Article
To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors.

Abstract

Purpose: To compare the effects of plyometric drop jump (DJ) training against those induced by regular soccer training and assess the transference effect coefficient (TEC) of DJs ("trained exercises") performed from 20- (DJ20) and 40-cm (DJ40) height boxes with respect to different physical qualities (jumping, linear and change of direction speed, kicking, endurance, and maximal strength) in youth male soccer players. Methods: Participants were randomly divided into a control group (n = 20; age: 13.5 [1.9] y) and a DJ training group (n = 19; age: 13.2 [1.8] y), and trained for 7 weeks. A 2-way analysis of variance for repeated measures with the within-subject factor time (preintervention and postintervention) and between-subject factor group (intervention vs control) was performed. To calculate the TECs between the trained exercises (DJ20 and DJ40) and the physical tests, the ratio between the "result gains" (effect size [ES]) in the analyzed physical qualities and the result gains in the trained exercises were calculated. The TECs were only calculated for variables presenting an ES ≥ 0.2. Results: Significant improvements (ES = 0.21-0.46; P < .05) were observed in the DJ training group, except in linear sprint performance. The control group improved only the maximal strength (ES = 0.28; P < .05). Significant differences were observed in all variables (ES = 0.20-0.55; P < .05) in favor of the DJ training group, except for maximal strength (group × time interaction). Conclusions: A plyometric training scheme based on DJs was able to significantly improve the physical performance of youth male soccer players. Overall, greater TECs were observed for DJ40 (0.58-1.28) than DJ20 (0.55-1.21).

No full-text available

Request Full-text Paper PDF

To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.

... Using a longitudinal study approach, Taube et al. [7] found larger training-induced improvements in the reactive strength index (rebound height/duration of ground contact) (+14%) and in soleus muscle activity in healthy adults aged 24 years. Ramirez-Campillo, et al. [14] showed that the implementation of different maximal drop heights during PJT combined with regular soccer training significantly improved DJ rebound height, countermovement jump (CMJ) height, multiple five bounds, and maximal kicking distance performance but not linear sprint speed and maximal strength in youth soccer players compared with a group that performed soccer training only. Similarly, Ramirez-Campillo, et al. [15] demonstrated that drop heights from 10-cm to 40-cm improved jump performance (CMJ: 17%; DJ: 36%), change-of-direction (CoD) speed (24%), reactive strength (5repetition maximum [16]: 18%), and 20-m linear sprint time (24%) more than a standard drop height (i.e., 30-cm) during DJ training in youth soccer players. ...
... Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the effects of 8-weeks of DJ training using either the optimal drop height that causes maximal rebound height (MRHT) or standard (SDHT) drop height training on selected measures of physical fitness in highly-trained young male volleyball players. In accordance with previous studies [7,14,15], we hypothesized that training induced-adaptation are more pronounced due to the individualized approach using the maximal jump rebound height (i.e., MRHT) approach. ...
... The sample size was estimated using an a priori power analysis with a type I error rate of 0.05 and 80% statistical power. As a reference, we used the study of Ramirez-Campillo et al. [14]. The analysis indicated that 30 participants would be sufficient to observe a significant interaction effect (effect size Cohen's f = 0.27 for the DJ performance using a box height of 20-cm. ...
Article
Full-text available
Drop height has previously been used as an effective programming parameter in plyometric jump training. Less is known on the usage of maximal rebound jump height from a distinct drop height as a parameter for individualized plyometric jump training. Hence, the aim of this study was to contrast the effects of two different drop jump (DJ) training modalities using either the individualized maximal rebound height (MRHT) or a standard (SDHT) drop height on selected measures of physical fitness in young volleyball players. Methods: Thirty male young vol-leyball players aged 14 to 16 years were randomly assigned to a MRHT (n = 15) or a SDHT (n = 15) group. The MRHT group performed DJ exercises using a drop height according to the individual’s maximal rebound jump height from 30-cm, 40-cm, and 50-cm drop heights. The SDHT group per-formed DJs following a standardized drop height (30-cm) across the 8-week intervention period. The overall training volume was similar between MRHT and SDHT with 1 to 3 sets of 8 to 10 repetitions of DJ exercises per session. Pre- and post-training, jump height as well as the reactive strength index (RSI) were taken as dependent variables from 30, 40, and 50-cm drop heights. In addition, dynamic balance (Y-balance test) as well as linear sprint and change-of-direction (CoD) speed were assessed. Results: Significant group × time interactions were found for jump height, balance, RSI, and linear sprint (p < 0.001; d = 0.12–3.42) but not CoD speed. Post-hoc tests showed significant jump height improvements in favor of the MRHT group for drop heights from 30-cm (Δ20.4%, p < 0.001, d = 3.69), 40-cm (Δ20.3%, p < 0.001, d = 2.90), 50-cm (Δ18.3%, p < 0.001, d = 3.37), and RSI50 (Δ30.14%, p < 0.001, d = 2.29). MRHT but not SDHT resulted in significant 5-m (Δ9.2%, p < 0.001, d = 1.32) and 20-m (Δ7.4%, p < 0.01, d = 2.30) linear sprint speed improvements. Conclusions: The findings demon-strate that MRHT but not SDHT improved DJ height, RSI, and linear sprint speed. Due to the im-portance of vertical jumps and short accelerations for overall competitive performance in volleyball, our results suggest that young male players should perform MRHT as part of plyometric jump training if the goal is to improve acceleration, reactive strength and vertical jump performance.
... Dentre os estudos selecionados, observou-se que cinco autores realizaram intervenções mistas (5,(13)(14)(15)19). Ou seja, o TP foi associado a outro método de treinamento, no caso, ao treinamento técnico-tático da modalidade, como por exemplo, treinamento específico de ginástica, basquete, futebol e natação respectivamente. ...
... O período de intervenção também variou entre estudos. Um estudo aplicou um regime de seis semanas de intervenção (14), outro estudo realizou o TP durante sete semanas (19). Três estudos realizaram oito semanas de intervenção (5,13,15). ...
... Outros dois estudos aplicaram o TP durante 12 semanas (16,18). Com relação ao método de estudo, todos os estudos utilizaram modelo experimental não comparativo (5,13,(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). Apenas um estudo que utilizou dois grupos experimentais na comparação (14). ...
Article
Full-text available
Introdução: Na atualidade é possível observar que existe uma constante exposição a fatores de risco que podem levar a doenças cardiovasculares e, também, metabólicas em crianças e adolescentes. Nesse sentido, o Treinamento Pliométrico (TP) que tem como base o ciclo alongamento-encurtamento (CAE) surge como uma opção segura e eficaz na melhora da aptidão física, composição corporal e do desempenho físico dessa população. Objetivo: Apresentar uma revisão da literatura acerca dos efeitos do TP em crianças e jovens adolescentes, evidenciando os resultados sobre diferentes capacidades físicas do desempenho humano. Métodos: A pesquisa foi realizada entre os meses de setembro de 2021 e janeiro de 2022 usando as bases de dados PubMed, Scielo, Google Acadêmico e Portal Capes e foram utilizados os seguintes termos: "treinamento pliométrico", "treinamento físico" , "crianças", "adolescentes". Além dos boleanos "AND" e "OR". Resultados e Discussão: Inicialmente, foram encontrados 1.346 artigos, e após todo o processo de seleção e elegibilidade restaram sete estudos, dos quais, dois (28,57%) foram realizados na população feminina. O TP mostrou benefícios no desempenho da agilidade, velocidade, saltos e desempenho técnicos esportivos, nas respostas cardiovasculares e neuromusculares em crianças e adolescentes. Contudo, mais protocolos precisam ser examinados e aplicados na população feminina. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que o TP é um método seguro e eficaz para melhoras as capacidades físicas em crianças e adolescentes. Além de ser aplicável e promover maior variabilidade de repertório neuromusculares e motores.
... Using a longitudinal study approach, Taube, Leukel [3] found larger traininginduced improvements in the performance index (rebound height/duration of ground contact) (+ 14%) and in soleus muscle activity in the group that performed jumps from higher versus lower drop heights in healthy adults aged 24 years. Ramirez-Campillo, Alvarez [10] showed that the implementation of different maximal drop heights during PJT combined with regular soccer training signi cantly improved D-20-cm, DJ-40-cm, countermovement jump (CMJ), multiple 5 bounds and maximal kicking distance performance; but not linear sprint speed and maximal strength in youth soccer players compared with a group that performed soccer training only. Similarly, Ramirez-Campillo, Alvarez [11] demonstrated that drop-box heights from 10-cm to 40cm improved jump performance (CMJ: 17%; DJ: 36%), change-of-direction (CoD) acceleration (24%), muscle strength (5-repetition maximum [RM]: 18%), and 20-m linear sprint time (24%) more than a xed drop-box height (i.e., 30-cm) during DJ training in youth soccer players. ...
... Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the effects of 8-weeks of DJ training using either maximal rebound height (MRHT) or xed (FDHT) drop height training on selected measures of physical tness in young volleyball players. In accordance with previous studies [3,10,11], we hypothesized that training induced-adaptation are more pronounced due to the individualized approach using maximal jump rebound height (i.e., MRHT). ...
... When performing DJ training, drop-height is considered a key variable to adjust training intensity and the respective performance output [18]. Related to previous cross-sectional [7,19,20] and longitudinal studies [3,10,11], and with regards to the presented study hypothesis, the main result of this study was that MRHT demonstrated larger vertical jump height and sprint performance improvements than FDHT. However, exerciseinduced improvements in dynamic balance and CoD speed were similar in both groups. ...
Preprint
Full-text available
Background It has previously been shown that drop jump height is an effective programming parameter in plyometric jump training. Less is known on the usage of maximal rebound jump height from a distinct drop height as a parameter for individualized plyometric jump training. Aim This study examined the effects of 8-weeks of two drop jump (DJ) training modalities using maximal rebound height (MRHT) vs fixed (FDHT) drop height programming approaches on selected measures of physical fitness in young volleyball players. Methods Thirty male youth volleyball players aged 14 to 16 years were randomly assigned to a MRHT (n = 15) or a FDHT (n = 15) group. The MRHT group performed DJ exercises using a drop height according to the individual’s maximal rebound jump height from 20-cm, 30-cm, 40-cm, and 50-cm drop heights. The FDHT group performed DJs following a standardized drop height (30-cm) across the 8-week intervention period. The overall training volume was similar between MRHT and FDHT with 3 sets of 10 repetitions of DJ exercises per session. Pre- and post-training, DJs were tested from 30, 40, and 50-cm drop heights. In addition, dynamic balance (Y-balance test) as well as linear sprint and change-of-direction (CoD) speed were assessed. Results Significant group-by-time interactions were found for DJ, balance, and linear sprint tests (p < 0.0001; d = 0.12–0.88) but not for CoD speed. Post-hoc tests showed significant improvements in favor of the MRHT group for DJ heights from 30-cm (Δ20.4%, p < 0.0001, d = 6.31), 40-cm DJ (Δ20.3%, p < 0.0001, d = 3.46), 50-cm DJ (Δ18.3%, p < 0.0001, d = 4.99), 5-m (Δ9.2%, p < 0.001, d = 1.21) and 20-m (Δ7.4%, p < 0.01, d = 1.60) linear sprint speed. Conclusions MRHT is a safe and effective training regime to improve DJ and linear sprint speed performance. Due to the importance of vertical jumps and short accelerations for overall competitive performance in volleyball, our results suggest that young male players should perform MRHT as part of plyometric jump training if the goal is to improve acceleration and vertical jump performance.
... Furthermore, jump training requires little or no equipment to perform and therefore presents a cost-effective training method for the improvement of a range of different athletic qualities [13]. Jumping exercises also mimic the specific short-duration high-intensity actions of soccer, potentially increasing the transference effect between jump training exercises and on-pitch soccer performance [14][15][16]. ...
... These results are similar to those reported in a previous review of 420 jump-training studies performed in multi-sport cohorts with training duration spanning two to 96 weeks with a mean of 8.6 weeks [12]. Although changes in some study outcomes (e.g., landing impact force) may be achieved even after two weeks of jumplanding training [58] or after three weeks in soccer players (e.g., linear sprint) [15], not all short-duration (i.e., ≤3 weeks) jump training studies in soccer players demonstrated favorable effects on physical fitness variables [59]. Indeed, a meta-analysis regarding the effects of jump training on female soccer players demonstrated greater improvements in jumping height after ≥8 weeks (effect size [ES] = 1.24) compared to <8 weeks (ES = 0.66) [32]. ...
... Most studies that examined the effects of jump exercise type on soccer players' physical fitness adaptations (e.g., linear sprint; jumping) have been undertaken in male youth players [19,28,[63][64][65][66][67][68] with two studies having been carried out in adult male players [15,69]. In general terms, the direction of force application (e.g., vertical vs. horizontal) may affect the degree of adaptation (e.g., physical fitness) of soccer players to jump training. ...
Article
Full-text available
The aim of this review was to describe and summarize the scientific literature on programming parameters related to jump or plyometric training in male and female soccer players of different ages and fitness levels. A literature search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus using keywords related to the main topic of this study (e.g., “ballistic” and “plyometric”). According to the PICOS framework, the population for the review was restricted to soccer players, involved in jump or plyometric training. Among 7556 identified studies, 90 were eligible for inclusion. Only 12 studies were found for females. Most studies (n = 52) were conducted with youth male players. Moreover, only 35 studies determined the effectiveness of a given jump training programming factor. Based on the limited available research, it seems that a dose of 7 weeks (1–2 sessions per week), with ~80 jumps (specific of combined types) per session, using near-maximal or maximal intensity, with adequate recovery between repetitions (<15 s), sets (≥30 s) and sessions (≥24–48 h), using progressive overload and taper strategies, using appropriate surfaces (e.g., grass), and applied in a well-rested state, when combined with other training methods, would increase the outcome of effective and safe plyometric-jump training interventions aimed at improving soccer players physical fitness. In conclusion, jump training is an effective and easy-to-administer training approach for youth, adult, male and female soccer players. However, optimal programming for plyometric-jump training in soccer is yet to be determined in future research.
... Furthermore, jump training requires little or no equipment to perform and therefore presents a cost-effective training method for the improvement of a range of different athletic qualities [13]. Jumping exercises also mimic the specific short-duration high-intensity actions of soccer, potentially increasing the transference effect between jump training exercises and on-pitch soccer performance [14][15][16]. ...
... These results are similar to those reported in a previous review of 420 jump-training studies performed in multi-sport cohorts with training duration spanning two to 96 weeks with a mean of 8.6 weeks [12]. Although changes in some study outcomes (e.g., landing impact force) may be achieved even after two weeks of jump-landing training [58] or after three weeks in soccer players (e.g., linear sprint) [15], not all short-duration (i.e., ≤3 weeks) jump training studies in soccer players demonstrated favorable effects on physical fitness variables [59]. Indeed, a meta-analysis regarding the effects of jump training on female soccer players demonstrated greater improvements in jumping height after ≥8 weeks (effect size [ES] = 1.24) compared to <8 weeks (ES = 0.66) [32]. ...
... Most studies that examined the effects of jump exercise type on soccer players' physical fitness adaptations (e.g., linear sprint; jumping) have been undertaken in male youth players [19,28,[63][64][65][66][67][68] with two studies having been carried out in adult male players [15,69]. In general terms, the direction of force application (e.g., vertical vs. horizontal) may affect the degree of adaptation (e.g., physical fitness) of soccer players to jump training. ...
