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Central Bearded Dragons ( Pogona vitticeps ): The UFAW Companion Animal Handbook
Abstract
Central or inland bearded dragons are agamid members of the class Reptilia, order Squamata, and family Agamidae. Bearded dragons are obligate omnivores with nutritional requirements as described in a table. Captive environments should resemble dragons' natural habitats as closely as possible. Central bearded dragons are not social animals and should not be kept together in captivity. Bearded dragons can be affected by a variety of health problems. For example, juvenile lizards are susceptible to contracting adenovirus by ingesting food contaminated with faeces, often from clinically normal carriers. The best method of euthanasia is usually sedation or anaesthesia, followed by the injection of an overdose of pentobarbitone into the ventral caudal venous sinus. A lizard placed in a new environment should actively explore the enclosure and seek elevated vantage points to view the surroundings. Poor welfare is suggested where a dragon is regularly seen staying on the ground, not climbing or basking, or not eating.
... Причината е в социалното поведение на агамите в ранна възраст, когато те се отглеждат заедно на големи групи в един терариум (масова практика при развъдчиците и в търговските обекти). Често, в подобни случаи, младите индивиди взаимно нараняват (хапят) своите опашки, като причината за това може би е объркването им с храна/ларви [13]. При прясно травмирана област, тя може да бъде обработена с хлорхексидинов разтвор и йодповидон, като кръвотечението бързо се овладява, а при настъпили изменения -некротичната част следва да се отстрани хирургически под подходяща анестезия (фигура 9) [11,7]. ...
... При прясно травмирана област, тя може да бъде обработена с хлорхексидинов разтвор и йодповидон, като кръвотечението бързо се овладява, а при настъпили изменения -некротичната част следва да се отстрани хирургически под подходяща анестезия (фигура 9) [11,7]. Ветеринарните специалисти трябва да предупредят собствениците, че агамите не са от гущерите, които възстановяват опашките си, но процедурата по никакъв начин няма да повлияе на нормалното развитие на животното и не оказва негативно въздействие върху неговото бъдещо развитие [5,13]. ...
Брадатите агами са вид гущери, които бързо се социализират, нямат агресивно поведение и са предпочитан нестандартен домашен любимец, набиращ все по-голяма популярност в България. Популяризирането на този вид гущери и все по-честият интерес на собствениците към тяхното отглеждане налага нови предизвикателства пред ветеринарните специалисти у нас по отношение често срещани здравословни проблеми, как те да бъдат правилно диагностицирани и лекувани, и какви профилактични мерки следва да бъдат приети, за гарантиране здравето и благополучието на отглежданите в домашни условия животни.
Central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) are one of the most popular reptile pets in Australia and around the world. Diseases, including metabolic bone disease, periodontal disease, and gastrointestinal endoparasites commonly affect captive animals. To determine the common reasons these lizards were presented to the veterinarian and to establish the prevalence of disease seen in captive P. vitticeps in Australia, this retrospective study evaluated the clinical records of three exotic pet veterinary hospitals. Records from 724 P. vitticeps were analysed, with 70 reasons for presentation and 88 diseases identified across 1000 visits to the veterinarian. Lethargy was the most reported reason for presentation (n = 181). The gastrointestinal tract (18.25%) and skin (18.25%) were the equally most commonly affected organ systems, followed by the musculoskeletal system (15.17%). Endoparasites were the most common single disease process (n = 103), followed by metabolic bone disease (n = 65), skin wounds (n = 59) and periodontal disease (n = 48). Of the patients that presented for routine preventive health examinations (n = 159), 45.30% received some form of intervention to treat or prevent disease. Many of the conditions that were identified by the veterinarians in this study are traditionally correlated with suboptimal husbandry and may be easily prevented. This study identified the common reasons for presentation to the veterinarian and the prevalence of disease in captive P. vitticeps in Australia, providing the first extensive retrospective analysis of objective reference literature for central bearded dragon owners and aspiring reptile veterinarians.
