Further Additions to the Jumping Spider Fauna of South Africa (Araneae: Salticidae)

Abstract

Examination of museum collections and of recently collected materials from South Africa lead to the discovery of the following eight new jumping spider species that are described here: Evarcha amanzi sp. Nov. (♂), E. villosa sp. Nov. (♂), Langellurillus squamiger sp. Nov. (♂♀), Massagris maculosa sp. Nov. (♂ ♀), Microbianor simplex sp. Nov. (♂), Pseudicius procerus sp. Nov. (♂ ♀), Rhene legitima sp. Nov. (♂) and Thyenula splendens sp. Nov. (♂ ♀). Massagris concortuplicata Wesołowska & Haddad, 2013 syn. nov. is newly synonymized with M. mirifica Peckham & Peckham, 1903, and both sexes are redescribed. The unknown males of Asemonea amatola Wesołowska & Haddad, 2013, Heliophanus gramineus Wesołowska & Haddad, 2013 and Menemerus rubicundus Lawrence, 1928, and the unknown females of H. sororius Wesołowska, 2003, Massagris natalensis Wesołowska & Haddad, 2009, Microbianor furcatus Haddad & Wesołowska, 2013, Rhene amanzi Wesołowska & Haddad, 2013 and R. pinguis Wesołowska & Haddad, 2009 are described for the first time. The females of Menemerus rubicundus and Neaetha irreperta Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2000, and males of Evarcha acuta Wesołowska, 2006, E. karas Wesołowska, 2011 and Habrocestum luculentum Peckham & Peckham, 1903, are redescribed. Seven species are recorded from South Africa for the first time: Belippo calcarata (Roewer, 1942), Dendryphantes acutus Wesołowska & Haddad, 2014, Evarcha acuta, E. karas, M. rubicundus, N. irreperta and Pseudicius matabelensis Wesołowska, 2011. Additionally, new provincial records for species previously recorded from elsewhere in South Africa are provided for the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (five spp. each), Free State (three spp.), Northern Cape (two spp.), and Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces (one sp. each).

Full text

FURTHER ADDITIONS TO THE JUMPING SPIDER
FAUNA OF SOUTH AFRICA (ARANEAE: SALTICIDAE)
WANDA WESOŁOWSKA1and CHARLES R. HADDAD2*
1Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Taxonomy, University
of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 65, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland;
e-mail: helena.wesolowska@uwr.edu.pl
2Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339,
Bloemfontein 9300 South Africa; e-mail: haddadcr@ufs.ac.za
*Corresponding author
Abstract.— Examination of museum collections and of recently collected materials from
South Africa lead to the discovery of the following eight new jumping spider species that are
described here: Evarcha amanzi sp. nov. (Y), E. villosa sp. nov. (Y), Langellurillus
squamiger sp. nov. (YX), Massagris maculosa sp. nov. (♂♀), Microbianor simplex
sp. nov. (Y), Pseudicius procerus sp. nov. (YX), Rhene legitima sp. nov. (Y) and
Thyenula splendens sp. nov. (YX). Massagris concortuplicata Wesołowska
& Haddad, 2013 syn. nov. is newly synonymized with M. mirifica Peckham & Peckham,
1903, and both sexes are redescribed. The unknown males of Asemonea amatola
Wesołowska & Haddad, 2013, Heliophanus gramineus Wesołowska & Haddad, 2013 and
Menemerus rubicundus Lawrence, 1928, and the unknown females of H. sororius
Wesołowska, 2003, Massagris natalensis Wesołowska & Haddad, 2009, Microbianor
furcatus Haddad & Wesołowska, 2013, Rhene amanzi Wesołowska & Haddad, 2013 and
R. pinguis Wesołowska & Haddad, 2009 are described for the first time. The females of
Menemerus rubicundus and Neaetha irreperta Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2000, and
males of Evarcha acuta Wesołowska, 2006, E. karas Wesołowska, 2011 and
Habrocestum luculentum Peckham & Peckham, 1903, are redescribed. Seven species are
recorded from South Africa for the first time: Belippo calcarata (Roewer, 1942),
Dendryphantes acutus Wesołowska & Haddad, 2014, Evarcha acuta, E. karas,
M. rubicundus, N. irreperta and Pseudicius matabelensis Wesołowska, 2011.
Additionally, new provincial records for species previously recorded from elsewhere in
South Africa are provided for the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (five spp. each),
Free State (three spp.), Northern Cape (two spp.), and Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces
(one sp. each).
Ë
Key words.— new species, new record, synonym, habitat, distribution, Afrotropical Region
INTRODUCTION
South Africa is a very significant country in terms
of terrestrial biodiversity, and is considered to be one
of the seventeen most biodiverse countries in the
world (e.g. Myers et al. 2000, Algotsson 2009, Paknia
et al. 2015). Among the reasons for its exceptional
biodiversity are the large number of floral biomes (nine
in total, according to the classification of Mucina
& Rutherford 2006), including three biodiversity
hotspots (Myers et al. 2000), and the considerable
topo graphical range in the country (sea level to
approximately 3000 m a.s.l.), which creates ideal
conditions for the evolution of a wide range of taxa.
ANNALES ZOOLOGICI (Warszawa), 2018, 68(4): 879-908
PL ISSN 0003-4541 © Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS
doi: 10.3161/00034541ANZ2018.68.4.011

Spiders are no exception to this pattern. There are
numerous genera and even two families that are
endemic to South Africa, including the enclave of
Lesotho (see Miller et al. 2010, Dippenaar-Schoeman
et al. 2015, Jocqué & Alderweireldt 2018).
In response to South Africa’s ratification of the
International Convention on Biodiversity, the South
African National Survey of Arachnida (SANSA) was
launched in 1997. Since then a considerable effort has
been put into georeferencing specimen data in collec-
tions, identifying geographical gaps in sampling effort
and collecting there to address this data shortfall, and
prioritizing taxonomic efforts to improve our knowl-
edge of the species richness and distribution of the
South African fauna (Dippenaar-Schoeman et al.
2015).
As the largest spider family, with 6072 species glob-
ally (World Spider Catalog 2018), it is not surprising
that the Salticidae have received much taxonomic
attention in South Africa recently. Aside from numer-
ous recent taxonomic revisions of the Afrotropical fau-
na (e.g. Azarkina & Foord 2014, Wesołowska et al.
2014), several faunistic papers have been published
during the last decade (Wesołowska & Haddad 2009,
2013, 2014, Haddad & Wesołowska 2011, 2013, Weso -
łowska 2012, Azarkina & Foord 2013). Many new spe -
cies have been described, poorly known species
redescribed, and new country records for South Africa
and the enclave of Lesotho documented. As a result,
the species richness of the South African Salticidae has
increased markedly to almost 350 species, represent-
ing nearly 16% of the South African spider fauna (Dip-
penaar-Schoeman et al. 2015).
Despite these advances, new species continue to be
discovered and new records documented when arach-
nids are collected intensively in previously poorly sam-
pled parts of South Africa (see Foord et al. 2011). In
the current study, we describe a further eight new
species for the South African fauna, as well as previ-
ously unknown sexes for eight species and seven new
country records.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The material included in this study was sourced
through field work by the second author and several
other amateur and professional arachnologists in
South Africa. Specimens were initially identified by the
second author, and when suspected to represent
records of taxonomic or biogeographical significance,
were sent to the first author for confirmation.
Preserved spiders were examined in 70% ethanol.
Descriptions of colouration relate to wet specimens, as
displayed in microscope photographs. Where possible,
live specimens were photographed to indicate their
living colouration and markings. Digital microscope
photographs were taken of selected species using
a Nikon Coolpix 8400 mounted on a Nikon SMZ 1500
and Zeiss Stemi 2000 stereomicroscope (W.W.), or
a Nikon D5-L3 camera system attached to a Nikon
SMZ800 stereomicroscope (C.H.). To increase depth of
field, a series of extended focal range images was tak-
en and stacked using Helicon Focus software (W.W.) or
CombineZM imaging software (http://www.hadleyweb.
pwp.blueyonder.co.uk) (C.H.).
Drawings were made with the aid of a reticular eye-
piece attached to a binocular microscope (Nikon and
MBS-10). For some species the male pedipalps and
female epigynes were dissected for more detailed
examination. Epigynes were cleared in 5% hot KOH for
a few minutes, dehydrated with 100% ethanol, cleared
in xylene, and drawn in temporary eugenol mounts.
After examination, the genitalia were placed in micro-
vials with ethanol together with the specimens that
they were removed from.
All measurements are given in millimetres and were
made with a binocular microscope (Nikon and MBS-10)
equipped with an eyepiece micrometer. Carapace
length was measured from the base of the anterior
median eyes (without the lenses) to the posterior mar-
gin of the carapace medially, and abdomen length from
the front abdominal margin to the posterior end of the
anal tubercle (i.e. excluding the spinnerets).
The material collected in this study was predomi-
nantly deposited in the National Collection of Arachni-
da, ARC – Plant Protection Research, Pretoria, South
Africa (NCA), with one holotype deposited in the Na -
tion al Museum, Bloemfontein (NMBA).
TAXONOMY
Family Salticidae Blackwall, 1841
Asemonea amatola Wesołowska & Haddad, 2013
Figs 1–6, 13, 14, 22–26
Asemonea amatola Wesołowska & Haddad, 2013: 182, figs 2, 30–31.
Diagnosis.The male of this species is described
here for the first time. It is distinctive and may be rec-
ognized by the shape of the palpal apophyses, particu-
larly the femoral apophysis, which is three-armed
(Fig. 23). For diagnosis of the female see Wesołowska
& Haddad (2013).
Description. Male. Measurements: Cephalothorax:
length 2.6, width 2.0. Eye field: length 0.7, anterior
width 1.3, posterior width 1.0. Abdomen: length 2.8,
width 1.2.
880 W. WESOŁOWSKA and C. R. HADDAD

General appearance in Figs 1–3, 13. Carapace pear-
shaped, low, eyes in four rows, situated on high tuber-
cles, posterior median eyes relatively large (typical for
Asemoneinae). Carapace whitish-yellow, with two light
brown streaks connected at posterior margin. Eyes sur-
rounded by black rings, except anterior medians, which
are encircled by white hairs. Some bright orange hairs
on anterior part of eye field; similar hairs form thin line
below anterior eyes on brown clypeus (Fig. 14). Cheli-
cerae with brown dorsal surfaces, white hairs at their
bases. Mouthparts and sternum pale. Abdomen narrow,
white dorsally, with thin brown edges and few small
black spots in posterior half, one of them centrally (Fig.
13). Venter light; spinnerets white, with dark tips. Whole
body covered with fine pale hairs. Legs long and thin
(especially femora long), white, with brownish rings at
JUMPING SPIDER FAUNA OF SOUTH AFRICA 881
Figures 1–12. Habitus photographs of live South African jumping spiders in dorsal (1, 4, 7, 10), frontal (2, 5, 8, 11) and lateral (3, 6, 9, 12) views: 1–6.
Asemonea amatola, male (1–3) and female (4–6); 7–12 Heliophanus gramineus, male (7–9) and female (10–12). Photographs by V. van der Walt.

882 W. WESOŁOWSKA and C. R. HADDAD
distal ends of segments; metatarsi and tarsi of first
pair of legs brown, others white. Leg hairs and spines
light. Pedipalp light; femoral apophysis prolateral,
three-armed; patella with small dorsal tooth; tibia with
three apophyses, prolateral and dorsal apo physes curv -
ed and sharp, retrolateral apophysis round ed distal ly;
embolus short, originating proximally on prolateral
side, curving around tegulum to distal end (Figs 22–25).
Female. See Wesołowska & Haddad (2013) for de -
scription of female. Live female habitus in Figs 4–6.
Epigyne as in Fig. 26.
Material examined.SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern
Cape: Amatola Mountains, Hogsback, Never Daunted
Guest House, 32°35.683’S, 26°55.854’E, 1250 m a.s.l.,
Figures 13–21. Digital microscope photographs of South African jumping spiders in dorsal (13, 15–17, 19–21) and frontal (14, 18) views: 13,
14. Asemonea amatola, male; 15. Bianor eximius, female; 16. Evarcha acuta, male; 17, 18. E. amanzi sp. nov., male; 19. E. karas, male;
20. E. mirabilis, male; 21. E. villosa sp. nov., male. Photographs by W. Wesołowska.