Article
Full-text available
The aim of this review was to describe and summarize the scientific literature on programming parameters related to jump or plyometric training in male and female soccer players of different age and fitness levels. A literature search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science and SCOPUS, using keywords related to the main topic of the study (e.g., “ballis-tic”, “plyometric”). According to the PICOS framework, the population for the review was re-stricted to soccer players, involved in jump or plyometric training. Among 7,556 identified studies, 90 were eligible for inclusion. Only 12 studies were found for females. Most studies (n=52) were conducted with youth male players. Moreover, only 35 studies determined the effec-tiveness of a given jump training programming factor. Based on the limited available research, it seems that a dose of 7 weeks (1-2 sessions per week), with ~80 jumps (specific of combined types) per session, using near-maximal or maximal intensity, with adequate recovery between repetitions (<15 s), sets (≥30 s) and sessions (≥24-48 h), using progressive overload and taper strategies, using appropriate surfaces (e.g., grass), and applied in a well-rested state when com-bined with other training methods, would increase chances for effective and safe plyome-tric-jump training interventions aimed at improving soccer players physical fitness. In conclu-sion, jump training is effective, and an easy-to-administer training approach for youth, adult, male and female soccer players. However, optimal programming for plyometric-jump training in soccer is yet to be determined in future research.
... Of the thirty-three randomized studies assessed with the RoB 2.0, twelve (36%) [35,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53] had a high risk of bias. Randomisation process (18%) and selection of reported results (15%) were the most common sources of high risk of bias. ...
... Study characteristics (including training program characteristics) for all 39 included studies are presented in Supplemental material 4. Overall, the most common tests used to quantify the RSI are DJs (79%) [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]38,[41][42][43]45,46,[49][50][51][52][53][54][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66], vertical hops (21%) [44,47,48,[67][68][69][70][71], and CMJs (8%) [37,55,72]. The most popular materials used to quantify Of the thirty-three randomized studies assessed with the RoB 2.0, twelve (36%) [35,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53] had a high risk of bias. ...
... Study characteristics (including training program characteristics) for all 39 included studies are presented in Supplemental material 4. Overall, the most common tests used to quantify the RSI are DJs (79%) [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]38,[41][42][43]45,46,[49][50][51][52][53][54][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66], vertical hops (21%) [44,47,48,[67][68][69][70][71], and CMJs (8%) [37,55,72]. The most popular materials used to quantify Of the thirty-three randomized studies assessed with the RoB 2.0, twelve (36%) [35,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53] had a high risk of bias. Randomisation process (18%) and selection of reported results (15%) were the most common sources of high risk of bias. ...
Article
Full-text available
The reactive strength index (RSI) describes the individual’s capability to quickly change from an eccentric muscular contraction to a concentric one and can be used to monitor, assess, and reduce the risk of athlete’s injury. The purpose of this review is to compare the effectiveness of different training programs on RSI. Electronic searches were conducted in MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science from database inception to 11 February 2022. This meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the recommendations of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). The search returned 5890 records, in which 39 studies were included in the systematic review and 30 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Results from the randomized studies with the control group revealed that plyometric training improved RSI in adult athletes (0.84, 95% CI 0.37 to 1.32) and youth athletes (0.30, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.47). Evidence withdrawn from randomized studies without a control group revealed that resistance training also improved the RSI (0.44, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.79) in youth athletes but not in adults. Interventions with plyometric training routines have a relatively large, statistically significant overall effect in both adult and youth athletes. This supports the implementation of this type of interventions in early ages to better cope with the physical demands of the various sports. The impact of resistance training is very low in adult athletes, as these should seek to have a more power-type training to see improvements on the RSI. More interventions with sprint and combined training are needed
... Plyometric jump training (PT) alludes to drills designed to improve muscular strength [4,11], jumping [6,[12][13][14], peak power output [4], agility [4,11,12] and sprinting [4,12,15], all recognized as crucial components of successful performance. To optimize the chronic effects of PT, several methodological aspects should be taken into account, such as the volume [16], intensity of jumps [10,11,15], training frequency [17], the landing surfaces [18,19], the localization of jumps drills in the training session [20], and the type of plyometric drill [6,14,21,22] performed by athletes. ...
... Plyometric jump training (PT) alludes to drills designed to improve muscular strength [4,11], jumping [6,[12][13][14], peak power output [4], agility [4,11,12] and sprinting [4,12,15], all recognized as crucial components of successful performance. To optimize the chronic effects of PT, several methodological aspects should be taken into account, such as the volume [16], intensity of jumps [10,11,15], training frequency [17], the landing surfaces [18,19], the localization of jumps drills in the training session [20], and the type of plyometric drill [6,14,21,22] performed by athletes. ...
... Plyometric jump training (PT) alludes to drills designed to improve muscular strength [4,11], jumping [6,[12][13][14], peak power output [4], agility [4,11,12] and sprinting [4,12,15], all recognized as crucial components of successful performance. To optimize the chronic effects of PT, several methodological aspects should be taken into account, such as the volume [16], intensity of jumps [10,11,15], training frequency [17], the landing surfaces [18,19], the localization of jumps drills in the training session [20], and the type of plyometric drill [6,14,21,22] performed by athletes. ...
Article
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of plyometric training with an agility ladder on components of physical fitness in youth soccer players. A total of twenty male under-13 soccer players were randomly assigned to a plyometric training group with an agility ladder (n=10) or a control group (n=10). Before and after training intervention linear sprint test (5 m, 10 m, 20 m), vertical jump ability (squat jump, countermovement jump and countermovement jump with arms), agility test, and slalom dribble test were assessed. The plyometric training with agility ladder was applied two times per week over six weeks. Data were analyzed using linear mixed model. The plyometric training group showed significant improvements (p<0.001) from pre-test to post-test in countermovement jump, countermovement jump with arms, and slalom dribble test. In the control group, no significant enhancements were obtained in all performance tests (p>0.05). The between-group analysis showed significant differences in countermovement jump with arms (p=0.03), but no significant differences (p>0.05) were found in squat jump, countermovement jump, sprint, agility test, and slalom dribble test. In conclusion, the short-term plyometric training with agility ladder seems to be ineffective and not time-efficient to improve physical fitness in youth soccer players. However, the interpretation of these results must be understood within the sample size limitations.
... Research studies have demonstrated that plyometric training can significantly improve sport-specific performance in sports like soccer (e.g., kicking velocity) [29][30][31] and swimming [32]. However, the transferability of these findings into practical settings has been limited due to the small sample sizes of most published studies [33]. ...
... Included studies in this systematic review measured sport-specific throwing performance, including handball throwing velocity (standing, jumping, and threestep running), baseball throwing velocity, and ball speed during golf driving. Previous studies have reported the significant transference effects of plyometric exercises to sport-specific performance in other sports (e.g., soccer, swimming) [29,31,32]. Furthermore, UBPT-induced adaptations may lead to improved kinetic characteristics during throwing such as increased force, power, and rate of force development [88]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background Upper-body plyometric training (UBPT) is a commonly used training method, yet its effects on physical fitness are inconsistent and there is a lack of comprehensive reviews on the topic. Objective To examine the effects of UBPT on physical fitness in healthy youth and young adult participants compared to active, specific-active, and passive controls. Methods This systematic review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and utilized the PICOS framework. PubMed, WOS, and SCOPUS were searched. Studies were assessed for eligibility using the PICOS framework. The effects of UBPT on upper-body physical fitness were assessed, including maximal strength, medicine ball throw performance, sport-specific throwing performance, and upper limb muscle volume. The risk of bias was evaluated using the PEDro scale. Means and standard deviations were used to calculate effect sizes, and the I ² statistic was used to assess heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed using the extended Egger's test. Certainty of evidence was rated using the GRADE scale. Additional analyses included sensitivity analyses and adverse effects. Results Thirty-five studies were included in the systematic review and 30 studies in meta-analyses, involving 1412 male and female participants from various sport-fitness backgrounds. Training duration ranged from 4 to 16 weeks. Compared to controls, UBPT improved maximal strength (small ES = 0.39 95% CI = 0.15–0.63, p = 0.002, I ² = 29.7%), medicine ball throw performance (moderate ES = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.43–0.85, p < 0.001, I ² = 46.3%), sport-specific throwing performance (small ES = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.25–0.86, p < 0.001, I ² = 36.8%), and upper limbs muscle volume (moderate ES = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.20–1.08, p = 0.005, I ² = 0.0%). The GRADE analyses provided low or very low certainty for the recommendation of UBPT for improving physical fitness in healthy participants. One study reported one participant with an injury due to UBPT. The other 34 included studies provided no report measure for adverse effects linked to UBPT. Conclusions UBPT interventions may enhance physical fitness in healthy youth and young adult individuals compared to control conditions. However, the certainty of evidence for these recommendations is low or very low. Further research is needed to establish the optimal dose of UBPT and to determine its effect on female participants and its transfer to other upper-body dominated sports.
... Plyometric jump training (PJT) can offer some advantages over other training methods (e.g., traditional resistance training), offering equal (or even more) effectiveness for the improvement of several HPC (e.g., jumping, sprinting) [3,4]. Indeed, unlike traditional resistance training, the ballistic nature of PJT allows the avoidance of deceleration towards the end of a given movement (e.g., terminal hip and knee extension [5,6]), which might additionally contribute to the transference of adaptations to HPC and sport-specific performance [7][8][9]. Furthermore, PJT may be inexpensive compared to other resistance training methods, requiring little or no equipment, usually involving drills with the body mass used as resistance [10]. Additionally, PJT may be conducted in a relatively small physical space, which may be an essential advantage during specific scenarios (e.g., encountering pandemic restrictions) where participants may be forced to train at their homes [11]. ...
... Furthermore, PJT may reduce the risk of injury [13,14] and be adapted for successful rehabilitation programs [15]. In addition, PJT can mimic the specific short-duration high-intensity actions of sports, potentially increasing the transference effect between PJT exercises and sportspecific performance [7][8][9]. Indeed, PJT has demonstrated a favorable impact on a myriad of athletes' physical capabilities, such as jumping, linear running sprinting speed, agility, change of direction speed (CODS), repeated sprint ability (RSA) with and without CODS, short-term endurance (e.g., up to 60 s), long-term endurance (e.g., the Yo-Yo test), maximal strength, balance, sport-specific performance (e.g., kicking speed), range of motion, and coordination, among others [16]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: Plyometric jump training (PJT) encompasses a range of different exercises that may offer advantages over other training methods to improve human physical capabilities (HPC). However, no systematic scoping review has analyzed either the role of the type of PJT exercise as an independent prescription variable or the gaps in the literature regarding PJT exercises to maximize HPC. Objective: This systematic scoping review aims to summarize the published scientific literature and its gaps related to HPC adaptations (e.g., jumping) to PJT, focusing on the role of the type of PJT exercise as an independent prescription variable. Methods: Computerized literature searches were conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, and SCOPUS electronic databases. Design (PICOS) framework: (P) Healthy participants of any age, sex, fitness level, or sports background; (I) Chronic interventions exclusively using any form of PJT exercise type (e.g., vertical, unilateral). Multimodal interventions (e.g., PJT + heavy load resistance training) will be considered only if studies included two experimental groups under the same multimodal intervention, with the only difference between groups being the type of PJT exercise. (C) Comparators include PJT exercises with different modes (e.g., vertical vs. horizontal; vertical vs. horizontal combined with vertical); (O) Considered outcomes (but not limited to): physiological, biomechanical, biochemical, psychological, performance-related outcomes/adaptations, or data on injury risk (from prevention-focused studies); (S) Single- or multi-arm, randomized (parallel, crossover, cluster, other) or non-randomized. Results: Through database searching, 10,546 records were initially identified, and 69 studies (154 study groups) were included in the qualitative synthesis. The DJ (counter, bounce, weighted, and modified) was the most studied type of jump, included in 43 study groups, followed by the CMJ (standard CMJ or modified) in 19 study groups, and the SJ (standard SJ or modified) in 17 study groups. Strength and vertical jump were the most analyzed HPC outcomes in 38 and 54 studies, respectively. The effects of vertical PJT versus horizontal PJT on different HPC were compared in 21 studies. The effects of bounce DJ versus counter DJ (or DJ from different box heights) on different HPC were compared in 26 studies. Conclusions: Although 69 studies analyzed the effects of PJT exercise type on different HPC, several gaps were identified in the literature. Indeed, the potential effect of the PJT exercise type on a considerable number of HPC outcomes (e.g., aerobic capacity, flexibility, asymmetries) are virtually unexplored. Future studies are needed, including greater number of participants, particularly in groups of females, senior athletes, and youths according to maturity. Moreover, long-term (e.g., >12 weeks) PJT interventions are needed.
... Indeed, among the analysed outcomes in our meta-analyses, the SJ showed the lowest magnitude in terms of performance improvement after PJT in post-PHV participants while it was the fifth lowest for the pre-PHV participants. However, the extent to which youth participants (and most particularly those in post-PHV) are sensitive to the transference effect [27,[129][130][131][132][133][134] of PJT activities to a given testing exercise (e.g., concentric-only vs. SSC-based; vertical vs. horizontal; unilateral vs. bilateral), remains to be elucidated. From a practical point of view, although specificity of training is a key element of adaptation [120], a combination with non-specific PJT exercises may offer greater adaptations [27,134,135], particularly for athletes already performing specific jumps in the main training session. ...
... The largest improvement among the meta-analysed outcomes in the post-PHV group was noted for SSP (ES = 0.82) and the third highest in the pre-PHV group (ES = 0.55). Because participants were taking part in PJT while also taking part in their normal sports training (i.e., they were training both PJT and sport specific skills), this partially supports the hypothesis related to the meaningful transference of PJT-related adaptive effects to athletic performance [27,[129][130][131][132][133][134]172], particularly in post-PHV participants. Most of the studies that assessed SSP tested ball kicking velocity/distance with the one exception evaluating dribbling velocity [51]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background Among youth, plyometric-jump training (PJT) may provide a safe, accessible, and time-efficient training method. Less is known on PJT effectiveness according to the maturity status. Objective This systematic review with meta-analysis set out to analyse the body of peer-reviewed articles assessing the effects of PJT on measures of physical fitness [i.e., maximal dynamic strength; change of direction (COD) speed; linear sprint speed; horizontal and vertical jump performance; reactive strength index] and sport-specific performance (i.e., soccer ball kicking and dribbling velocity) according to the participants’ maturity status. Methods Systematic searches were conducted in three electronic databases using the following inclusion criteria: (i) Population: healthy participants aged < 18 years; (ii) Intervention: PJT program including unilateral and/or bilateral jumps; (iii) Comparator: groups of different maturity status with control groups; (iv) Outcomes: at least one measure of physical fitness and/or sport-specific performance before and after PJT; (v) experimental design with an active or passive control group, and two or more maturity groups exposed to the same PJT. The DerSimonian and Laird random-effects models were used to compute the meta-analysis. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the PEDro checklist. GRADE was applied to assess certainty of evidence. Results From 11,028 initially identified studies across three electronic databases, 11 studies were finally eligible to be meta-analysed ( n total = 744; seven studies recruited males; four studies recruited females). Three studies were rated as high quality (6 points), and eight studies were of moderate quality (5 points). Seven studies reported the maturity status using age at peak height velocity (PHV; pre-PHV values up to − 2.3; post-PHV up to 2.5). Another four studies used Tanner staging (from Tanner I to V). The training programmes ranged from 4 to 36 weeks, using 1–3 weekly training sessions. When compared to controls, pre-PHV and post-PHV participants obtained small-to-moderate improvements (ES = 0.35 − 0.80, all p < 0.05) in most outcomes (i.e., sport-specific performance; maximal dynamic strength; linear sprint; horizontal jump; reactive strength index) after PJT. The contrast of pre-PHV with post-PHV youth revealed that PJT was similarly effective in both maturity groups, in most outcome measures except for COD speed (in favour of pre-PHV). PJT induces similar physical fitness and sport-specific performance benefits in males and females, with a minimal exercise dosage of 4 weeks (8 intervention sessions), and 92 weekly jumps. Results of this meta-analysis are based on low study heterogeneity, and low to very low certainty of evidence (GRADE analysis) for all outcomes. Conclusion Compared to control participants, PJT resulted in improved maximal dynamic strength, linear sprint speed, horizontal jump performance, reactive strength index, and sport-specific performance (i.e., soccer ball kicking and dribbling velocity). These effects seem to occur independently of the maturity status, as both pre-PHV and post-PHV participants achieved similar improvements after PJT interventions for most outcomes. However, several methodological issues (e.g., low sample sizes and the pooling of maturity categories) preclude the attainment of more robust recommendations at the current time. To address this issue, consistency in maturity status reporting strategies must be improved in future studies with the general youth population and youth athletes.