While clinical reptile medicine as a science is in its ascendancy among veterinary surgeons and other interested groups, familiarity with the often related issue of reptilian behavioural and psychological health appears less common. Behavioural change in reptiles, as in other animals, is often the primary indicator of disturbance, injury or disease. Just as a behavioural sign may be an indicator of stress or a physical problem, a physical sign may be an indicator of a behavioural problem, and abnormal behaviour may result in injury and disease. This article focuses on abnormal behaviour in reptiles, including signs of captivity-stress, injury and disease and their aetiologies, and takes a fresh look at some old and established biological and husbandry problems. Concise diagnostic guidance on behaviour issues is also included. The article might serve to prompt questions that may be asked of reptile keepers when evaluating animal and husbandry background.
Four handling techniques commonly used with snakes and lizards in zoological park reptile collections were evaluated with respect to animal well-being. Adult male blue-tongued skinks (n = 3) and ball pythons (n = 4) were either handled gently, restrained manually, or container restrained for 10 min. The animals were then released into their enclosures for 15 min and blood sampled. At each sampling period, one animal served as an unhandled control. Plasma corticosterone (CS) levels, pre-and post-treatment locomotor and consummatory activities, and heterophil/lymphocyte ratios were determined. None of the parameters evaluated differed significantly among treatments with the exception of CS levels in container-restrained pythons (56.2 + 6.7 ng ml-l), which were higher (P < 0.05) than those of controls (37.6 + 6.1 ng ml-1). Brief periods of handling in captivity thus do not appear to cause chronic stress in the study species, although container restraint did appear to result in short-term stress in pythons.
This document was prepared for DGXI of the European Commission to be used with Directive 8G/609/EEC of 24 November 1986, on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States regarding the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes (No L 358, ISSN 0378-6978). It refers especially to Article 2(1) published by the European Commission in October 1995 which defines 'humane methods of killing' as 'the killing of an animal with a minimum of physical and mental Buffering, depending on the species'.
1. Study of the epidermal histology throughout the sloughing cycle in the snake Ptyas korros revealed the existence of a well-defined mesos layer and showed that the α-layer is completed in the immediate post-shedding resting-phase. These observations supplement previous histological studies of the snake epidermis and further substantiate the essential homology of the epidermal generation in these forms with similar units in lizards. 2. Thyroid weight is not correlated with follicular cell height nor with epidermal cell changes throughout the sloughing cycle. 3. Changes in follicular cell height, indicative of varying levels of gland activity can be correlated with epidermal changes. The shedding complex and the outermost portions of the new inner epidermal generation differentiate during a period of lowest thyroid gland activity: gland activity is highest around sloughing. 4. These results provide a possible explanation for previous experimental studies of thyroid-sloughing relations in snakes. The problem of the difference between snakes and lizards in this context is discussed.
HENRY Fielden ( VR , September 10, 2011, vol 169, p 292) objects to a bearded dragon having been used as the cover picture of Veterinary Record of July 30, that issue containing a case report describing the successful treatment of a bearded dragon that was aggressive to its owner. He appears to believe that the treatment of bearded dragons is …
Reptiles are increasingly kept as pets in the UK and the majority of animals presented for veterinary attention have conditions with a bacterial basis, either as a primary infection or secondary to husbandry deficiencies. Culture and sensitivity tests can provide useful information for selecting treatment protocols, but the lack of published data reviewing the normal reptilian microflora means interpretation of results is subjective. This study publishes the results of culture and sensitivity results from all reptilian samples provided to a commercial pathology laboratory over a 24-month period and compares these data with the published literature to assist clinicians to determine appropriate treatment protocols. Results provided a wide range of cultured organisms, although trends were seen for varying anatomical locations, species and time of year. In addition, antibiotic sensitivity revealed some concerning trends.
Reptiles used for research and instruction may require surgical procedures, including biopsy, coelomic device implantation, ovariectomy, orchidectomy, and esophogostomy tube placement, to accomplish research goals. Providing veterinary care for unanticipated clinical problems may require surgical techniques such as amputation, bone or shell fracture repair, and coeliotomy. Although many principles of surgery are common between mammals and reptiles, important differences in anatomy and physiology exist. Veterinarians who provide care for these species should be aware of these differences. Most reptiles undergoing surgery are small and require specific instrumentation and positioning. In addition, because of the wide variety of unique physiologic and anatomic characteristics among snakes, chelonians, and lizards, different techniques may be necessary for different reptiles. This overview describes many common reptile surgery techniques and their application for research purposes or to provide medical care to research subjects.