26.XI.2013, leg. C. Haddad (beating, shrubs in garden),
3Y3X(NCA 2013/4741), 5Y5X(NCA 2013/4502), 1Y
1X(NCA 2014/1123).
Habitat and biology.The species was collected by
beating shrubs in a large rural garden in the Forest
Biome. The female holotype was collected early in
autumn, but both sexes were collected at the end of
spring in far greater numbers.
Distribution.The species remains known from the
type locality only.
Belippo calcarata (Roewer, 1942)
Fig. 27, 33
Myrmarachne calcarata Roewer, 1942: 253, plate 19, figs 9 a, b.
Belippo calcarata Wanless, 1978: 11, figs 6 a–l; Wesołowska
& Wiśniew ski, 2015: 549, figs 2–11.
Description.See Wesołowska & Wi -
śniew ski (2015) for redescriptions of both
sexes. Habitus of female in Fig. 27. Epigyne
as in Fig. 33.
Material examined.SOUTH AFRICA:
KwaZulu-Natal: Ithala Game Reserve,
Ntshondwe Camp, 27°32.699’S, 31°16.911’E,
27.I.2014, leg. C. Haddad (night collection),
1X(NCA 2013/4976); Tembe Elephant
Park, Manjwana Picnic Spot, 26°57.503’S,
32°24.442’E, 90 m a.s.l., 3.XII.2015, leg. V.
& N. Butler (sifting leaf litter, sand forest),
1X(NCA 2016/2797).
Habitat and biology.A ground-dwel -
ling species collected from leaf litter in sand
forest (licuati) and Afromontane forest in
northern KwaZulu-Natal.
Distribution.Previously known from
the Democratic Republic of the Congo, An -
gola, Kenya and Fernando Po. Recorded
from South Africa for the first time here.
Bianor eximius Wesołowska & Haddad,
2009
Figs 15, 43, 44
Bianor eximius Wesołowska & Haddad, 2009: 23, figs
16–19, 211; Wesołowska & Cumming, 2011: 75, figs
5–7.
Description. See Wesołowska & Had-
dad (2009) for description of female; male
unknown. Habitus of female in Fig. 15.
Epigyne and its internal structure as in
Figs 43 and 44.
Material examined.SOUTH AFRICA:
KwaZulu-Natal: Tembe Elephant Park,
26°58.024’S 32°23.986’E, 90 m a.s.l., 28.III.
2017, leg. C. Haddad & R. Booysen (beating,
sparse woodland), 1X(NCA 2017/1148).
Habitat and biology.The species is very rare and
has been collected from leaf litter and low shrubs in
savanna habitats.
Distribution.Known from two proximate localities
in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and from
north-western Zimbabwe.
Dendryphantes acutus Wesołowska & Haddad, 2014
Dendryphantes acutus Wesołowska & Haddad, 2014: 234, figs 11,
20–23.
Description.See Wesołowska & Haddad (2014) for
descriptions of both sexes.
Material examined.SOUTH AFRICA: Free State:
Harrismith district, Sterkfontein Nature Reserve,
JUMPING SPIDER FAUNA OF SOUTH AFRICA 883
Figures 22–26. Genitalic morphology of Asemonea amatola: 22–25. Male left palp
in dorsal (22), prolateral (23), ventral (24) and retrolateral (25) views; 26. Female
epigyne, ventral view.

884 W. WESOŁOWSKA and C. R. HADDAD
28°24.925’S, 29°02.529’E, 1700 m a.s.l., 11.XI.2015, leg.
C. Haddad (under rocks, shore of dam), 1X(NCA
2015/2129).
Habitat and biology. A species collected near the
ground in alpine grasslands between 1700–2360 m
a.s.l., either under rocks or in low vegetation (Weso -
łow ska & Haddad 2014).
Distribution.A species recently described from
Lesotho, recorded here from South Africa for the first
time in an adjacent border region.
Euophrys recta Wesołowska, Azarkina & Russell-
Smith, 2014
Euophrys recta Wesołowska, Azarkina & Russell-Smith, 2014: 29, figs
96–99.
Description.See Wesołowska et al. (2014) for de -
scription of male. Female unknown.
Material examined.SOUTH AFRICA: West-
ern Ca pe: George, Outeniquastrand, 34°02.754’S,
22°17.037’E, 75 m a.s.l., 7.I.2015, leg. C. Haddad (leaf
litter and foliage, thicket), 1Y(NCA 2015/1781); Same
locality, 5.I.2018, leg. C. Haddad (leaf litter and rocks,
coastal thicket), 1Y(NCA 2018/12).
Distribution.The species was previously only
known from the holotype, which was also collected in
the Western Cape.
Evarcha acuta Wesołowska, 2006
Figs 16, 45–48
Evarcha acuta Wesołowska, 2006: 230, figs 23–25.
Evarcha (?) acuta Proszynski, 2018: 142, fig. 7M.
Description. Male. Measurements: Cephalothorax:
length 1.9, width 1.5. Eye field: length 0.7, anterior width
1.1, posterior width 1.3. Abdomen: length 1.9, width 1.2.
Figures 27–32. Digital microscope photographs of South African jumping spiders in dorsal (27–29, 31, 32) and lateral (30) views: 27. Belippo
calcarata, female; 28–30. Langelurillus squamiger sp. nov., male (28) and female (29, 30); 31. Massagris maculosa sp. nov., female;
32. Microbianor furcatus, female. Photographs by C. Haddad.

JUMPING SPIDER FAUNA OF SOUTH AFRICA 885
Figures 33–42. Digital microscope photographs of genitalic morphology of South African jumping spiders: 33. Belippo calcarata, female epigyne,
ventral view; 34. Evarcha villosa sp. nov., male left palp, ventral view; 35. Langelurillus squamiger sp. nov., male left palp, ventro-retrolateral
view, arrow indicating modified scales at tip of dorsolateral apophysis; 36. Massagris maculosa sp. nov., female epigyne, ventral view;
37. M. mirifica, male left palp, ventro-retrolateral view; 38. Rhene amanzi, female epigyne, ventral view; 39. R. biguttata, male left palp, ventral
view; 40. R. legitima sp. nov., male left palp, ventral view; 41, 42. Thyenula splendens sp. nov., male left palp, ventral (41) and dorsal (42) views.
Photographs by C. Haddad (33, 35, 36, 38–41) and W. Wesołowska (34, 37, 42).

886 W. WESOŁOWSKA and C. R. HADDAD
General appearance in Fig. 16. Carapace oval,
medium high, brown, some white hairs on slopes, with
black line along edges of carapace. Eyes surrounded by
black area, brown bristles on anterior part of eye field,
tuft of white hairs between anterior eyes. Chelicerae
blackish, labium, endites and sternum
light brown. Abdomen ovoid, slightly
elongate, dorsum yellowish-grey, with
median line composed of black marks
and two blackish lateral streaks (Fig.
16); sides of abdomen light. Venter yel-
low, with two narrow darker stripes;
spinnerets dark. Proximal halves of
femora yellow, their distal parts and
next segments black, tarsi yellow.
Spines and leg hairs brown. Pedipalps
black; tibial apophysis with notch on
tip; tegulum rounded, with distinct pos-
terior lobe; embolus thin, aligned to
bulb, originating prolaterally, distal
section almost transverse (Figs 45–48).
Female. Unknown.
Material examined.SOUTH AFRI -
CA: Free State: Amanzi Private Game
Reserve, 28°35.880’S, 26°25.420’E,
1–31.I.2013, leg. V. Butler (pitfall trap,
koppie, southern slope), 1Y(NCA
2013/3918).
Habitat and biology. A rare
ground-dwelling species collected in
dense scrublands on the southern slope
of a hillside (as Evarcha n. sp. in Had-
dad & Butler 2018).
Distribution.This species was pre-
viously only known from the Brandberg
Massif in Namibia, and is recorded
here from South Africa for the first
time.
Evarcha amanzi sp. nov.
Figs 17, 18, 49–51
Diagnosis. The male palp is similar
to that of Evarcha ignea Wesołowska
& Cumming, 2008, but differs by the
shape of the tibial apophysis, which is
shorter and deeply notched at its tip,
whereas it is longer with only a small
notch in E. ignea – compare Fig. 51
herein with fig. 23 in Wesołowska &
Cumming (2008). Males of these two
species can be also distinguished by the
colouration of the cly peus: bright red-
dish scarlet across the whole width and
‘cheeks’ in E. ig nea (see Wesołowska
& Haddad 2009: fig. 212), while orange
only below the anterior median eyes in
E. amanzi sp. nov. (Fig. 18).
Etymology.The species name is a noun in apposi-
tion of the type locality.
Description. Male. Measurements: Cephalothorax:
length 2.5, width 1.7, height 0.9. Eye field: length 1.1,
Figures 43–44. Genitalic morphology of Bianor eximius: female epigyne in ventral
view (43) and its internal structure, part only (44).
Figures 45–51. Genitalic morphology of Evarcha acuta (45–48) and E. amanzi sp. nov.
(49–51): male left palps in prolateral-ventral (45), ventral (46, 49), retrolateral (47, 51) and
retrolateral-ventral (50) views, and dorsal view of palpal tibia (48).