... Figure 1 provides a flow chart illustrating the study selection process. Twelve studies were considered eligible for systematic review [10,41,[43][44][45]48,[96][97][98][99][100][101], although two were not included in meta-analyses [98,100]. Most studies (n = 7) attained a high PEDro score (≥6 points), although no study scored >7 points (Table 3). ...
... Interventions involving PJT exercises demonstrated significant transference effect of physiological-biomechanical adaptations to sport-specific performance in soccer (e.g., kicking velocity) [101][102][103], water-sport athletes [104], and endurance runners [31]. The results derived from this meta-analysis supported previous findings, adding a novel contribution regarding the transfer of PJT-induced adaptations toward CoSA specific athletic performance, providing high-level evidence-based information that may support practitioners' decisions when designing training schedules [49]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Abstract: We aimed to assess the athletic performance changes in combat sport athletes (CoSA) after plyometric-jump training (PJT) compared to control condition through a systematic review with meta-analysis. Following PRISMA guidelines, three electronic databases were searched for includable articles, according to a PICOS approach. Using a random-effects model, Hedges’ g effects sizes (ES) were calculated. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic, with values of <25%, 25-75%, and >75% representing low, moderate, and high levels of heterogeneity, respectively. Statistical significance was set at p ≤0.05. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Twelve eligible articles were identified for systematic review, 7 of high quality and 5 of moderate quality according to PEDro scale. The studies recruited taekwondo, silat, wrestling, judo, fencing, and karate athletes (292 total participants), including specific-active and active controls. Most participants had a mean age of <18 years and were males (n = 225). Compared to control, PJT programmes involving 4-12 weeks and 2-3 sessions per week induced small to moderate improvements (ES = 0.47 to 1.04) in athletes' maximal strength (e.g., 1RM squat), vertical jump height, change-of-direction speed, and specific performance (e.g., fencing movement velocity), although without meaningful effect on body mass, fat mass, and muscle mass (ES = 0.02 to -0.06). Most (7 of 8) outcomes attained low heterogeneity. The outcome-level GRADE analysis indicated a certainty of evidence from low to moderate. In conclusion, PJT, when compared to control condition, may improve CoSA athletic performance.
... Now and then, the teams want to perform better than their opponents. Moreover, thus, changes in training methodology to improve the performance of soccer players are very much accepted by teams all around the world [22]. This has led to more researches being conducted in soccer, and one such widely researched area is plyometric training for soccer players [22,28]. ...
... Moreover, thus, changes in training methodology to improve the performance of soccer players are very much accepted by teams all around the world [22]. This has led to more researches being conducted in soccer, and one such widely researched area is plyometric training for soccer players [22,28]. Even if soccer player's aerobic capacity is critical in a soccer game [25], high-intensity player's efforts cannot be overlooked as they play a vital role in a soccer match [1,8]. ...
... Now and then, the teams want to perform better than their opponents. Moreover, thus, changes in training methodology to improve the performance of soccer players are very much accepted by teams all around the world [22]. This has led to more researches being conducted in soccer, and one such widely researched area is plyometric training for soccer players [22,28]. ...
... Moreover, thus, changes in training methodology to improve the performance of soccer players are very much accepted by teams all around the world [22]. This has led to more researches being conducted in soccer, and one such widely researched area is plyometric training for soccer players [22,28]. Even if soccer player's aerobic capacity is critical in a soccer game [25], high-intensity player's efforts cannot be overlooked as they play a vital role in a soccer match [1,8]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Introduction. Drop jump is one of the most researched plyometric exercises. Different drop heights were earlier investigated for ground reaction forces, biomechanical analysis, and other parameters. There has been no research into the influence of drop height on maximum jump height during drop jump among soccer players. Aim of the Study. This study aimed to find out the optimal drop height for maximum vertical jump height in drop jumps. Material and Methods. The researchers selected 17 male soccer players (mean ± SD; age 21 ± 2 years, height 174 ± 8 cm, body mass 63 ± 5 kg, isometric leg strength 122 ± 18 kg) for the study. Drop jump from different heights (35 cm, 45 cm, 50 cm, 65 cm, and 72 cm) was investigated for jump height, take-off force, take-off speed, impact force, maximum concentric power, and peak speed. Results. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant difference in jump height from different drop height (F2.54,40.59 = 5.605, p = 0.004, partial η2 = 0.259). Posthoc analyses through Bonferroni adjustment showed significant differences between jump height from 35 cm box and 45 cm box (t16 = 4.31, p = 0.001, d = 0.47) and 35 cm box to 72 cm box (t16 = 3.52, p = 0.003, d = 0.60). However, no significant differences could be observed in take-off force, impact force, maximum concentric power, peak speed, and take-off speed from different drop heights. Isometric leg strength were significantly correlated with jump height from 35 cm (p = 0.014), 45 cm (p = 0.021) and 50 cm (p = 0.022) drop height. Conclusions. The study concludes that to improve maximum jump ability of soccer players, box height ranging around 65 cm to 72 cm may be selected for training purposes and thus may help improve the body’s ability to convert the momentum generated by a run to maximum vertical height.
... These adaptations include improved SSC function, enhanced motor unit recruitment, increased firing frequency, better inter-and intramuscular coordination, and morphological changes (e.g., variations in fiber type or pennation angle) [10][11][12]. Numerous studies have demonstrated that plyometric training improves sprinting, COD, and jumping performance [10,[13][14][15][16][17]. However, despite the significant enhancements in athletic performance outputs attributed to plyometric training, the optimal design of training programs remains ambiguous. ...
Article
Full-text available
Aim: This study evaluated the effects of plyometric training with different set configurations on sprint speed, change of direction (COD), jump performance, and perceived exertion in youth football players. Method: Twenty-four U-19 players were ran-domized into three groups: Cluster Set (CLS, n = 8), Traditional Set (TRD, n = 8), and Control (CON, n = 8). CLS performed 8-10 sets of 2-3 repetitions, while TRD completed 2-3 sets of 8-10 repetitions in an 8-week plyometric program (2 sessions/week). The CON group did not train. Performance measures included 10 m, 20 m, and 30 m sprints, COD, Counter Movement Jump (CMJ), Reactive Strength Index (RSI), and Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE). A repeated measures ANOVA analyzed group*time interactions. Results: Significant improvements were observed in CLS and TRD groups for sprints (10 m: f = 21.44; 20 m: f = 19.40; 30 m: f = 49.56; p < 0.001), COD (f = 14.66; p < 0.001), CMJ (f = 51.50; p < 0.001), and RSI (f = 24.91; p < 0.001). No changes occurred in CON (p > 0.05). Conclusions: CLS and TRD plyometric training improved sprint speed, COD, and jump performance, with CLS showing slightly superior results and better fatigue management.
... Furthermore, a meaningfully transference effect between JT exercises and soccer-specific physical performance (e.g. jump, sprint, kicking velocity) have been reported (57)(58)(59). ...
Article
Background: A well-developed physical fitness (e.g. sprinting; jumping) is required to meet the demands of soccer competitions. Jump training, an umbrella term encompassing a wide range of variation in jump-related exercises, provides with ample options to target a well-developed physical fitness profile in soccer players. Indeed, soccer-related jump training studies appear published at a rate of >100 per year. However, a great portion of studies include non-randomised and/or non-controlled designs. To synthesize studies with different designs, systematic scoping review techniques are required. A systematic scoping review can provide a clearer picture of what is known and what still need to be explored, with a mapping of existing evidence and relevant gaps. Previous reviews attempted to cover soccer-related jump training literature, although did not address a great portion of the literature, or were focused on jump training programming factors, leaving out of focus the adaptations derived from such intervention. Purpose: To conduct a systematic scoping review to assess the scientific literature related to jump training in soccer, with special reference to physical fitness adaptations, and to identify gaps and potential limitations in the available literature, as well as potential future directions of research. Eligibility criteria: Considering a PICOs approach, included studies incorporated i) soccer players; ii) jump-training interventions; iii) outcomes related to physical fitness (e.g. endurance; body composition). Selection was not based on comparator groups and/or study designs. Sources of evidence: Searched databases included PubMed, Web of Science, and SCOPUS. Duplicates were removed, followed by a review of all relevant titles, abstracts, and full texts, selecting documents/studies at each respective step. One author leads the process, and a second author independently verified the process. Charting methods: The type of outcome measure determined studies aggrupation (e.g. linear sprint [e.g. velocity; time], vertical jump [e.g. height; contact time]), with a narrative synthesis accompanied by data summaries (e.g. number, percentage). Results: From 7,556 studies, 88 studies involving soccer players were deemed eligible for further analysis. Studies (k) included males (adults k=25; youths k=52) and females (adults k=8; youths k=3), involving 10-13 participants across age-sex groups. Non-randomised designs (single-arm and multi-arm) comprised ~40% of the studies. Studies reported jump training durations between 3-96 weeks, and significant improvements in ≥1 outcomes, including body composition, stiffness, electromyographic activity, potential injury risk factors, kicking velocity, repeated sprint ability, linear sprinting, endurance, balance, maximal strength, jump performance. However, although 21 (from a total of 52) sex/age groups outcome measures were reported in ≥3 studies, the median number of participants per jump training group was 10-13 across age and sex categories. Further, false significant results, and publication bias in favour of studies with significant findings, are a potentially common issue in available literature. Conclusion: Jump training may improve physical fitness in soccer players. However, methodological issues (e.g. non-randomised-controlled studies; reduced sample size) and evidence gaps (e.g. fewer female studies; lack of studies in soccer-related modalities) were noted. More and better-designed jump training studies on soccer participants are advised before robust recommendations regarding optimal jump training prescription.
... Studies indicate that both squat jumps and plyometric box exercises are effective for increasing lower limb strength, with plyometric box drills offering benefits in strength, explosiveness, and overall performance (Chang et al., 2019;Konukman et al., 2022). These exercises, whether bilateral or unilateral, also significantly enhance muscular strength and endurance, essential for youth soccer players (Ramirez-Campillo et al., 2019 height, and sprint performance in both male and female soccer players (Chelly et al., 2010;Ozbar et al., 2014). PT typically involves exercises utilizing the stretch-shortening cycle, such as hurdle and depth jumps (Chelly et al., 2010). ...
Article
Full-text available
The purpose of this study was to see the effect of plyometric box drill innovation on youth players at a leg power in soccer. This study used a quantitative approach, the type of research was experimental research, the research design used a non-rondomized group pretest-posttest, the sample numbered 65 players, while the leg power data was collected using a digital jump meter test instrument. The data gathered from participants were analyzed using SPSS software version 24, applying paired sample t-tests and independent sample t-tests with a significance level of 0.05. The results indicated that the two-tailed significance value was 0.000, which is below 0.05. This outcome suggests that the plyometric box drill innovation for youth soccer players had a statistically significant effect. The conclusion of this study states that the innovative plyometric box drill developed for youth soccer players at soccer schools in Tuban can increase leg power. This study showed that the plyometric box drill significantly improved the leg strength of young soccer players, which can be applied as an innovative training method in local soccer schools. The findings provide a basis for developing plyometric-based training programs that are more effective in preparing young players for the physical challenges in football.
... Another explanation for the maximal propulsive acceleration resulting from the drop jump might relate to the drop height, which was fixed at 30 cm for all participants regardless of body size, athletic capability, or sex. Ground contact time and subsequent jump heights have previously been found to be influenced by the drop height(Addie et al., 2019;Ramirez- Campillo, Alvarez, et al., 2019). In general, drop heights are typically between 20-50 cm, with the greater heights presenting increased ground reaction forces and, in turn, larger eccentric demand on the muscles of the lower limb(Pedley et al., 2017;Prieske et al., 2019;Ruffieux et al., 2020). ...
Article
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to compare acceleration outputs of the parkour-style “tic tac” action with those of the drop jump and the lay-up shot in youth basketball players. A total of 25 participants (17 boys, 13.80 ± 1.30 years of age; and eight girls, 15.00 ± 0.80 years of age) completed three trials of each action while wearing a single inertial motion capture unit with a sampling frequency of 200 Hz, positioned at the lumbar spine. All data were captured in a single session, using the same test order for all participants. Maximum resultant acceleration was calculated from the raw data for each action. Using sex and maturation status as covariates, data were analyzed using a Bayesian one-way repeated-measures analysis of covariance. Results revealed the jump + sex model to be the best fitting (BF 10 = 9.22 × 10 ⁵ ). Post hoc comparisons revealed that the tic tac produced greater maximal acceleration than the drop jump and the lay-up. These findings provide a biomechanical basis for the potential use of the parkour tic tac as an activity that could be used within the athletic development of youth basketball players.
... The primary goal of plyometrics is to enhance the neural and musculotendinous systems to produce maximal power in the shortest duration (Galay et al. 2020). In terms of training specificity, plyometrics provides velocity, contraction type (eccentric and concentric), and movement pattern training specificity, with the ability to transfer these training gains to enhance functional athletic performance (Loturco et al. 2014;Loturco et al. 2015;Ramirez-Campillo et al. 2019). ...
Article
Full-text available
Explosive movements requiring high force and power outputs are integral to many sports, posing distinct challenges for the neuromuscular system. Traditional resistance training can improve muscle strength, power, endurance, and range of motion; however, evidence regarding its effects on athletic performance, such as sprint speed, agility, and jump height, remains conflicting. The specificity of resistance training movements, including velocity, contraction type, and joint angles affects performance outcomes, demonstrates advantages when matching training modalities with targeted sports activities. However, independent of movement speed, the intent to contract explosively (ballistic) has also demonstrated high velocity-specific training adaptations. The purpose of this narrative review was to assess the impact of explosive or ballistic contraction intent on velocity-specific training adaptations. Such movement intent may predominantly elicit motor efferent neural adaptations, including motor unit recruitment and rate coding enhancements. Plyometrics, which utilize rapid stretch-shortening cycle movements, may augment high-speed movement efficiency and muscle activation, possibly leading to improved motor control through adaptations like faster eccentric force absorption, reduced amortization periods, and quicker transitions to explosive concentric contractions. An optimal training paradigm for power and performance enhancement might involve a combination of maximal explosive intent training with heavier loads and plyometric exercises with lighter loads at high velocities. This narrative review synthesizes key literature to answer whether contraction intent or movement speed is more critical for athletic performance enhancement, ultimately advocating for an integrative approach to resistance training tailored for sports-specific explosive action.