Fifteen commercially available, complete diets for iguanas, bearded dragons, and chelonians were analysed and compared with the ideal composition of a diet formulated by the authors. The clinical risks of feeding with a too high or a too low content of specific nutrients are described. Nutrient deficiencies are not expected if these diets are the sole source of nutrients. However, one diet had only a marginally adequate protein content, five diets for herbivorous reptiles contained a too low percentage of crude fibre, three diets contained an undesirably high percentage of calcium, and three diets had an extremely high iron content. As a rule, the calcium and iron contents of diets are not declared on the food label, which complicates evaluation of the diets.
The extraordinary lives of lizards remain largely hidden from human eyes. Lizards feed, mate, lay eggs or give live birth, and carefully manage their temperatures. They struggle to survive in a complex world of predators and competitors. The nearly 700 named Australian species are divided into seven families: the dragons, monitors, skinks, flap-footed lizards and three families of geckos. Using a vast array of artful strategies, lizards have managed to find a home in virtually all terrestrial habitats. Australian Lizards: A Natural History takes the reader on a journey through the remarkable life of lizards. It explores the places in which they live and what they eat, shows how they make use of their senses and how they control their temperatures, how they reproduce and how they defend themselves. Lavishly illustrated with more than 400 colour photographs, this book reveals behavioural aspects never before published, offering a fascinating glimpse into the unseen lives of these reptiles. It will appeal to a diverse readership, from those with a general interest in natural history to the seasoned herpetologist.
This most important book fully examines the welfare of captive reptiles and discusses the positive and negative implications of general husbandry and research programmes. The editors, acknowledged experts in their own right, have drawn together an extremely impressive international group of contributors providing clearly written and comprehensive accounts of aspects such as physiology, physical stress, diet, veterinary and environmental issues, normal behaviour, psychological stress and informed design in research.
Research to be described in this chapter was initiated by Conant (1971) when he called attention to the fact that cage-cleaning had arousing effects on numerous species of vertebrates at Philadelphia Zoo. His 1971 article focused exclusively on amphibians and reptiles, but his earliest experience along these lines was with mammals, as related in the following personal communication (1990) reproduced here by permission.
When considering the health and welfare of any animal, the role of nutrition, with all of its gross and subtle ramifications, must be examined. Nutrition must be regarded as a continuum, beginning with selection, apprehension or gathering of food sources, initial processing, digestion, assimilation of nutritive constituents and, finally, elimination of non-nutritive fibre, waste products, mucus and senescent epithelial cells lining the alimentary tract. All of the bodily processes are linked in one way or another with nutrition. For instance, the immediate needs of the animal such as orderly growth and maintaining its cardiopulmonary, digestive, immune, haematopoietic, endocrine, reproductive and nervous system functions are but some of the vital processes that rely on an adequate intake and processing of metabolites. Even the psychic ‘health’ of a creature in captivity may, to a large part, be linked to the food that it is fed and the manner in which it is presented. Because moisture is intimately related to food processing, digestion, assimilation, faecal and urinary waste elimination, water consumption and its provision in a suitable manner must also be regarded. The condition of the food-gathering organs often determines the ability of an individual to bite and/or chew its fare, swallow a bolus of food and commence the initial and later processes of food digestion.
The smaller species (Tympanocryptis lineata, Amphibolurus nuchalis) were observed only during hotter periods and had higher mean body temperatures (>37°C), while the larger species (A. vitticeps, Trachydosaurus rugosus) preferred thermally more moderate periods and had lower mean body temperatures (<37°C). No lizards were observed during the colder, winter period. With respect to diet, smaller species and individuals tended more toward insectivory; the larger species were chiefly herbivorous. Of A. vitticeps and T. rugosus, the former is probably thermally more generalized but dietarily more specified, the latter thermally more specialized but dietarily more generalized. -from Authors
The purpose of this chapter is to present various considerations, not necessarily related, that may directly or indirectly have a significant bearing on reptile health and welfare. It is hoped that at the very least their inclusion may create or stimulate an awareness of these and other issues which affect the well-being of captive reptiles.