anterior width 1.4, posterior width 1.5. Abdomen:
length 2.4, width 1.3.
General appearance as in Fig. 17. Medium-sized,
hairy spider. Carapace oval, high, with flat area extend-
ing halfway along thoracic part; carapace light brown-
ish, lighter at margins, some brown hairs forming marks
on dorsum; lateral slopes covered with white hairs.
Vicinity of eyes brown, with numerous long dark bristles
near eyes; anterior eyes encircled by orange scales;
white streaks on eye field formed by long white hairs,
two wide streaks centrally and two narrow streaks
between anterior median eyes and lateral ones. Clypeus
moderately high, clothed in orange hairs, ‘cheeks’ with
three parallel white streaks (Fig. 18). Chelicerae uniden-
tate, brown, with some white hairs at base dorsally.
Sternum and labium yellowish orange, endites with
whitish distal margins. Abdomen ovoid, narrower than
carapace; dorsum yellowish medially and dark brown
laterally (Fig. 17); sides light with brown marks. Venter
dark yellow, spinnerets light. Numerous long dark bris-
tles on abdomen. First pair of legs slightly longer than
others, dark brown, only tip of femur, base of patella and
tarsus yellow; other legs yellow, with brown rings at tips
of their segments. Spines numerous, long, brown; leg
hairs dense, brown. Pedipalps dark brown, palpal organ
as in Figs 49–51; tibial apophysis short, with deep notch
at tip, ventral prong much longer than dorsal one (Fig.
51); tuft of long bristles on tibia prolaterally; tegulum
rounded, with large posterior lobe; embolus thin, curved
to bulb, distal section nearly transverse (Figs 49, 50).
Female. Unknown.
Type material. Holotype: Y: SOUTH AFRICA: Free
State: Amanzi Private Game Reserve, 28°35.765’S,
26°25.455’E, 1–31.X.2012, leg. V. Butler (pitfalls, kop-
pie, plateau) (NMBA 17997).
Habitat and biology.A ground-dwelling species
sampled from the plateau of a hill in the Grassland Bio-
me using pitfall traps.
Distribution.Known from the type locality only.
Evarcha karas Wesołowska, 2011
Figs 19, 52–54
Evarcha karas Wesołowska, 2011: 314, figs 18–19.
Description. Male. Measurements: Cephalothorax:
length 2.2–2.6, width 1.7–1.9, high 1.0–1.1. Eye field:
length 0.9–1.1, anterior width 1.5–1.6, posterior width
1.6–1.8. Abdomen: length 2.2–2.6, width 1.6–1.8.
General appearance in Fig. 19. Carapace oval, dark
brown to black, slopes covered with short whitish
hairs, except median part of posterior slope. Tufts of
long dark bristles near posterior median eyes; white
hairs form narrow transverse line behind anterior row
of eyes, and three parallel lines below anterior lateral
eyes. Clypeus and basal part of chelicerae clothed in
white hairs. Mouthparts and sternum dark, coxae yel-
lowish. Abdomen ovoid, black, with thin median white
band and similar band on lateral surfaces (Fig. 19).
Venter blackish, spinnerets dark. Legs black, leg hairs
brown, mixed with white hairs on femora only. Pedi-
palps dark, covered with brown hairs, among them
many white hairs, with small white scales at base of
cymbium (Fig. 54); palpal tibia long, apophysis with
shallow notch at the tip; bulb rounded, embolus origi-
nating proximally on retrolateral side, long and thin,
curving around tegulum prolaterally, tip with slight
curve (Figs 52, 53).
Female. Unknown.
Material examined.SOUTH AFRICA: Western
Cape: Laingsburg district, Floriskraal Dam,
33°17.552’S, 20°59.529’E, 595 m a.s.l., 9.IX–5.X.2015,
leg. Z. Mbo (pitfalls, open ground), 1Y(NCA 2016/
2408); Same locality, 33°17.562’S, 20°59.113’E, 610 m
a.s.l., 9.IX–5.X.2015, leg. Z. Mbo (pitfalls, karoo veld),
1Y(NCA 2016/2738); Laingsburg district, road to Anys-
berg Nature Reserve, 33°26.039’S, 20°47.505’E, 695 m
a.s.l., 9.IX–5.X.2015, leg. Z. Mbo (pitfalls, karoo veld),
1Y(NCA 2016/2431); Laingsburg district, Wagendrift
Lodge, 33°22.446’S, 20°54.247’E, 580 m a.s.l., 6.X.2015,
leg. Z. Mbo (hand collecting under
rocks), 1Y(NCA 2016/ 2690); Witte-
berg Nature Reserve, 33°20.656’S,
20°30.307’E, 925 m a.s.l., 11.IX–20.X.
2015, leg. Z. Mbo (pitfalls, Nama Karoo
veld), 1Y(NCA 2016/ 2584).
Remarks.These specimens differ
from the holotype, which is a little
bleached. Also, the palpal organ struc-
ture is not identical, because the palp
of the holotype is slightly expanded, so
the bulb has rotated about 90 degrees.
The female of the species remains un -
known.
Habitat and biology.A ground-
dwelling species collected by pitfall
trapping in arid Nama Karoo habitats,
JUMPING SPIDER FAUNA OF SOUTH AFRICA 887
Figures 52–54. Genitalic morphology of Evarcha karas: male left palp in ventral (52)
and retrolateral (53) views, and dorsal view of palpal tibia (54).

888 W. WESOŁOWSKA and C. R. HADDAD
consistent with the habitats it was previously recorded
from in Namibia.
Distribution.This species was previously only
known from southern Namibia, and is recorded here
from south-western South Africa for the first time.
Evarcha mirabilis Wesołowska & Haddad, 2009
Figs 20, 55–57
Evarcha mirabilis Wesołowska & Haddad, 2009: 32, figs 38–41;
Wesołowska & Haddad, 2013: 197.
Description.See Wesołowska & Haddad (2009) for
description of male; female unknown. Habitus of male
in Fig. 20. Palpal organ structure as in Figs 55–57.
Material examined.SOUTH AFRICA: Western
Cape: Rawsonville, ATKV Goudini Spa and Resort,
33°39.673’S, 19°15.814’E, 320 m a.s.l., 21.I.2017, leg.
C. Haddad (base of grass tussocks), 1Y(NCA 2017/
486).
Habitat and biology.Poorly known;
a ground-dwelling species known from
fynbos and savanna habitats.
Distribution.This species has only
been recorded from two localities previ-
ously, in the Western Cape and northern
KwaZulu-Natal.
Evarcha villosa sp. nov.
Figs 21, 34, 58, 59
Diagnosis.The species can be distin-
guished from congeners by the character-
istic shape of the tibial apophysis, which
is broadened towards the tip, and the
large prolateral lobe of the tegulum (Figs
58, 59). Female unknown.
Etymology.From Latin villosus (hir-
sute, hairy), referring to the dense hairs
covering the body.
Description. Male. Measurements:
Cephalothorax: length 2.0, width 1.7,
height 0.9. Eye field: length 1.0, anterior
width 1.4, posterior width 1.5. Abdomen:
length 1.9, width 1.4.
General appearance as in Fig. 21.
Carapace high, with long flat area, slop-
ing posteriorly. Eye field dark brown,
eyes with black rings, anterior eyes encir-
cled by small white scales; thoracic part
of carapace light brown, lateral slopes
slightly darker. White hairs form triangu-
lar spot in front of fovea, small spots
between anterior eyes and two short
streaks on anterior part of eye field. Some
white hairs also lateral to eye field and on slopes.
Clypeus low, brown, clothed in white hairs, also cover-
ing bases of chelicerae. Sternum and mouthparts light
brown, endites with pale tips. Abdomen oval, greyish
brown dorsally, with broad irregular light median
stripe (Fig. 21); dense whitish and brown hairs on
abdomen. Venter generally dark, with numerous dark
spots; spinnerets grey. First pair of legs dark brown;
others brownish, with yellowish median third of femora
and lighter metatarsi and tarsi. Leg hairs brown,
mixed with white hairs on femora; spines brown. Pedi-
palps brown, clothed in dense long brown hairs, with
tuft of long brown bristles on prolateral side of tibia
(Fig. 34, 58); some white feathery hairs at base of cym-
bium; tibial apophysis broadened toward tip in retro-
lateral view; tegulum with large promarginal lobe,
embolus originating prolaterally distally, with bend
shortly after base, distal section straight and narrowed
to sharp tip (Figs 34, 58, 59).
Figures 55–59. Genitalic morphology of Evarcha mirabilis (55–57) and E. villosa
sp. nov. (58, 59): male left palps in ventral (55, 58) and retrolateral (56, 59) views, and
dorsal view of palpal tibia (57).

Female. Unknown.
Type material.Holotype: Y: SOUTH AFRICA:
North ern Cape: Kuruman, Oryx Game Farm,
28°26.328’S, 22°08.694’E, 24.II.2012, leg. D. Pietersen
(pitfall trap) (NCA 2016/2904).
Habitat and biology.This species was collected in
pitfall traps in thorny savanna.
Distribution.Known from the type locality only.
Habrocestum luculentum Peckham & Peckham, 1903
Figs 60, 67, 68
Habrocestum luculentum Peckham & Peckham, 1903: 241, plate 27,
fig. 3, 3a; Wesołowska, 2012: 327, figs 9–14.
Description. Male. Measurements: Cephalothorax:
length 1.9, width 1.6, height 1.0. Eye field: length 0.8,
anterior width 1.3, posterior width 1.5. Abdomen: 1.4,
width 1.5.
General appearance as in Fig. 60. Carapace high,
sloping posteriorly, dark brown with black eye field,
hairy. Hairs covering eye field greyish, on slopes grey
and reddish, with long brown bristles on anterior edge
of eye field; anterior eyes surrounded by dark hairs.
Clypeus low, mouthparts and sternum dark. Chelicerae
with two teeth on promargin and single small tooth on
retromargin. Abdomen smaller than carapace, with
characteristic shape: rounded, widest at two thirds its
length (Fig. 60); dorsum black, covered with whitish
hairs. Venter brown; spinnerets black. Legs brown,
with distal parts of their segments darker; femora and
tibiae III long. Spines brown, leg hairs grey. Pedipalps
small, light, yellowish brown, clothed in long white
hairs; tegulum oval, with large posterior lobe; tibial
apophysis short, strongly curved; embolus sickle-
shaped, flattened (Figs 67, 68).
Female. Unknown.
Material examined.SOUTH AFRICA: North-
ern Cape: Namaqua National Park, 30°09.772’S,
17°46.641’E, 17–24.VII.2017, leg. R. Booysen, Z. Mbo
& R. Christiaan (pitfall), 1Y(NCA 2017/1218).
Habitat and biology.A ground-dwelling spider col-
lected by pitfall trapping in the Succulent Karoo biome
of South Africa. The type locality is situated in the fyn-
bos biome, so it is likely that this species occurs
throughout the coastal and subcoastal regions in the
west of the country.
Distribution. This species was previously only
known from the type locality (environs of Cape Town).
It is reported for the first time since its original
JUMPING SPIDER FAUNA OF SOUTH AFRICA 889
Figures 60–66. Digital microscope photographs of South African jumping spiders in dorsolateral (60) and dorsal (61–66) views: 60. Habrocestum
luculentum, male; 61. Heliophanus gramineus, female (left) and male (right); 62. Massagris maculosa sp. nov., male; 63, 64. M. mirifica,
male (63) and female (64); 65. Menemerus rubicundus, male; 66. Microbianor simplex sp. nov., male. Photographs by W. Wesołowska.

890 W. WESOŁOWSKA and C. R. HADDAD
description more than a century ago, with the first
record from the Northern Cape.
Heliophanus (Heliocapensis) aberdarensis
Wesołowska, 1986
Heliophanus aberdarensis Wesołowska, 1986: 224, figs 793–794;
Wesołowska & Haddad, 2013: 202, figs 72–79.
Description.See Wesołowska & Haddad (2013) for
redescriptions of both sexes.
Material examined.SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern
Cape: Amatola Mountains, Hogsback, 32°34.224’S,
26°56.418’E, 1500 m a.s.l., 26.XI.2013, leg. C. Haddad
& J. Neethling (beating, shrubs in alpine grassland),
1Y(NCA 2013/4772); 15 km ENE of Grahamstown on
N2 highway, 33°17.658’S, 26°43.11.995’E, 1.XII.2017,
leg. Z. Mbo (beating, shrubs in thicket), 2Y(NCA
2018/1550). Free State: Harrismith district, Platberg
Nature Reserve, 28°16.850’S, 29°12.029’E, 2035 m
a.s.l., 13.XI.2015, leg. C. Haddad (under rocks, alpine
grassland), 2X(NCA 2015/1817). KwaZulu-Natal:
New castle district, Moorfield Farm, 27°52.552’S,
29°42.495’E, 1780 m a.s.l., 6.I.2016, leg. R. Booysen (day
active search, lowland grassland), 2Y(NCA 2017/799).
Habitat and biology. Poorly known; recorded from
alpine grasslands in East and South Africa, where it
occurs on grasses and short shrubs.
Distribution.Species known from Kenya and Gaut-
eng Province in South Africa. Recorded from the East-
ern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Free State provinces for
the first time.
Heliophanus (Heliocapensis) deserticola Simon,
1901
Heliophanus deserticola Simon, 1901: 59, fig. 13; Wesołowska, 1986:
12, figs 4–9.
Description.See Wesołowska (1986) for descrip-
tion of both sexes.
Material examined.SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern
Cape: Amatola Mountains, Hogsback, Amatola For -
estry Company, 32°34.224’S, 26°56.418’E, 1500 m a.s.l.,
26.XI.2013, leg. C. Haddad & J. Neethling (under rocks,
alpine grassland), 1X(NCA 2013/4785). Northern
Cape: Goepag Nature Reserve, Reception Office,
29°39.905’S, 17°59.827’E, 16.VII.2017, leg. R. Booysen
(beating), 1X(NCA 2017/1284).
Habitat and biology.A ground- and plant-dwelling
species recorded from the Succulent Karoo, Nama
Karoo and Grassland biomes.
Distribution.A species previously known only from
the type locality (Northern Cape, De Aar, 30°40’S,
24°00’E). Recorded here from two additional localities,
including the first record from the Eastern Cape.
Heliophanus (Heliophanus) gramineus
Wesołowska & Haddad, 2013
Figs 7–12, 61, 69–73
Heliophanus gramineus Wesołowska & Haddad, 2013: 204, figs 11,
80–81.
Diagnosis.The male of this species is described for
the first time. The palpal organ is very similar to that of
Heliophanus capicola Simon, 1901, but the two
species differ in colouration: H. capicola is uniformly
black with grey hairs covering the body, whereas
H. gramineus has a characteristic abdominal pattern
(Figs 7–12, 61). For diagnosis of the female see We -
sołowska & Haddad (2013).
Description. Male. Measurements: Cephalothorax:
length 1.4– 1.5, width 1.1–1.4, height 0.6–0.7. Eye field:
length 0.6– 0.8, anterior width 1.0–1.1, posterior width
1.1–1.2. Ab domen: length 1.4–1.5, width 1.1–1.4.
General appearance in Figs 7–9, 61. Carapace oval,
medium high, sloping posteriorly, dark brown; eyes
encircled by black rings, ocular area delicately pitted.
Some faint brown hairs on carapace slopes, longer
brown bristles at anterior row of eyes. Labium and
sternum brown, endites with lighter chewing margins.
Chelicerae unidentate. Abdomen flat, its anterior edge
covering posterior part of carapace; abdominal dorsum
beige, with brown pattern consisting of median chain of
triangular spots accompanied by submarginal mark-
ings (Fig. 61). Dense, long bristles on anterior margin.
Venter brown with light bridge-shaped mark and two
light spots at base of spinnerets; spinnerets yellowish,
tinged with grey. First pair of legs slightly longer than
others. Coxae of all legs greyish; trochanters yellow;
femora brownish, darker laterally; patellae and
metatarsi yellow, with dark basal rings; tarsi yellow.
Leg hairs and spines brown. Pedipalps brown, palpal
organ as in Figs 69–73; palpal femur with thin, curved
Figures 67–68. Genitalic morphology of Habrocestum luculentum:
male left palp in ventral (67) and retrolateral (68) views.

