Content uploaded by Celal Bal
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Celal Bal on Dec 12, 2018
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
Pharmacological properties of Fomes fomentarius
Abstract and Figures
Mushrooms that have existed for centuries have spread all over the world. While mushrooms differ as poisonous and non-poisonous, it is possible to classify them as edible and non-edible mushrooms. Recently, many researches have been conducted on benefits and importance of many species of mushrooms. In this study, Fomes fomentarius mushroom, which is a medicinal mushroom was studied. Fomes mushrooms have been used for centuries for medicinal purposes. Medicinal mushrooms are widely used as food and herb medicine in China, Japan and other Asian countries. Medicinal mushrooms are a source of polysaccharide with anti-inflammatory and immune system stimulant properties and have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effect. In this study, the use of F. fomentarius mushroom as a natural source in pharmacological studies was evaluated.
Figures - uploaded by Celal Bal
Author content
All figure content in this area was uploaded by Celal Bal
Content may be subject to copyright.
In the present study, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of the Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr. mushroom was determined. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) of the mushroom were measured with Rel Assay kits. Antimicrobial activities were tested on 9 standard bacterial and fungal strains ( Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus aureus MRSA, Enterococcus faecalis , Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Acinetobacter baumannii , Candida albicans , Candida krusei , and Candida glabrata ) with a modified agar dilution method. It was determined that the TAS value of L. tigrinus was 1.748 ± 0.071, TOS value was 19.294 ± 0.237, and OSI was 1.106 ± 0.031. It was also found that mushroom extracts generally exhibited higher activity on Candida albicans , C. krusei , and C. glabrata . In conclusion, it was suggested that L. tigrinus can be used as a natural source due to its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.
Several mushroom species are consumed by collecting from the nature or in cultured form for their nutritional and medical characteristics. The objective of the present study is to determine antioxidant activities, DNA-protective activities, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress indices (OSI) and Fe, Mg, Zn, Cu, Na and Ca content in Auricularia auricula (L.) Underw. and Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd mushroom species. Mushroom ethanol extracts were obtained and antioxidant activities with DPPH method, TAS, TOS and OSI values with Rel Assay Diagnostics kits, and DNA protective activities using pBR322 supercoil DNA were identified. Furthermore, Fe, Mg, Zn, Cu, Na and Ca contents were determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometer. It was determined that antioxidant potential of mushroom ethanol extracts were low compared to the standard and they did not have DNA-protective activities. It was also observed that the mushrooms have variable element content, and have similar TAS, TOS and OSI levels. High OSI values found in both mushroom species showed that these mushroom are unhealthy. Thus, it was recommended to demonstrate caution in consumption of mushrooms collected in these regions. However, it was also considered that the mushroom samples collected from regions with adequate OSI values could be used as antioxidant.
The objective of the present study was to determine antioxidant activities, DNA protective activities , cytotoxic effects, oxidative stress status and phenolic content of Trametes gibbosa (Pers.) Fr., Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr., Fuscoporia torulosa (Pers.) T. Wagner and M. Fisch., Daedalea quercina (L.) Pers., Inonotus hispidus (Bull.) P. Karst. and Trichaptum biforme (Fr.) Ryvarden mushrooms. DPPH method was used to determine the antioxidant activities. DNA protective activity was determined with pBR 322 supercoil DNA. To determine the cy-totoxic effects, the effects of extracts on A549 cell line were tested. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) were determined. Phenolic content and other phytochemicals were screened with HPLC device. It was determined that antioxidant activities increased as the concentration of mushroom ethanol extracts increased. The highest activity was observed in I. hispidus EtOH extract, and the lowest activity was observed in T. gibbosa EtOH extract. It was determined that all mushroom ethanol extracts exhibited DNA protective effects. The highest cytotoxic effect on A549 cells was observed with D. quercina etha-nol extract. No cytotoxic effect was observed in I. hispidus and F. torulosa species. In conclusion, it was determined that the macro-mushrooms scrutinized in the study could be used in medicinal, pharmacological , nutrition and environmental protection applications due to their strong antioxidant, DNA protective and cytotoxic activities.
The polyphenols and flavonoids from two edible mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus brown - 3 samples, Pleurotus ostreatus - 2 samples) and one un-edible mushroom (Fomes fomentarius - one sample) have been extracted with methanol. From each extract the quantity of these compounds has been determined by spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant properties of each extract have been evaluated by in vitro tests: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay, 2,2’-azino-bis-3- ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assay, iron chelating activity test and the capacity to block 15-lipoxygenase. Fomes fomentarius sample contained the highest quantity of polyphenols (8.58 mg/g methanolic extract) and the sample 2 of Pleurotus ostreatus contained the highest quantity of flavonoids (2.62 mg/g methanolic extract). Excepting the test for inhibition of 15-lipoxygenase the antioxidant properties depend on the content of polyphenols. © 2015, Romanian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences. All rights reserved.
