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Underlying drought stress effect on plant: Inhibition of photosynthesis
Abstract
Drought is a major environmental factor limiting plant growth through a variety of physiological and metabolic mechanisms. When subjected to drought, plant usually reduce stomatal aperture to minimize water loss, which consequently causes a reduction in net CO2 assimilation due to a decrease of intercellular CO2 concentration. Moreover, during drought when CO2 assimilation decrease, and under excessive light, the plant may be subjected to photoinhibition, unless the plant can dissipate excess energy from photosynthetic electron transport through heat dissipation, biochemical processes such as photorespiration or scavenging mechanisms to avoid photosynthetic apparatus damage. Although there is evidence that stomatal closure is the main cause of photosynthesis reduction during drought, some results have also indicated a decrease in photochemical activity due to desiccation. As a result of the reduction in photosynthesis, drought dramatically reduces plant growth and yield and when it occurs for long periods can even cause plant death. The controversy about stomatal and non-stomatal limitation of photosynthesis by drought is also discussed.
... Nutrients obtained are used in the growth of leaf width, the increasing rate of photosynthesis will produce carbohydrates, which are the basic ingredients for protein synthesis and other compounds to compose plant organs and plant life activities so that leaf synthesis becomes intense [8]. ...
Eco Enzymes (EE) is one of the products of fermentation that comes from fruits and vegetables wastes. Enzymes and organic acid in Eco Enzymes has a positif effect on plant growth. This study aims to investigate dilution of Eco Enzymes and its application to improve the growth of Turi plants. This research used the completely randomized design method (CRD). The treatments consisted of P1 (1:300), P2 (1:200), dan P3 (1:100), and there were 5 replications. Parameters were plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, number of leaves and leaf width. The results of this research were that 1:100 dilution treatment had significant effect (p<0,05) on the the parameters of plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves and leaf width. However there was no significant effect on the number of branches. The best response to Eco Enzymes was 1: 100 dilution.
... Menurut Campbell et al. (2008), pembesaran sel adalah suatu proses yang bergantung pada turgor sehingga kekurangan air akan menghambat pertumbuhan daun muda. Hilangnya turgiditas dapat menghambat pertumbuhan sel sehingga pertumbuhan tanaman terhambat (Hamim 2004). Nio et al. (2011) menyatakan bahwa air merupakan pelarut berbagai garam, gas, dan zat lain yang diangkut antarsel dalam jaringan untuk pertumbuhan sel dan mempertahankan stabilitas bentuk daun. ...
Leaves are the main organ in plants. In general, leaf thickness varies amongst plants and is related to the transpiration rate. This study measured leaf thickness and transpiration rate in six ornamental monocotyledon plants. The experiment used Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. The main factors were six monocotyledon plants and three plant parts; combination factors were interactions between plant species and plant parts. Leaf thickness was measured from the upper to the lower epidermis before and after measuring the transpiration rate. The transpiration rate was measured by weighing. The data were analyzed using SAS with the Factorial CRD model and continued with LSD if the treatment was significant. The plant types and parts significantly affected the leaf thickness and transpiration rate. However, the combination treatments between plant types and plant parts significantly affected only the transpiration rate. Chlorophytum comosum L. had the highest transpiration, followed by Dracaena reflexa, Aglonema crispum, Cordyline fruticosa, Crymum asiaticum, and Rhoeo discolor. The leaves of the lower parts of the plant had the highest transpiration rate compared to the middle and upper parts of the plant. Rhoeo discolor had the thickest leaves and lower transpiration rate than other plants. The leaf thickness ranged from 95.94 µm to 147.03 µm. This phenomenon indicated that the thickness of the leaves was inversely correlated to the transpiration rate. Keywords: leaf thickness, transpiration rate, monocotyledon, ornamental plant
... The physiological impact of drought is decreasing intracellular CO2 concentrations, over-reduction of the photosynthetic electron chain, which results the formation of ROS compounds that cause imbalance in metabolic processes in plants [2,3,4]. Plants respond by synthesizing antioxidant compounds (ascorbic acid), and accumulation of proline compounds [5,6]. ...