Captive exotic animal-linked zoonoses are part of a major global emerging disease problem. Exotic animals are notably represented in the pet trade, zoos, and to a far lesser extent in circuses, with exotic pets being the primary concern. Combined, in the UK there may be approximately 42 million exotic pets (including fishes) in private homes, an unknown number in zoos, and in circuses less than 40 individuals. A wide range of species is involved, and a large and expanding array of potentially pathogenic agents. Sixty-one percent of human diseases have a potentially zoonotic origin and 75% of global emerging human diseases have a wild animal link.
Exotic pets in particular may represent a source of largely unrecognised and unrecorded microbes and macroparasites in the domestic environment. Pet markets constitute an especially high risk of infection and these risks are fundamentally uncontrollable.
Future guidance may include advising against keeping exotic animals as pets unless excellent monitoring for diseases and essential husbandry practices are pursued. Zoos and circuses also involve zoonotic risks but may be relatively low because public visits and exposure are infrequent.
The prevalence of exotic animal-linked zoonoses in the UK is unknown. Many cases of zoonotic disease are probably misdiagnosed as other conditions and under-reporting in general is a likely major factor in under-ascertainment of cases. In addition, border and domestic biosecurity is lacking. New guidance on zoonoses monitoring, prevention and control is included as well as upgraded public health guidance that emphasises special caution against over-reliance on hand washing and other widely recommended measures.
Animal facilities should be required to provide independently sanctioned guidance on health risk and maintain strict record-keeping that includes detailed animal inventories, treatment data and post-mortem reports as well as pet purchaser details to assist in contact tracing in the event of outbreaks. Local authorities should also liaise with animal facilities to develop obligatory zoonotic disease response plans.
Juvenile inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) from a breeding collection in south-east Queensland were presented at age 6-10 weeks with neurological signs, poor growth and occasional deaths. Histopathological examination revealed that six of eight lizards had multifocal non-suppurative hepatitis associated with 5-10 μm diameter, smudgy, basophilic, hyaline intranuclear inclusion bodies that marginated the nuclear chromatin. These histological lesions were considered consistent with adenoviral hepatitis. Infection with adenovirus was confirmed positive in one of the eight dragons by PCR for adenoviral DNA. DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded pooled tissues of the juvenile inland bearded dragons and tested using a nested-PCR protocol with primers specific for identification of adenovirus. Sequencing of the one PCR-positive dragon showed 95% nucleotide sequence alignment with agamid atadenovirus 1. Further investigation involved testing the breeding population, including the parents of the affected juveniles. Blood and cloacal samples were collected from the adult population, DNA was extracted and tested by PCR for adenovirus. There was a high percentage of positive results from the samples collected from the breeding population.
This is the first reported group outbreak of adenoviral disease in bearded dragons in Australia.
Evaluations were made of >4000 reptiles maintained in captive situations to assess numerous abnormal behaviours and any related environmental and other influences. Certain behavioural restrictions warrant concern because they result in physical injuries while others are primarily related to inhibited ethological expression; this paper concentrates on the latter. Hyperactivity, hypoactivity, persecution from other occupants, disposition-related environmental temperature preference, interaction with transparent boundaries and aggression are a few examples of abnormal behaviours resulting from concept- and design-deficient artificial environments, and all may be related to poor adaptability and environmentally induced trauma. It is probable that the adaptability of reptiles to unnatural environments is substantially compromised by the fundamental biological principle of their innate education system which results in greatly reduced susceptibility to other educative influences.The importance of a sound knowledge of a species natural life style (wherever possible prior to their acquisition) is to be emphasised if preventative action regarding abnormal behaviour and evaluations of current problems are to be thoroughly addressed. Very little work has been done on this subject probably because natural behaviours of reptiles may present observational difficulties and because “lower” vertebrates are often perceived as being highly adaptable to captivity and thus warrant low priority.
Appropriate husbandry and management are fundamental to the health of the Bearded Dragon (Pogona spp.) in captivity. This article discusses the application of the important parameters of lizard husbandry as part of a clinical examination of the different species of Bearded Dragon found in Australia.