... In a drop jump (DJ), an athlete drops from a given height, transforming the body's weight into momentum to immediately execute a vertical jump as soon as the ground is contacted. This process forces the lower limb muscles to undergo a stretching-shortening cycle to generate rapid strength [1]. The knee joint experiences multi-axial and multi-faceted load pressures, and this complex state of stress can easily lead to abnormal knee joint loading and increase the risk of knee injuries [2,3]. ...
Article
Full-text available
This study explored the impact of landing height on the tibiofemoral joint’s medial compartment force (MCF) during drop jumps to help athletes prevent knee injury. Experienced male participants (N = 16) performed drop jumps with landing heights from 0.15 m to 0.75 m. Kinematic/kinetic parameters were collected using a motion capture system and a three-dimensional force platform. The Med-Lat Knee model was used to calculate biomechanical indicators of the knee joint, and data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping (SPM1d). Findings indicated that landing height significantly affected the anterior-posterior and vertical MCF, flexion-extension torque, internal-external rotation torque, and vertical ground reaction force (p<0.05)—all increasing with elevated landing height—and significantly impacted the generated force of the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius (p<0.05). SPM1d analysis confirmed these results within specific time intervals. Thus, both the knee moment and the MCF exhibited similar coordinated changes during drop jumps, indicating that these may be adaptive movement strategy. The impact of varying drop jump heights on muscle groups around the knee joint varied suggests that different heights induce specific muscular responses and improve muscle coordination to prevent knee joint injuries.
... Soccer is a sport characterized by bouts of intermittent dynamic activity that require players to execute sudden accelerations, decelerations, jumps and changes of direction, and technical skills (13). A multitude of training methods have been developed to enhance soccer players' performance of such dynamic movements, and these include plyometric jump training, which is one of the most common ways of improving the ability to express muscular power (28,29). Plyometric training leverages an athlete's capacity to use the stretch-shortening cycle that involves a rapid prestretch of a muscle and its connective tissue (eccentric action), followed by a concentric or shortening action of those same tissues (11,17). ...
Article
Full-text available
Purpose: This 14-week, two-phase study aimed to determine the relative effects of 1-day or 2-days of volume-matched plyometric training on athletic performance (10 m and 40 m sprints, change of direction, vertical jump) in male soccer players (Phase 1). The objective of Phase 2 was to determine the relative effects of higher- and lower-volume plyometric training protocols in maintaining any previously attained increases in athletic performance from Phase 1. Method: A randomised parallel-group trial design was utilised. In Phase 1, participants (n=24; mean age: 19.5 ± 1.2 yrs; mean height: 179.7 ± 7.1 cm; mean weight: 69.8 ± 6.9 kg) were randomly allocated to one of two groups to receive either 1-day or 2-days of volume- and intensity-matched plyometric training for a 7-week period. For the second 7-week period (Phase 2), half of each group was randomized into either a lower volume or higher volume plyometric training group. Results: In Phase 1, both the 1-day group and 2-day groups attained comparably significant (p<0.001) increases in performance in all fitness tests ranging from effect sizes (d) of 0.4 (95% CI: 0.11 to 0.70) for 10 m sprint to 1.51 (0.42 to 2.60) for vertical jump. There were no significant differences between the performance increases in the two groups. In Phase 2, neither group increased or decreased performance, maintaining all previously attained increases with only trivial effect sizes observed (-0.02 [-0.58 to 0.53] to 0.11 [-0.38 to 0.61]). Conclusion: Increases in 10 and 40 m sprint speed, change of direction speed and vertical jump height can be achieved and maintained with as little one plyometric training session per week. Sessions can include 120 jumps to induce increases of the reported magnitudes with 60 jumps to maintain these increases thereafter, in male soccer players.
... The potential significance of GCT during PJT exercises is consistent with the GCT observed during various physical fitness tests, thereby relating to the likelihood of adaptation transference (i.e., the principle of training specificity; Duchateau & Amiridis, 2023;Loturco et al., 2014Loturco et al., , 2015Ramirez-Campillo et al., 2019). For example, in linear sprinting, GCT is approximately ∼200 ms during Step 1 and ∼120 ms from Step 10 onward (Blauberger et al., 2021). ...
Article
This study aimed to contrast the impacts of an exercise intervention using either bounce drop jump (DJ; fast stretch-shortening cycle [SSC] exercise) or countermovement jump (CMJ; slow-SSC exercise) on measures of physical fitness in young females. A total of twenty-three young females (age: 19.7±1.0 years, height: 159.8±4.2 cm, body mass: 54.3±14.3 kg) were randomly assigned to either DJ (n=12) or CMJ (n=11) training, which spanned six weeks. Pre- and post-training assessments were conducted for 10 m and 30 m linear sprints, change-of-direction speed (CODS), CMJ, DJ (jump height, contact time, reactive strength index [RSI]), standing long jump (SLJ), triple-hop distance, and isometric strength. Apart from the variance in jump technique, both interventions were standardized in terms of total repetitions, intensity, and surface type. No significant group × time effect was observed in any dependent variables (all p>0.05). A significant time effect was observed in 10 m (p<0.001, ES = 0.70) and 30 m (p<0.001, ES = 0.79) linear sprint, CMJ height (p=0.012, ES = 0.34), DJ contact time (p=0.012, ES = 0.34), and triple-hop distance (p=0.006, ES = 0.38). Both DJ and CMJ training interventions led to comparable improvements in linear sprints, CMJ height, DJ contact time, and triple-hop distance. These findings suggest that the duration of ground contact during intervention exercises (i.e., fast vs. slow SSC) did not significantly influence initial (six-week) physical fitness adaptations in young females. However, extending these results to highly-trained groups (e.g., athletes) warrants further investigation.
... Relatedly, most protocols (58 of 61 studies) were assessed using plyometric jump-specific tests (e.g., drop jump, vertical hop). Future PJT studies may assess RSI with other tests (e.g., speed, change of direction) to determine how well PJT transfers to RSI in other skills or capacities [122,[215][216][217][218][219]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: The reactive strength index (RSI) is meaningfully associated with independent markers of athletic (e.g., linear sprint speed) and neuromuscular performance (e.g., stretch-shortening-cycle [SSC]). Plyometric jump training (PJT) is particularly suitable to improve the RSI due to exercises performed in the SSC. However, no literature review has attempted to meta-analyse the large number of studies regarding the potential effects of PJT on the RSI in healthy individuals across the lifespan. Aim: The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to examine the effects of PJT on the RSI of healthy individuals across the lifespan compared with active/specific-active controls. Methods: Three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, WoS) were searched up to May 2022. According to the PICOS approach, the eligibility criteria were: i) healthy participants, ii) PJT interventions of ≥3 weeks, iii) active (e.g., athletes involved in standard training) and specific-active (e.g., individuals using heavy resistance training) control group(s), iv) a measure of jump-based RSI pre-post training, and v) controlled studies with multi-groups in randomized and non-randomized designs. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was used to assess the risk of bias. The random-effects model was used to compute the meta-analyses, reporting Hedges’ g effect sizes (ES) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Statistical significance was set at p ≤0.05. Subgroup analyses were performed (chronological age; PJT duration, frequency, number of sessions, total number of jumps; randomization). A meta-regression was conducted to verify if PJT frequency, duration, and total number of sessions predicted the effects of PJT on the RSI. Certainty or confidence in the body of evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). Potential adverse health effects derived from PJT were researched and reported. Results: Sixty-one articles were meta-analysed, with a median PEDro score of 6.0, a low risk of bias and good methodological quality, comprising 2,576 participants with an age range of 8.1 to 73.1 years (males, ~78%; aged under 18 years, ~60%), 42 studies included participants with a sport background (e.g., soccer, runners). The PJT duration ranged from 4 to 96 weeks, with 1-3 weekly exercise sessions. The RSI testing protocols involved the use of contact mats (n=42) and force platforms (n=19). Most studies reported RSI as mm/ms (n=25 studies) from drop jump analysis (n=47 studies). In general, PJT groups improved RSI compared to controls: ES= 0.54, CI= 0.46-0.62, p< 0.001. Training-induced RSI changes were greater (p= 0.023) for adults (i.e., age ≥18 years [group mean]) compared with youth. PJT was more effective with a duration of >7 weeks vs. ≤7 weeks, >14 total PJT sessions vs. ≤14 sessions, 3 weekly sessions vs. <3 sessions (p= 0.027 – 0.060). Similar RSI improvements were noted after ≤1,080 vs. >1,080 total jumps, and for non-randomized vs. randomized studies. Heterogeneity (I2) was low (0.0-22.2%) in nine analyses and moderate in three analyses (29.1-58.1%). According to the meta-regression, none of the analysed training variables explained the effects of PJT on RSI (p=0.714-0.984, R2 = 0.0). The certainty of the evidence was moderate for the main analysis, and low-to-moderate across the moderator analyses. Most studies did not report soreness, pain, injury, or related adverse effects related to PJT. Conclusions: The effects of PJT on the RSI were greater compared with active/specific-active controls, including traditional sport-specific training as well as alternative training interventions (e.g., high-load slow-speed resistance training). This conclusion is derived from 61 articles with low risk of bias (good methodological quality), low heterogeneity, and moderate certainty of evidence, comprising 2,576 participants. PJT-related improvements on RSI were greater for adults vs. youths, after >7 training weeks vs. ≤7 weeks, with >14 total PJT vs. ≤14 sessions, and with 3 vs. <3 weekly sessions.
... The significant transference effect between PJT exercises and sport-specific performance in other sports such as soccer (e.g. kicking velocity) was previously reported [143][144][145]. Our analyses additionally suggest that land-based (i.e. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background A growing body of literature is available regarding the effects of plyometric jump training (PJT) on measures of physical fitness (PF) and sport-specific performance (SSP) in-water sports athletes (WSA, i.e. those competing in sports that are practiced on [e.g. rowing] or in [e.g. swimming; water polo] water). Indeed, incoherent findings have been observed across individual studies making it difficult to provide the scientific community and coaches with consistent evidence. As such, a comprehensive systematic literature search should be conducted to clarify the existent evidence, identify the major gaps in the literature, and offer recommendations for future studies. Aim To examine the effects of PJT compared with active/specific-active controls on the PF (one-repetition maximum back squat strength, squat jump height, countermovement jump height, horizontal jump distance, body mass, fat mass, thigh girth) and SSP (in-water vertical jump, in-water agility, time trial) outcomes in WSA, through a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized controlled studies. Methods The electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched up to January 2022. According to the PICOS approach, the eligibility criteria were: (population) healthy WSA; (intervention) PJT interventions involving unilateral and/or bilateral jumps, and a minimal duration of ≥ 3 weeks; (comparator) active (i.e. standard sports training) or specific-active (i.e. alternative training intervention) control group(s); (outcome) at least one measure of PF (e.g. jump height) and/or SSP (e.g. time trial) before and after training; and (study design) multi-groups randomized and non-randomized controlled trials. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. The DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model was used to compute the meta-analyses, reporting effect sizes (ES, i.e. Hedges’ g) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Certainty or confidence in the body of evidence for each outcome was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE), considering its five dimensions: risk of bias in studies, indirectness, inconsistency, imprecision, and risk of publication bias. Results A total of 11,028 studies were identified with 26 considered eligible for inclusion. The median PEDro score across the included studies was 5.5 (moderate-to-high methodological quality). The included studies involved a total of 618 WSA of both sexes (330 participants in the intervention groups [31 groups] and 288 participants in the control groups [26 groups]), aged between 10 and 26 years, and from different sports disciplines such as swimming, triathlon, rowing, artistic swimming, and water polo. The duration of the training programmes in the intervention and control groups ranged from 4 to 36 weeks. The results of the meta-analysis indicated no effects of PJT compared to control conditions (including specific-active controls) for in-water vertical jump or agility (ES = − 0.15 to 0.03; p = 0.477 to 0.899), or for body mass, fat mass, and thigh girth (ES = 0.06 to 0.15; p = 0.452 to 0.841). In terms of measures of PF, moderate-to-large effects were noted in favour of the PJT groups compared to the control groups (including specific-active control groups) for one-repetition maximum back squat strength, horizontal jump distance, squat jump height, and countermovement jump height (ES = 0.67 to 1.47; p = 0.041 to < 0.001), in addition to a small effect noted in favour of the PJT for SSP time-trial speed (ES = 0.42; p = 0.005). Certainty of evidence across the included studies varied from very low-to-moderate. Conclusions PJT is more effective to improve measures of PF and SSP in WSA compared to control conditions involving traditional sport-specific training as well as alternative training interventions (e.g. resistance training). It is worth noting that the present findings are derived from 26 studies of moderate-to-high methodological quality, low-to-moderate impact of heterogeneity, and very low-to-moderate certainty of evidence based on GRADE. Trial registration The protocol for this systematic review with meta-analysis was published in the Open Science platform (OSF) on January 23, 2022, under the registration doi https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/NWHS3 (internet archive link: https://archive.org/details/osf-registrations-nwhs3-v1).
... The significant transference effect between PJT exercises and sport-specific performance in other sports such as soccer (e.g. kicking velocity) was previously reported [143][144][145]. Our analyses additionally suggest that land-based (i.e. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: A growing body of literature is available regarding the effects of plyometric jump training (PJT) on measures of physical fitness (PF) and sport-specific performance (SSP) in water sports athletes (WSA, i.e., those competing in sports that are practiced on [e.g., rowing] or in [e.g., swimming; water polo] water). Indeed, incoherent findings have been observed across individual studies making it difficult to provide the scientific community and coaches with consistent evidence. As such, a comprehensive systematic literature search should be conducted to clarify the existent evidence, identify the major gaps in the literature, and offer recommendations for future studies. Aim: To examine the effects of PJT compared with active/specific-active controls on the PF (one-repetition maximum back squat strength, squat jump height, countermovement jump height, horizontal jump distance, body mass, fat mass, thigh girth) and SSP (in-water vertical jump, in-water agility, time trial) outcomes in WSA, through a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized controlled studies. Methods: The electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched up to January 2022. According to the PICOS approach, the eligibility criteria were: (population) healthy WSA; (intervention) PJT interventions involving unilateral and/or bilateral jumps, and a minimal duration of ≥3 weeks; (comparator) active (i.e., standard sports training) or specific-active (i.e., alternative training-intervention) control group(s); (outcome) at least one measure of PF (e.g., jump height) and/or SSP (e.g., time-trial) before and after training; and (study design) multi-groups randomized and non-randomized controlled trials. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. The DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model was used to compute the meta-analyses, reporting effect sizes (ES, i.e., Hedges’ g) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Statistical significance was set at p ≤0.05. Certainty or confidence in the body of evidence for each outcome was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE), considering its five dimensions: risk of bias in studies, indirectness, inconsistency, imprecision, and risk of publication bias. Results: A total of 11,028 studies were identified with 26 considered eligible for inclusion. The median PEDro score across the included studies was 5.5 (moderate-to-high methodological quality). The included studies involved a total of 618 WSA of both sexes (330 participants in the intervention groups [31 groups] and 288 participants in the control groups [26 groups]), aged between 10 to 26 years, and from different sports disciplines such as swimming, triathlon, rowing, artistic swimming, and water polo. The duration of the training programs in the intervention and control groups ranged from 4 to 36 weeks. Results of the meta-analysis indicated no effects of PJT compared to control conditions (including specific-active controls) for in-water vertical jump or agility (ES = -0.15 to 0.03; p = 0.477 to 0.899), nor for body mass, fat mass, and thigh girth (ES = 0.06 to 0.15; p = 0.452 to 0.841). In terms of measures of PF, moderate-to-large effects were noted in favour of the PJT groups compared to the control groups (including specific-active control groups) for one-repetition maximum back squat strength, horizontal jump distance, squat jump height, and countermovement jump height (ES = 0.67 to 1.47; p = 0.041 to <0.001), in addition to small effect noted in favour of the PJT for SSP time-trial speed (ES = 0.42; p = 0.005). Certainty of evidence across the included studies varied from very low-to-moderate. Conclusions: PJT is more effective to improve measures of PF and SSP in WSA compared to control conditions involving traditional sport-specific training as well as alternative training interventions (e.g., resistance training). It is worth noting that the present findings are derived from 26 studies of moderate-to-high methodological quality, low-to-moderate impact of heterogeneity, and very low-to-moderate certainty of evidence based on GRADE.