pointed apophysis (Fig. 69); tibia very short, with two
apophyses, dorsal one thin and spike-like, ventral
apophysis curved (Figs 70–72); tegulum convex, embo-
lus short and curved.
Female. See Wesołowska & Haddad (2013) for
description of female. General appearance in Figs
10–12, 61.
Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern
Cape: Addo Elephant National Park, Woody Cape,
33°45’S, 26°23’E, leg. L. Wiese (sweep-netting), 1X
(NCA 2016/2898); Amatola Mountains, Hogsback, Ama-
tola Forestry Company, Robinson Dam, 32°37.279’S,
26°58.196’E, 1190 m a.s.l., 28.XI.2013, leg. C. Haddad
(beating, fynbos), 2X(NCA 2013/4777); Fort Fordyce
Nature Reserve, 32°40.937’S, 26°29.481’E, 1140 m a.s.l.,
30.XI.2013, leg. C. Haddad (grass tussocks and fynbos),
2X(NCA 2013/4459); Same locality, 32°40.937’S,
26°29.481’E, 1140 m a.s.l., 30.XI.2013, leg. C. Haddad
(sweeps, grass and fynbos), 1 subadult Y(NCA
2013/4776); Glen Gariff, Gleneden Lagoon Mouth,
32°53.338’S, 28°05.703’E, 3.XII.2017, leg. Z. Mbo (beat-
ing shrubs, coastal forest), 2X(NCA 2018/1561); Mount
Coke State Forest, 32°59.452’S, 27°28.740’E, 395 m
a.s.l., 29.XI.2013, leg. C. Haddad (beating, shrubs and
low vegetation), 2Y1X(NCA 2013/4923). Kwa-Zulu-
Natal: Midlands, Wakefield Farm, 29°28.398’S,
29°53.550’E, 24.XI.2015, leg. P. Webb (hand collecting,
grass on top of hill), 1Y1X(NCA 2016/1990). Lim -
popo: Venetia, Limpopo Valley Reserve, 22°19.224’S,
29°10.410’E, 24.III.2008, leg. S. Foord (litter sifting),
1X(NCA 2016/168). Mpumalanga: Mariep skop,
24°34.800’S, 30°52.200’E, 22.XI.2014, leg. D. Jacobs
(hand collecting, grass), 1Y(NCA 2015/4507); Same
locality, 23.XI.2014, leg. D. Jacobs (hand collecting),
1X(NCA 2015/4506); Same locality, 20.XI.2014, leg. L.
Theron (hand collecting, grass), 1X(NCA 2016/109).
Distribution.A species previously known from two
localities in the Amatola Mountains in the Eastern
Cape, recorded from several additional localities in the
province, as well as from the KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo
and Mpumalanga provin ces for the first time.
Heliophanus (Heliophanus) sororius Wesołowska,
2003
Figs 74, 75
Heliophanus sororius Wesołowska, 2003: 286, figs 122–126; Weso -
łowska & Haddad, 2014: 246, fig. 33.
Diagnosis.For diagnosis of the male see Weso ło -
wska (2003). The female of this species is described for
the first time. It is distinctive, and can be recognized by
the very large atria (Figs 74, 75).
Description. Male. See Wesołowska (2003) for de -
scription of male.
Female. Measurements: Cephalothorax: length
1.4–1.5, width 1.1, height 0.5. Eye field: length 0.5–0.6,
anterior width 0.9, posterior width 1.0. Abdomen:
length 1.6–1.7, width 1.1–1.3.
Small black spider, carapace with metallic lustre.
Whole body covered with short dense greyish hairs.
Carapace oval, black, with long dark bristles on eye
field. Mouthparts brown, with pale tips. Sternum black,
labium and endites dark brown, with paler tips.
Abdomen ovoid, black, its anterior margin covering
posterior edge of carapace. Venter blackish, with two
small light patches at base of spinnerets; spinnerets
dark. Legs yellow, only femora brownish; tibiae with
brown lines along lateral surfaces. Palps light. Epigyne
with large central horseshoe-shaped depression (Fig.
74); copulatory openings placed in bottom of very large
cup-shaped atria; seminal ducts thin; spermathecae
spherical, small (Fig. 75).
Material examined.SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern
Cape: Amatola Mountains, Hogsback, 32°33.727’S,
26°54.924’E, 1460 m a.s.l., 28.XI.2013, leg. C. Haddad
& J. Neethling (alpine grassland, grass tussocks), 1Y
2X(NCA 2013/4781).
Distribution.Previously known from the Free
State Province and Lesotho, recorded here from the
Eastern Cape for the first time.
JUMPING SPIDER FAUNA OF SOUTH AFRICA 891
Figures 69–73. Genitalic morphology of Heliophanus gramineus: 69.
Male palpal femur in prolateral view; 70–73. Male left palp in ventral
(70), retrolateral (71), dorso-retrolateral (72) and dorsal (73) views.

892 W. WESOŁOWSKA and C. R. HADDAD
Hyllus dotatus (Peckham & Peckham, 1903)
Habrocestum dotatum Peckham & Peckham, 1903: 239, plate 27,
fig. 6.
Hyllus ventrilineatus Strand, 1906: 665.
Thyene damarensis Lawrence, 1927: 63, plate 2, fig. 50.
Hyllus dotatum Clark, 1974: 17.
Evarcha cara Wesołowska & van Harten, 1994: 22, fig. 50–51.
Hyllus corniger Wesołowska & van Harten, 1994: 43, fig. 93–96.
Evarcha dotata Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2000: 23, figs 29–36.
Hyllus dotatus Logunov, 2004: 87, figs 1–2.
[For a full list of taxonomic references see the World Spider Catalog
(2018)].
Description.See Wesołowska & Russell-Smith
(2000) for description of both sexes.
Material examined.SOUTH AFRICA: Free
State: Amanzi Private Game Reserve, 28°36.722’S,
26°26.148’E, 24.XI.2013–20.I.2014, leg. C. Haddad & V.
Butler (pitfalls, open woodland), 1Y(NCA 2014/1091);
Same locality, 28°36.788’S, 26°25.907’E, 24.XI.2013–
20.I.2014, leg. C. Haddad & V. Butler (pitfalls, closed
woodland), 1Y(NCA 2014/1109).
Habitat and biology. A common species from
grasses, herbs and woody plants in savanna and forest
habitats, but rare in grasslands.
Distribution.Widespread in the Afrotropical
Region. In South Africa it is common in the moister
eastern half of the country, and is recorded here for the
first time from the Free State.
Icius pulchellus Haddad & Wesołowska, 2011
Icius pulchellus Haddad & Wesołowska, 2011: 76, figs 47, 57–62.
Description.See Haddad & Wesołowska (2011) for
description of male. Female unknown.
Material examined.SOUTH AFRICA: Northern
Cape: Port Nolloth, Happy Valley Beach, 29°17.482’S,
16°52.647’E, 27.VII.2017, leg. R. Booysen (hand collect-
ing), 1Y(NCA 2017/1303).
Habitat and biology. Originally described from
grasslands, the newly recorded specimen was sampled
near the ground in coastal habitats in the Succulent
Karoo biome.
Distribution.Previously known from the type local-
ity in the northern Free State Province, recorded here
from the north-western parts of the Northern Cape for
the first time.
Langellurillus squamiger sp. nov.
Figs 28–30, 35, 76–81
Diagnosis.The species is similar to Langellu ril -
lus orbicularis Wesołowska & Cumming, 2008 from
Zimbabwe. The males of both species have a very sim-
ilar palpal organ, but the dorsal tibial apophysis of
L. squamiger has parallel edges and a broad tip,
whereas it tapers towards the tip in L. orbicularis
(compare Fig. 78 herein with figs 80–82 in Wesołowska
& Cumming 2008). The female has a somewhat similar
internal structure of the epigyne to that of L. orbicu-
laris too (compare Fig. 81 herein with fig. 85 in We -
sołowska & Cumming 2008), but it differs in having
a strongly sclerotized posterior part of the epigyne,
with two distinct lobes (Fig. 80), which are absent in
L. orbicularis (Wesołowska & Cumming 2008: fig. 83).
The form of the epigyne is also similar to that of
L. manifestus Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2000
from Tanzania, but the latter species has longer, loop-
ing seminal ducts and much shorter posterior lobes of
the epigyne (compare Figs 80 and 81 herein with figs
145 and 146 in Wesołowska & Russell-Smith 2000).
Etymology.From the Latin squa miger (scaly),
referring to the presence of the feather-shaped setae
on the tip of the dorsal apophysis of the male palp.
Description. Measurements (Y/X). Cephalotho-
rax: length 1.9–2.1/2.4, width 1.4–1.6/1.9, height
0.7–0.9/1.0. Eye field: length 0.7–0.8/0.9, anterior and
posterior width 1.2–1.4/1.4. Abdomen: length 1.5–1.7/
2.2–2.4, width 1.3–1.4/1.7–2.0.
Male. General appearance as in Fig. 28. Carapace
high, with very steep posterior thoracic
slope (as in female, Fig. 30); carapace
dark brown, eye field black. Short thick
setae on anterior part of eye field. Dorsum
covered with dense short white hairs, sim-
ilar hairs form white band along edges of
carapace. Anterior eyes encircled by
small scales, fawn above and white below.
Chelicerae brown, small, toothless.
Endites and labium light brown; sternum
yellowish, tinged with grey centrally.
Abdomen smaller than carapace, round-
ed, brown, with pattern composed of large
yellowish patches (Fig. 28); clothed in
hairs whose colour corresponds with
Figures 74–75. Genitalic morphology of Heliophanus sororius: female epigyne in
ventral view (74) and its internal structure (75).

