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Abstract

Some foods promote inflammation and some reduce it. Chronic intestinal inflammation drives a variety of diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colon cancer, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes, which plagues society today. Because plant-based food is effective against chronic diseases via modulation of gut microbiota and inflammation, there is a growing interest in anti-inflammatory staple food crops. Potato contains anti-inflammatory components such as resistant starch, fiber, and anthocyanins. Given the wide variation in potato germplasm for these compounds, there exists an opportunity to further develop potato as a potent anti-inflammatory staple crop.

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... The antioxidants they contain include ascorbic acid, carotenoids, lutein, zeaxanthin, and violaxanthin, which improve oxidative stress. The compounds present in them, such as phenolic acids, carotenoids, and anthocyanins, have a positive effect on the lipid metabolism and can reduce inflammation in the body [43,44]. The phenolic compounds present in the potato skin, chlorogenic acid and anthocyanins, together with antioxidants, fight cancer cells and have a pro-health effect on the heart and vascular system by minimizing the risk of hypertension. ...
... This is because the potassium content in potatoes is one of the most important sources among vegetables and fruits that also plays an important role in bone health [30,45]. Research suggests that potato nutrients and composition may have favorable impacts on gut bacteria, playing a critical role in the metabolism of potato bioactive components [44]. Resistant starch RS2 and RS3 are contained in raw and cooked or cooled potatoes, helping to reduce the risk for insulin and leptin resistance and playing a role in satiety [28,44,46]. ...
... Research suggests that potato nutrients and composition may have favorable impacts on gut bacteria, playing a critical role in the metabolism of potato bioactive components [44]. Resistant starch RS2 and RS3 are contained in raw and cooked or cooled potatoes, helping to reduce the risk for insulin and leptin resistance and playing a role in satiety [28,44,46]. Potatoes are included in the list of food-based dietary guidelines of countries that recommend eating potatoes due to their health properties: Portugal recommends 1 and 1/2 potato (medium size = 125 g) per meal, Italy recommends servings potatoes/week (1 serving = 200 g) [47]. ...
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This article describes chemical and physical parameters, including their role in the storage, trade, and processing of potatoes, as well as their nutritional properties and health benefits resulting from their consumption. An analysis of the share of losses occurring during the production process is presented. The methods and applications used in recent years to estimate the physical and chemical parameters of potatoes during their storage and processing, which determine the quality of potatoes, are presented. The potential of the technologies used to classify the quality of potatoes, mechanical and ultrasonic, and image processing and analysis using vision systems, as well as their use in applications with artificial intelligence, are discussed.
... Many studies reported the beneficial health properties of polyphenols in potato in human cell culture [76], such as anti-obesity [77], antidiabetic, hypocholesterolemia [78], and anti-inflammatory effects [79]. The presence of a comparatively high quantity of phytonutrients with bioactivities might be helpful in the prevention of chronic diseases, but is massively underestimated in the case of potatoes [80]. ...
... Inflammation is the process through which the immune system recognizes and removes harmful and foreign stimuli [92], while the anti-inflammatory process reverses the tissue homeostasis to normality [93]. Various anti-inflammatory compounds have been found in potatoes, including anthocyanins that contribute to reducing inflammatory bowel syndrome and various other chronic diseases related to gut health [79,94]. Polyphenols extracted from potato and onion inhibit the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression compared to the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) [95], which indicates that polyphenols extracted from potato can help as a natural source of anti-inflammatory substances. ...
... An increased number of Clostridium species, such as Bacteroidaceae and Enterobacteriaceae, were observed in a mice model of colitis in comparison to control mice. Anthocyanins help to reduce pathogenic bacteria in the gut, while promoting health beneficial bacteria; for example, anthocyanins decrease gut luminal LPS and improves the growth of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species [79]. In comparison with antibiotic drugs, chloramphenicol extract of purple potato showed the highest inhibition against E. coli bacteria, which is associated with colonic inflammation [96]. ...
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Polyphenol is one of the most essential phytochemicals with various health benefits. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is known as a potential source of polyphenols, and also has health benefits in which phenolic acids, such as chlorogenic, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and flavonoids, such as anthocyanins, sustainably play the most significant role. Almost every polyphenol contributes to various biological activities. In this review, we collected comprehensive information concerning the diversity of polyphenols in potatoes, and the effects of post-harvest processing and different cooking methods on the bioavailability of polyphenols. To achieve maximum health benefits, the selection of potato cultivars is necessary by choosing their colors, but various cooking methods are also very important in obtaining the maximum concentration of polyphenolic compounds. The health properties including major biological activities of polyphenols, such as antioxidant activity, anticarcinogenic activity, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-obesity activity, and antidiabetic activity, have also been summarized. All these biological activities of polyphenols in potatoes might be helpful for breeders in the design of new varieties with many health benefits, and are expected to play a vital role in both pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.
... Flavonoids can also suppress the secretion of arachidonic acid and lysosomal enzymes. [22][23][24][25] According to al-Kayri (2022), flavonoids target the NF-κB, MAPK, ERK, and Akt pathways to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress. Furthermore, anthocyanins and flavonoids have been shown to reduce proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, IL-17, and IFN-γ. ...
... Furthermore, anthocyanins and flavonoids have been shown to reduce proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, IL-17, and IFN-γ. 22,25,26 The antibacterial activity of potato extract has been investigated in studies conducted by Amanpour (2015), Gebrechristos (2020), and Helal (2020). Potato peel extract has been shown to effectively inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and Candida albicans. ...
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Introduction The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a short-lived tuber plant with a round to oval shape and varying colors, depending on the variety. It is known that only the inside of the potato is used, while the peel is generally discarded. However, recent studies have shown that potato peels contain many health-beneficial compounds. Purpose This study aimed to investigate the compounds present in potato peels and their in vitro activities. Methods A scoping review following the PRISMA guidelines was conducted. The selection process involved identifying articles of in vitro research published within the last 10 years (2012–2022). Electronic searches were conducted using the portals Scopus, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, and Portal Garuda by using the keywords “potato” or “Solanum tuberosum” and “peel” or “skin”. The search was limited to articles in English with full text availability. Results The screening process resulted in a total of 4773 articles from the four search engines; 14 articles were obtained that met the requirements for the review, most of which use extract preparations in their research. Extracts of flavonoids, phenols, and glycoalkaloids are the most frequently studied compounds, and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity have undergone extensive research. Conclusion The potential compounds contained in potato peels, including flavonoids, phenols, and glycoalkaloids, are highly abundant and offer numerous benefits. Provides opportunities for further research to prove the potential pathway activity of the compound. These compounds have been the subject of extensive research, suggesting their significance in the context of health and nutrition.
... Interestingly, the combination of different polyphenols was more effective than single flavonoid classes [132,246]. A similar preventive effect on inflammatory cytokines and gut barrier function was observed using purple-fleshed potato on high-fat diet in pigs and on DSS-induced colitis in mice [247][248][249]. Purple and red potatoes reduced benzopyreneinduced stomach cancer and chemically induced breast cancer in rats [250,251]. ...
... Prevented gastrointestinal inflammation/cancers in pig fed HFD [247] Reduced chronic intestinal inflammation in DSS-induced colitis in mice [248,249] Prevented obesity, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance in rats fed HFD [252,253] Attenuated hyperglycemia in STZ-induced diabetic rats. [254] Reduced obesity-associated oxidative damage in rats fed HCD [256] Suppressed GalN-induced hepatotoxicity via inhibition of lipid peroxidation and/or inflammation in rats [255] Purple/red potato Reduced proliferation of the benzopyrene-induced stomach cancer in mice [250] Red potato Reduced MNU1-induced breast carcinogenesis in rats [251] Inhibited hepatic lipid peroxidation in rats [257] ...
Article
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Given the general beneficial effects of antioxidants-rich foods on human health and disease prevention, there is a continuous interest in plant secondary metabolites conferring attractive colors to fruits and grains and responsible, together with others, for nutraceutical properties. Cereals and Solanaceae are important components of the human diet, thus, they are the main targets for functional food development by exploitation of genetic resources and metabolic engineering. In this review, we focus on the impact of antioxidants-rich cereal and Solanaceae derived foods on human health by analyzing natural biodiversity and biotechnological strategies aiming at increasing the antioxidant level of grains and fruits, the impact of agronomic practices and food processing on antioxidant properties combined with a focus on the current state of pre-clinical and clinical studies. Despite the strong evidence in in vitro and animal studies supporting the beneficial effects of antioxidants-rich diets in preventing diseases, clinical studies are still not sufficient to prove the impact of antioxidant rich cereal and Solanaceae derived foods on human.