... Coordination-demanding exercises lead to the development of agility [57]. It was found that there are different effects of plyometric training on agility, speed, and performance improvement in jumps used by CMJ and DJ, on reducing landing time and re-jumping, on reducing landing force, and increasing jump height [58,59]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: Plyometric training is used to improve human neuro-muscular function and performance in sports. Agility as a necessary motor ability, which is one of the physical components of success in many sports, is especially important for the optimal performance of soccer players. Due to changes in direction and movement during the game, soccer players shows the ability to quickly change direction, stop quickly and perform through fast, accurate, and precise repetitive movements. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of plyometric training on the agility in male soccer players, based on studies that have dealt with the effects of plyometric training. Methods: The search and analysis of the studies were done in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyzes (PRISMA) guidelines. A literature search of 4 databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science and Research Gate) was conducted using all available studies by November 2021. The identified studies had to meet the following criteria: original longitudinal studies written in English, active male soccer players as sample of participants, experimental treatment of plyometric training with at least two groups of subjects, studies that covered the impact of plyometric training, and studies containing agility tests. Results: A total of 21 studies were included in the systematic review. Improvements in agility tests were small, moderate, and large and ranged from 2% to 14.63%. The greatest improvement in agility was shown in soccer players after a two-week and six-week plyometric program, where the agility test showed a significant improvement of 14.63%. Programs lasting six and eight weeks proved to be the most effective plyometric training program. Plyometric training related to jumps with a progressive increase in intensity and a series of exercises for activation of the lower extremities, there was an improvement of 0.41 s to 0.90 s. Conclusions: Based on the analysis of the included studies, it can be concluded that according to the duration of the program, the minimum period where there can be an improvement in agility and other motor skills is six weeks, and that the usual weekly load is two to three pieces of training.
... Moreover, jump training may be considered more fun and engaging than other training methods (e.g., flexibility, endurance), particularly among younger soccer players [10]. Importantly, jump-training exercises can mimic the unique short-duration high-intensity actions of soccer, potentially increasing the transfer of performance effects from training to competitive play due to the principle of specificity [11]. On this, jump training has previously been shown to be beneficial for a myriad of physical fitness outcomes such as jumping itself, linear sprinting, agility and CODS, RSA with and without a COD, short-term endurance, long-term endurance, maximal strength, balance, kicking speed, range of motion and coordination [12 -14]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background Youth female soccer players require high muscular power to overcome their opponents. Jump training can facilitate improvements in muscular power as has been demonstrated in youth male soccer players. However, studies in female players are comparatively scarce. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a jump-training program, as compared to soccer training alone, on the physical fitness of youth female soccer players. Methods Fourteen physically active youth female soccer players (age: 16.0±2.2 years) were randomly divided into a jump-training group (n=8) or control group (n=6). Before and after a 4-week intervention period, the players were assessed with a countermovement jump (CMJ) test, multiple 4-bounds test (4BT), a 20-m sprint, maximal kicking velocity (MKV) and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1; Yo-Yo IR1). Results No significant changes in any of the dependent variables were noted in the control group, although small effect sizes were observed in CMJ (ES=0.33) and 4BT (ES=0.27). In contrast, the jump training group achieved significant improvements in CMJ (p=0.001; ES=0.85), 4BT (p=0.002; ES=1.01) and MKV (p=0.027; ES=0.77), with small to medium effect sizes observed in the 20-m sprint (p=0.069; ES=0.59) and Yo-Yo IR1 (p=0.299; ES=0.20) tests. Conclusion Compared to regular soccer training that induced only small improvements in CMJ and 4BT, a jump training intervention resulted in small to large improvements in the physical fitness of youth female soccer players with changes seen in CMJ, 4BT, 20-m sprint, MKV, and Yo-Yo IR1.
... In turn, according to the principle of training specificity, soccer players should regularly engage in PJT programs. Indeed, PJT have demonstrated a significant transference effect between jump training exercises and soccer-specific physical performance [12][13][14]. ...
Article
Full-text available
We aimed to assess the effects of plyometric jump training (PJT) on female soccer player’s physical fitness. To this aim, a systematic review with meta-analysis (SRMA) was conducted. The electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE,Web of Science, and SCOPUS were used. To qualify for inclusion, peer-reviewed studies must have included (i) a PJT programme of ≥2 weeks, (ii) healthy athletes, (iii) a control group, and (iv) physical fitness outcomes (e.g., jump; sprint). Studies were excluded if (i) they incorporated injuried female soccer players, (ii) did not involve PJT or an active control group, (iv) lack of baseline and/or follow-up data. Data was meta-analyzed using the inverse variance random-effects model. Ten moderate-to-high quality studies were included in the analyses, comprising 13 training groups (n = 140) and 10 control groups (n = 110). Small to large (ES = 0.60–2.24; p = 0.040 to <0.001) effects were noted for countermovement jump, drop jump, kicking performance, linear sprint, change of direction speed, and endurance. The moderator analyses (i.e., PJT duration, age groups, competitive level, and soccer experience) revealed no significant differences between groups. In conclusion, PJT may improve the physical fitness of female soccer players. Such improvements might be expected after PJT interventions with six or more weeks of duration, and in players with different chronological ages, competitive levels and soccer experience.
... Based on recent results, the 50% to 100% of maximal countermovement jump height may be the appropriate individual relative drop height for the DJ among volleyball players(Peng et al., 2019). Future studies should analyze the effects of adequate (individualized) prescription of drop heights for the DJ on the physical fitness and injury risk among female volleyball players, as previously resolved in other groups of athletes(Ramirez-Campillo et al., 2018a;Ramirez-Campillo et al., 2019). Further, DJ drills are meant to be performed usually with a contact time of <250 ms. ...
Article
Full-text available
The aim of this study was to assess drop jump (DJ) performance variables (jump height, contact time, and reactive strength index) concomitant to surface electromyography (sEMG) of lower limb muscles during DJs from different drop heights (intensities). The eccentric and concentric phase sEMG from the gastrocnemius medialis, biceps femoris, and vastus medialis muscles were assessed during all tests, with sEMG activity normalized to maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). In a cross-sectional, study, 10 amateur female volleyball players (age 22.1 ± 1.8 years; body mass 72.9 ± 15.2 kg; height 1.70 ± 0.08 m) completed DJs from six heights [15–90 cm (DJ15 to DJ90)]. During DJs there was no jump-target box to rebound on to. Results of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the jump height, contact time, and reactive strength index were not significantly (p > 0.05) different between drop heights. Mean biceps femoris eccentric and concentric sEMG ranged from 27 to 50%, although without significant differences between drop heights. Mean gastrocnemius medialis eccentric and concentric sEMG remained relatively constant (∼60–80% MVIC) across DJs heights, although eccentric values reached 90–120% MVIC from DJ75 to DJ90. Mean variations of ∼50–100% MVIC for eccentric and ∼50–70% MVIC for concentric sEMG activations were observed in the vastus medialis across DJs heights. The biceps femoris eccentric/concentric sEMG ratio during DJ45 (i.e., 1.0) was lower (p = 0.03) compared to the ratio observed after DJ90 (i.e., 3.2). The gastrocnemius medialis and vastus medialis eccentric/concentric sEMG ratio were not significantly different between drop heights. In conclusion, jumping performance and most neuromuscular markers were not sensitive to DJ height (intensity) in amateur female volleyball athletes.
... HIMT also can involves a large component of plyometric jumps, which might improve physical performance in young people and are safe over short term (De Freitas Guina Fachina et al., 2017;Assunção et al., 2018;Ramirez-Campillo et al., 2019a; Vera-Assaoka et al., 2020) However, it is important to remember that overuse injuries and tendinopathies are frequent in young athletes (Le Gall et al., 2006;Johnson et al., 2020), which might be due to an imbalance between muscle and tendon adaptation (Mersmann et al., 2014(Mersmann et al., , 2016(Mersmann et al., , 2017. Considering that resistance training might increase tendon strength (Kongsgaard et al., 2007;Martins et al., 2018), it is recommended to design programs with an adequate balance between plyometric (particularly high-impact jumps) and resistance training volumes, specially adolescents. ...
Article
Full-text available
Studies comparing children and adolescents from different periods have shown that physical activity and fitness decreased in the last decades, which might have important adverse health consequences such as body fat gain and poor metabolic health. The purpose of the current article is to present the benefits of high-intensity multimodal training (HIMT), such as CrossFit, to young people, with a critical discussion about its potential benefits and concerns. During HIMT, exercise professionals might have an opportunity to promote positive changes in physical function and body composition in children and adolescents, as well as to promote improvements in mental health and psychosocial aspects. Moreover, this might serve as an opportunity to educate them about the benefits of a healthy lifestyle and overcome the perceived barriers for being physically active. In technical terms, the characteristics of HIMT, such as, the simultaneous development of many physical capacities and diversity of movement skills and exercise modalities might be particularly interesting for training young people. Many concerns like an increased risk of injury and insufficient recovery might be easily addressed and not become a relevant problem for this group.
... Such ES value is in similar range that the mean improvement noted for RSA best in our meta-analysis. It seems that PJT has a similar effect on different components of fitness that involve rapid movement patterns and rely on the SSC (i.e., countermovement jump height and best sprint performance in a RSA task), denoting that effective transfer occurs [100][101][102] ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: There is a growing body of research examining the effects of plyometric jump training (PJT) on repeated sprint ability (RSA) in athletes. However, available studies produced conflicting findings and the literature has not yet been systematically reviewed. Therefore, the effects of PJT on RSA indices remain unclear. Objective: To explore the effects of PJT on RSA in athletes. Methods: Searches for this review were conducted in four databases. We included studies that satisfied the following criteria: (i) examined the effects of a PJT exercise intervention on measures of RSA; (ii) included athletes as study participants, with no restriction for sport practiced, age or sex; and (iii) included a control group. The random-effects model was used for the meta-analyses. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the PEDro checklist. Results: From 6,367 search records initially identified, 13 studies with a total of 16 training groups (n = 198) and 13 control groups (n = 158) were eligible for meta-analysis. There was a significant effect of PJT on RSA best sprint (ES = 0.75; p = 0.002) and RSA mean sprint (ES = 0.36; p = 0.045) performance. We did not find a significant difference between control and PJT for RSA fatigue resistance (ES = 0.16; p = 0.401). The included studies were classified as being of “moderate” or “high” methodological quality. Among the 13 included studies, none reported injury or any other adverse events. Conclusion: PJT improves RSA best and mean performance in athletes, while there were no significant differences between control and PJT for RSA fatigue resistance. Improvements in RSA in response to PJT are likely due to neuro-mechanical factors (e.g., strength, muscle activation and coordination) that affect actual sprint performance rather than the ability to recover between sprinting efforts.
... Moreover, different maximal strength testing protocols have reported different results . Considering the short-duration and dynamic nature of PJT drills, a greater transfer of adaptations derived from PJT would be specked for short duration sprint distances and dynamic maximal strength actions (Loturco et al., 2015(Loturco et al., , 2014Ramirez-Campillo et al., 2019). Although our findings do not support the prescription of a specific testing protocol, according to the ISA needs, specific protocols might be selected to better reflect the competitive demands of the athlete and the potential transference effects from PJT. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis to explore the effects of plyometric jump training (PJT) on the physical fitness of individual sport athletes (ISA). Methods Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, we searched through PubMed, Web of Science, and SCOPUS electronic databases. We included controlled studies that incorporated a PJT intervention among ISA (with no restriction for age or sex), that included a pre-to-post intervention assessment of physical fitness (e.g., sprint; jump). From the included studies, relevant data (e.g., PJT and participants characteristics) was extracted. We assessed the methodological quality of the included studies using the PEDro scale. Using a random-effects model, meta-analyses for a given outcome was conducted. Means and standard deviations for a measure of pre-post-intervention physical fitness from the PJT and control groups were converted to Hedges’ g effect size (ES). Heterogeneity was assessed using the I ² statistic. The risk of bias was explored using the extended Egger’s test. The statistical significance threshold was set at p < 0.05. Moderator analyses were conducted according to the sex, age and sport background of the athletes. Results Twenty-six studies of moderate-high methodological quality were included (total participants, n = 667). Compared to controls, PJT improved vertical jump (ES = 0.49; p < 0.001; I = 0.0%), linear sprint (ES = 0.23; p = 0.032; I ² = 10.9%), maximal strength (ES = 0.50; p < 0.001; I ² = 0.0%) and endurance performance (ES = 0.30; p = 0.028; I ² = 11.1%). No significant effect was noted for sprint with change of direction (ES = 0.34; p = 0.205; I ² = 70.9%). Athlete’s sex, age and sport background had no modulator role on the effect of PJT on vertical jump, linear sprint, maximal strength and endurance performance. Among the included studies, none reported adverse effects related to the PJT intervention. Conclusions PJT induces small improvements on ISA physical fitness, including jumping, sprinting speed, strength and endurance.
... In turn, according to the principle of training specificity, soccer players should regularly engage in PJT programs. Indeed, PJT have demonstrated a significant transference effect between jump training exercises and soccer-specific physical performance [12][13][14]. ...
Article
Full-text available
We aimed to assess the effects of plyometric jump training (PJT) on female soccer player’s physical fitness. To this aim, a systematic review with meta-analysis (SRMA) was conducted. The electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Web Of Science, and SCOPUS were used. To qualify for inclusion, peer-reviewed studies must have included i) a PJT programme of ≥2 weeks, ii) healthy athletes, iii) a control group, and iv) physical fitness outcomes (e.g. jump; sprint). Studie were excluded if i) they incorporated injuried female soccer players, ii) did not involved PJT or an active control group, iv) lack of baseline and/or follow-up data. Data was meta-analyzed using the inverse variance random-effects model. Ten moderate-to-high quality studies were included in the analyses, comprising 13 training groups (n=140) and 10 control groups (n=110). Small to large (ES = 0.60 – 2.24; p = 0.040 to <0.001) effects were noted for countermovement jump, drop jump, kicking performance, linear sprint, change of direction speed, and endurance. The moderator analyses (i.e., PJT duration, age groups, competitive level, and soccer experience) revealed no significant differences between groups. In conclusion, PJT may improve the physical fitness of female soccer players. Such improvements might be expected after PJT interventions with six or more weeks of duration, and in players with different chronological ages, competitive levels and soccer experience.