The histological changes which occur in the epidermis of snakes during the sloughing cycle have been studied. The results are based mainly on material obtained from Elaphe taeniura and are supported by observations on material from nine other genera. The sloughing cycle is divided into six stages. The regions of the epidermis and the histological changes occurring in each stage are described. Each region is named and the nomenclature applied is homologized as far as possible with the terminology used by earlier workers. It is suggested that the liberation of the old, outer, keratinized epidermal generation at sloughing is effected by the destruction of a single layer of living cells by the possible protcolytic action of immigrant eosinophil granulocytes.
Previous reports on the fine structure of lizard epidermis are confirmed and extended by SEM and TEM observations of cell differentiation and the form of shed material from the American anole Anolis carolinensis. Attention is drawn to two issues: 1) the tips of the spinules arising from the mature oberhautchen are markedly curved; this morphology can be seen during differentiation; 2) the median keels of scales from all parts of the body show “naked” oberhautchen cells that lack characteristic spinules, but have a membrane morphology comprising a complex system of serpentine microridges.Maderson's ([1966] J. Morphol. 119:39–50) “zip-fastener” model for the role of the shedding complex formed by the clear layer and oberhautchen is reviewed and extended in the light of recent SEM data. Apparently periodic lepidosaurian sloughing permits somatic growth; understanding how the phenomenon is brought about requires integration of data from the organismic to the molecular level. The diverse forms of integumentary microornamentation (MO) reported in the literature can be understood by considering how the cellular events occurring during the renewal phase prior to shedding relate to the emergence of the form-function complex of the β-layer, which provides physical protection. Issues concerning the evolutionary origin of lepidosaurian skin-shedding are discussed. J. Morphol. 236:1–24, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Two common disorders of captive bearded dragons are nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (NSHP) and constipation. Recognizing the husbandry factors that predispose bearded dragons to these disease conditions is an important clinical skill. Treatment of NSHP is aimed at correcting husbandry deficiencies and dietary management. Treatment of constipation depends on the underlying cause but is frequently due to a lack of sufficient water in the diet and the environment. Copyright 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
AbstractBased on a recent 2009 to 2010 national pet survey, reptiles remain popular as pets. Although, compared with reptiles, there may be more than 5 times as many dogs and 6 times as many cats, there is only 1 species of each of these domestic pets and more than 7500 different species of reptiles. Veterinarians working with domestic species need to recognize the requirements for managing these animals, along with some of the unique nutritional (e.g., calorie and nutritional differences between small and large breed dogs) and medical health differences among breeds; however, these differences pale in comparison with the species requirements and differences noted among reptiles. For this reason, it is important that veterinarians working with reptiles adopt a standards of care model to ensure that they are providing the most complete and balanced veterinary care possible for their reptile patients. The purpose of this article is to provide a review of the methods used for collecting a history, performing a physical examination, collecting and interpreting diagnostic tests, and reviewing the management of common diseases in captive reptiles.
The popularity of reptiles has increased tremendously in the last 2 decades. Over this time, many species of lizards have become routinely available, and their uniqueness and personality have resulted in their becoming mainstream pets. With so many species of lizards (>3000 species), it is difficult for the reptile clinician to be familiar with each species that is presented. This paper will provide the veterinarian with a reference for the most common problems seen in common species or groups of lizards. The number of conditions and syndromes described for these lizard species will increase as we continue to see more of these patients in practice and to share our clinical experiences, and as diagnostic capabilities improve. The complexity of care necessary for these diverse lizard species is at the root of most problems seen with pet lizards. A primary goal is to improve husbandry by attempting to provide a captive environment and diet that is similar to the natural history of the lizard. References for the natural history, husbandry, and captive breeding information for the species of lizards described in this paper are cited in the initial heading for each species.
BEARDED dragons ( Pogona vitticeps ) are increasingly popular as pets. These animals are generally inoffensive (Rowland 2009). However, they can on occasion be aggressive and can inflict a painful bite. This short communication describes the use of a deslorelin implant to control aggression in a young male bearded dragon.