... Additionally. consumption of purple potato also known to inhibit the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines from intestinal epithelial cells (Kaspar et al. 2011;Zhang et al. 2017;Reddivari et al. 2019) respectively. These accessible anthocyanins significantly inhibited cellular inflammation in Caco-2 cells. ...
... Presence of different phytonutrients in potato may also reduce the risk of cancer (Zaheer and Akhtar 2016). The gallic acid and α-chaconine (steroidal glycoalkaloid) present in potato have been shown to exhibit inhibitory action on prostate cancer cell lines by stimulating the process of apoptosis and ultimately leading to the death of cancerous cell lines namely LNCaP and PC-3 (Reddivari et al. 2019). The anthocyanins in purple-fleshed potato also showed reduction in high-fat diet and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induced colonic-systemic inflammation in model animals like mice and pigs. ...
Article
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Potato is a popular starchy commodity which is consumed as a staple food in European countries and as a vegetable in the Indian sub-continent. Potato serves as a complete food because it is nutritionally rich in carbohydrate including resistant starch, quality protein, dietary fibre, vitamins and essential macro-and micro-nutrients. The skin and flesh colour of potato varies with cultivar and indicates about the nutritional status of the potato. In recent time, the demand for nutritionally superior cultivars which are high in antioxidant and phenolics are increasing among the consumers. In this context, purple potatoes that are rich in phenolic compounds including anthocyanins are gradually becoming popular and in much demand. This article brings about basic information on purple potatoes with a focus on the first Indian purple potato cultivar i.e., Kufri Neelkanth, covering its nutritional composition, key features and health benefits. The present trend of increase in demand for purple potato in India does indicate that in future purple potato will help in enhancing the overall contribution of potato towards the food as well as the nutritional security.
... Pathologically, UC is characterized by epithelial ulceration, immune cell infiltration in the lamina propria, crypt abscess, enlarged spleen and liver, and impaired intestinal epithelial barrier function [87,88]. The integrity of the mucus layer, the production, and assembly of tight junction (TJ) proteins are two main factors to evaluate intestinal barrier function. ...
... Similar observations are reported in a study using grapes, where anthocyanin-rich grape pomace extracts were found to prevent a DSS-induced increase of IL-6, MPO, and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), whose production is triggered by bacterial products and pro-inflammatory cytokines [136]. Administration of purple-fleshed potatoes rich in malvidin and petunidin have shown to reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and, thereby, attenuate dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice [88]. Anthocyanins also play a role in inhibiting chemokine release and the subsequent NF-κB signaling pathway (Figure 3). ...
Article
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Ulcerative colitis (UC), which is a major form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is a chronic relapsing disorder of the gastrointestinal tract affecting millions of people worldwide. Alternative natural therapies, including dietary changes, are being investigated to manage or treat UC since current treatment options have serious negative side effects. There is growing evidence from animal studies and human clinical trials that diets rich in anthocyanins, which are pigments in fruits and vegetables, protect against inflammation and increased gut permeability as well as improve colon health through their ability to alter bacterial metabolism and the microbial milieu within the intestines. In this review, the structure and bioactivity of anthocyanins, the role of inflammation and gut bacterial dysbiosis in UC pathogenesis, and their regulation by the dietary anthocyanins are discussed, which suggests the feasibility of dietary strategies for UC mitigation.
... La capacidad antioxidante en la papa está atribuida al contenido de polifenoles, antocianinas y vitaminas, donde estos antioxidantes juegan un papel muy importante en la inhibición de radicales libres y evitan posibles daños a las células (Chauhan et al., 2015). Además, los fitonutrientes y los componentes alimentarios bioactivos se convierten en un alimento funcional para mejorar la microbiota y la salud intestinal (Bibi et al., 2019), incluso poseen propiedades antiinflamatorias (Reddivari et al., 2019). ...
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En Perú se producen más de 3500 variedades de papas, sin embargo, es poca la información disponible sobre las propiedades antioxidantes que poseen. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar el efecto de los tratamientos térmicos de hervido y de fritura, y la digestión in vitro en el contenido de polifenoles totales, antocianinas y actividad antioxidante en cuatro variedades de papas nativas. Las papas nativas clon de pulpa rojo (C1), clon de pulpa azul (C2), variedad Elena 1198 (V4) y la variedad Kitipsho (V8) fueron obtenidas del centro poblado de Huallmish a 3500 m s.n.m. para la evaluación de principios activos, las muestras sometidas a cocción y fritura fueron licuadas y se realizaron extracciones con metanol y también se realizó la digestión in vitro. Los resultados en las papas nativas mostraron diferencias en peso, longitud y diámetro, además, tampoco se encontró la presencia de vitamina C. Los tratamientos térmicos mediante hervido, fritura y luego del proceso de digestión in vitro, indujeron variaciones en el contenido de componentes bioactivos (P < 0,05), donde las cuatro variedades de papa mostraron un incremento en su capacidad para inhibir el catión abts, lo que estaría relacionado con el tipo de antioxidante y el potencial de hidrógeno del medio al cual fue sometido durante la digestión in vitro. En conclusión, las muestras de papas nativas luego de los tratamientos de hervido, fritura y digestión in vitro incrementaron la actividad antioxidante para secuestrar el catión ABTS.
... It is known to decrease glycemic index due to its higher amylose/ amylopectin ratios. 22 Previous studies have provided evidence of significant silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) production using extracts derived from banana peels and tulsi leaves. 23,24 These findings support the current study, where silver nanoparticles with remarkable size and shape were successfully synthesized. ...
Article
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Introduction Vegetable waste has numerous essential values and can be used for various purposes. Unfortunately, it is often discarded worldwide due to a lack of awareness regarding its nutritional and practical significance. Even the nutrient-rich peels of fruits and vegetables are commonly wasted, despite their numerous useful applications. Utilizing vegetable waste to produce silver nanoparticles through green synthesis is an advantageous, economical, and environmentally friendly method for producing valuable products while addressing waste management concerns. The main emphasis of this study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using vegetable waste from Solanum tuberosum (potato) and Coriander sativum (coriander). Methods The stems of Coriander sativum and peels of Solanum tuberosum were used as extracts for the synthesis of AgNPs. The characterization of the synthesized AgNPs involved UV-spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The phytochemical analysis was performed to analyze antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, antitumor, antioxidant, alpha-amylase, and protein inhibition activities. Results The change in the color of the reaction mixture from yellowish green to brown following the addition of extracts to the silver nitrate solution confirmed nanoparticle synthesis. UV analysis has shown peaks in the range of 300–400nm. SEM confirmed the spherical and agglomerated morphology and size of 64nm for potato peel and 70nm for coriander stem. XRD confirmed the crystalline structure of silver nanoparticles. The phytochemical assays confirmed that silver nanoparticles had higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles showed promising antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, antitumor, and antioxidant properties and significant alpha-amylase and protein inhibition activities in comparison with the crude extracts. Conclusion The bioactivity of the plant suggests that it could be a suitable option for therapeutic purposes. This study demonstrates a potential method for sustainable nanoparticle synthesis and the therapeutic applications of AgNPs derived from vegetable waste. By utilizing the potential of vegetable waste, we can contribute to both environmental sustainability and the development of innovative, valuable products in fields such as medicine, agriculture, and materials science. These findings encourage further research on agricultural byproducts, promoting environmentally friendly and economically advantageous research and development efforts.
... Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the fourth-ranked staple food crop worldwide after wheat, rice, and maize, with a great impact on world agricultural economic stability and food security [1,2]. Potato tubers are not only a rich source of nutrients to provide energy for people, but also have the positive effects of improving anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities for the human body [3][4][5]. However, one of the main causal agents affecting the growth and post-harvest storage of potato tubers is the occurrence of bacterial soft rot disease [6]. ...
Article
Full-text available
The significance of alternative respiratory pathway (AOXs) during the interaction between soft rot bacteria (Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, (Pcc.)) and potato tubers is well-defined. However, the role of the AOXs in impaired mitochondrial respiratory chain function during the Pcc. infection is yet to be studied. In this study, the results show that with the aggravation of infection of Pcc., the capacity for alternative respiration in mitochondria of potato tubers increased gradually. The mitochondrial membrane potential increased more significantly after infection with Pcc. when the AOXs in potato tubers was partially blocked using salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) beforehand. In addition, the activity of complex III decreased more drastically while the activity of complex IV increased more significantly in the partial absence of the AOXs in the mitochondria. Furthermore, the mitochondrial endogenous respiration, mitochondrial respiratory state 3 and respiratory control rate (RCR) decreased more significantly and the value of RCR reached around 1.0 with the aggravation of infection of Pcc. in the partially absence of AOXs in the mitochondria.
... Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the third most consumed crop around the world and is grown in most countries [13]. The potato tuber supplies a wide range of nutrients and diverse bioactive compounds that are known to prevent and combat chronic diseases such as hypertension, cancer, diabetes, and heart disease [14][15][16][17][18][19]. The bioactive compounds found in potatoes are polyphenols (chlorogenic acid, apigenin, rutin, kaempferol rutinoside), terpenes (lutein and neoxanthin), alkaloids (solanine, tomatine, chaconine) and polyamines (kukoamines). ...
Article
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The benefits of lowering blood pressure (BP) are well established for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. While there are a number of pharmaceuticals available for lowering BP, there is considerable interest in using dietary modifications, lifestyle and behaviour changes as alternative strategies. Kukoamines, caffeic acid derivatives of polyamines present in solanaceous plants, have been reported to reduce BP. We investigated the effect of orally administered synthetic kukoamine A on BP in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR) laboratory animal model of hypertension. Prior to the hypertension study, we determined the safety of the synthetic kukoamine A in a single oral dose (5 or 10 mg kg⁻¹ bodyweight) 14-day observational study in mice. No negative effects of the oral administration of kukoamine A were observed. We subsequently investigated the effect of daily oral doses of kukoamine A (0, 5, 10 mg kg⁻¹ bodyweight) for 35 days using the SHR rat model of hypertension. The normotensive control Wistar Kyoto (WKY) strain was used to provide a baseline for normal BP in rats. We observed no effect of orally administered synthetic kukoamine A on arterial hypertension in this laboratory animal model of hypertension.
... Khokra et al., [129] Liu et al., [130] Gandhi et al., [131] Mene and Kale, [132] Bhoi et al., [133] Henary et al., [134] Malik et al., [135] Mathur, [136] Gupta and Rawat, [137] Shaista and Amrita, [138] Dadmal et al., [139] Gao et al., [140] Prajapati et al., [141] Kai et al., [142] Achaiah et al., [143] Bhat and Belagali, [111] Midhula et al., [144] Nangare et al., [145] Banerjee et al., [146] Jiang et al., [147] Ning et al., [148] Weekes and Westwell, [149] Li and Wang, [150] Yadav et al., [151] Ulrich, [152] Li et al., [153] Jaiswal et al., [154] Pandey and Pal, [155] Zhu et al., [156] Cheng et al., [157] and Zhilitskaya et al. [158] published reviews focusing on the protocols employed for the synthesis of benzothiazole derivatives. Gill et al., [159] Chandrasekhar, [160] Sulthana and Pandian, [161] Gulati et al., [162] Nivatya et al., [163] Henary et al., [164] Gandhi et al., [165] Sharma et al., [166] Ingle and Marathe, [167] Ahmed et al., [168] Patel et al., [169] Seth et al., [170] and Chanchal et al. [171] published review articles highlighting the diverse biological profiles along with the synthetic protocols engaged in the synthesis of benzothiazole derivatives. Bradshaw and Westwell [172] described the development of Phortress, a prodrug with benzothiazole moiety as an anticancer therapeutic agent in the clinic. ...
Article
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Benzothiazole and its derivatives have been manifested as an optimistic scaffold due to their immense biological importance. Several methodologies have been reported as modifications after the first report of 2‐substituted benzothiazole. Among them, many involve a shift from the conventional synthetic approach by utilizing different catalytic systems. Moreover, synthetic methodologies focused on improvements in terms of product yield, reaction duration, use of environmentally benign conditions and simplified workup procedures predominate among the recently developed approaches. Solid‐phase organic synthesis received considerable attention with the pioneering findings of Merrifield's solid‐phase peptide synthesis in 1963. A diverse range of organic, inorganic and organic‐inorganic substances have been utilized as polymeric solid supports in various catalytic applications. The recyclability and reusability of the immobilized catalysts over consecutive cycles establish them as an attractive alternative over conventional catalytic systems from the environment as well as industrial perspective. The present review summarizes the recent developments in the environmentally benign synthesis of benzothiazole derivatives using supported reagents. Different solid supports along with their catalytic application, mechanistic perspective and substrate tolerance have been discussed comprehensively.
... Anthocyanin publications in PubMed have gone from under 200 per year in 2000, to over 1000 in 2018, in part due to interest in their health-promoting effects [234]. Purple-flesh potatoes with high amounts of polyphenols and anthocyanins have shown benefits in several health studies, including induction of apoptosis, anti-cancer and anti-diabetes properties and promotion of gut health [246][247][248][249][250][251][252][253]. Anthocyanins from purple potatoes reduced alcohol-induced hepatic injury in mice [254]. ...
Article
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With a growing world population, accelerating climate changes, and limited arable land, it is critical to focus on plant-based resources for sustainable food production. In addition, plants are a cornucopia for secondary metabolites, of which many have robust antioxidative capacities and are beneficial for human health. Potato is one of the major food crops worldwide, and is recognized by the United Nations as an excellent food source for an increasing world population. Potato tubers are rich in a plethora of antioxidants with an array of health-promoting effects. This review article provides a detailed overview about the biosynthesis, chemical and health-promoting properties of the most abundant antioxidants in potato tubers, including several vitamins, carotenoids and phenylpropanoids. The dietary contribution of diverse commercial and primitive cultivars are detailed and document that potato contributes much more than just complex carbohydrates to the diet. Finally, the review provides insights into the current and future potential of potato-based systems as tools and resources for healthy and sustainable food production.
... Maximizing the nutritional content of potatoes is ever more important, not only for food security, but because consumer trends are increasingly prioritizing nutritional value in their purchasing decisions and diet ). Some potatoes have high amounts of anthocyanins and phenolic acids such as chlorogenic acid (Andre et al. 2007;Navarre et al. 2011), which are highly desirable in the diet because they have numerous health-promoting effects, including on cardiovascular, gut and eye health, along with anti-aging, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties (Bibi et al. 2019;Fraga et al. 2019;Neelam et al. 2020;Parr and Bolwell 2000;Reddivari et al. 2019;Scalbert et al. 2005). ...
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Potato is staple food that promotes global food security. One major source of waste are culls due to discoloration of the tubers, some types of which may be associated with nutritionally desirable phenylpropanoids. We examined blackspot bruising, and enzymatic browning of tuber slices and potato juice in 12 different cultivars. Discoloration was measured, along with polyphenol oxidase activity and total phenolics. A strong correlation was not observed between any of these factors. Furthermore, no correlation was observed between tyrosine and chlorogenic acid amounts in 56 varieties. These results suggest phenylpropanoids are not the major determinant of discoloration in these potatoes and suggested that potatoes can be developed with higher amounts of phenylpropanoids without inadvertently increasing the amounts of tyrosine. Collectively, this work supports the hypothesis that potatoes can be developed with higher amounts of health-promoting phenylpropanoids without increasing susceptibility to discoloration.
... 83 It was also found that after six weeks of consumption of about 150 g of purple potatoes by healthy men, they had lower levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and systemic inflammation. 84 ...
Article
The aim of study was to broadly determine the biological activities of purple potato ethanolic extract of the Blue Congo variety (BCE). The antioxidative activity of BCE was determined in relation to liposome membranes, and peroxidation was induced by UVB and AAPH. To clarify the antioxidant activity of BCE, we investigated its interactions with hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions of a membrane using fluorimetric and FTIR methods. Next, we investigated the cytotoxicity and pro-apoptotic activities of BCE on two human colon cancer cell lines (HT-29 and Caco-2) and on normal cells (IPEC-J2 ). In addition, the ability to inhibit enzymes which are involved in pro-inflammatory reactions was examined. Furthermore, BCE interactions with serum albumin and plasmid DNA were investigated using steady state fluorescence spectroscopy and single molecule fluorescence technique (TCSPC-FCS). We proved that BCE effectively protects lipid membranes against the process of peroxidation and successfully inhibits the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. What is more, it interacts with the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts of lipid membranes as well as with albumin and plasmid DNA. It occurred, that BCE is more cytotoxic against colon cancer cell lines than normal IPEC-J2 cells, it also induces apoptosis in cancer cell lines, but does not induce cell death on normal cells.
... Some potato cultivars also have significant amounts of anthocyanins and other pigments. Consumption of these phytonutrients, pigments and antioxidants have numerous health benefits (Visvanathan et al. 2016;Furrer et al. 2018;Tsang et al. 2018;Reddivari et al. 2019). However, in some potato industries, the potato skin is a major waste product, which actually has significant value in other food industries, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals (Schieber and Saldaña 2009;Nems̈et al. 2015;Jeddou et al. 2018;Xu et al. 2019). ...