... Movements as high speed running or sprinting are typical representatives of the concentric-eccentric movement, which are of great importance for soccer players [8]. Research shows that plyometric training can improve soccer player's overall physical performance [9] as it may increase the percentage of peak VO2 [10], muscle power, endurance [11] and improve the soccer kickball speed [12]. ...
... Because of subjects' inexperience in strength training, it was avoided assessing one repetition maximum as the highest amount of load that could be lifted just once was deemed unsafe. Instead, 1RM was estimated from the completion of 3 to 8 repetitions to failure at near-maximal loads, similar to previous protocols in youth male soccer players [24][25][26] 28 Five-minute rest intervals were per-the tests were performed. A questionnaire concerning age, training history, competition level, and injury history was completed. ...
Article
BACKGROUND: Soccer players’ leg muscular strength and power have been shown to be significant due to their association with soccer-specific performance including jumps, sprints, tackles and kicks. The aim of this study, therefore, was to examine the effects of an in-season in- field variable resistance training (VRT) program on strength, power, and anthropometry of junior soccer players. METHODS: A team of male soccer players were randomly divided into Experimental (n=10) and Control groups (n=10). The Control group performed 8 weeks of soccer training alone. The Experimental group performed squat VRT using chains in addition to soccer training. Measures before and after training included one repetition maximum (1RM) of squat, countermovement jump (CMJ), and anthropometric estimation of thigh muscle cross sectional area (CSA). RESULTS: The VRT induced large improvements in absolute (34.45%; p=0.001; Cohen’s d=1.78) and relative strength to thigh muscle CSA (21.53%; p=0.002; Cohen’s d=1.04). Similarly, there were large (18.07%, p=0.007; Cohen’s d=1.5) increases in jump height and medium gains in absolute peak power output (16.13%; p=0.009; Cohen’s d=0.34) and relative peak power output to thigh muscle CSA (9.6%; p=0.002; Cohen’s d=0.31). Further, there was a medium increase (5.9%, p=0.03; Cohen’s d=0.36) in thigh muscle CSA. No significant changes were observed in the Control group. CONCLUSIONS: In-season in-field biweekly squat VRT enhanced strength and power measures in junior soccer players. KEY WORDS: Resistance training; Lower extremity; Muscle strength; Power; Anthropometry; Soccer
Article
Full-text available
Objective This study investigates the impact of plyometric training on age-related lower limb explosive strength in male adolescents and its effectiveness in female adolescents. Methods A thorough search was conducted across five databases from their inception until September 20, 2024. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk Assessment Tool, and data analysis was performed with Stata 15 software. Results Plyometric training positively affected countermovement jump (CMJ) (MD = 2.90 cm, 95% CI (2.35, 3.45)), squat jump (SJ) (MD = 2.57 cm, 95% CI (1.69, 3.44)), and 20-m sprint performance (MD = − 0.09 s, 95% CI (− 0.14, − 0.05)). Subgroup analysis revealed varying improvements across age stages. In CMJ, the early adolescence (EA) group (MD = 2.57 cm, 95% CI (1.74, 3.40)), mid-adolescence (MA) group (MD = 3.04 cm, 95% CI (2.30, 3.79)), and post-adolescence (PA) group (MD = 3.89 cm, 95% CI (1.96, 5.81)) showed progressive enhancement. The MA group exhibited superior improvements in SJ (MD = 3.78 cm, 95% CI (2.19, 5.36)) and 20-m sprint (MD = − 0.11 s, 95% CI (− 0.18, − 0.05)) compared to the EA group (SJ: MD = 2.10 cm, 95% CI (1.43, 2.77); sprint: MD = − 0.06 s, 95% CI (− 0.11, − 0.01)). The PA group showed no significant improvements (SJ: MD = 1.31 cm, 95% CI (− 1.05, 3.67); sprint: MD = − 0.27 s, 95% CI (− 0.61, 0.07)). For female adolescents, plyometric training effectively improved CMJ (MD = 2.55 cm, 95% CI (1.43, 3.66)), SJ (MD = 2.33 cm, 95% CI (1.36, 3.31)), and 20-m sprint performance (MD = − 0.22 s, 95% CI (− 0.33, − 0.12)). Conclusion Plyometric training significantly enhances lower limb explosive strength in both male and female adolescents, with age-dependent effects for male adolescents. The greatest improvement in CMJ was observed in the PA stage, followed by the MA stage, while the EA stage showed the least. The MA stage exhibited the best improvements in SJ and sprint performance. Trail Registry The study has been registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO: CRD42023406914).
Preprint
Full-text available
Background:A comprehensive summary of the effects of plyometric training (PT) on multiple physical fitness indicators in youth athletes at different maturation stages, as well as on a broader range of sports, has not yet been conducted.This study aims to comprehensively summarize the effects of plyometric training on multiple physical fitness indicators of young male team athletes at different stages of maturity. Methods:This systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS) were searched. Study eligibility was rated using the PICOS method, and methodological quality was assessed with the PEDro scale. A random-effects model calculated the meta-analysis, reporting Hedge's g effect sizes (ES) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Egger’s test assessed bias, with the trim and fill method applied if necessary. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression calculations of training variables were performed. Result:A total of 31 studies were included, involving 717 soccer players, 146 basketball players, 54 handball players, and 110 volleyball players. Compared to the control group, PT improved the following metrics across all age groups combined: Countermovement jump (CMJ) height (ES = 0.761), Standing long jump (SLJ) distance (ES = 0.572), ≤10-m linear sprint time (ES = -0.709), >10-m linear sprint time (ES = -0.488), and change-of-direction (COD) time (ES = -0.896).In the 10 to 12.99 years age group (PRE), PT improved CMJ height (ES = 0.73), SLJ distance (ES = 0.441), ≤10-m linear sprint time (ES = -0.431), >10-m linear sprint time (ES = -0.307), and COD time (ES = -0.783). In the 13 to 15.99 years age group (MID), PT improved CMJ height (ES = 0.523), >10-m linear sprint time (ES = -0.37), and COD time (ES = -0.635). In the 16 to 18 years age group (POST), PT improved CMJ height (ES = 1.053), SLJ distance (ES = 1.329), ≤10-m linear sprint time (ES = -1.81), >10-m linear sprint time (ES = -1.18), and COD time (ES = -1.665).There were no significant differences in adaptations for maximal strength in all groups, SLJ distance and ≤10 m linear sprint time in the MID group (all p > 0.05).Meta-regression showed that training variables could not predict the impact of PT on physical fitness. Subgroup analysis showed that when the total number of training sessions was ≥16 (ES = 1.061), there was a significantly greater improvement in CMJ height compared to fewer than 16 training sessions (ES = 0.36) (p = 0.002). Conclusion:Compared to the control group, PT can improve CMJ height, SLJ distance, ≤10-m linear sprint time, >10-m linear sprint time, and COD time in youth male team sports players across all age groups. However, PT does not improve maximal strength. The trend of improvement appears to be best during the late adolescence stage. In contrast, during mid-adolescence, SLJ distance and ≤10-m linear sprint time did not improve, and the improvements in CMJ height and COD time seem to be the least pronounced during this stage.
Article
Full-text available
The purpose of this study was to effect of plyometric training on selected physical variables among men football players. To achieve the purpose of the study taken (N=30) men football players from Vadakudi football club and Veylangudi football club Karaikudi. The selection of Variables is Cardio- Respiratory Endurance and Explosive Power. The subject's age ranged from 19 to 24 years. The selected subject was divided into two equal groups each group fifteen (N=15) subject, Group –I Plyometric Training Group and Group –II Control Group. The Plyometric Training Group was treated with their respective training for one and a half hours per day weekly three days for eight weeks. Statistical Technique was used paired sample‘t’ test cell mean differences. The level of significance was fixed at a 0.05 level of confidence for all the cases.
Article
Full-text available
Background For adolescent soccer players, good sprinting and jumping abilities are crucial for their athletic performance. The application of plyometric training on boosting explosive strength in adolescent soccer players is contingent upon the maturation phase, which can mediate the training-induced adaptations. Purpose This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to explore the maturation effect of plyometric training on the lower limb explosive power of adolescent soccer players, with vertical countermovement jump (CMJ) and 20-m sprint as the main outcome indicators. Methods An extensive search of the literature was carried out on various databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), covering the time period from the establishment of each database to February 6, 2023. The search was conducted using English keywords such as ‘Plyometric,’ ‘Adolescent,’ ‘football,’ and ‘Explosive strength.’ This study utilized the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool to conduct a standardized quality evaluation of all the included literature. Additionally, the Review Manager 5.4 software was employed to perform data analysis on all the extracted data. Results A total of 17 studies involving 681 adolescent soccer players aged 10 to 19 were included. Plyometric training significantly improved CMJ performance across different maturation stages, especially in the post-peak height velocity stage (POST-PHV) [MD = 4.35, 95 % CI (2.11, 6.59), P < 0.01, I² = 60 %]. The pre-peak height velocity stage (PRE-PHV) showed the next best improvement [MD = 3.00, 95 % CI (1.63, 4.37)], while the middle-peak height velocity stage (MID-PHV) showed the least improvement [MD = 2.79, 95 % CI (1.16, 4.41), P < 0.01, I² = 49 %]. However, improvements in 20 m sprint ability were only observed in the PRE-PHV [MD = −0.06, 95 % CI (−0.12, 0), P < 0.01, I² = 0 %] and MID-PHV [MD = −0.18, 95 % CI (−0.27, −0.08), P < 0.01, I² = 0 %] stages. Conclusion Plyometric training serves as a potent strategy for boosting the lower limb explosive strength of adolescent soccer players, and the training effect is closely related to the players' biological maturity. Considering biological maturity is a key aspect that this study deems essential for the formulation of effective training programs for these adolescent players.
Article
Full-text available
Background: Jumping ability is one of the necessary qualities for athletes. Previous studies have shown that plyometric training and complex training including plyometrics can improve athletes’ jumping ability. With the emergence of various types of complex training, there is uncertainty about which training method has the best effect. This study conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of plyometric-related training on athletes’ jumping ability, to provide some reference for coaches to design training plans. Methods: We systematically searched 3 databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) up to July 2023 to identify randomized controlled trials investigating plyometrics related training in athletes. The two researchers conducted literature screening, extraction and quality assessment independently. We performed a network meta-analysis using Stata 16. Results: We analyzed 83 studies and found that complex training, which includes high-intensity intervals and plyometric exercises, was the most effective method for improving squat jumps (SURCA = 96%). In the case of countermovement jumps a combination of electrostimulation and plyometric training yielded the best results (SURCA = 97.6%). Weightlifting training proved to be the most effective for the standing long jump (SURCA = 81.4%), while strength training was found to be the most effective for the five bounces test (SURCA = 87.3%). Conclusion: Our current study shows that complex training performs more efficient overall in plyometric-related training. However, there are different individual differences in the effects of different training on different indicators (e.g., CMJ, SJ, SLJ, 5BT) of athletes. Therefore, in order to ensure that the most appropriate training is selected, it is crucial to accurately assess the physical condition of each athlete before implementation. Clinical Trial Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, Registration and protocol CRD42023456402.
Article
Full-text available
Plyometric training boosts adolescents' jumping ability, crucial for athletic success and health. However, the best total ground contact frequency (TGCF) and overall intervention time (OIT) for these exercises remain unclear. This meta-analysis aims to identify optimal TGCF and OIT in plyometric training for adolescents, focusing on countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) outcomes. This systematic review encompassed five databases and included 38 studies with 50 randomized controlled experiments and 3347 participants. We used the Cochrane risk assessment tool for study quality and Review Manager 5.4 for data analysis. The current meta-analysis incorporated a total of 38 studies, comprising 50 sets of randomized controlled trials, to investigate the influence of different TGCFs and OITs on plyometric training. The Cochrane risk assessment tool indicated that all the included studies were classified as low risk. Various TGCFs in plyometric training positively affected CMJ and SJ heights in adolescents. The TGCF of less than 900 was ideal for enhancing CMJ, whereas more than 1400 was effective for SJ. The optimal OIT was 400–600 min, specifically, 500–600 min for CMJ and 400–500 min for SJ. Plyometric training improves jumping ability in adolescents. Lower ground contact frequency (< 900 contacts) enhances CMJ, while higher ground contact frequency (> 1400 contacts) is more effective for SJ. Optimal intervention time ranges from 400 to 600 min, with 500 to 600 min benefiting CMJ and 400 to 500 min improving SJ.
Article
Full-text available
This study aimed at investigating the efficacy of a 6-week combined plyometric and speed training program focusing on developing the speed-strength abilities of U14 soccer players. The study was conducted under the conditions of a two-group parallel experiment. Experimental groups I. and II. (EG I. and II.) consisted of youth soccer players (n = 20 and 18) in the top German and Slovak leagues, respectively. To obtain data, we performed 6 tests: squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), drop jump (DJ), 10-m sprint test, 20-m sprint test, and 505 agility test. EG I. players completed a 6-week experimental period, including two training sessions per week using plyometrics and short sprints, while EG II. players underwent the same experimental period without plyometrics and short sprints. Both groups completed an identical training program to develop their speed skills. Compared to the results of the EG II. group, the values of all tests were significantly more increased in the EG I. group: the SJ (p < 0.00001), CMJ (p < 0.00001), DJ (p < 0.00001), 10-m sprint test (p = 0.00122), 20-m sprint test (p = 0.00027), and 505 agility test (p = 0.00062). The results of the combined plyometric and speed program demonstrated higher efficacy in developing selected speed and strength parameters compared to the speed program without strength training. In summary, our study showed the necessity of using plyometric and sprint drills alongside game-specific training in soccer.
Article
Full-text available
Background The literature has proven that plyometric training (PT) improves various physical performance outcomes in sports. Even though PT is one of the most often employed strength training methods, a thorough analysis of PT and how it affects technical skill performance in sports needs to be improved. Methods This study aimed to compile and synthesize the existing studies on the effects of PT on healthy athletes’ technical skill performance. A comprehensive search of SCOPUS, PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, and SPORTDiscus databases was performed on 3rd May 2023. PICOS was employed to establish the inclusion criteria: 1) healthy athletes; 2) a PT program; 3) compared a plyometric intervention to an active control group; 4) tested at least one measure of athletes’ technical skill performance; and 5) randomized control designs. The methodological quality of each individual study was evaluated using the PEDro scale. The random-effects model was used to compute the meta-analyses. Subgroup analyses were performed (participant age, gender, PT length, session duration, frequency, and number of sessions). Certainty or confidence in the body of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). Results Thirty-two moderate-high-quality studies involving 1078 athletes aged 10–40 years met the inclusion criteria. The PT intervention lasted for 4 to 16 weeks, with one to three exercise sessions per week. Small-to-moderate effect sizes were found for performance of throwing velocity (i.e., handball, baseball, water polo) (ES = 0.78; p < 0.001), kicking velocity and distance (i.e., soccer) (ES = 0.37–0.44; all p < 0.005), and speed dribbling (i.e., handball, basketball, soccer) (ES = 0.85; p = 0.014), while no significant effects on stride rate (i.e., running) were noted (ES = 0.32; p = 0.137). Sub-analyses of moderator factors included 16 data sets. Only training length significantly modulated PT effects on throwing velocity (> 7 weeks, ES = 1.05; ≤ 7 weeks, ES = 0.29; p = 0.011). The level of certainty of the evidence for the meta-analyzed outcomes ranged from low to moderate. Conclusion Our findings have shown that PT can be effective in enhancing technical skills measures in youth and adult athletes. Sub-group analyses suggest that PT longer (> 7 weeks) lengths appear to be more effective for improving throwing velocity. However, to fully determine the effectiveness of PT in improving sport-specific technical skill outcomes and ultimately enhancing competition performance, further high-quality research covering a wider range of sports is required.