Objective. To characterize the fibrolytic enzymatic activity of Pleurotus ostreatus-IE8 and Fomes fomentarius-EUM1 in sugarcane bagasse (BCA); to evaluation of the kinetics of in vitro production of BCA treated by solid fermentation (FS), crude enzyme extract (ECE) of P. ostreatus-IE8 and Fibrozyme®.
Materials and methods. In fungi measured radial growth rate ( Vcr ) and biomass production in two culture media (with or without nitrogen source); activity of xylanases, cellulases and FS on BCA
at 0, 7 and 15 d. The chemical analysis and kinetic analysis of in vitro gas production in 4 treatments (ECE adding enzymes obtained from the direct addition FS or FS ), witness (Fibrozyme®) and a control without addition and analyzed by a was completely randomized design. Results. Xylanases (7 d ) showed 6.32 and 5.50 UI g-1 initial substrate dry weight (SSi) for fungi P. ostreatus-IE8 and F. fomentarius-EUM1 , respectively ; P. ostreatus-IE8 scored higher activity of laccases (10.65 g -1 UI SSi) and F. fomentarius-EUM1 (1.90 UI g-1 SSi) cellulases. The ECE of P. ostreatus-IE8 and commercial enzyme did not differences (p>0.05). In the chemical composition or the gas production kinetics. The 4 treatments evaluated decreased values of the variables measured in the kinetics of gas production
compared to the control (p≤0.05). Conclusions. The ECE of P. ostreatus-IE8 was similar to commercial enzyme degradation in vitro, so it is feasible to use pre-digest high fiber products.
Polypores have been applied in traditional Chinese medicine up to the present day, and are becoming more and more popular worldwide. They show a wide range of bioactivities including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and immuno-enhancing effects. Their secondary metabolites have been the focus of many studies, but the importance of fungal strain for bioactivity and metabolite production has not been investigated so far for these Basidiomycetes. Therefore, we screened several strains from three medicinal polypore species from traditional European medicine: Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola and Piptoporus betulinus. A total of 22 strains were compared concerning their growth rates, optimum growth temperatures, as well as antimicrobial and antifungal properties of ethanolic fruit body extracts. The morphological identification of strains was confirmed based on rDNA ITS phylogenetic analyses. Our results showed that species delimitation is critical due to the presence of several distinct lineages, e.g. within the Fomes fomentarius species complex. Fungal strains within one lineage showed distinct differences in optimum growth temperatures, in secondary metabolite production, and accordingly, in their bioactivities. In general, F. pinicola and P. betulinus extracts exerted distinct antibiotic activities against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 31-125 μg mL−1; The antifungal activities of all three polypores against Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, Absidia orchidis and Candida krusei were often strain-specific, ranging from 125-1000 μg mL−1. Our results highlight that a reliable species identification, followed by an extensive screening for a ‘best strain’ is an essential prerequisite for the proper identification of bioactive material.
Mushroom resources have been exploited in most developed economies because of their huge agro-industrial, medicinal and commercial benefits. Nigerians utilized mushroom-forming fungi only for food and folk medicine for many decades. Auricularia auricular Judae (Bull.) Quél, Lentinus squarrosulus Mont., Pleurotus tuberregium (Fr.) Singer and Volvariella volvacea (Bull.) Singer was some of the common edible mushrooms that were successfully cultivated in Nigeria on small-scale basis. The mushroom resources in Nigeria are grossly under-studied and their attractive potentials under-exploited for addressing economic and industrial development. Resourceful biotechnological approach in the application of mushrooms in agriculture, medicine, industry and environment is inchoate and uncommon in the country.
In 2005, author Paul Stamets detailed a novel fungal antimicrobial mechanism in his book “Mycelium Running.” According to Stamets' observations, microscopic octahedral crystals produced by Fomes fomentarius “stunned” surrounding E. coli bacteria. In light of the lack of published peer-reviewed evidence, the present study was conducted to evaluate Stamets' claims. Specifically, the claim that large “secondary” crystals only occur in the presence of E. coli was addressed. Fruiting bodies of F. fomentarius were collected from the Montreat Wilderness Area (Buncombe County, North Carolina) and tissue culture techniques were used to cultivate mycelia on malt-agar plates. Successful cultures were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: F. fomentarius grown in isolation (n = 6) and F. fomentarius grown in the presence of E. coli (n = 6). After 28 days of growth and 10 days of E. coli exposure, the periphery of each mycelium was observed using 400–1,000× Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) microscopy. None of the interspecies frontiers and one of the isolated F. fomentarius cultures contained “secondary” crystals. Samples were then selected from the center of each dish, where hyphae had been established between 28 and 58 days. High magnification microscopy (400–1,000× DIC) revealed that five out of six interspecies dishes and six out of six isolated F. fomentarius dishes contained “secondary” crystals. While these observations do confirm the presence of secondary crystals documented by Stamets, they do not support his hypothesis that they occur only in the presence of E. coli. In light of this new evidence, Stamets' proposed antibacterial mechanism is improbable. It is suggested that future chemical tests evaluate whether or not F. fomentarius crystals are composed of calcium oxalate (an unlikely antibacterial agent).