Article
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The frequently changing climate has resulted in plants facing more biotic and abiotic stresses than ever before, leading to yield and quality losses. The global population is increasing at an alarming rate and feeding the world has become a huge challenge. Being a staple crop of many countries, potato can help to overcome this challenge. A comprehensive knowledge of physiology, biochemistry and molecular genetics of development and wound healing of potato tuber periderm (skin) is very important as the periderm protects the tubers from skinning injuries, dehydration, bruising and biotic and abiotic stresses. Improvements in tuber periderm are essential to enhance tuber quality and shelf life and reduce financial losses. In this paper, we have reviewed the protective roles of tuber periderm layer in response to stress and injuries. Moreover, molecular regulation of native and wound-induced periderm formation has been discussed. Since suberization is an important aspect of tuber periderm formation and wound healing, we have also reviewed the key genes involved in this process. This review will pave the way for obtaining potato tubers resistant to various abiotic and pathogenic stresses.
... It ensures food security for the increasing population all over the world [2,3]. Potatoes have a higher nutritional value per plantation area than other crops [4,5]. They are essential food in developing countries, and their consumption is growing continuously [6]. ...
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It is important to protect potatoes from insects and diseases at an early stage of their development. Pesticides are necessary to prevent loss caused by Colorado potato beetles feeding on potato leaves. Nowadays, there are attempts to reduce the use of chemical agents to the minimum necessary level. This article describes the construction of a novel valve that applies chemicals in an intermittent stream during potato treatment. Thus, it is possible to reduce the emission of chemicals to the natural environment. The article also describes the research site where the valve was tested, provides the results of laboratory investigations on different types of sprayer nozzles and their validation. Apart from that, the degree of the seed potato surface covering with the dressing was assessed in order to select the right sprayer nozzle and working pressure. The results of field tests of the seed dresser prototype with novel nozzles showed that they effectively dressed seed potatoes while saving 2 L (50%) of the chemical per hectare. Fissure sprayers achieved the highest degree of covering (up to 78%) with the first version of the valve (without auxiliary airflow). When the innovative valve (the second solution with auxiliary airstream) was applied at a distance of 50 mm from the seed potato fall path S, the highest degree of coverage with the dressing substance (up to 88%) was observed for the ejector sprayer. When the distance between the valve and the seed potato fall, path S was increased from 50 to 100 mm, the degree of surface coverage was lower for both of the valves used in the tests.
... The health benefits of potato are influenced by cultivar, cooking method, storage conditions, and other foods consumed ( Because potatoes are eaten in large quantity by much of the population, they are uniquely positioned to impact health. Anti-inflammatory compounds in potato, including resistant starch, fiber and anthocyanins, can contribute to gut health and reduce chronic diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (Bibi et al. 2019;Reddivari et al. 2019). Fermentable resistant starch can also improve colon health and reduce the incidence of colon cancer (Vanamala 2019). ...
Article
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Isolated anthocyanins have limited colonic bioavailability due to their instability as free forms. Thus, many methods have been fabricated to increase the stability of anthocyanins. Complexation, encapsulation, and co-pigmentation with other pigments, proteins, metal ions, and carbohydrates have been reported to improve the stability and bioavailability of anthocyanins. In this study, anthocyanins extracted from purple potatoes were complexed with four different polysaccharides and their mixture. The anthocyanin–polysaccharide complexes were characterized using a zeta potential analyzer, particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Complexes were subjected to simulated digestion for assessing the stability of anthocyanins. Furthermore, complexes were subjected to different pH conditions and incubated at high temperatures to monitor color changes. A Caco-2 cell monolayer was used to evaluate the colonic concentrations of anthocyanins. In addition, the bioactivity of complexes was assessed using LPS-treated Caco-2 cell monolayer. Results show that pectin had the best complexation capacity with anthocyanins. The surface morphology of the anthocyanin–pectin complex (APC) was changed after complexation. APC was more resistant to the simulated upper gastrointestinal digestion, and high pH and temperature conditions for a longer duration. Furthermore, APC restored the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced high cell permeability compared to isolated anthocyanins. In conclusion, complexation with pectin increased the stability and colonic bioavailability and the activity of anthocyanins.
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Potatoes are the third most widely grown food crop in the world. Due to their ability to grow on marginal land and produce large amounts of nutritious food with relatively few inputs, they have shaped human history. They are part of a wide range of international cuisines and growing in popularity. However, due to the complexity of autotetraploidy, clonal growth, and a wide range of wild relatives, we know less about potato genomics, diversity, and evolution than we do about comparable grain crops. Population genomics questions such as the relationship between potatoes and their numerous wild relatives, the timing and location of domestication and range expansion, and the patterns of selection and variation left in the potato genome by these histories remain open. Although there is a long history of potato genetics research, the current moment is particularly exciting. Potatoes are being reinvented as a diploid inbred-hybrid crop by scientists in the public and private sector around the world. New tools are under development for quantitative genetics and breeding in autopolyploid crops, for which potato serves as a model species. The availability of sequence data for potato and its relatives is growing rapidly. In this chapter, we review the currently available population genetics and genomics data in potato and the inferences that have been drawn from it as well as the questions it presents.KeywordsAdmixtureAutotetraploid and polyploidDomesticationGenetic resource conservationGenetic variation and structure deleterious variationGenome and transcriptome resourcesIntrogressionPopulation epigenomics Solanum tuberosum
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Scope: Perturbation of gut epithelial barrier function induces inflammation and other health problems that originate from the gut. Purple potato contains a high content of beneficial polyphenolic compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of purple potato extract (PPE) on intestinal differentiation and barrier function, and explore its underlying mechanism using Caco-2 cells and ex vivo cultured gut tissues. Methods and results: PPE increased transepithelial electrical resistance and decreased FITC-dextran paracellular flux in Caco-2 cells, which were associated with strengthened intestinal epithelial differentiation in both Caco-2 cells and ex vivo guts. Furthermore, PPE treatment enhanced AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) activity, concomitant with the increased expression of CDX2, a key transcriptional factor regulating intestinal epithelial differentiation. Knocking out AMPK using CRISPR/Cas9 system abolished the positive effects of PPE on intestinal epithelial differentiation and barrier function, in junction with the reduced expression of CDX2. Conclusion: PPE improved gut epithelial differentiation and barrier function via activating AMPK, indicating that PPE, as well as associated purple potato consumption, could be used as a supportive dietary therapeutic strategy for improving gut epithelial health. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Objectives—This report presents final 2015 data on the 10 leading causes of death in the United States by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Leading causes of infant, neonatal, and postneonatal death are also presented. This report supplements “Deaths: Final Data for 2015,” the National Center for Health Statistics’ annual report of final mortality statistics. Methods—Data in this report are based on information from all death certificates filed in the 50 states and the District of Columbia in 2015. Causes of death classified by the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD–10) are ranked according to the number of deaths assigned to rankable causes. Cause-of-death statistics are based on the underlying cause of death. Results—In 2015, the 10 leading causes of death were, in rank order: Diseases of heart; Malignant neoplasms; Chronic lower respiratory diseases; Accidents (unintentional injuries); Cerebrovascular diseases; Alzheimer’s disease; diabetes mellitus; Influenza and pneumonia; Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis; and Intentional self-harm (suicide). They accounted for 74% of all deaths occurring in the United States. Differences in the rankings are evident by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Leading causes of infant death for 2015 were, in rank order: Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities; Disorders related to short gestation and low birth weight, not elsewhere classified; Sudden infant death syndrome; Newborn affected by maternal complications of pregnancy; Accidents (unintentional injuries); Newborn affected by complications of placenta, cord and membranes; Bacterial sepsis of newborn; Respiratory distress of newborn; Diseases of the circulatory system; and Neonatal hemorrhage. Important variations in the leading causes of infant death are noted for the neonatal and postneonatal periods.
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Background: While the importance of diet in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is generally recognized, influence of food on the course of IBD is little understood. Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the association between food intake and course of disease in patients with IBD. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study on 103 adult patients (50 with active disease and 53 in remission, divided by their calprotectin level), who completed a food frequency questionnaire on their intake of several foods over 1 year. Diet, as assessed using a 146-item self-administered food frequency questionnaire, was correlated with objective evidence of disease based on fecal calprotectin levels. Results: Legumes and potato were inversely associated with disease relapse (p value for trend 0.023) with patients in the highest quartile for legume and potato consumption carrying a 79% lower risk of active disease (adjusted OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.57-0.81). A positive association emerged between meat intake and disease relapse, the highest quartile for meat consumption coinciding with a higher risk of active disease (OR 3.61, 95% CI 1.15-11.38), though this was not significant in the adjusted analysis. No statistically significant associations were found between disease relapse and the intake of vegetables, cereals, dairy products, or fish. Conclusions: Our results suggest a potentially protective role of legumes and potato and a detrimental influence of meat in maintaining clinical remission in IBD patients. These findings have important public health implications, but further interventional studies will be needed to demonstrate these associations.