Root growth and development is one of the morphological characters which related to drought tolerant traits. This study aims to evaluate the root distribution pattern of 30 rice genotypes to support the breeding of drought tolerant varieties. The research was conducted in ICRR greenhouse in Sukamandi, Subang, Indonesia from October to December 2015. Thirty rice genotypes, consisting of cultivars, promising lines (prior to be released as new varieties), and check varieties, were arranged using randomized complete block design with three replications. Seed were planted in mini pots containing a mixture of sand and soil media with a concave sieve at the top. The filter is divided into three zones, namely upper (1), middle (2), and lower (3). The pot was placed in a plastic box filled with water to maintain the humidity. The results showed that Mekongga had the number of tillers, the number of fresh leaves, the number of roots in zone 1, and the total number of roots significantly higher than the best check variety, Salumpikit. In this study, it was found that the amount of metaxylem between genotypes was different. Salumpikit has the most metaxylem among other genotypes. Further research is expected to be carried out both in drought and optimum condition as a control to see the correlation between root architecture with drought tolerance in the field.
... Semakin banyak jumlah daun, maka tempat untuk melakukan proses fotosintesis lebih banyak dan fotosintat lebih banyak juga. MenurutHamim (2004), semakin banyak daun memungkinkan fotosintesis lebih banyak terjadi. Peningkatan fotosintesis semakin banyak, sehingga fotosintat dan energi yang dihasilkan digunakan untuk membentuk dan menjaga kualitas daun.Berdasarkan hasil uji ANOVA pemberian pupuk organik cair Sargassum sp. ...
... The application of vermicompost from 100% cow dung (P5) resulted in the highest dry weight because it had the highest average number of leaves (Table 5), thereby increasing the photosynthesis rate. A similar opinion was conveyed by Hamim [29], stating that more leaves allow more photosynthesis to occur. Increased photosynthesis will produce more photosynthate, consequently, increasing the dry weight, and the photosynthetic energy produced is used to form and maintain leaf quality. ...
... Consequently, the plant metabolism still undergoes well. The accumulation of proline may decrease the osmotic potential and later decreased the cell water potential without limiting the function of enzymes and maintaining cell turgor (Hamim, 2004). Proline protects plants from stress by stabilizing cell membranes and maintaining turgor pressure (Hapsoh et al., 2006). ...
It is expected that by utilizing marginal land (e.g. saline field) is able to increase rice production under saline condition. One of integrated approaches that can be applied is a raised- and sunken-bed system. This experiment aimed to investigate the growth and yield of rice under raised- and sunken-bed system as affected by saline irrigation. The field experiment was conducted at Baros Helmet, Bantul District, Yogyakarta from October 2016 to February 2017. The experiment was arranged in a multi-location (oversite) design, consisted of saline irrigation (S1) and nonsaline irrigation (S0) in a raised-bed (A1) and sunken-bed (A0) planting system. The observations were done on leaf area index, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, photosynthesis rate, total dry weight, root length, leaf Na+ and K+ concentration, proline concentration, maturity and dry grain yield (DGY). The results showed that saline irrigation negatively affected leaf area index, photosynthetic rate and root length of rice grown at sunken-bed. However, leaf Na+ concentration and leaf proline concentrations of rice grown at sunken-bed were higher. The leaf K+ concentration decreased with increasing Na+ concentration. Although saline irrigation could accelerate harvesting age of rice grown at sunken-bed, the dry grain yield of rice grown at sunken-bed did not significantly different with that of rice grown at raised-bed.
... This is because the genotype has a genetic ability to tolerate the stress environment in a less optimum environmental conditions through adaptation mechanisms so that the difference between anthesis and silk in normal limits, thus allowing the pollination to take place optimally and in the end will produce maximum yield. This is consistent with [16] argued that the effects of drought stress depend on plant genetic where morphological, anatomical, and metabolic differences produce different responses to drought stress. ...
This research was conducted in the village of jiken Tulangan sidoarjo. Aims to determine the effect of POC dosage and growing media on the growth and yield of pakcoy mustard. As wel as to determine the correct dosage of POC and planting media for the growth of pakcoy and mustard in order to obtain the highest yield. The experiment was arraged in a factorial design used was a rendomized block design (RBN) with the first factors P1, P2, P3 and the second factor M1, M2 which ware repeated 4 time, in order to obtain 24 experimental units. The variabels observed ware plant height, number of leaves, dtem diameters, leaf area, wet weight, and antioxidants. Were analysed using ANOVA 5% to determine the differences between treatments. The results showed that admistration of POC dosage and the planting medium had in teraction on the variable leaf area at the age of 40 days after which the highest average was 26,63 treatment of soil and compost growing media with POC 15ml/liter (M1P1) compared to other treatments and the lowest average was 23,50 treatments of soil planting media, compost, cow manure with a POC dosage of 20ml/liter (M2P2). And there was no interaction on the observation variables of plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, and wet weight. A good antioxidant test occurs in the treatment of soil and compost growing media with a POC dosage of 25ml/liter (M1P3) with value of 124,226 which is classified as moderate antioxidant because the IC50 value is between 100-150 μg/ml.