background. Venter yellowish-grey; anterior spin-
nerets yellow, posterior spinnerets velvety black. Legs
III longest, especially femora, but generally leg seg-
ments short. Legs yellowish-brown, brown hairs form-
ing darker area on tips of segments. Spines numerous,
brown. Pedipalp dark brown, very hairy; long white
hairs on femur, hairs whitish and brown on remaining
segments; light hairs concentrated on retrolateral side
of palp; tegulum very convex, with small tooth-like
tegular apophysis on prolateral edge distally (Fig. 76);
embolus spirally coiled on bulb tip; tibial apophyses as
in Figs 35, 77–79: ventral apophysis short, broad and
hook-shaped; mediolateral apophysis narrow and
slightly curved; dorsolateral apophysis broad, with few
dark scales on the tip (Fig. 35).
Female. General colouration of carapace as in
male, abdomen darker (Figs 29, 30). Epigyne broad,
with strongly sclerotized plate on posterior half, poste-
riorly forming two long lobes separated by deep medi-
an invagination (Fig. 80). Internal structure as in Fig.
81, seminal ducts short, entering into oval antero-medi-
ally positioned spermathecae.
Type material.Holotype: Y: SOUTH AFRICA:
KwaZulu-Natal: Tembe Elephant Park, Manjwana
Picnic Spot, 26°57.503’S, 32°24.442’E, 90 m a.s.l.,
3.XII.2015, leg. C. Haddad (sand forest, hand collecting
in litter) (NCA 2016/2825).
Paratypes: together with holotype, 6Y2X.
Other material.Same locality as holotype, 3.XII.
2015, leg. V. & N. Butler (sifting leaf litter, sand forest),
2Y2X(NCA 2015/2161 – molecular analysis).
Habitat and biology.This species was
collected in leaf litter in Maputaland sand
forests, where it was found foraging to-
gether with two termitophagous species,
Stena elurillus guttiger (Simon, 1901)
and S. mo destus Wesołowska, 2014, as well
as Habroces tum africanum Wesołow-
ska & Haddad, 2009. All of these species
occurred in very high densities, of which
L. squamiger sp. nov. was the least com-
mon. At least some individuals of all four
species were collected feeding on Odon-
totermes termites (Haddad, pers. obs.).
Distribution.Known from the type lo -
cality only.
Massagris maculosa sp. nov.
Figs 31, 36, 62, 82–87
Diagnosis.The male palp of this species
is similar to that of Massagris mohale
Wesołowska & Haddad, 2014 from Lesotho,
but differs in the clearly shorter embolus
and by the presence of a small acute process
basally on the retrolateral side of the tegulum, which is
absent in M. mohale (compare Figs 83–85 herein with
figs 76 and 77 in Wesołowska & Haddad 2014). The
female has a characteristic form of the epigyne, with
lateral membranous “hoods” (Figs 36, 86).
Etymology. From Latin maculosus (spotted),
referring to the abdominal pattern.
Description. Measurements (Y/X): Cephalotho-
rax: length 1.8/1.7, width 1.3/1.2, height 0.8/0.6. Eye
field: length 0.9/0.8, anterior width 0.9/1.0, posterior
width 1.0. Abdomen: length 1.7/1.5, width 1.3/1.2.
Male. General appearance as in Fig. 62. Shape of
body typical for the genus; carapace pear-shaped, mod-
erately high, with eyes set on well-developed tubercles;
abdomen ovoid. Carapace brown, eyes surrounded
black, with two large rounded black spots in centre of
silvery eye field (formed of translucent guanine crys-
tals). Some white hairs on carapace slopes, long brown
bristles near eyes. Clypeus low, brown, with few white
hairs. Labium and endites brownish, with light tips;
sternum yellow in centre and brownish marginally.
Chelicerae similar to M. mohale, with five small teeth
on promargin and large plate-shaped tooth on retro-
margin (Fig. 82). Abdomen creamy-white, with pattern
composed of numerous dark dots and spots (Fig. 62);
abdominal anterior margin with long light hairs. Ven-
tral abdominal colouration similar to that of dorsum;
spinnerets dark. Legs brownish, with darker femora;
leg hairs brown and greyish. Pedipalps large, dark
brown; palpal tibia with long, thin, slightly curved
apophysis, with some white scales on tibial dorsum;
JUMPING SPIDER FAUNA OF SOUTH AFRICA 893
Figures 76–81. Genitalic morphology of Langelurillus squamiger sp. nov.: 76–79.
Male left palp in prolateral-ventral (76), ventral (77), retrolateral-ventral (78) and
retrolateral (79) views; 80, 81. Female epigyne in ventral view (80) and its internal
structure (81).

tegulum wide and short, with small triangular acute
process basally on retrolateral side; embolus broad,
spirally coiled on distal haematodocha (Figs 83–85).
Female. General appearance as in Fig. 31. Shape of
body and colouration similar to male, but slightly
lighter. Carapace creamy, with dark areas around eyes
and brown marks on thoracic part; eye field with
translucent guanine crystals. Anterior eyes encircled
by white hairs. Pattern of abdomen as in male, com-
posed of numerous dark dots and spots on light back-
ground (Fig. 31). Legs whitish, with dark marks. Epi-
gyne broad, weakly sclerotized, with large shallow
depression (Figs 36, 86); internal structure as in Fig.
87, lateral membranous “hoods” clearly visible; copula-
tory openings positioned anteriorly, inlet part of semi-
nal ducts broad, with large accessory glands, distal
part thin and very long, forming several loops.
Type material.Holotype: Y: SOUTH AFRICA:
Western Cape: George, Outeniquastrand, 34°02.754’S,
22°17.037’E, 75 m a.s.l., 7.I.2015, leg. C. Haddad (base of
grass tussocks) (NCA 2015/1761).
Paratype: Same locality as holotype, 5.I.2018, leg. C.
Haddad (leaf litter and rocks, coastal thicket), 1X
(NCA 2018/13).
Habitat and biology.A ground-dwell ing species
collected from coastal thicket.
Distribution.Only known from the type
locality.
Massagris mirifica Peckham & Peckham,
1903
Figs 37, 63, 64, 88–92
Massagris mirificus Peckham & Peckham, 1903: 186,
table 19, figs 1, 1a; Wesołowska, 1993: 137, figs 1–8.
Massagris cf. honesta Maddison & Needham, 2006: 49,
fig. 12.
Massagris concortuplicata Wesołowska & Haddad,
2013: 208, figs 89, 103–106, syn. n.
Description. Measurements (Y/X):
Cephalothorax: length 1.9–2.0/2.2, width
1.3–1.6/1.5, height 0.7–0.8/0.8. Eye field:
length 0.9–1.0/1.1, anterior width 1.1/1.2,
posterior width 1.2/1.3. Abdomen: length
2.0–2.2/2.0, width 1.3–1.4/1.3.
Male. General appearance as in Fig. 63.
Carapace pear-shaped, moderately high,
gently sloping posteriorly; eye field large,
with eyes set on well-developed tubercles;
fovea long, sulciform. Thoracic part of cara-
pace brown, vicinity of eyes black, eye field
yellowish-orange, with two large brown
transverse spots running from anterior lat-
eral eyes to centre of eye field. Sternum
dirty yellow; labium and endites dark
brown, with light tips. Chelicerae pluridentate, both
margins with five teeth, median promarginal tooth larg-
er than others (Fig. 88). Abdomen ovoid, greyish-yellow
(with silver guanine crystals seen through translucent
integument), with brown marks, denser on sides (Fig.
63). Venter yellow, with wide grey median belt; spin-
nerets yellowish-grey, their bases encircled by black
rings. Legs yellow; femora I and II and first tibia brown-
ish-grey. Pedipalps large, brown, palpal organ as in
Figs 37, 89–91; palpal tibia short, with long, thin, almost
straight apophysis; tegulum oval, rounded basally, with
small process basally on retrolateral side; embolar sec-
tion strongly sclerotized, prolateral side of base with
small curved apophysis, embolus slightly curved, with
notched tip.
Female. General appearance as in Fig. 64. Simi-
lar to male, slightly lighter coloured. Silver spots
formed by translucent guanine crystals covering eye
field and abdomen. Some white hairs on carapace
slopes. Legs and palps whitish. Epigyne weakly scle-
rotized, with two widely separated shallow depres-
sions situated laterally (Fig. 92); for internal structure
see fig. 106 in Wesołowska & Haddad (2013): seminal
ducts very long and thin, forming several loops,
spermathecae tubiform, placed in anterior part of
epigyne.
894 W. WESOŁOWSKA and C. R. HADDAD
Figures 82–87. Morphology of Massagris maculosa sp. nov.: 82. Male cheliceral
dentition; 83–85. Male left palp in ventral (83), retrolateral (84) and dorsal (85) views;
86, 87. Female epigyne in ventral view (86) and its internal structure (87).

Material examined.SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern
Cape: Addo Elephant Park, Woody Cape, 33°45’S,
26°23’E, no date, leg. L. Wiese (hand collecting), 1Y
(NCA 2016/2897); Same locality, no date, leg. L. Wiese
(sweep-netting), 1Y(NCA 2016/2900); Fort Fordyce
Nature Reserve, 32°41.133’S, 26°29.875’E, 1090 m a.s.l.,
30.XI.2013, leg. C. Haddad (Afromontane forest, fog-
ging mixed canopy), 2Y1X(NCA 2013/4424). Kwa-
Zulu-Natal: iSimangaliso Wetland Park, St Lucia,
28°23.065’S, 32°24.423’E, 24 m a.s.l., 13.V.2012, leg.
J. Neethling & C. Luwes (canopy fogging, coastal for-
est, Tri chilia dregeana), 3Y3X(NCA 2013/4814);
Same locality, Gwa la-Gwala Forest, 28°23.157’S,
32°24.341’E, 20 m a.s.l., 30.XI.2015, leg. C. Haddad & V.
Butler (beating shrubs, coas tal forest), 1Y(NCA
2016/2192).
Remarks.Both species were originally described
from a single sex only, viz.M. mirifica (Y) and
M. contortuplicata (X). Some of the studied samples
contain both males and females together, so the two
species can be synonymized.
Habitat and biology.An arboreal species collected
by canopy fogging and beating, primarily in Afromon-
tane and coastal forests.
Distribution.A widespread species known from
the Eastern Cape and Kwa Zulu-Natal.
Massagris natalensis Wesołowska & Haddad, 2009
Figs 93–95, 100, 101
Massagris natalensis Wesołowska & Haddad, 2009: 53, figs 93–98,
218.
Diagnosis.For diagnosis of the male see Weso -
łowska & Haddad (2009). The female of this species is
described for the first time. The female resembles that
of M. mirifica, but is darker in colour, the epigynal
depressions are clearly larger, the seminal ducts are
shorter, and the accessory glands are considerably
longer.
Description. Male. See Wesołowska & Haddad
(2009) for description of male.
Female. Measurements: Cephalothorax: length
2.4, width 1.9, height 0.8. Eye field: length 1.3, anterior
width 1.5, posterior width 1.4. Abdomen: length 3.0,
width 2.4.
General appearance in Figs 93–95. Carapace medi-
um high, gently sloping posteriorly; eye field large,
occupying half carapace length, eyes set on tubercles.
Carapace dark brown, clothed in dense brown hairs,
sides black; some white hairs on slopes; eyes surround-
ed by black area. Clypeus low and brown, with some
whitish hairs. Sternum brown, lighter at its centre;
mouthparts dark, with paler tips; labium and endites
light brown. Chelicerae pluridentate, promargin with
five small teeth, retromargin with 6–7 diminutive teeth.
Abdomen oval, dark brown, with several pairs of small
yellowish spots, covered with brown hairs (Figs 93–95).
Venter dark, with four lines composed of light dots.
Legs yellow, with brown patches on lateral surfaces
and dark rings distally on some segments. Leg hairs
whitish, spines brown. Pedipalps yellow. Epigyne
weakly sclerotized, with two widely separated large
oval shallow depressions (Fig. 100); copulatory open-
ings placed at posterior edges of depressions; long
accessory glands enter into seminal ducts just after
median bend, distal parts of seminal ducts form sev-
eral loops (Fig. 101).
Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Kwa-Zulu-
Natal: Ithala Game Reserve, Ntshondwe Camp,
27°32.699’S, 31°16.911’E, 27.I.2014, leg. C. Haddad
(night collection), 1X(NCA 2013/4973); Same locality
and date, leg. C. Haddad & Z. Mbo (short forest, sifting
leaf litter), 1Y(NCA 2013/4943); Same locality, Doorn -
kraal Camp, 27°30.735’S, 31°12.231’E, 28.I.2014, leg. C.
Haddad (hand collecting on ground), 1X(NCA 2013/
4928); Ndumo Game Reserve, Red Cliffs road,
26°51.696’S, 32°13.255’E, 15.I.2015, leg. C. Haddad (hand
collecting), 1X(NCA 2015/1713); Same locality, Shokwe
Pan, 26°52.492’S, 32°12.420’E, 45 m a.s.l., 3.XII.2015, leg.
C. Haddad, R. Booysen, V. & N. Butler (hand collecting,
Ficus sycomorus forest), 1Y(NCA 2016/2104);
Ophathe Game Reserve, Reservoir, 28°22.438’S,
JUMPING SPIDER FAUNA OF SOUTH AFRICA 895
Figures 88–92. Morphology of Massagris mirifica: 88. Male cheliceral
dentition; 89–91. Male left palp in ventral (89), retrolateral-ventral (90)
and retrolateral (91) views; 92. Female epigyne in ventral view.