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Potatoes have shown promising health promoting properties in human cell culture, experimental animal and human clinical studies including antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, antiinflammatory, antiobesity, anticancer and antidiabetic effects. Compounds present such as the phenolics, fiber, starch, and proteins as well the compounds considered antinutritional such as glycoalkaloids, lectins and proteinase inhibitors are believed to contribute to the health benefits of potatoes. However, epidemiologic studies exploring the role of potatoes in human health have been inconclusive. Some studies support a protective effect of potato consumption in weight management and diabetes while other studies demonstrate no effect, and a few studies suggest a negative effect. Because there are many biological activities attributed to the compounds present in potato, some of which could be beneficial or detrimental depending on specific circumstances, a long term study investigating the association between potato consumption and diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and cancer while controlling for fat intake is needed.
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Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are shown to be responsible for initiation and progression of tumors in a variety of cancers. We previously showed that anthocyanin-containing baked purple-fleshed potato (PP) extracts (PA) suppressed early and advanced human colon cancer cell proliferation and induced apoptosis, but their effect on colon CSCs is not known. Considering the evidence of bioactive compounds, such as anthocyanins, against cancers, there is a critical need to study anti-cancer activity of PP, a global food crop, against colon CSCs. Thus, isolated colon CSCs (positive for CD 44, CD 133 and ALDH1b1 markers) with functioning p53 and shRNA-attenuated p53 were treated with PA at 5.0 μg/mL. Effects of baked PP (20 % w/w) against colon CSCs were also tested in vivo in mice with azoxymethane induced colon tumorigenesis. Effects of PA/PP were compared to positive control sulindac. In vitro, PA suppressed proliferation and elevated apoptosis in a p53 independent manner in colon CSCs. PA, but not sulindac, suppressed levels of Wnt pathway effector β-catenin (a critical regulator of CSC proliferation) and its downstream proteins (c-Myc and cyclin D1) and elevated Bax and cytochrome c, mitochondria-mediated apoptotic proteins. In vivo, PP reduced the number of crypts containing cells with nuclear β-catenin (an indicator of colon CSCs) via induction of apoptosis and suppressed tumor incidence similar to that of sulindac. Combined, our data suggests that suppression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and elevated apoptosis via mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway by PP may contribute to reduced colon CSCs number and tumor incidence in vivo.
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Objectives—This report presents final 2011 data on the 10 leading causes of death in the United States by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Leading causes of infant, neonatal, and postneonatal death are also presented. This report supplements ‘‘Deaths: Final Data for 2011,’’ the National Center for Health Statistics’ annual report of final mortality statistics. Methods— Data in this report are based on information from all death certificates filed in the 50 states and the District of Columbia in 2011. Causes of death classified by the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD–10) are ranked according to the number of deaths assigned to rankable causes. Cause-of-death statistics are based on the underlying cause of death. Results— In 2011, the 10 leading causes of death were, in rank order: Diseases of heart; Malignant neoplasms; Chronic lower respiratory diseases; Cerebrovascular diseases; Accidents (unintentional injuries); Alzheimer’s disease; Diabetes mellitus; Influenza and pneumonia; Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis; and Intentional self-harm (suicide). They accounted for 74% of all deaths occurring in the United States. Differences in the rankings are evident by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Leading causes of infant death for 2011 were, in rank order: Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities; Disorders related to short gestation and low birth weight, not elsewhere classified; Sudden infant death syndrome; Newborn affected by maternal complications of pregnancy; Accidents (unintentional injuries); Newborn affected by complications of placenta, cord and membranes; Bacterial sepsis of newborn; Respiratory distress of newborn; Diseases of the circulatory system; and Neonatal hemorrhage. Important variations in the leading causes of infant death are noted for the neonatal and postneonatal periods.
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Objectives—This report presents final 2009 data on the 10 leading causes of death in the United States by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Leading causes of infant, neonatal, and postneonatal death are also presented. This report supplements the Division of Vital Statistics’ annual report of final mortality statistics. Methods—Data in this report are based on information from all death certificates filed in the 50 states and the District of Columbia in 2009. Causes of death classified by the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD–10) are ranked according to the number of deaths assigned to rankable causes. Cause-of-death statistics are based on the underlying cause of death. Results—In 2009, the 10 leading causes of death were, in rank order: Diseases of heart; Malignant neoplasms; Chronic lower respiratory diseases; Cerebrovascular diseases; Accidents (unintentional injuries); Alzheimer’s disease; Diabetes mellitus; Influenza and pneumonia; Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis; and Intentional self-harm (suicide). These causes accounted for approximately 75% of all deaths occurring in the United States. Differences in the rankings are evident by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Leading causes of infant death for 2009 were, in rank order: Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities; Disorders related to short gestation and low birth weight, not elsewhere classified; Sudden infant death syndrome; Newborn affected by maternal complications of pregnancy; Accidents (unintentional injuries); Newborn affected by complications of placenta, cord and membranes; Bacterial sepsis of newborn; Respiratory distress of newborn; Diseases of the circulatory system; and Neonatal hemorrhage. Important variations in the leading causes of infant death are noted for the neonatal and postneonatal periods.
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Objectives—This report presents final 2008 data on the 10 leading causes of death in the United States by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Leading causes of infant, neonatal, and postneonatal death are also presented. This report supplements the Division of Vital Statistics’ annual report of final mortality statistics. Methods—Data in this report are based on information from all death certificates filed in the 50 states and the District of Columbia in 2008. Causes of death classified by the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD–10) are ranked according to the number of deaths assigned to rankable causes. Cause-of-death statistics are based on the underlying cause of death. Results—In 2008, the 10 leading causes of death were, in rank order: Diseases of heart; Malignant neoplasms; Chronic lower respiratory diseases; Cerebrovascular diseases; Accidents (unintentional injuries); Alzheimer’s disease; Diabetes mellitus; Influenza and pneumonia; Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis; and Intentional self-harm (suicide). They accounted for approximately 76 percent of all deaths occurring in the United States. Differences in the rankings are evident by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Leading causes of infant death for 2008 were, in rank order: Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities; Disorders related to short gestation and low birth weight, not elsewhere classified; Sudden infant death syndrome; Newborn affected by maternal complications of pregnancy; Accidents (unintentional injuries); Newborn affected by complications of placenta, cord and membranes; Bacterial sepsis of newborn; Respiratory distress of newborn; Diseases of the circulatory system; and Neonatal hemorrhage. Important variations in the leading causes of infant death are noted for the neonatal and postneonatal periods.
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Background Application of modern rapid DNA sequencing technology has transformed our understanding of the gut microbiota. Diet, in particular plant-based fibre, appears critical in influencing the composition and metabolic activity of the microbiome, determining levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) important for intestinal health.AimTo assess current epidemiological, experimental and clinical evidence of how long-term and short-term alterations in dietary fibre intake impact on the microbiome and metabolome.MethodsA Medline search including items ‘intestinal microbiota’, ‘nutrition’, ‘diet’, ‘dietary fibre’, ‘SCFAs’ and ‘prebiotic effect’ was performed.ResultsStudies found evidence of fibre-influenced differences in the microbiome and metabolome as a consequence of habitual diet, and of long-term or short-term intervention (in both animals and humans).Conclusions Agrarian diets high in fruit/legume fibre are associated with greater microbial diversity and a predominance of Prevotella over Bacteroides. ‘Western’-style diets, high in fat/sugar, low in fibre, decrease beneficial Firmicutes that metabolise dietary plant-derived polysaccharides to SCFAs and increase mucosa-associated Proteobacteria (including enteric pathogens). Short-term diets can also have major effects, particularly those exclusively animal-based, and those high-protein, low-fermentable carbohydrate/fibre ‘weight-loss’ diets, increasing the abundance of Bacteroides and lowering Firmicutes, with long-term adherence to such diets likely increasing risk of colonic disease. Interventions to prevent intestinal inflammation may be achieved with fermentable prebiotic fibres that enhance beneficial Bifidobacteria or with soluble fibres that block bacterial–epithelial adherence (contrabiotics). These mechanisms may explain many of the differences in microbiota associated with long-term ingestion of a diet rich in fruit and vegetable fibre.
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Objectives—This report presents final 2010 data on the 10 leading causes of death in the United States by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Leading causes of infant, neonatal, and postneonatal death are also presented. This report supplements the Division of Vital Statistics’ annual report of final mortality statistics. Methods—Data in this report are based on information from all death certificates filed in the 50 states and the District of Columbia in 2010. Causes of death classified by the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD–10) are ranked according to the number of deaths assigned to rankable causes. Cause-of-death statistics are based on the underlying cause of death. Results—In 2010, the 10 leading causes of death were, in rank order: Diseases of heart; Malignant neoplasms; Chronic lower respiratory diseases; Cerebrovascular diseases; Accidents (unintentional injuries); Alzheimer’s disease; Diabetes mellitus; Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis; Influenza and pneumonia; and Intentional self-harm (suicide). These 10 causes accounted for 75% of all deaths occurring in the United States. Differences in the rankings are evident by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Leading causes of infant death for 2010 were, in rank order: Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities; Disorders related to short gestation and low birth weight, not elsewhere classified; Sudden infant death syndrome; Newborn affected by maternal complications of pregnancy; Accidents (unintentional injuries); Newborn affected by complications of placenta, cord and membranes; Bacterial sepsis of newborn; Respiratory distress of newborn; Diseases of the circulatory system; and Necrotizing enterocolitis of newborn. Important variations in the leading causes of infant death are noted for the neonatal and post-neonatal periods.