Abstrak Pakchoi (Brassica rapa L.) adalah jenis sayur yang bernilai gizi tinggi. Untuk tetap menjamin produktivitasnya, pemupukan merupakan hal yang harus dilakukan, diantaranya dengan memberikan pupuk organik yang berasal dari limbah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari pupuk bokashi kulit buah kakao dan Pupuk Organik Cair (POC) kulit pisang kepok terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman sawi pakchoi. Tempat dilaksanakannya penelitian di lahan percobaan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) Faktorial dengan dua faktor yang diteliti, yaitu: Faktor bokashi kulit buah kakao (B) terdiri dari 4 taraf, B1 = 50 g/polibeg, B2 = 100 g/polibeg, B3 = 150 g/polibeg, B4 = 200 g/polibeg. Faktor POC kulit pisang kepok (P) terdiri dari 4 taraf, P0 = Kontrol, P1 = 25 ml/polibeg P2 = 50 ml /polibeg, P3 =75 ml/polibeg. Parameter yang diukur adalah tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun dan luas daun. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan bahwa pupuk bokashi kulit buah kakao memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman umur 4 sampai 6 minggu setelah pindah tanam (MSPT), jumlah daun umur 3 MSPT dan luas daun pada 5 MSPT. Pemberian POC kulit pisang kepok memberikan pengaruh signifikan terhadap tinggi tanaman umur 4 sampai 6 MSPT, serta luas daun 5 dan 6 MSPT. Diberikannya pupuk bokashi kulit buah kakao berinteraksi secara nyata dengan pemberian POC kulit pisang kepok terhadap tinggi tanaman 3 MSPT, jumlah daun 4 dan 6 MSPT. Abstract Pakchoi (Brassica rapa L.) is vegetable crops in that it has value high nutrition. To keep ensure its productivity, fertilizing is thing to do, such as give organic fertilizers derived from waste. Research aims to understand the influence of the provision of fertilizer bokashi the rind of the fruit of cocoa and liquid organic fertilizers (LOF) the skin of a banana kepok on the growth of plants mustard pakchoi. Place this research is about the land of Agricultural Faculty University of Mmuhammadiyah Sumatera Utara. This research using Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two factors the treatment, the fist factors are bokashi the rind of the fruit cocoa (B) consists of 4 levels, B1 = 50 g/polibeg, B2 = 100 g/polibeg, B3 = 150 g/polibeg, B4 = 200 g/polibeg. Factors LOF the skin of banana kepok (P) consists of 4 the levels, P0 = control, P1 = 25 ml/polibeg P2= 50 ml/polibeg, P3 = 75 ml/polibeg. Measured parameters are tall of plants, number of leaves and broad leaves. The results of the study get that levels of fertilizer bokashi the rind of the fruit cocoa an influence significant to tall of plant for their 4 until 6 weeks after planting (WAP), number of leaves 3 MSPT, broad leaves 5 MSPT. The provision of LOF the skin of a banana significantly affect to tall of plants for 4-6 WAP, broad leaves 5 and 6 MSPT. The provision of levels fertilizer bokashi the rind of the fruit cocoa be able to interact with to be gained from a by the provision of LOF the skin of a banana kepok against high in plant 3 MSPT , number of leaves 4 and 6 MSPT .
Each organ plant has been formed perfectly to support physiological processes in an unfavorable environmental condition. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) be included plants sensitive to drought conditions during a stage of growth and development. This will cause pressure (stress) resulting in a decrease in rate metabolism in leaf cells. Leaf anatomical characteristics are criteria that can be used to identify plants that are tolerant to drought. Anatomical response leaves in drought conditions inform the development of leaf photosynthetic parts carrying out changes in anatomical structure morphology includes changes in cell walls, organ size, changes in direction growth, including dropping leaves and enhancing the life cycle. The research aimed to determine the anatomic response leaves rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.) to drought stress. Five rice varieties used were given drought-stress treatment for 12 days. Identification leaf anatomical structures using microscopic slices of transverse was made according to the paraffin method. Changes in the anatomical structure of leaves of drought-stress have decreased bulliform cells increase in size, the thickness epidermis cells in an effort to retain the water content in cells, and reducing the size and total stomata with purpose process control flow of transpiration and water use efficiency.
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