896 W. WESOŁOWSKA and C. R. HADDAD
31°23.381’E, 850 m a.s.l., 1.IV.2017, leg. C. Haddad & R.
Booysen (under logs and rocks), 1Y(NCA 2016/2915).
Habitat and biology. A ground-dwelling spe-
cies collected from beneath rocks and logs in savanna
habitats, where it is well camouflaged against the sub-
strate.
Distribution.Known only from northern KwaZulu-
Natal.
Menemerus rubicundus Lawrence, 1928
Figs 65, 96, 102–106
Menemerus rubicundus Lawrence, 1928: 259, plate 22, fig. 41; We -
sołowska, 1999: 329, figs 252–255.
Diagnosis.The male of this species is described
for the first time. Its palpal organ is similar to that of
Figures 93–99. Habitus photographs of live South African jumping spiders in dorsal (93, 96, 97), frontal (94, 98) and lateral (95, 99) views: 93–95.
Massagris natalensis, female; 96. Menemerus rubicundus, female; 97–99. Microbianor furcatus, female. Photographs by V. van der Walt
(93–95, 97–99) and C. Haddad (96).

Menemerus animatus O. P.-Cambridge, 1876, but dif-
fers by the clearly larger, plate-shaped dorsal tibial
apophysis (Fig. 103). For diagnosis of the female see
Weso łowska (1999).
Description. Measurements (Y/X): Cephalotho-
rax: length 2.4/2.2–3.1, width 1.8/1.6–2.4, height 0.7/
0.6–0.7. Eye field: length 1.1/1.0–1.3, anterior width
1.4/1.3–1.6, posterior width 1.3/1.2–1.5. Abdomen:
length 2.2/2.9–4.2, width 1.7/2.1–2.5.
Male. General appearance as in Fig. 65. Carapace
oval, flattened, dark brown, with black eye field,
clothed in dense grey hairs adpressed to carapace sur-
face. Some hairs fawn, especially on eye field, where
tufts form between eyes of first row. Long dark bristles
at anterior of carapace, thin whitish belts along lateral
margins. Clypeus low, covered with white hairs. Mouth-
parts dark brown, sternum greyish-brown. Ab domen
oval, flat, black, with fawn herring bone-shaped pat-
tern, densely covered in fine hairs (Fig. 65). Venter and
lateral sides of abdomen light; spinnerets black. Legs
yellow, with brown rings at distal ends of segments;
femora of first legs brown. Leg hairs thin, light. Pedi-
palp brown, clothed in dense grey and fawn hairs; tegu-
lum oval, with large prolateral posterior lobe; embolus
short, slightly curved; palpal tibia with triangular ven-
tral apophysis and broad, flattened dorsal apophysis
with rounded tip (Figs 102–105).
Female. Similar to male (Fig. 96), slightly darker
coloured. Abdomen black with fawn spots; in bigger
specimen with lighter median longitudinal belt. Legs
almost brown, with lighter marks only. Hairs covering
body not as dense as in male. Epigyne with two oval
depressions anteriorly (Fig. 106). For details of in -
ternal structure see Weso łowska 1999: fig. 255.
Material examined.SOUTH AFRICA: Free State:
Bloemfontein, Free State National Botanical Gardens,
29°02’S, 26°12’E, 20.X.2015, leg. C. Haddad (under
rocks, hillside), 2X(NCA 2015/2139); Luckhoff district,
Bankfontein farm, 30°04.421’S, 24°53.017’E, 6–8.IV.
2015, leg. C. Haddad (hand collecting, Nama Karoo
veld), 1Y1X(NCA 2015/1809); Same local-
ity, 30°04.227’S, 24°55.625’E, 25.III.2017,
leg. C. Haddad (hand collecting, hillside),
2X(NCA 2017/1456). Northern Cape:
Hartswater, 27°51.082’S, 24°48.994’E,
19.V.2014, leg. V. Swart (on bark of pecan
tree in orchard), 1X(NCA 2014/1119).
Habitat and biology.A species pre-
dominantly sam pled from rocks and large
boulders, on which it is very well camou-
flaged (Fig. 96).
Distribution.Previously known from
Namibia only, recorded here from South
Africa for the first time.
Microbianor furcatus Haddad & Wesołowska, 2013
Figs 32, 97–99, 107, 108
Microbianor furcatus Haddad & Wesołowska, 2013: 489, figs 68–72,
75–76.
Diagnosis.For diagnosis of the male see Weso -
łowska & Haddad (2013). The female of this species is
described for the first time. The female is distinctive in
having the body with a metallic lustre, caused by the
presence of bright multicoloured scales. Its epigyne is
also unusual, with a small additional hood in front of
the epigynal pocket (Fig. 107).
Description. Male. See Haddad & We sołowska
(2013) for description of male.
Female. Measurements: Cephalothorax: length
0.9–1.1, width 1.1, height 0.5. Eye field: length 0.6–0.8,
anterior width 0.8, posterior width 1.1. Abdomen:
length 1.0–1.4, width 1.1.
Habitus as in the male (Figs 32, 97–99). Small spi-
der, its body stout and flattened. Carapace pitted, dark
brown, its posterior part covered by anterior edge of
abdomen. Eye field large, trapezoid, occupying majori-
ty of carapace. Abdomen short, flattened, rounded,
blackish-brown, with traces of three lighter transverse
streaks. Entire body, including legs, with metallic lus-
tre, comprising bright violet, blue, pink and orange
scales (Figs 32, 97–99). Ventral surface of body dark
brown. Legs brown, femora darker; first legs stouter
than others, with swollen tibiae, long feather-shaped
hairs on femora dorsally. Epigyne with broad shallow
anterior pocket, narrow deep median pocket, and
curved lateral ridges (Fig. 107); internal structure as
in Fig. 108: copulatory openings tiny, placed medi-
ally, with very short laterally-directed seminal duct
(arrowhead in Fig. 108) entering oval spermathecae.
Material examined.SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern
Cape: Mount Coke State Forest, 32°59.452’S,
27°28.740’E, 395 m a.s.l., 29.XI.2013, leg. C. Haddad
(Afromontane forest, beating shrubs and low veget a -
tion), 1X(NCA 2014/1121); same data, 3X(NCA 2014/
JUMPING SPIDER FAUNA OF SOUTH AFRICA 897
Figures 100–101. Genitalic morphology of Massagris natalensis: female epigyne
in ventral view (100) and its internal structure (101).

4926). Free State: Amanzi Private Game Reserve,
28°36.712’S, 26°26.186’E, 1450 m a.s.l., 10.X.2017, leg. C.
Haddad (base of grass tussocks), 1X(NCA 2017/ 931);
Bloemfontein, Free Sta te National Botanical Garden,
29°03.115’S, 26°12.806’E, 16.II.2015, leg. R. Booysen
(beat ing shrubs, open grass land), 2X(NCA 2014/1940).
Habitat and biology.A tiny beetle-like salticid re -
sembling small ladybirds (Coleo ptera: Coccinellidae),
collected from low-growing vegetation in the Grassland
and Forest biomes.
Distribution.A species previously known only from
the type locality (Free State National Botanical Gar-
den), recorded from a second locality in the Free State
and from the Eastern Cape for the first time.
Microbianor simplex sp. nov.
Figs 66, 109–111
Diagnosis.The palpal organ of this spe cies is simi-
lar to that in Microbianor deltshevi Logunov, 2009,
but differs in the size and shape of the embolus, the tip
of which protrudes beyond the tegulum, whereas in
M. deltshevi the embolic tip is almost level with the
distal end of the tegulum (compare Fig. 109 herein with
fig. 20 in Logunov 2009). The abdomen of the male of
M. deltshevi is covered by a dorsal scutum, which is
absent in M. simplex sp. nov. Female unknown.
Etymology.From Latin simplex (un complicated),
in reference to the simple struc ture of the palp of this
species.
Description. Male. Measurements: Ce phalo thorax:
length 1.3, width 1.4, height 0.7. Eye field: length 0.8,
anterior width 1.2, posterior width 1.3. Abdomen:
length 1.4, width 1.2.
Very small species, general appearance as in Fig.
66. Carapace flattened, with trapezoid eye field; dark
brown, vicinity of eyes darker. Short dense grey hairs
cover carapace, with brown bristles among them,
longer at first row of eyes. Anterior eyes encircled
by small fawn scales; clypeus and dorsal surface of
chelicerae with mat of white hairs. Mouthparts and
sternum brown. Abdomen ovoid, dorsum beige, with
grey pattern (Fig. 66); clothed in dense short grey
hairs, with some brown bristles between them. Venter
almost black; spinnerets long, anterior pair grey, pos-
terior pair blackish. First pair of legs stouter that oth-
ers, brown, with long feather-like hairs on ventral sur-
face of femora, patellae and tibiae; other legs yellow,
with dark marks. Pedipalps small; tibia with single
straight apophysis; tegulum oval, with short prolateral
distal embolus (Figs 109–111).
Female. Unknown.
Type material. Holotype: Y: SOUTH AFRICA:
West ern Cape: Witteberg Nature Reserve,
33°20.653’S, 20°30.310’E, 925 m a.s.l., 11.IX–19.X.2015,
leg. Z. Mbo (woodland, pitfall trap) (NCA 2016/2656).
Habitat and biology.A ground-dwelling species
collected in a woodland in the Nama Karoo biome.
Distribution.Known from the type locality only.
Neaetha irreperta Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2000
Figs 112, 117, 118
Neaetha irreperta Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2000: 76, figs
200–204.
Neaetha sp. Haddad & Wesołowska, 2013: 492, fig. 77.
Description. Male. See Wesołowska & Russell-
Smith (2000) for description of male.
Female. Measurements: Cephalothorax: length 1.2,
width 1.3, height 0.6. Eye field: length 0.6, anterior
width 1.0, posterior width 1.2. Abdomen: 1.5, width 1.3.
General appearance as in Fig. 112. Carapace round-
ed, high, widest at last row of eyes. Colouration of cara-
pace brown, with thin black line along carapace edges;
eye field slightly lighter, eyes with black rings. Dense
whitish-grey hairs cover thoracic part, among them
sparse long brown bristles, eye field clothed in dense
898 W. WESOŁOWSKA and C. R. HADDAD
Figures 102–106. Genitalic morphology of Menemerus rubicundus:
102–105. Male left palp in ventral (102), retrolateral-ventral (103),
retrolateral (104) and dorsal (105) views; 106. Female epigyne in
ventral view.