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Outside the nutrition community the effects of diet on immune-mediated diseases and experimental outcomes have not been appreciated. Investigators that study immune-mediated diseases and/or the microbiome have overlooked the potential of diet to impact disease phenotype. We aimed to determine the effects of diet on the bacterial microbiota and immune-mediated diseases. Three different laboratory diets were fed to wild-type mice for 2 weeks and resulted in three distinct susceptibilities to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Examination of the fecal microbiota demonstrated a diet-mediated effect on the bacteria found there. Broad-spectrum antibiotics disturbed the gut microbiome and partially eliminated the diet-mediated changes in DSS susceptibility. Dietary changes 2 days after DSS treatment were protective and suggested that the diet-mediated effect occurred quickly. There were no diet-mediated effects on DSS susceptibility in germ-free mice. In addition, the diet-mediated effects were evident in a gastrointestinal infection model (Citrobacter rodentium) and in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Taken together, our study demonstrates a dominant effect of diet on immune-mediated diseases that act rapidly by changing the microbiota. These findings highlight the potential of using dietary manipulation to control the microbiome and prevent/treat immune-mediated disease.
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Constant overproduction of pro-inflammatory molecules leads to chronic inflammation. Unlike acute inflammation, which is essential for healing, chronic inflammation can delay healing and, if left unchecked, contribute to a host of diseases. There is growing evidence that some dietary factors can play important roles in maintaining health and even reversing the progression of chronic diseases, with anti-inflammatory effects as important underlying mechanism. Such findings add to the body of evidence that certain dietary components, including polyphenols and other types of compounds, found in various dietary factors including fruits, berries, vegetables, nuts, whole grains, and foods of marine origin, can play an important role in attenuating and mitigating chronic pro-inflammatory processes associated with chronic diseases.
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Pigmented potatoes contain high concentrations of antioxidants, including phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids. These bioactive compounds have been implicated in the inhibition or prevention of cellular oxidative damage and chronic disease susceptibility. We assessed the effects of pigmented potato consumption on oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers in adult males. Free-living healthy men (18-40 y; n = 12/group) consumed 150 g of cooked white- (WP), yellow- (YP), or purple-flesh potatoes (PP) once per day for 6 wk in a randomized study. Blood was collected at baseline and wk 6 to analyze total antioxidant capacity (TAC), DNA damage as assessed by plasma 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, C-reactive protein (CRP), inflammatory cytokines, lymphoproliferation, NK cytotoxicity, and phenotypes. Potatoes were analyzed for TAC, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids. Compared with the WP group, the YP group had higher concentrations of phenolic acids (P < 0.002) and carotenoids (P < 0.001), whereas the PP group had higher concentrations of phenolic acids (P < 0.002) and anthocyanins (P < 0.001). Men who consumed YP and PP tended to have lower (P < 0.08) plasma IL-6 compared with those consuming WP. The PP group tended to have a lower plasma CRP concentration than the WP group (P = 0.07). The 8-OHdG concentration was lower in men who consumed either YP or PP compared with WP. Pigmented potato consumption reduced inflammation and DNA damage in healthy adult males. This offers consumers an improved nutritional choice in potato consumption.
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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may be initiated following disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier. This disruption, in turn, permits luminal antigens unfettered access to the mucosal immune system and leads to an uncontrolled inflammatory response. Glycoalkaloids, which are found in potatoes, disrupt cholesterol-containing membranes such as those of the intestinal epithelium. Glycoalkaloid ingestion through potatoes may play a role in the initiation and/or perpetuation of IBD. To determine if commercial and high glycoalkaloids containing fried potato skins aggravate intestinal inflammation using two different animal models of IBD. Fried potato skins from commercial potatoes containing low/medium glycoalkaloid levels and high glycoalkaloids potatoes were fed for 20 days to interleukin 10 gene-deficient mice and dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitic mice. Intestinal permeability, mucosal cytokine and myeloperoxidase levels and body weight were determined to assess intestinal injury. Deep frying potato skins markedly increased glycoalkaloid content. Interleukin 10 gene-deficient mice fed fried commercial potato skins with medium glycoalkaloid content exhibited significantly elevated levels of ileal IFN-γ relative to controls. Mice in the dextran sodium sulfate colitis model that were fed the same strain of potatoes demonstrated significantly elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 in the colon in addition to an enhanced colonic permeability. Inflammatory response was intensified when the mice were fed potatoes with higher glycoalkaloid contents. Our results demonstrate that consumption of potato skins containing glycoalkaloids can significantly aggravate intestinal inflammation in predisposed individuals.
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The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber follows only rice and wheat in world importance as a food crop for human consumption. Cultivated potatoes have spread from the Andes of South America where they originated to 160 countries around the world. Consumption of fresh potatoes has declined while processed products have increased in popularity. As the potato becomes a staple in the diets of an increasing number of humans, small differences in potato nutritional composition will have major impacts on population health. The potato is a carbohydrate-rich, energy-providing food with little fat. Potato protein content is fairly low but has an excellent biological value of 90-100. Potatoes are particularly high in vitamin C and are a good source of several B vitamins and potassium. The skins provide substantial dietary fiber. Many compounds in potatoes contribute to antioxidant activity and interest in cultivars with pigmented flesh is growing. This review will examine the nutrient and bioactive compounds in potatoes and their impact on human health.
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Polyphenols from fruits and vegetables exhibit anticancer properties both in vitro and in vivo and specialty potatoes are an excellent source of dietary polyphenols, including phenolic acids and anthocyanins. This study investigated the effects of specialty potato phenolics and their fractions on LNCaP (androgen dependent) and PC-3 (androgen independent) prostate cancer cells. Phenolic extracts from four specialty potato cultivars CO112F2-2, PATX99P32-2, ATTX98462-3 and ATTX98491-3 and organic acid, phenolic acid and anthocyanin fractions (AF) were used in this study. CO112F2-2 cultivar extracts and their AF at 5 mug chlorogenic acid eq/ml were more active and inhibited cell proliferation and increased the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 levels in both LNCaP and PC-3 cells. Potato extract and AF induced apoptosis in both the cells and, however, the effects were cell context dependent. Cell death pathways induced by potato extract and AF were associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-jun N-terminal kinase activation and these kinases activated caspase-independent apoptosis through nuclear translocation of endonuclease G (Endo G) and apoptosis-inducing factor in both cell lines. Induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis was also kinase dependent but was observed only in LNCaP cells. Kinase inhibitors reversed this nuclear translocation of endonuclease G and apoptosis-inducing factor. This is the first report showing that the cytotoxic activities of potato extract/AF in cancer cells were due to activation of caspase-independent apoptosis. Current studies are focused on identifying individual components of the AF responsible for the induction of cell death pathways in prostate and other cancer cell lines and developing potato cultivars that overexpress these active compounds.
