants in the world. Among its key features that sustain high market interest are the long flowering period, abundance of flowers, thick and glossy leaves, easy maintenance and less water requirement compared to other potted plants. In breeding studies of Kalanchoë, plants with different flower colors such as white, cream, yellow, orange, red, pink and purple were developed. Moreover, double-flowered cultivars (comprising a large number of petals), more compact and cultivars with larger flowers were also obtained. Novel morphological characteristics are always in high demand in the market of ornamental plants. Increasing the variation in the gene pool with different species played a major role in the development of these characteristics. Nowadays, not only potted cultivars are launched but also cut flower cultivars have been developed and presented to consumers. Besides conventional breeding and interspecific hybridization, biotechnological methods, which have a promising future, are used to develop morphological characteristics of Kalanchoë.
A espécie Kalanchoe laetivirens é uma suculenta proveniente de áreas tropicais como a África e Ásia. Devido ao clima favorável, esta planta foi introduzida no Brazil onde é utilizada como alternativa medicinal para o tratamento de doenças como infecções, inflamações, diarréia e cicatrização de ferimentos. Os compostos presentes neste organismo pertencem, em sua grande maioria, a classe dos flavonoides com atividades antioxidante, gastroprotetora, antiúlcera, cálculos renais, infecções bacterianas e virais. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar os compostos químicos presentes nos extratos brutos e das suas frações bem como verificar seu potencial antimicrobiano. Para isso, a amostra vegetal foi submetida à extração com etanol 70% sendo fracionada em seguida com hexano, clorofórmio e acetato de etila. Tais extratos foram analisados em cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada ao espectrômetro de massas para verificar os íons presentes nas amostras. Foi encontrado composto 3,7-di-O-ramnosil-cianidina, a uma cianidina glicosilada. Sua atividade antimicrobiana foi determinada como sendo negativa frente aos patógenos testados.
Kalanchoe beharensis is one of the largest members of the genus and one of only a few that can be regarded as being truly arborescent. Its distribution in central-south Madagascar is discussed, together with its history, relationships, cultivation and cultivars. The paper is illustrated with a water-colour painting, photos and a distribution map.
Kalanchoe blossfeldiana plants showing symptoms charcoal rot-like were collected in a greenhouse in Kermanshah province, West Iran. Based on morphology and phylogeny of DNA sequence data for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA region, the isolated pathogen was identified as Macrophomina phaseolina. Pathogenicity tests in vivo were made on plants. Inoculated plants produced characteristic symptoms, and subsequent pathogen recovery confirmed pathogenicity. This study provides the first report of the occurrence of Macrophomina phaseolina on Kalanchoe blossfeldiana causing charcoal rot symptoms in Iran and the world.
The taxonomy and nomenclature of Kalanchoe peltigera (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and K. rosei var. seyrigii, a long-overlooked name published in the 1940s, are evaluated with an aim to resolve the taxonomic status and affinities of K. peltigera, which was described in the mid-2000s. In particular, the taxonomic status of K. peltigera as an accepted species is examined in detail and verified based on a comparison with other known phyllo-bulbiliferous species of Kalanchoe i.e., those species that produce bulbils on the margins of their leaf blades typically between crenations, as opposed to flori-bulbiliferous, or stoloniferous species. We show that both K. peltigera and the original description of K. rosei var. seyrigii are based on collections made of a single species from locations in close proximity in southern Madagascar. Based on an examination of living material and type specimens, as well as other herbarium accessions, of which only a limited number exist, we conclude that K. peltigera and one of the two specimens cited when K. rosei var. seyrigii was described apply to the same species. However, despite its original description, the type of the name K. rosei var. seyrigii is that of the synonym it replaced, i.e., K. rosei subsp. serratifolia, a taxon less closely related to K. peltigera, and therefore the two names are not synonymous. A morphological evaluation suggests that K. rosei is likely to be sister to K. peltigera. The name K. peltigera is neotypified as its holotype is no longer extant.