A six-month-old male bearded dragon was presented. Over the previous month, it had become increasingly aggressive towards the owner to the point where it would attempt to bite on the slightest attempt at handling. On physical examination, the animal was bright and alert but very aggressive, exhibiting threatening displays (open mouth and inflated pouch) and attempting to bite. The animal's bodyweight was 191 g. No abnormalities were noted on physical examination. A faecal sample submitted revealed the presence of oxyurid ova. Blood was drawn from the ventral coccygeal vein and submitted to Pinmoore Animal Laboratory Services, Tarporley, Cheshire,for routine biochemistry and haematology and also for a testosterone assay. Total protein was low (50 g/l, reference range 52 to 72 g/l [Rowland 2009]). Creatine kinase activity was …
In 2008 a marked increase in Salmonella enterica serovar Tennessee infections in infants occurred in Germany. In March and April 2008, eight cases were notified compared to a median of 0-1 cases in 2001-2006.
We carried out an investigation including a case-control study to identify the source of infection. A patient was a child < 3 years of age with Salmonella Tennessee isolated from stool from September 1, 2007, through December 31, 2008, identified through the national surveillance system. A control was a child with a notified rotavirus infection in the matching district, frequency matched by age group. We conducted telephone interviews on feeding, herbal infusions, and animal contact. Matched odds ratios (mOR) were calculated using exact conditional logistic regression. For Salmonella Tennessee isolates, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis were performed. Further cloacal swab samples of reptiles kept in case households were investigated.
We identified 18 cases < 3 years. Ten children were male; median age was 3 months (1-32 months). In 8 of 16 case households reptiles were kept. Direct contact between child and reptile was denied. Other forms of reptile contact were reported in four of the remaining eight households. Ten case- and 21 control-patients were included in the study. Only keeping of a reptile and "any reptile contact" were associated with Salmonella Tennessee infection (mOR 29.0; 95% CI 3.1 ± ∞ and mOR 119.5; 95% CI 11.7 - ∞). Identical Salmonella Tennessee strains of child and reptile kept in the same household could be shown in 2 cases.
Reptiles were the apparent source of Salmonella Tennessee infection in these infants. Indirect contact between infants and reptiles seems to be sufficient to cause infection and should therefore be avoided.
THE number of pet reptiles is steadily increasing in some European countries, as well as in the USA, ([Mermin and others 1997][1], [Editorial Team and others 2008][2]) and green iguanas ( Iguana iguana ) are frequently being kept as pets. Green iguanas are native to regions extending from southern
Incluye bibliografía e índice
May we draw your readers` attention to the formation of a small group, the UFAW/WSPA Working Party on Reptiles and Amphibians, the aims of which are to collate and disseminate information on the humane euthanasia and slaughter of herptiles. On behalf of the group Mr John Cooper presented a paper at the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare symposium, held in London on 18-19 September. An account was given of some problems associated with the humane destruction of members of these two classes of animal, particularly by physical means. Outlines for potential ways forward were also discussed…
The zoonotic potential of Mycobacterium spp has been well documented and has been implicated in cutaneous and subcutaneous nodular disease in humans. Treatment of the infected reptiles is often not recommended, because of the zoonotic potential. Moreover, the often-advanced nature of the disease when diagnosed, the lengthy and expensive treatment regimens, and lack of a reported successful treatment regimen for reptiles usually warrant euthanasia in these patients. Strict attention must be paid to cage hygiene and sanitation to minimize exposure and eliminate the organisms.
The successful introduction of reptiles into a captive collection depends on providing optimal husbandry and veterinary attention. An important role of the veterinarian in this process is the prevention of disease introduction, which may affect both the introduced and the resident animals. This review focuses on preventive veterinary medicine in reptiles, emphasising quarantine measures, disinfection and entry control for infectious agents. Agents discussed include those that are likely give rise to severe clinical problems on introduction into a collection of reptiles, or, in the case of Salmonella, those that pose a significant public health risk. Aetiology, clinical signs and diagnosis are discussed for the most relevant endo- and ectoparasites, bacteria and viruses including Cryptosporidium and Entamoeba, Salmonella, Dermabacter, Chlamydiales, Mycoplasma, Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Paramyxovirus and inclusion body disease.
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