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Scope: Immune-inflammatory, signalling and metabolic effects are the main pillars for bioactivity of anthocyanins derived from highly pigmented root vegetables. This study aims to assess the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of purple carrot and potato derived anthocyanins and the molecular mechanisms of their ability to ameliorate cellular inflammation in a mono- and co-culture cell models. Methods and results: An in vitro gastrointestinal model was used and demonstrated bioaccessibility of 44.62% and 71.8% for anthocyanins of purple carrot and potato, respectively. These accessible anthocyanins significantly inhibited cellular inflammation in Caco-2 cells. Intact cyanidin glycoside or petunidin glycoside (respectively from carrots and potatoes) were transported across a transmembrane cell model and detected by LC-MS/MS. Computational docking and glucose uptake analyses suggested uptake of anthocyanins was mediated by hexose transporters. Subsequent experiment using an inflamed Caco-2 BBe1/THP-1 co-culture cell model showed these transported anthocyanins inhibited IL-8 and TNF-α secretion, and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by blocking NF-κB, and MAPK mediated inflammatory cellular signalling cascades, but with varying degrees due to structural features. Conclusion: Anthocyanins from purple carrots and potatoes possess a promising anti-inflammatory effect in model gut system. They can be absorbed and act differently but are in general beneficial for inflammation-mediated diseases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Studies have shown a causal link between high-calorie diet (HCD) and colon cancer. However, molecular mechanisms are not fully elucidated. To understand etiology of HCD-induced colon carcinogenesis, we screened 10 pathways linked to elevated colonic cell proliferation and chronic inflammation in a HCD-consuming human-relevant pig model. We observed elevated colonic mucosal IL-6 expression in HCD-consuming pigs compared to standard diet controls (SD, P=.04) and IL-6 strongly correlated with Ki-67 proliferative index and zone, early biomarkers of colon cancer risk (r=0.604, 0.743; P=.017, 0.002; respectively). LC/MS–MS-based proteomic analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis showed that HCD consumption altered IL-6 signaling pathway proteins (PI3KR4, IL-1α, Mapk10, Akt3, PIK3CG, PIK3R5, Map2k2). Furthermore, these proteins also correlated with Ki-67 proliferative index/zone. Anti-IL-6 therapeutics are available for treating colon cancer, however, they are expensive and induce negative side-effects, and thus whole foods could be a better way to combat low-grade chronic colonic inflammation and colon cancer. Whole foods have been shown to decrease chronic diseases due to the potential of anti-inflammatory dietary compounds acting synergistically. We observed that supplementation of HCD with anthocyanin-containing purple-fleshed potatoes (10% w/w), even after baking, suppressed HCD-induced IL-6 expression (P=.03) and the IL-6 related proteins, IL-1α and Map2k1 (P≤.1). Our results highlight the importance of IL-6 signaling in diet-linked induction/prevention of colonic inflammation/cancer and demonstrate the potential of a food-based approach to target IL-6 signaling.
Chapter
The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is cultivated in much of the world as a nutritious, convenient, shelf-stable food. Research findings have clashed, though, regarding the health benefits and possible hazards of potato consumption. Popular low-carbohydrate weight-loss diets have eschewed the potato for being “fattening.” Controversies about the potato's value to human health have spurred debates on whether public subsidies for fresh potato purchase should be prohibited. On the other hand, potato offers a myriad of healthful compounds. The potato is a satisfying, nutritious, and inexpensive vegetable. This chapter focuses on potato health benefits.
Article
Background: Dietary fiber intake leading to short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production could be a strategy to combat intermittent bouts of inflammation during ulcerative colitis. Objective: Our objective was to evaluate dietary potato fiber (PF) in attenuating inflammation using a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model. We hypothesized that PF would show anti-inflammatory effects compared with cellulose due in part to SCFA production. Methods: Male C57Bl/6J mice were fed diets containing either 8% cellulose or 14.5% PF for a 22-d feeding study. Starting on study day 14, mice were provided either distilled water (control) or 2% (wt:vol) DSS in drinking water for 5 d (cellulose+control, n = 17; PF+control, n = 16; cellulose+DSS, n = 17; and PF+DSS, n = 16). Body weights and food and water intakes were collected daily from day 14 through day 22. Distal colon tissue was analyzed for histologic outcomes and changes in gene expression, and cecal contents were analyzed for SCFA concentrations. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, with repeated measures applied where necessary. Results: At day 5 post-DSS induction, cellulose+DSS mice exhibited a 2% reduction (P < 0.05) in body weight compared with PF+DSS and PF+ and cellulose+control mice. PF+DSS mice had greater (P < 0.05) cecal butyrate concentrations [24.5 μmol/g dry matter (DM)] than did cellulose+DSS mice (4.93 μmol/g DM). Mice fed PF+DSS had lower (P < 0.05) infiltration of leukocytes in the distal colon than did mice fed cellulose+DSS (mean histology scores of 1.22 and 2.30, respectively). Furthermore, mice fed cellulose+DSS exhibited 1.42, 11.5, 8.48, and 35.5 times greater (P < 0.05) colon mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor α (Tnfa) and interleukin (Il) 1b, Il6, and Il17a, respectively, and 7.10 times greater (P < 0.05) expression of C-X-C motif ligand 1 (Cxc1) compared with mice fed PF+DSS. Conclusions: These results suggest that PF fed to mice before and during DSS colitis attenuates inflammation, potentially through SCFA production; however, future studies are needed to understand the role of dietary fiber intake and immune activation.
Article
It has recently been suggested that fiber exerts a considerable effect on microbiota composition and on fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, the concentration of which in the colon is important for immune regulation and for maintaining gut and overall health. To test the hypothesis that the fiber consumed in a regular diet affects fecal SCFA concentrations in the elderly, the authors investigated the association between different types of fiber intake and fecal SCFA concentrations in 32 institutionalized elderly subjects aged between 76 and 95 years. Food intake was recorded by means of a validated food frequency questionnaire. Total, soluble (pectin and hemicellulose) and insoluble (pectin, hemicellulose, Klason lignin, and cellulose) fiber was determined using Marlett Food Composition Tables. Analysis of acetic, propionic, and butyric acid concentrations was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Potato intake was directly associated with SCFA concentrations and apple intake with propionate concentration. Of the fibers, cellulose showed an independent association with acetate and butyrate concentrations, and insoluble pectin explained a part of the variation in propionate. In conclusion, our results provide further evidence regarding the relation between diet and SCFA concentration in the elderly. The identification of an association between the regular intake of foods such as potatoes and the production of SCFAs provides an opportunity to improve public health.
Article
Aims: The potato glycoalkaloids, α-chaconine, α-solanine and solanidine, along with potato peel extracts were investigated for potential anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. Their potential to reduce two biomarkers of inflammation, cytokine and nitric oxide (NO) productions, were assessed in the stimulated Jurkat and macrophage models, respectively. Main methods: Cytokine and nitric oxide productions were stimulated in Jurkat and Raw 264.7 macrophages with Concanavalin A (Con A; 25 μg/ml) and lipopolysaccaride (LPS; 1 μg/ml), respectively. Selective concentrations of glycoalkaloids and potato peel extracts were added simultaneously with Con A or LPS for 24h to investigate their potential to reduce inflammatory activity. Key findings: α-Chaconine and solanidine significantly reduced interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) productions in Con A-induced Jurkat cells. The potato peel extracts did not influence cytokine production. In LPS-stimulated Raw macrophages, α-solanine, solanidine and two potato peel extracts significantly reduced induced NO production. Significance: Our findings suggest that sub-cytotoxic concentrations of potato glycoalkaloids and potato peel extracts possess anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and with further investigation may be useful in the prevention of anti-inflammatory diseases.
Article
Potatoes can be stored for up to 1 year before being processed and consumed. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which fresh and stored color-fleshed potatoes retain their anticancer properties after baking and chipping compared with unprocessed potatoes. We utilized white-, yellow-, and purple-fleshed potato clones and tested their phenolic and anthocyanin content, antioxidant activity, metabolite profile, and antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic properties. When compared with unprocessed samples, baking or chipping led to significant losses in the phenolic and anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity of the potatoes. However, with storage, total phenolic and anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity increased in baked samples while in the chipped samples they remained constant. Ethanolic extracts of baked and chipped samples suppressed proliferation and elevated apoptosis (p < 0.05) in HCT-116 (p53 wild-type; ras mutated) and HT-29 (p53 mutated; ras wild-type) human colon cancer cell lines. Antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic properties of baked potatoes were similar to that of fresh potatoes, while chipping caused a significant suppression. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of purple-fleshed potatoes, after baking, were comparable with those of anthocyanin-rich berries. Hence, purple-fleshed potatoes can be a healthier choice for consumers as they possess greater levels of bioactive compounds and anticancer properties even after processing as compared with their white- and yellow-fleshed counterparts.
Article
Unlabelled: The effects of red meat consumption with and without fermentable carbohydrates on indices of large bowel health in rats were examined. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed cellulose, potato fiber, or potato-resistant starch diets containing 12% casein for 2 wk, then similar diets containing 25% cooked beef for 6 wk. After week 8, cecal and colonic microbiota composition, fermentation end-products, colon structure, and colonocyte DNA damage were analyzed. Rats fed potato fiber had lower Bacteroides-Prevotella-Porphyromonas group compared to other diet groups. Colonic Bifidobacterium spp. and/or Lactobacillus spp. were higher in potato fiber and potato-resistant starch diets than in the cellulose diet. Beneficial changes were observed in short-chain fatty acid concentrations (acetic, butyric, and propionic acids) in rats fed potato fiber compared with rats fed cellulose. Phenol and p-cresol concentrations were lower in the cecum and colon of rats fed potato fiber. An increase in goblet cells per crypt and longer crypts were found in the colon of rats fed potato fiber and potato-resistant starch diets. Fermentable carbohydrates had no effect on colonic DNA damage. Dietary combinations of red meat with potato fiber or potato-resistant starch have distinctive effects in the large bowel. Future studies are essential to examine the efficacy of different types of nondigestible carbohydrates in maintaining colonic health during long-term consumption of high-protein diets. Practical application: Improved understanding of interactions between the food consumed and gut microbiota provides knowledge needed to make healthier food choices for large bowel health. The impact of red meat on large bowel health may be ameliorated by consuming with fermentable dietary fiber, a colonic energy source that produces less harmful by-products than the microbial breakdown of colonic protein for energy. Developing functional red meat products with fermentable dietary fiber could be one way to promote a healthy and balanced macronutrient diet.