The species Kalanchoe brasiliensis and Kalanchoe pinnata, both known popularly as “Saião,” are used interchangeably in traditional medicine for their antiophidic properties. Studies evaluating the anti-venom activity of these species are scarce. This study aims to characterize the chemical constituents and evaluate the inhibitory effects of hydroethanolic leaf extracts of K. brasiliensis and K. pinnata against local effects induced by Bothrops jararaca snake venom. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Diode Array Detection and Electrospray Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) were performed for characterization of chemical markers of the extracts from these species. For antiophidic activity evaluation, B. jararaca venom-induced paw edema and skin hemorrhage in mice were evaluated. In both models, hydroethanolic extracts (125–500 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally in different protocols. Inhibition of phospholipase enzymatic activity of B. jararaca was evaluated. The HPLC-DAD-MS/MS chromatographic profile of extracts showed some particularities in the chemical profile of the two species. K. brasileinsis exhibited major peaks that have UV spectra similar to flavonoid glycosides derived from patuletin and eupafolin, while K. pinnata showed UV spectra similar to flavonoids glycosides derived from quercetin and kaempferol. Both extracts significantly reduced the hemorrhagic activity of B. jararaca venom in pre-treatment protocol, reaching about 40% of inhibition, while only K. pinnata was active in post-treatment protocol (about 30% of inhibition). In the antiedematogenic activity, only K. pinnata was active, inhibiting about 66% and 30% in pre and post-treatment protocols, respectively. Both extracts inhibited phospholipase activity; however, K. pinnata was more active. In conclusion, the results indicate the potential antiophidic activity of Kalanchoe species against local effects induced by B. jararaca snake venom, suggesting their potential use as a new source of bioactive molecules against bothropic venom.
From the leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae), a medicinal plant widely used against inflammatory processes which exhibit a important immunosuppressive and anti-leishmanial activities, was isolated a minor vinylic aliphatic alcohol diglycoside which structure was proposed as the known 1-octen-3-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 -> 6)-beta-glucopyranoside based on ¹H and 13C mono and bi-dimensional NMR experiments and GC-MS analysis, after successive chromatographic column procedures. This molecule is a water-soluble derivative of the volatile aglicone 1-octen-3-ol that appears to be attractant of pollinators and signalling of defence against herbivores.A partir das folhas de Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae), uma planta medicinal amplamente utilizada contra processos inflamatórios e que apresenta importante atividade imunossupressora e anti-leishmania, foi isolado um álcool vinílico diglicosilado minoritário, caracterizado como 1-octeno-3-O-alfa-L-arabinopiranosil-(1 -> 6)-beta-glicopiranosídeo baseado em RMN mono e bi-dimensional e em CG-EM, após sucessivos processos cromatográficos em coluna. Esta molécula é um derivado hidrossolúvel da aglicona 1-octen-3-ol, molécula que atua como atrativo para polinizadores e sinalizador de defesa contra herbivoria.
Le Métabolisme Acide des Crassulacées (CAM) est un type de photosynthèse présenté par les plantes qui ont dans les conditions naturelles à faire face à une contrainte hydrique. Il est caractérisé par la capacité de fixer le CO2 externe pendant la nuit (via la phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, PEPC) mais aussi pendant le jour (via la ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygénase, Rubisco). Ces propriétés sont associées à un comportement particulier des stomates qui sont ouverts la nuit (favorisant l'absorption de CO2) mais peuvent se fermer le jour quand les températures élevées sont susceptibles de déséquilibrer l'état hydrique des cellules. Ainsi, le CAM constitue une voie métabolique adaptative dont la distribution parmi les espèces pourrait refléter leur répartition géographique. Selon l'environnement climatique des plantes, les activités relatives de la PEPC (fixation nocturne) et de la Rubisco (fixation diurne) sont en proportion différente. A cause des propriétés de discrimination des 2 enzymes en ce qui concerne les 2 isotopes stables du carbone, (12C et 13C), la composition isotopique de la biomasse foliaire pour cet élément (13C) reflète la contribution relative des 2 enzymes au gain journalier de carbone de la plante considérée. Cette technique a été utilisée pour examiner le mode de photosynthèse utilisé par les #Kalanchoe$ malgaches. Les résultats ont montré la capacité par toutes les espèces de #Kalanchoe$ de fonctionner selon le mode CAM, une grande flexibilité photosynthétique pour certaines espèces en relation étroite avec l'environnement climatique et/ou le mode de vie de l'espèce analysée, une corrélation entre la flexibilité du CAM et la classification taxonomique des espèces selon P. Boiteau, d'où l'on peut déduire que le centre de spéciation du genre #Kalanchoe$ s'est situé à Madagascar. Ces résultats ont été confirmés par une analyse comparative des ADN de nombreuses espèces de #Kalanchoe$. (Résumé d'auteur)
Kalanchoe (Crassulacées) de Madagascar, Systématique, écophysiologie & phytochimie
- Boiteau P L Allorge-Boiteau
BOITEAU P. & L. ALLORGE-BOITEAU, 1995.
Kalanchoe (Crassulacées) de Madagascar,
Systématique, écophysiologie & phytochimie: 1-252,47 pl.
Essai sur l'Histoire de la flore du Sud de Madagascar
THOMASSON M., 1994. Essai sur l'Histoire de la flore du Sud de Madagascar. Mém. Soc. Biogéogr.,
3" sér. IV: 169-179.
Aire de Kalanchoe lanceolata (Forsk.) Pers., d'après
- Fig
Fig. 1. Aire de Kalanchoe lanceolata (Forsk.) Pers., d'après J.K. MORTON, 1962, p. 395.