Article
Full-text available
An ACL injury has been the most common injury for several years. Athletes and players who play the game have the same risk factor to have it. Injury prevention programs must be conducted among teams and could remove team injury costs in medical staff and rehabilitation. This review aims to conduct one prevention program for ACL injury in Indonesian soccer athletes. In Indonesia, this program needs support from all stakeholders, including the coach, chief executor manager, and the medical team. The risk factor of ACL injury is divided into external and internal factors, which have to be the main focus of the medical team to process a program. Prevention program for an ACL injury includes strengthening, agility, plyometrics, balance, and proper warm-up. Those types of exercise should be implemented in intervention among athletes, but they still need their perspectives and health condition.
Article
Full-text available
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the pooled effect size (ES) of plyometric training (PT) on kicking performance (kicking speed and distance) in soccer players depending upon some related factors (i.e., age, gender, skill level, and intervention duration). This study was carried out according to the PRISMA guidelines. Four electronic databases—EBSCO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science—were searched for relevant studies. A total of n = 16 studies yielding 17 ES with n = 553 participants were finally included in the meta-analysis. A random-effects model was used to calculate Hedge’s g with a 95% confidence interval (CI), which showed that plyometric training had a large-sized positive effect on soccer kicking performance (g = 0.979, 95% CI [0.606, 1.353], p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses were performed according to participants’ characteristics (i.e., age, gender, skill level) and intervention duration, demonstrating no significant differences between these subgroups. The study pointed out that plyometric training is a generally effective method to improve soccer players’ kicking performance, which plays a crucial role in passing and shooting actions during games. As for soccer players and strength and conditioning coaches, the plyometric training aiming to enhance kicking performance has valuable implications in practice. Therefore, besides well-known training methods like power training in the weight room, plyometric training could be incorporated into the overall strength and conditioning programs for soccer players to reach high standards of kicking performance.
Article
Full-text available
Introduction: Explosive power is considered an important factor in competitive events. Thus, strategies such as complex training (CT) and plyometric training (PLT) are effective at improving explosive power. However, it is still not clear which of the two strategies can enable greater improvements on the explosive power. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to compare the effects of PLT and CT on the explosive power of the lower limbs. Methods: The Review Manager and GraphPad Prism programs were used to analyze the synthetic and time effects (effects over training time) on explosive power (i.e., jump ability, sprint ability) and maximum strength. Our research identified 87 studies comprising 1,355 subjects aged 10–26.4 years. Results: The results suggested the following: 1) Synthetic effects on jump ability (Hedges’ g): .79 (p < .001) for unloaded PLT, 1.35 (p < .001) for loaded PLT and .85 (p < .001) for CT; 2) Synthetic effects on sprint ability: .83 (p < .001) for unloaded PLT, −2.11 (p < .001) for loaded PLT and −.78 (p < .001) for CT; 3) Synthetic effects on maximum strength: .84 (p < .001) for loaded PLT and 1.53 (p < .001) for CT; 4) The time effects of unloaded PLT and CT on explosive power were similar, but the time effects of CT on maximum strength were obviously above that of PLT. Discussion: In conclusion, unloaded PLT and CT have a similar effect on explosive performance in the short term but loaded PLT has a better effect. The improvement of the maximum strength caused by CT was greater than that induced by PLT. In addition, more than 10 weeks of training may be more beneficial for the improvement of power. Therefore, for explosive power training, we suggest adopting unloaded or light-loaded PLT during a short season and applying CT during an annual or long training cycle.
Article
Full-text available
Modern futbolda fizyolojik değerlendirmeler, sadece yetişkinlerde değil, gençlerde de optimal performans için giderek daha önemli hale gelmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı ise, genç futbolculara uygulatılan pliometrik antrenmanın hız, çeviklik ve sıçrama parametreleri üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektir. Çalışmaya aynı futbol kulübü akademisinden 30 erkek futbolcu katılmıştır. Katılımcılar deney (n=15) ve kontrol (n=15) grubu olmak üzere rastgele ayrılmıştır. Deney grubundaki katılımcılara 6 hafta boyunca futbola özgü antrenman ile kombine çeviklik merdivenli pliometrik antrenman uygulatılmıştır. Kontrol grubu ise futbol antrenmanlarına devam etmiştir. İki gruplu randomize kontrollü dizayndaki bu çalışmadan elde edilen verilerin normal dağılıma uygunluğunu test etmek için Shapiro-Wilk testi uygulanmıştır. Etki büyüklükleri Cohen’s d kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda, deney grubunun squat sıçrama testindeki deney öncesi ve sonrası değerlerinde ve deney-kontrol gruplarının squat sıçrama testleri arasında istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmiştir (p < .05). Ek olarak, 5 m sprint ve durarak uzun atlama testlerinin etki büyüklükleri yüksek düzeyde olduğundan, pliometrik antrenmanın sıçrama ve hız performansı üzerinde etkili olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Sonuç olarak, pliometrik antrenman programları genç futbolcularda sıçrama ve hız performansını koruma veya iyileştirme için etkili egzersiz modaliteleri olarak kullanılabilir.
Article
Full-text available
The main purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the effects of strength training (ST) and plyometric training (PT) on vertical jump, linear sprint and change of direction (COD) performance in female soccer players. A systematic search of the PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and SportDiscus databases revealed 12 studies satisfying the inclusion criteria. The inverse-variance random-effects model for meta-analyses was used. Effect sizes (ES) were represented by the standardized mean difference and presented alongside 95% confidence intervals (CI). The magnitude of the main effect was small to moderate (vertical jump (ES 0.53 (95% CI—0.11, 0.95), Z = 2.47 (p = 0.01); linear sprint (ES −0.66 (95% CI—2.03, −0.21), Z = 2.20 (p = 0.03); COD (ES −0.36 (95% CI—0.68, −0.03), Z = 2.17 (p = 0.03)). Subgroup analyses were performed (i.e., ST and PT duration, frequency, session duration and total number of sessions), revealing no significant subgroup differences (p = 0.12–0.88). In conclusion, PT provides better benefits than ST to improve vertical jump, linear sprint and COD performance in female soccer players. However, significant limitations in the current literature prevent assured PT and ST prescription recommendations being made.
Article
Full-text available
Background Short-sprint (≤ 20 m) performance is an important quality for success in the football codes. Therefore, developing an evidence base for understanding training methods to enhance short-sprint performance is key for practitioners. However, current systematic reviews are limited by (1) a lack of focus on football code athletes, (2) a lack of consideration of all training modalities and (3) a failure to account for the normal training practices undertaken by intervention groups within their analysis. Therefore, this review aimed to (1) conduct a systematic review of the scientific literature evaluating training interventions upon short-sprint performance within football code athletes, (2) undertake a meta-analysis to assess the magnitude of change of sport-sprint performance following training interventions and (3) identify how moderator variables affect the training response. Methods A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to establish standardised mean difference with 95% confidence intervals. This identified the magnitude and direction of the individual training effects of intervention subgroups (primary, secondary, combined-specific, tertiary and combined training methods) on short-sprint performance while considering moderator variables (i.e., football code, sex, age, playing standard, phase of season). Results 121 studies met the inclusion criteria, totalling 3419 athletes. Significant improvements (small-large) were found between pre- and post-training in short-sprint performance for the combined, secondary, tertiary and combined-specific training methods. No significant effect was found for primary or sport only training. No individual mode was found to be the most effective. Between-subgroup analysis identified that football code, age, playing standard and phase of season all moderated the overall magnitude of training effects. Conclusions This review provides the largest systematic review and meta-analysis of short-sprint performance development methods and the only one to assess football code athletes exclusively. Practitioners can apply combined, secondary and tertiary training methods to improve short-sprint performance within football code athletes. The application of sport only and primary methods does not appear to improve short-sprint performance. Regardless of the population characteristics, short-sprint performance can be enhanced by increasing either or both the magnitude and the orientation of force an athlete can generate in the sprinting action.
Article
Full-text available
Background: Even from a young age, modern soccer requires high levels of physical fitness development, particularly jumping and sprinting. Plyometric jump training (PJT), combined with young athletes’ regular soccer sessions, has the potential to improve jumping and sprinting. However, studies exploring the effects of PJT are generally limited by small sample sizes. This problem of underpowered studies may thus be resolved by pooling study results in a meta-analysis. Objective: The objective of this systematic review with meta-analysis (SRMA) was to assess the effects of plyometric jump training (PJT) on jumping and sprinting among young male soccer players. Methods: The SRMA included peer-reviewed articles that incorporated PJT in healthy players (i.e., <23 years of age), a control group, and a measure of jumping or sprinting. Means and standard deviations of outcomes were converted to Hedges’ g effect sizes (ES), using the inverse variance random-effects model. Moderator analyses were conducted for PJT duration, frequency, total number of sessions, participants’ chronological age, and FIFA age categories (i.e., U-17 vs. U-20 vs. U-23). A multivariate random effects meta-regression was also conducted. Results: Thirty-three studies were included, comprising 1,499 participants. PJT improved vertical jump tests (ES = 0.60-0.98; all p < 0.01) and linear sprint performance (ES = 0.60-0.98; p < 0.03). Interventions of >7 weeks and >14 PJT sessions induced greater effects compared to PJT with ≤7 weeks and ≤14 total sessions on 10-m sprint performance (between-group p = 0.038). Conclusion. Therefore, PJT is effective in improving jumping and sprinting performance among young male soccer players. Greater 10-m linear sprinting improvements were noted after interventions >7 weeks duration and >14 sessions, suggesting a greater return from exposure to longer PJT interventions, partially in support for the adoption of a long-term approach to athletic development in young athletes. However, with reference to the findings of the meta-regression, and those from the remaining subgroup and single factors analysis, a robust confirmation regarding the moderator role of participant’s age, or PJT configuration effects on young soccer player’s fitness qualities needs future confirmation.
Article
Full-text available
This study examined the effect of six weeks of progressed and non-progressed volume-based overload plyometric training (PT) on components of physical fitness and body composition measures in young male basketball players, compared with an active control group. Participants were randomly assigned to a progressed PT (PPT, n=7; age=14.6±1.1 years), a non-progressed PT (NPPT, n=8, age=13.8±2.0 years), or a control group (CG, n=7, age=14.0±2.0 years). Before and after training, body composition measures (muscle-mass, fat-mass), countermovement-jump with (CMJA) and without arms (CMJ), horizontal bilateral (HCMJ) and unilateral jump with right (RJ) and left (LJ) legs, 20-cm drop-jump (DJ20), sprint speed (10 m sprint), and change-of-direction speed (CODS [i.e., T-test]) were tested. Results: Significant effects of time were observed for muscle- and fat-mass, all jump measures, and CODS (all p<0.01; d=0.37-0.83). Significant training-group×time interactions were observed for all jump measures (all p<0.05; d=0.24-0.41). Post-hoc analyses revealed significant pre-post performance improvements for the PPT (RJ and LJ: ∆18.6%, d=0.8 and ∆22.7%, d=0.9, respectively; HCMJ: ∆16.4%, d=0.8; CMJ: ∆22.4%, d=0.7; CMJA: ∆23.3%, d=0.7; DJ20: ∆39.7%, d=1.1) and for the NPPT group (LJ: ∆14.1%, d=0.4; DJ20: ∆32.9%, d=0.8) with greater changes after PPT compared to NPPT for all jump measures (all p<0.05; d=0.21-0.81). The training efficiency was greater (p<0.05; d=0.22) after PPT (0.015% per-jump) compared to NPPT (0.0053% per-jump). The PPT induced larger performance improvements on measures of physical fitness as compared to NPPT. Therefore, in-season progressive volume-based overload PT in young male basketball players is recommended.
Article
Full-text available
Plyometric jump training (PJT) is a frequently used and effective means to improve amateur and elite soccer players' physical fitness. However, it is unresolved how different PJT frequencies per week with equal overall training volume may affect training-induced adaptations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of an in-season 8 week PJT with one session versus two sessions per week and equal training volume on components of physical fitness in amateur female soccer players. A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted. Participants (N=23; age, 21.4±3.2 years) were randomly assigned to a one session PJT per-week (PJT-1, n=8), two sessions PJT per-week (PJT-2, n=8) or an active control group (CON, n=7). Before and after training, participants performed countermovement jumps (CMJ), drop-jumps from a 20-cm drop-height (DJ20), a maximal kicking velocity test (MKV), the 15-m linear sprint-time test, the Meylan test for the assessment of change of direction ability (CoDA), and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery endurance test (Yo-YoIR1). Results revealed significant main effects of time for the CMJ, DJ20, MKV, 15-m sprint, CoDA, and the Yo-YoIR1 (all p<0.001; d=0.57-0.83). Significant group×time interactions were observed for the CMJ, DJ20, MKV, 15-m sprint, CoDA, and the Yo-YoIR1 (all p<0.05; d=0.36-0.51). Post-hoc analyses showed similar improvements for PJT-1 and PJT-2 groups in CMJ (∆10.6%, d=0.37; and ∆10.1%, d=0.51, respectively), DJ20 (∆12.9%, d=0.47; and ∆13.1%, d=0.54, respectively), MKV (∆8.6%, d=0.52; and ∆9.1%, d=0.47, respectively), 15-m sprint (∆8.3%, d=2.25; and ∆9.5%, d=2.67, respectively), CoDA (∆7.5%, d=1.68; and ∆7.4%, d=1.16, respectively), and YoYoIR1 (∆10.3%, d=0.22; and ∆9.9%, d=0.26, respectively). No significant pre-post changes were found for CON (all p>0.05; ∆0.5-4.2%, d=0.03-0.2). In conclusion, higher PJT exposure in terms of session frequency has no extra effects on female soccer players’ physical fitness development when jump volume is equated during a short-term (i.e., 8 weeks) training program. From this, it follows that one PJT session per week combined with regular soccer-specific training appears to be sufficient to induce physical fitness improvements in amateur female soccer players.
Article
Full-text available
This meta-analysis characterised female youths’ adaptability to plyometric training (PT). A second objective was to highlight the limitations of the body of literature with a view to informing future research. Fourteen studies were included in the final analysis. The effect size (ES = Hedges’ g) for the main effect of vertical jump performance was ‘small’. (ES = 0.57, 95% confidence interval: 0.21, 0.93). Effect sizes were larger in younger (< 15 yrs; ES = 0.78 [0.25, 1.30] vs. 0.31 [-0.18, 0.80]), shorter (<163cm; ES = 1.03 [0.38, 1.68] vs. 0.25 [-0.20, 0.70]) and lighter (<54kg; ES = 1.14 [0.39, 1.89] vs. 0.26 [-0.15, 0.67]) participants. Programing variables seemed to influence adaptive responses with larger effects in interventions which were longer (8 weeks; ES = 1.04 [0.35, 1.72] vs. 0.24 [-0.11, 0.59]), had greater weekly training frequency (>2; ES = 1.22 [0.18, 2.25] vs. 0.37 [0.02, 0.71]) and whose sessions were of longer duration (≥30mins ES = 1.16 [0.14, 2.17] vs. 0.33 [0.03, 0.63]). More than 16 sessions per program (0.85 [0.18, 1.51]) was more effective than exactly 16 sessions (0.46 [0.08, 0.84]) which, in turn, was more effective than less than 16 (0.37 [-0.44, 1.17]). These findings can inform the prescription of PT in female youth.