white scales. Anterior median eyes encircled by fawn
scales at bottom and white scales above. Clypeus with
mat of white scales, spreading to sides. Mouthparts
brown; sternum brown, with yellow patch in centre.
Abdomen almost round, its anterior part covering pos-
terior edge of carapace; dorsum yellowish, with pattern
of dark grey lines and marks, serrated light median
belt in posterior half (Fig. 112); abdominal dorsum
clothed in dense white and brown hairs. Venter black-
ish, with three light longitudinal stripes (median one
broadest); spinnerets black. Legs yellow, with black
rings; first pair slightly darker, brownish; femora III
long. Pedipalps yellow. Epigyne weakly sclerotized,
with central pocket and semicircular anterior ridges
(Fig. 117); internal structure as in Fig. 118: antero-lat-
eral copulatory openings entering broad seminal ducts,
curving posteriorly, entering multilobed oval spermath-
ecae.
Material examined.KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo
Game Reserve, Nyamiti Pan, 26°53.359’S, 32°17.732’E,
30 m a.s.l., 7.IV.2017, leg. C. Haddad & R. Booysen
(under Vachellia xanthophloea bark), 1X(NCA
2017/1120).
Remarks.Members of the genus Neaetha Simon,
1884 are only exceptionally recorded in southern
Africa. So far only a single female has been found in the
Limpopo Province of South Africa (Haddad & Wesołow -
ska 2013). Ours is the second record from the region.
Relying on colouration, we determine these females as
members of N. irreperta Wesołowska & Russell-
Smith, 2000, known from Tanzania. However, as fe -
males of all Neaetha species look very similar and
have an almost identical epigyne structure, only the
discovery of males would allow for their unequivocal
determination.
Habitat and biology.Poorly known; collected from
tree bark and grass tussocks in the Savanna Biome.
Distribution.This species was described from the
Mkomazi Game Reserve in Tanzania and also recorded
from the Jubaweni Game Reserve (24°47’S, 28°49’E) in
the Limpopo Province of South Africa. Recorded here
from KwaZulu-Natal for the first time.
Pseudicius matabelensis Wesołowska, 2011
Pseudicius matabelensis Wesołowska, 2011: 338, fig. 73–78.
Description.See Wesołowska (2011) for descrip-
tion of both sexes.
Material examined.SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-
Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve, Southern boundary,
26°53.276’S, 32°11.025’E, 30.I.2014, leg. C. Haddad & Z.
Mbo (canopy fogging, Senegalia nigre scens), 2Y2X
(NCA 2013/5248).
Habitat and biology.An arboreal spe cies recorded
from the Savanna biome.
Distribution.A species previously known from
Zimbabwe and Namibia, recorded here from South
Africa for the first time.
Pseudicius procerus sp. nov.
Figs 113, 114, 119–124
Diagnosis.The species is similar to Pseudicius
matabelensis Wesołowska, 2011. The male may be
recognized by the shape of the palpal tibial apophysis,
which gradually narrows towards the end, while it is
parallel-sided for most of its length in P. matabelen-
sis, forming a short sharp tip; P. procerus sp. nov.
also has a longer embolus and more oval bulb (compare
Fig. 121 herein with fig. 74 in Wesołowska 2011). The
female has the epigyne with anterior pockets separat-
ed and directed mesally, whereas they are touching
and directed anteriorly in P. matabelensis. The semi-
nal ducts are also longer, broader, and have a slightly
different course than in P. matabelensis (compare
Fig. 124 herein with fig. 78 in Wesołowska 2011).
Etymology.From Latin procerus (elongate), refer-
ring to the very long tibial apophysis of the male palp.
Description. Measurements (Y/X): Ce phalo -
thorax: length 1.8–2.0/1.6, width 1.3–1.4/1.2, height
0.5/0.5. Eye field: length 0.8–0.9/0.7, anterior width
JUMPING SPIDER FAUNA OF SOUTH AFRICA 899
Figures 107–111. Genitalic morphology of Microbianor furcatus (107,
108) and M. simplex (109–111): 107, 108. Female epigyne in ventral
view (107) and its internal structure (108); 109–111. Male left palp in
ventral (109), retrolateral (110) and prolateral (111) views.

0.9–1.0/0.9, posterior width 1.0–1.1/1.0. Abdomen:
1.8–2.0/2.04, width 1.2–1.3/1.3.
Male. General appearance as in Fig. 113. Carapace
flat, elongated, dark brown, with black eye field;
clothed in colourless hairs, with very long brown bris-
tles at anterior eyes. White hairs form median streak
on thoracic part, two similar streaks along carapace
sides (but edges framed by black lines) and thin white
transverse line on anterior part of eye field, behind
first eye row. Clypeus low, covered with white hairs.
900 W. WESOŁOWSKA and C. R. HADDAD
Figures 112–116. Digital microscope photographs of South African jumping spiders in dorsal (112–115) views, and dorsal view of abdomen (116):
112. Neaetha irreperta, female; 113, 114. Pseudicius procerus sp. nov., male (113) and female (114); 115. Rhene legitima sp. nov., male; 116.
Thyenula splendens sp. nov., male. Photographs by W. Wesołowska.

Chelicerae dark brown; endites, labium and sternum
light brown. Abdomen ovoid, dark brown, with two lon-
gitudinal white stripes and two poorly contrasting light
transverse belts, anterior edge of abdomen also whitish
(Fig. 113); dorsum of abdomen covered with dense
hairs. Venter yellowish brown; spinnerets dark. Legs
brownish, first pair long and stout, dark brown, tibia
slightly swollen, with single short thick prolateral spine
placed near distal end, metatarsus with two pairs of
similar ventral spines. Leg hairs brown,
sparse, very long. Stridulatory apparatus
present, consisting of row of stiff bristles on
carapace sides below eye field and short
bristles on ventral surface of femur I. Pedi-
palps brown, femur with shallow groove on
prolateral side (Fig. 119); palpal tibia with
extremely long apophysis, pointed, slightly
curved, gradually narrowing distally; tegu-
lum oval, embolus medium sized, its base
placed prolaterally on tegulum (Figs
120–122).
Female. General appearance as in Fig.
114. Size and shape of body similar to that
of male. Colouration of carapace slightly
less contrasting. Abdomen dark brown,
with two transverse white stripes (one at
anterior margin, second at mid-length), and
two pairs of white spots and two chevrons
in posterior half (Fig. 114). Venter light;
spinnerets greyish. Legs whitish-yellow,
first pair brown (except femora). Epigyne
with pair of slightly separated anterior
pockets (Fig. 123); internal structure as in
Fig. 124: copulatory openings placed pos-
terolaterally, seminal ducts long, looping;
spermathecae longitudinal, elongate, mes -
ally located in posterior half of epigyne.
Type material. Holotype: Y: SOUTH
AFRICA: Northern Cape: Kakamas, Die
Mas, Camp site, 28°43.763’S, 20°38.732’E,
12.VII. 2017, leg. R. Booysen (beating) (NCA
2017/1202).
Paratypes: together with holotype, 1Y,
1X.
Habitat and biology.An arboreal
species sampled from short shrubs and
bushes in arid Nama Karoo habitats.
Distribution.Known from the type
locality only.
Rhene amanzi Wesołowska & Haddad,
2013
Figs 38, 125, 126
Rhene amanzi Wesołowska & Haddad, 2013: 222, figs
140–141.
Diagnosis.For diagnosis of the male see Weso -
łowska & Haddad (2013). The female of this species is
described for the first time. Its epigyne resembles that
of R. timidus Wesołowska & Haddad, 2013 from the
Eastern Cape in South Africa, but has a shallower
notch on the posterior epigynal edge, a different atrial
shape, more complex spermathecae, and differently
situated accessory glands (compare Fig. 126 herein
JUMPING SPIDER FAUNA OF SOUTH AFRICA 901
Figures 119–124. Genitalic morphology of Pseudicius procerus sp. nov.: 119. Male
palpal femur in retrolateral view; 120–122. Male left palp in prolateral (120), ventral
(121) and retrolateral (122) views; 123, 124. Female epigyne in ventral view (123) and
its internal structure (124).
Figures 117–118. Genitalic morphology of Neaetha irreperta: female epigyne in
ventral view (117) and its internal structure (118).

902 W. WESOŁOWSKA and C. R. HADDAD
with fig. 150 in Wesołowska & Haddad 2013). Besides
genitalic differences, R. timidus is larger (~6 mm)
and lighter in colour.
Description. Male. See Wesołowska & Haddad
(2013) for description of male.
Female. Measurements: Cephalothorax: length 1.3,
width 1.5, height 0.6. Eye field: length 0.8, anterior
width 1.2, posterior width 1.5. Abdomen: length 2.2,
width 1.9.
Habitus similar to male. Robust, flattened, dark-
coloured spider, habitus typical for Rhene. Carapace
almost black, pitted, with brown bristles at anterior
eyes, some very short white hairs on lateral slopes.
Abdomen blackish, dorsum covered with delicate scu-
tum, clothed in very short dark hairs. Venter brown;
spinnerets dark. Legs short, first pair stout, brown, legs
II–IV with lighter distal segments. Epigyne
rounded, with small notch in posterior edge,
copulatory openings situated in its anterior
part (Figs 38, 125); atria depressed, with
strongly sclerotized lips; seminal ducts
broad, forming few loops; accessory glands
large, spermathecae strongly sclerotized
(Fig. 126).
Material examined.SOUTH AFRICA:
Free State: Brandfort district, Amanzi
Private Game Reserve, 28°34.780’S,
26°27.304’E, 23.I.2014, leg. C. Haddad & V.
Butler (canopy fogging Olea europaea),
1X(NCA 2013/4927).
Remarks.Although the female speci-
men was collected alone, its similarity to
the appearance of the male and collecting
from the same locality as the holotype
allow for its recognition as the missing sex
of R. amanzi.
Habitat and biology.A rare species
collected by sweeping grass or canopy fog-
ging small trees.
Distribution.Species known only from
the Amanzi Private Game Reserve in cen-
tral South Africa.
Rhene biguttata Peckham & Peckham,
1903
Figs 39, 132–134, 144, 145
Rhene biguttata Peckham & Peckham, 1903: 221,
plate 24, fig. 3; Wesołowska, 2012: 335, fig. 37–39.
Description.See Wesołowska (2012)
for description of the male. Female un -
known.
Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA:
Eastern Cape: King William’s Town State
Forest, 32°58.331’S, 27°16.990’E, 450 m
a.s.l., 29.XI. 2013, leg. C. Haddad (beating, mixed for-
est), 1Y(NCA 2014/1125).
Remarks. The species was recently redescribed
based on the types from Durban in KwaZulu-Natal
(Wesołowska 2012). It has not been recollected since
the original description more than a century ago. A live
male specimen was recently collected in the Eastern
Cape and photographed, showing the living coloura-
tion as a deep maroon, with markings comprised of
creamy-yellow setae (Figs 132–134). However, in alco-
hol the integument is deep orange to red-brown in dif-
ferent parts of the body, with blackish areas, and the
setal markings are cream (Figs 144, 145). The distinct
palpal structure (Fig. 39) of this specimen corresponds
to the figures of Wesołowska (2012), confirming its
identity.
Figures 125–131. Genitalic morphology of Rhene amanzi (125, 126), R. legitima
sp. nov. (127–129) and R. pinguis (130, 131): 125, 126, 130, 131. Female epigynes in
ventral view (125, 130) and their internal structure (126, 131); 127–129. Male left palp
in ventral (127) and retrolateral (128) views, and enlargement of embolus (129).