Article
Effects of freeze-dried potato powder, prepared from baked potato with skin and incorporated into a purified diet, on the post-initiation phase of chemically induced breast carcinogenesis in rats, were evaluated for both dose dependence and variation in anticancer activity among cultivars. Associations among anticancer activity, select phytochemicals, and antioxidant capacity were investigated. No adverse effects were observed in rats fed diets containing between 5% and 50% (w/w) freeze-dried potato powder. While Russet Burbank potato (RB) (5%, w/w) had marginal effects on the carcinogenic response, feeding a range of dietary concentrations (12.5%, 25%, and 50%, w/w), of a red pigmented cultivar, cv. Mountain Rose (MR), with higher content of chlorogenic acid derivatives and anthocyanin content than RB, showed greater inhibition of carcinogenesis. Overall, MR-fed rats had a 23% reduction in cancer incidence (p = 0.009) and a 49% reduction in cancer multiplicity (2.1 vs. 4.0 cancers per rat, p = 0.004) with evidence of a dose dependent effect on cancer multiplicity. Evaluation of additional cultivars showed significant variation for anticancer activity that is likely to be sufficient to build upon for crop breeding and improvement.
Article
Consumption of anthocyanins has been related with beneficial health effects. However, bioavailability studies have shown low concentration of anthocyanins in plasma and urine. In this study, we have investigated the bacterial-dependent metabolism of malvidin-3-glucoside, gallic acid and a mixture of anthocyanins using a pH-controlled, stirred, batch-culture fermentation system reflective of the distal human large intestine conditions. Most anthocyanins have disappeared after 5 h incubation while gallic acid remained constant through the first 5 h and was almost completely degraded following 24 h of fermentation. Incubation of malvidin-3-glucoside with fecal bacteria mainly resulted in the formation of syringic acid, while the mixture of anthocyanins resulted in formation of gallic, syringic and p-coumaric acids. All the anthocyanins tested enhanced significantly the growth of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus-Enterococcus spp. These results suggest that anthocyanins and their metabolites may exert a positive modulation of the intestinal bacterial population.
Article
Chronic inflammation and increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) are key elements of the metabolic syndrome. Both are considered to play a pathogenic role in the development of liver steatosis and insulin resistance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the hypothesis that an inflamed intestine, induced both by diet and chemical irritation, could induce persistent inflammation in VAT. Female C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice were used. In study I, groups of mice (n = 6 per group) were given an obesity-inducing cafeteria diet (diet-induced obesity) or regular chow only (control) for 14 weeks. In study II, colitis in mice (n = 8) was induced by 3% dextran sulfate sodium in tap water for 5 days followed by 21 days of tap water alone. Healthy control mice (n = 8) had tap water only. At the end of the studies, all mice were killed; and blood and tissues were sampled and processed for analysis. Body weight of diet-induced obese mice was greatly increased, with evidence of systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and liver steatosis. Tissue inflammation indexed by proinflammatory cytokine expression was recorded in liver, mesenteric fat, and proximal colon/distal ileum, but not in subcutaneous or perigonadal fat. In dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mice, mesenteric fat was even more inflamed than the colon, whereas a much milder inflammation was seen in liver and subcutaneous fat. The studies showed both diet- and colitis-initiated inflammation in mesenteric fat. Fat depots contiguous with intestine and their capacity for exaggerated inflammatory responses to conditions of impaired gut barrier function may account for the particularly pathogenic role of VAT in obesity-induced metabolic disorders.
Article
We investigated the hepatoprotective effect of purple potato extract (PPE) against D-galactosamine (GalN)-induced liver injury in rats. PPE (400 mg) was administered once daily for 8 d, and then GalN (250 mg/kg of body weight) was injected at 22 h before the rats were killed. Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and asparate aminotranferase (AST) levels increased significantly after injection of GalN, but PPE inhibited GalN-induced alterations in serum TNF-alpha, LDH, ALT, and AST levels. Hepatic lipid peroxide and glutathione levels in the control + GalN group were higher and lower respectively than those in the control group, and those in the PPE + GalN group did not differ from that in the control group. The lipid peroxide level in hepatic microsomes treated with 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride in the PPE group was significantly lower than that in the control group. This suggests that PPE has hepatoprotective effects against GalN-induced hepatotoxicity via inhibition lipid peroxidation and/or inflammation in rats.
Article
The effects of migration on cardiovascular risk factors are often gender specific. The purpose of the present study was to analyse the association of migration from Greenland to Denmark with cardiovascular risk factors in a gender-specific perspective. Cross-sectional population surveys among adult Inuit in Greenland and Inuit migrants in Denmark (n = 1542). General Linear Models adjusted for age, smoking, diet (seal, fish, and fruit), and alcohol consumption. Blood pressure was significantly higher among Inuit migrants of either sex than among the Inuit in Greenland. Among women, HDL-cholesterol concentrations were 1.59 mmol/l in Greenland and 1.83 among migrants (p<0.001), while obesity and HbA(1c) were significantly lower among the migrants. Blood lipids, HbA(1c), and obesity did not differ between men in Greenland and migrants. Smoking, diet, and alcohol consumption differed significantly among migrants and non-migrants. Adjusted for the consumption of seal meat and alcohol, the difference in HDL cholesterol for men (1.44 and 1.66 mmol/l; p = 0.002) was of a similar magnitude to that of women. Migration was associated with cardiovascular risk factors in different ways among men and women. Some of the gender difference could be explained by dietary differences among male and female migrants and non-migrants, or in the case of HDL cholesterol by a different association with the consumption of seal meat for men and women, but a large unexplained residual remained. Overall cardiovascular risk was higher among migrant than non-migrant males, while for women some risk factors were better and some worse among the migrants.
Article
The potential effect of a long-term intake of resistant starch on colonic fermentation and on gut morphologic and immunologic indices of interest in bowel conditions in humans was studied in pigs. Sixteen growing pigs were meal fed for 14 wk on a diet containing a large amount of raw potato starch (RPS; resistant starch) or corn starch (CS; digestible starch). Effects were assessed in the colon from the physicochemical properties of digesta and in the intestinal morphology, including lymphocytic infiltration, apoptosis, and proliferation activities. Hematologic and blood leukocyte cell subsets analysis were performed. After 97 d, the digestive content from RPS pigs was heavier than for CS pigs, producing a hypertrophy of tunica muscularis (P < 0.05). The proportion of butyrate was two-fold higher in proximal colon digesta in RPS pigs (P < 0.05). RPS-fed pigs had reduced apoptosis in the crypts, lamina propria and lymphoid nodules in the colon, and ileal Peyer's patches (P < 0.05). Fermentation of RPS reduced indices associated with damage to epithelial cells, such as crypt cell proliferation and magnesium excretion, whereas mucin sulfuration was increased, which promotes epithelial protection. The numbers of intraepithelial T cells and of blood leukocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, mainly T-helper lymphocytes, were reduced in RPS pigs (P < 0.05). Long-term intake of RPS induces pronounced changes in the colonic environment, reduces damage to colonocytes, and improves mucosal integrity, reducing colonic and systemic immune reactivity, for which health benefits in inflammatory conditions are likely to be associated.
Potato anthocyanins attenuate inflammation in a mouse model of colitis
  • Lavanya Reddivari
  • Jairam Vanamala
  • Matam Vijay-Kumar
  • Mary J Kennett
Reddivari, Lavanya, Jairam Vanamala, Matam Vijay-Kumar, and Mary J. Kennett. 2017. Potato anthocyanins attenuate inflammation in a mouse model of colitis. In USDA project directors meeting abstract book 50. Las Vegas, NV.
Purple potato extract promotes intestinal epithelial differentiation and barrier function by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Molecular nutrition & food research
  • Xiaofei Sun
  • Min Du
  • A Duroy
  • Mei Navarre
Sun, Xiaofei, Min Du, Duroy A Navarre, and Mei-Jun Zhu. 2017. Purple potato extract promotes intestinal epithelial differentiation and barrier function by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Molecular nutrition & food research. Germany. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr. 201700536.
Statistics: U.S. per capita utilization of potatoes
NPC. 2018. Statistics: U.S. per capita utilization of potatoes, by category: 1970-2017. PotatoStatistical Yearbook 76-77.