Article
Full-text available
This study examined the effects of a short-term (i.e., 8 weeks) combined horizontal and vertical plyometric jump training (PJT) program in combination with regular soccer-specific training as compared with soccer-specific training only on jump and change-of-direction (CoD) performances, speed, and repeated-sprint ability (RSA) in prepuberal male soccer players. Twenty-four players were recruited and randomly assigned to either a PJT group (PJTG; n=13; 12.7±0.2 years) or an active-control group (CONG; n=11; 12.7±0.2 years). The outcome measures included tests for the assessment of jump-performance (drop-jump from 20- and 40-cm height [DJ20 and DJ40] and three-hop-test [THT]), speed (20-m sprint), CoD (T-test), and RSA (20-m repeated-shuttle-sprint). Data were analysed using magnitude-based inferences. Within-group analyses revealed large performance improvements in the T-test (d= -1.2), DJ20 (d= 3.7), DJ40 (d= 3.6), THT (d= 0.6), and the RSAtotal (d=-1.6) in the PJTG. Between-group analyses showed greater performance improvements in the T-test (d= -2.9), 20-m sprint-time (d= -2.0), DJ20 (d= 2.4), DJ40 (d= 2.0), THT (d= 1.9), RSAbest (d= -1.9), and the RSAtotal (d= -1.9) in the PJTG compared with CONG. Eight-weeks of an in-season PJT in addition to regular soccer-specific training induced larger increases in measures of physical fitness in prepuberal male soccer players compared with regular soccer-specific training only. More specifically, PJT was effective in improving RSA performance.
Article
Full-text available
Recently, there has been a proliferation of published articles on the effect of plyometric jump training including several review articles and meta-analyses. However, these types of research articles are generally of narrow scope. Furthermore, methodological limitations among studies (e.g., lack of active/passive control groups) prevent the generalization of results and these factors need to be addressed by researchers. On that basis, the aims of this scoping review were to i) characterize the main elements of plyometric jump training studies (e.g., training protocols), and ii) provide future directions for research. From 648 potentially relevant articles, 242 were eligible for inclusion in this review. The main issues identified related to: an insufficient number of studies conducted in females, youths and individual sports (~24.0%, ~37.0% and ~12.0% of overall studies, respectively); insufficient reporting of effect size values and training prescription (~34.0% and ~55.0% of overall studies, respectively); studies missing an active/passive control group and randomization (~40.0% and ~20.0% of overall studies, respectively). Furthermore, plyometric jump training was often combined with other training methods and added to participants' daily training routines (~47.0% and ~39.0% of overall studies, respectively), thus distorting conclusions on its independent effects. Additionally, most studies lasted no longer than 7 weeks. In future, researchers are advised to conduct plyometric training studies of high methodological quality (e.g., randomized controlled trials). More research is needed in females, youth, and individual sports. Finally, the identification of specific dose-response relationships following plyometric training are needed to specifically tailor intervention programs, particularly in the long-term.
Article
Full-text available
This study aimed to compare the effects of one vs. two sessions of equal-weekly volume plyometric training (PT) across 8 weeks on measures of athletic performance (i.e., sprint-time, change of direction [CoD], jumping ability, and muscle strength) in prepuberal male soccer players. Thirty participants were randomly assigned either to one session PT group (1SPT [n=15]) or two sessions PT group (2SPT [n=15]). Plyometric training was integrated into their regular soccer training routine. Pre- and post-training tests for the assessment of sprint-time (e.g., 5-m, 10-m, 20-m, and 30-m), CoD (e.g., T-test and modified Illinois change of direction test [MICODT]), jumping ability (e.g., standing long jump [SLJ], counter-movement jump [CMJ], and squat jump [SJ]), muscle strength (reactive strength index [RSI]), and kicking distance were conducted. Results showed a main effect of time for 5-m sprint-time performance (F(1,56)=4.00, ES=0.53 [medium], p=0.05), T-test (F(1,56)=23.19, ES=1.28 [large], p<0.001), MICODT (F(1,56)= 5.72, ES=0.94 [large], p=0.02), SLJ (F(1,56)=16.63, ES=1.09 [large], p<0.001), CMJ (F(1,56) =15.43, ES= 1.04 [large], p<0.001), SJ (F(1,56) =20.27, ES=1.20 [large], p<0.001), RSI (F(1,56)=26.26, ES=1.36 [large], p<0.001), and kicking distance (F(1,56)=47.19, ES=1.83 [large], p<0.001). There were no training group × time interactions in all the measured outcomes. In conclusion, when an equated moderate volume of jumps is performed, higher PT frequency across 8 weeks has no extra-effects on prepuberal male soccer players’ measures of athletic performance. The present findings may help optimizing PT interventions dedicated to prepuberal male soccer players.
Article
Full-text available
This study aimed to compare the effects of drop-jump training using a fixed drop-box height (i.e., 30-cm [FIXED]) versus an optimal drop-box height (i.e, 10-cm to 40-cm: generating an optimal [OPT] reactive strength index [RSI]) in youth soccer players’ physical fitness. Athletes were randomly allocated to a control-group (CG: n=24; age=13.7 years), a fixed drop-box height group (FIXED, n=25; age=13.9 years) or an optimal drop-box height group (OPT, n=24; age=13.1 years). Before and after 7 weeks of training, tests for the assessment of jumping (countermovement jump [CMJ], five multiple bounds [MB]), speed (20-m sprint time), change of direction (Illinois change of direction test [CODT]), strength (RSI and 5 maximal squat repetition test [5RM]), endurance (2.4 km time trial), and kicking ability (maximal kicking distance) were undertaken. Analyses revealed main effects of time for all dependent variables (p<0.001, d=0.24-0.72), except for 20-m sprint time. Analyses also revealed group×time interactions for CMJ (p<0.001, d=0.51), DJ (p<0.001, d=0.30), 20-m sprint time (p<0.001, d=0.25), CODT (p<0.001, d=0.22), and 5RM (p<0.01, d=0.16). Post-hoc analyses revealed increases for the FIXED group (CMJ: 7.4%, d=0.36; DJ: 19.2%, d=0.49; CODA: -3.1%, d=-0.21; 5RM: 10.5%, d=0.32) and the OPT group (CMJ: 16.7%, d=0.76; DJ: 36.1%, d=0.79; CODA: -4.4%, d=-0.34; 5RM: 18.1%, d=0.47). Post-hoc analyses also revealed increases for the OPT group in 20-m sprint time (-3.7%, d=0.27). Therefore, to maximize the effects of plyometric training, an OPT approach is recommended. However, using adequate fixed drop-box heights may provide a rational and practical alternative.
Article
Full-text available
This study aimed to compare vertical jump ability (squat-jump [SJ] and countermovement-jump [CMJ]), relative to body mass mean propulsive power in the jump-squat (MPP-REL JS), and the 0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 m acceleration and speed among soccer players from the same professional club, divided into age-categories (U15 [n = 20], U17 [n = 53], U20 [n = 22] and senior [n = 25] players). The tests were performed at the start of the preseason in indoor facilites. The magnitude-based inference approach and the standardized differences (based on effect sizes) were used to compare the age-groups. The SJ, CMJ, and MPP-REL JS increased across the age-groups up to U20, the latter being similar to senior players. Interestingly, the 0-5 m acceleration was likely and possibly higher in U15 players compared to U17 and senior players. Although soccer athletes improve their unloaded and loaded jump abilities across the age-categories (plateauing during adulthood), the same does not hold true for acceleration capacity, from the early phases of players’ development (i.e., U15). Strength and conditioning professionals should seek effective strategies to minimize impairment in maximal acceleration performance of elite soccer players throughout their prospective training programs.
Article
Full-text available
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of maturation on power and sprint performance adaptations following 6 weeks of plyometric training in youth soccer players during pre-season. Sixty male soccer players were categorized into 3 maturity groups (Pre, Mid and Post peak height velocity [PHV]) and then randomly assigned to plyometric group and control group. Vertical jump, standing long jump, and 20-m sprint (with and without ball) tests were collected before- and after-intervention. After the intervention, the Pre, Mid and Post-PHV groups showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) and small to moderate effect size (ES) improvement in vertical jump (ES = 0.48; 0.57; 0.73), peak power output (ES = 0.60; 0.64; 0.76), standing long jump (ES = 0.62; 0.65; 0.7), 20-m sprint (ES = -0.58; -0.66), and 20-m sprint with ball (ES = -0.44; -0.8; -0.55) performances. The Post-PHV soccer players indicated greater gains than Pre-PHV in vertical jump and sprint performance after training (P ≤ 0.05). Short-term plyometric training had positive effects on sprinting and jumping-power which are important determinants of match-winning actions in soccer. These results indicate that a sixty foot contact, twice per week program, seems effective in improving power and sprint performance in youth soccer players.
Article
Full-text available
Hopping, skipping, jumping and sprinting are common tasks in both active play and competitive sports. These movements utilise the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC), which is considered a naturally occurring muscle action for most forms of human locomotion. This muscle action results in more efficient movements and helps optimise relative force generated per motor unit recruited. Innate SSC development throughout childhood and adolescence enables children to increase power (jump higher and sprint faster) as they mature. Despite these improvements in physical performance, the underpinning mechanisms of SSC development during maturational years remain unclear. To the best of our knowledge, a comprehensive review of the potential structural and neuromuscular adaptations that underpin the SSC muscle action does not exist in the literature. Considering the importance of the SSC in human movement, it is imperative to understand how neural and structural adaptations throughout growth and maturation can influence this key muscle action. By understanding the factors that underpin functional SSC development, practitioners and clinicians will possess a better understanding of normal development processes, which will help differentiate between training-induced adaptations and those changes that occur naturally due to growth and maturation. Therefore, the focus of this article is to identify the potential underpinning mechanisms that drive development of SSC muscle action and to examine how SSC function is influenced by growth and maturation.
Article
Full-text available
The aim of this study was to assess jumping performance and neuromuscular activity in lower limb muscles after drop jumps (DJ) from different drop heights (intensity) and during continuous jumping (fatigue), using markers such as reactive strength, jump height, mechanical power and surface electromyography (sEMG). The eccentric (EC) and concentric (CON) sEMG from the medial gastrocnemius (MG), biceps femoris (BF) and rectus (R) muscles were assessed during all tests. In a cross-sectional, randomized study, eleven volleyball players (age 24.4±3.2 years) completed 20 to 90-cm (DJ20 to DJ90) drop jumps and a 60-s continuous jump test. A one-way ANOVA test was used for comparisons, with Sidak post-hoc. The α level was <0.05. Reactive strength was greater for DJ40 compared to DJ90 (p<0.05; ES: 1.27). Additionally jump height was greater for DJ40 and DJ60 compared to DJ20 (p<0.05; ES: 1.26 and 1.27, respectively). No clear pattern of neuromuscular activity appeared during DJ20 to DJ90: some muscles showed greater, lower, or no change with increasing heights for both agonist and antagonist muscles, as well as for eccentric and concentric activity. Mechanical power, but not reactive strength, was reduced in the 60-s jump test (p<0.05; ES: 3.46). No changes were observed in sEMG for any muscle during the eccentric phase nor for the R muscle during the concentric phase of the 60-s jump test. However, for both MG and BF, concentric sEMG was reduced during the 60-s jump test (p<0.05; ES: 5.10 and 4.61, respectively). In conclusion, jumping performance and neuromuscular markers are sensitive to DJ height (intensity), although not in a clear dose-response fashion. In addition, markers such as mechanical power and sEMG are especially sensitive to the effects of continuous jumping (fatigue). Therefore, increasing the drop height during DJ does not ensure a greater training intensity and a combination of different drop heights may be required to optimal adaptations.
Article
Full-text available
Although plyometric training (PT) improves change of direction (COD) ability, the influence of age on COD gains after PT is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to identify the age-related pattern of improvement in COD ability after PT in youths. A computerized search within six databases was performed, selecting studied based on specific inclusion criteria: experimental trials published in English-language journals, PT focused on the lower body, COD ability measurements reported before and after training, and male participants aged 10-to-18 years old. Sixteen articles with a total of 30 effect sizes (ESs) in the experimental groups and 13 ESs in the control groups were included. For the analyses, subjects were catagorized into three age groups: 10 to 12.9 years of age (PRE), 13 to 15.9 years of age (MID) and 16 to 18 years of age (POST). Independent of age, PT improved COD ability in youths (ES = 0.86, time gains [TG = -0.61]). However, a tendency toward greater COD ability gains was observed in older subjects (MID, ES = 0.95; POST, ES = 0.99) compared to younger subjects (PRE, ES = 0.68). Pearson product-moment correlation (r) indicated that 2-weekly sessions of PT induced meaningful COD ability gains (for ES, r = 0.436; for time gains, r = -0.624). A positive relationship was found between training intensity and ES (r = 0.493). In conclusion, PT improves COD ability in youths, with meaningfully greater effects in older youths. Two PT sessions per week, with 1400 moderate-intensity jumps for 7 weeks, seems to be an adequate dose.
Article
Full-text available
Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess and to compare the effects of 8-weeks in-season (2 sessions per-week) low and high-volume plyometric training (PT) on measures of physical fitness in prepubertal male soccer players. Methods: A total of twenty-five soccer players were randomly assigned to low-volume plyometric training group (LPT; n=13; age = 12.68 ± 0.23 years; age at peak height velocity (APHV) = 14.25 ± 0.29 years, maturity-offset = -1.57 ± 0.29 years) and high-volume plyometric training group (HPT; n=12; age = 12.72 ± 0.27 years; APHV = 14.33 ± 0.77 years, maturity-offset = -1.61 ± 0.76 years). Linear sprint test (5-m, 10-m, 20-m, and 30-m), change of direction test (T-test), vertical (squat-jump [SJ] and counter-movement-jump [CMJ]), and horizontal (standing-long-jump [SLJ]) jump ability were carried out pre and post 8-weeks of PT. Results: A significant main effect of time for sprint outcomes (5-m: p=0.005, ES=0.86; 10-m: p=0.006, ES=0.85; 20-m: p=0.03, ES=0.64, and 30-m: p=0.05, ES=0.57), change of direction (p = 0.002, ES=0.96), vertical (SJ: p=0.008, ES= 0.81); CMJ: p=0.01, ES= 0.73), and horizontal jump ability (SLJ: p = 0.007, ES = 0.83). There were no significant training group × time interactions in all the measured outcomes. Conclusions: Following 8-weeks of training, results showed similar performance improvement on measures of sprint time, change of direction, and jumping ability between LPT and HPT groups. From a time efficiency perspective, it is recommended to use LPT in prepubertal male soccer players so as to improve their proxies of athletic performance.
Article
Full-text available
Recent debate on the trainability of youths has focused on the existence of periods of accelerated adaptation to training. Accordingly, the purpose of this meta-analysis was to identify the age- and maturation-related pattern of adaptive responses to plyometric tra