Habitat and biology.A rare arboreal species col-
lected in coastal and Afromontane forests.
Distribution.A species previously known only from
the type locality, recorded here from the Eastern Cape
for the first time.
Rhene legitima sp. nov.
Figs 40, 115, 127–129, 135–137
Diagnosis.The male palp of this species is similar
to that of Rhene punctatus Wesołowska & Haddad,
2013, but differs by the shape of the embolar division:
in R. legitima sp. nov. the embolus adheres closely to
the membranous part of the anterior haematodocha,
whereas these structures are clearly separated in
R. punctatus (compare Figs 127 and 129 herein with
fig. 146 in Wesołowska & Haddad 2013).
Etymology.From Latin legitimus (proper), refer-
ring to the morphological characters strongly support-
ing its placement in the genus.
Description. Male. Measurements: Cephalothorax:
length 1.4, width 1.5, height 0.6. Eye field: length 0.8,
anterior width 0.9, posterior width 1.4. Abdomen:
length 1.5, width 1.4.
Shape of body typical for Rhene, general appear-
ance in Figs 115, 135–137. Small, robust spider with flat-
tened body; whole body (including legs) clothed in pro-
fuse hairs, creating many tufts. Carapace trapezoid,
dark brown, eye field large, with black area surround-
ing eyes. Dorsal surface clothed in dense white hairs,
among them brown bristles, hairs on sides long. White
hairs also on dorsal surface of chelicerae and between
eyes of first row. Chelicerae unidentate, brown; labium
and endites slightly lighter; sternum brown. Abdomen
heart-shaped, its anterior edge covering posterior part
of carapace; abdominal dorsum very light, yellowish,
both dorsal and ventral surface with numerous silver
patches (translucent guanine crystals); whole abdomen
with dense long light hairs, which form brush on anteri-
or edge, posteriorly some long brown bristles (Fig. 115,
135–137). Spinnerets yellow, posterior pair with darker
tips. Legs yellow, with brown dots on slightly darker
first pair, with long dense hairs on ventral surface of
femora and tibiae. Pedipalps dark, hairy; tibial apophy -
sis curved, pointed; tegulum convex, embolus short and
wide, closely associated with membranous extension of
tegulum (Figs 40, 127–129).
Female. Unknown.
Type material.Holotype: male: SOUTH AFRICA:
Eastern Cape: Mount Coke State Forest, 32°59.452’S,
27°28.740’E, 395 m a.s.l., 29.XI.2013, leg. C. Haddad
(Afromontane forest, beating shrubs and low vegeta-
tion) (NCA 2014/1120).
Habitat and biology.An arboreal species collected
from an Afromontane forest fragment. The fluffy gener-
al appearance of the species (Figs 115, 135–137) sug-
gests that it may mimic an insect, possibly scale insects
(Hemiptera: Coccoidea) or larval lacewings (Neu-
roptera: Chrysopidae).
Distribution.Known from the type locality only.
Rhene pinguis Wesołowska & Haddad, 2009
Figs 130, 131
Rhene pinguis Wesołowska & Haddad, 2009: 78, figs 165–169.
Diagnosis.For diagnosis of the male see Weso łow -
ska & Haddad (2009). The female of this species is de -
scribed for the first time. The epigyne of this species is
similar to that in R. formosa Rollard & Wesołowska,
2002 from the Nimba Mountains in Guinea, but has
shorter copulatory ducts with an additional loop, larger
spermathecae, copulatory openings directed mesally
rather than laterally, and differently shaped atria
(compare Fig. 131 herein with fig. 16C in Rollard
& Wesołowska 2002).
Description. Male. See Wesołowska & Haddad
(2009) for description of male.
Female. Measurements: Cephalothorax: length
1.2–1.5, width 1.2–1.4, height 0.5–0.6. Eye field: length
0.9–1.0, anterior width 0.9–1.0, posterior width 1.2–1.4.
Abdomen: length 1.4–2.0, width 1.3–1.6.
Habitus typical for the genus Rhene. Robust,
flattened spider, with large trapezoid eye field. Cara-
pace dark brown, eye field pitted, clothed in dense
brown hairs. White hairs form small patches in front of
posterior lateral eyes, two spots in centre of ocular
area and median stripe on thoracic part. Cheli-
cerae and sternum brown; labium and endites with
narrow pale line along tips. Abdomen oval, brown,
covered with dense brown hairs, five pairs of small
whitish spots placed along dorsum medially and two
pairs of similar spots placed submarginally. Venter
dark; spinnerets brown. Legs short, light brown, with
white hairs on distal ends of femora. Epigyne rounded,
copulatory openings situated in its anterior part,
plugged with waxy secretion (Fig. 130); copulatory
openings directed mesally, hidden in very strongly scle-
rotized “baskets”, entering long, thin mesal seminal
ducts that form two loops posterolaterally before enter-
ing strongly sclerotized spermathecae (Fig. 131).
Material examined.SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-
Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve, road to Shokwe Pan,
26°52.550’S, 32°12.695’E, 30.I.2014, leg. C. Haddad
& Z. Mbo (canopy fogging, Albizia versicolor), 2Y4X
(NCA 2014/939), 1Y2X(NCA 2014/940).
Habitat and biology.An arboreal species collected
by beating and canopy fogging in Mahemane thicket
and Ficus sycomorus forest.
Distribution.Species known only from the Ndumo
Game Reserve.
JUMPING SPIDER FAUNA OF SOUTH AFRICA 903

904 W. WESOŁOWSKA and C. R. HADDAD
Figures 132–143. Habitus photographs of live South African jumping spiders in dorsal (132, 135, 138, 141), frontal (133, 136, 139, 142) and lateral
(134, 137, 140, 143) views: 132–134. Rhene biguttata, male; 135–137. Rhene legitima sp. nov., male; 138–143. Thyenula splendens sp. nov.,
male (138–140) and female (141–143). Photographs by V. van der Walt.
Rhene timidus Wesołowska & Haddad, 2013
Rhene timidus Wesołowska & Haddad, 2013: 226, figs 98,
149–150.
Description.See Wesołowska & Haddad (2013) for
description of the female. Male unknown.
Material examined.SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-
Natal: Ithala Game Reserve, Doornkraal Camp,
27°30.735’S, 31°12.231’E, 28.I.2014, leg. C. Haddad & Z.
Mbo (canopy fogging, mixed trees), 1X(NCA 2013/
5280); Same locality, Ntshondwe Camp, 27°32.699’S,
31°16.911’E, 27.I.2014, leg. C. Haddad (night collecting),
1X(NCA 2013/4974).

Habitat and biology.An arboreal species recorded
from the Savanna and Forest biomes.
Distribution.A species previously known only from
the type locality (Eastern Cape, Hogsback, 32°35’S,
26°55’E), recorded here from the KwaZulu-Natal
province for the first time.
Thyenula splendens sp. nov.
Figs 41, 42, 116, 138–143, 146, 147, 150–154
Diagnosis.A strongly sexually dimorphic species.
The male is easily recognizable from the congeners by
the unique form of the abdomen, which is narrow, with
an iridescent blue-black dorsum and protruding hairs
in the posterior half (Fig. 116, 138). The structure of the
male palp is similar to that of Thyenula montana
Wesołowska, Azarkina & Russell-Smith, 2014, but can
be distinguished by the toothed tibial apophysis (Fig.
150), which is pointed in T. montana (Wesołowska et
al. 2014: fig 208). The female differs from other species
in the genus by the position of the copulatory openings,
which are located centrally and close to each other
(Fig. 154).
Etymology.From Latin splendens (shiny), in ref-
erence to the shining abdominal dorsum of the male.
Description. Measurements: Cephalo thorax: length
1.9–2.0/2.2, width 1.4/1.4, height 0.7/0.8. Eye field:
length 0.8–0.9/0.7–0.8, anterior width 1.1–1.2/1.1–1.2,
posterior width 1.2–1.3/1.2–1.3. Abdomen: length
2.3–2.5/3.1–3.4, width 0.9–1.0/2.1–2.2.
Male. General appearance as in Figs 138–140, 146.
Carapace oval, low, dark brown, with two lighter trian-
gular patches on sides of thoracic part; eye field black
with metallic shine. Whole carapace covered with thin
colourless hairs, denser and longer on anterior part of
eye field; anterior eyes surrounded by these hairs and
small whitish scales. Chelicerae small, unidentate,
pale. Endites pale, with dark patches; sternum dark
yellow to blackish. Abdomen long and narrower than
JUMPING SPIDER FAUNA OF SOUTH AFRICA 905
Figures 144–149. Digital microscope photographs of South African jumping spiders in dorsal (144, 146–149) and frontal (145) views: 144, 145. Rhene
biguttata, male; 146, 147. Thyenula splendens sp. nov., male (146) and female (147); 148, 149. Xuriella prima, male (148) and female (149).
Photographs by C. Haddad.

carapace, dorsum velvet black anteriorly and posteri-
orly, majority of dorsum iridescent blue-velvet (Figs
116, 146). Hairs covering abdomen very short and
dense, longer in posterior third where they form dense
“fur”; some long white hairs on anterior edge and along
sides, white spot above spinnerets (Fig. 140). Venter
black, with large yellowish spot, occupying its posteri-
or half; spinnerets black. Legs whitish-yellow, with
black patches at bases of femora (in the paratype only);
distal parts of metatarsi and tarsi black. Pedipalp
small, brown, with dorsal pale belt extending on cymbi-
um, tibia and patella, formed by white hairs (Fig. 42);
palpal organ typical for Thyenula (Figs 41, 150–152);
palpal tibial apophysis thin, with diminutive teeth at
the tip; tegulum with large posterior lobe; embolus
forming tight coil.
Female. Unlike male, general appearance as in Figs
141–143, 147. Slightly larger than male, pale in colour.
Carapace yellowish-brown, eye field black, some brown
hairs on thoracic part. Anterior eyes encircled by small
white scales. Mouthparts and sternum yellow. Abdomen
ovoid, whitish, covered with numerous small brown
patches and marks, density of these patches create two
dark median streaks. Venter and spinnerets yellow.
Legs whitish-yellow, bearing brown hairs and light
spines. Epigyne with small central heart-shaped
de pression (Fig. 153); internal structure as
in Fig. 154: copulatory openings placed cen-
trally, with seminal ducts looping antero-
medially before entering large, bean-shaped
spermathecae anteriorly.
Type material.Holotype: Y: SOUTH
AFRICA: Eastern Cape: Amatola Moun-
tains, Hogsback, Amatola Forestry Compa-
ny, 32°33.727’S, 26°54.924’E, 1460 m a.s.l.,
28.XI.2013, leg. C. Haddad & J. Neethling
(grass tussocks, alpine grassland) (NCA
2013/4718).
Paratypes: together with holotype, 2X;
same locality, 26.XI.2013, leg. C. Haddad
(grass tussocks, alpine grassland), 1Y
(NCA 2014/1124).
Habitat and biology.A scarce species
collected from the base of grass tussocks in
moist alpine grasslands. Despite intensive
collecting in adjacent Afro montane forests,
this species has not been collected in that
habitat. In these forests, various other eu -
ophry ines dominate the ground and herb-
dwelling fauna, viz. Euophrys bifida, Ru -
mburak hilaris, R. mi rabilis and Thy -
enula alotama, all of which were de scrib -
ed as new by Wesołowska et al. (2014).
Distribution.Known from the type
locality only.
Xuriella prima Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2000
Figs 148, 149
Xuriella prima Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2000: 115, figs 318–320;
Wesołowska & Cumming, 2008: 224, figs 196–204; Wesołowska &
Haddad, 2013: 237.
Description. See Wesołowska & Cumming (2008)
for description of both sexes. Habitus of male and
female in Figs 148 and 149, respectively.
Material examined.SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern
Cape: Mount Coke State Forest, 32°59.452’S,
27°28.740’E, 395 m a.s.l., 29.XI.2013, leg. C. Haddad
(beating, shrubs and low vegetation), 1Y(NCA 2013/
4924). Free State: Brandfort district, Amanzi Private
Game Reserve, 28°35.428’S, 26°26.067’E, 1425 m a.s.l.,
20.XII.2017, leg. C. Haddad (hand collecting around
buildings), 1Y(NCA 2017/1334); Erfenis Dam Nature
Reserve, 28°29.850’S, 26°48.333’E, 1335 m a.s.l.,
5.III.2013, leg. C. Haddad (silk retreats in Searsia cil-
iata), 1X(NCA 2013/4878); Wepener district, Dereham
farm, 29°52.726’S, 27°04.364’E, 7.XII.2014, leg. V. Butler
(on wall of house), 1Y(NCA 2014/1941). KwaZulu-
Natal: Ithala Game Reserve, Onverdacht picnic site,
27°31.967’S, 31°18.984’E, 29.I.2014, leg. Z. Mbo (beat-
ing, shrubs and trees), 1X(NCA 2013/5112).
906 W. WESOŁOWSKA and C. R. HADDAD
Figures 150–154. Genitalic morphology of Thyenula splendens sp. nov.: 150–152.
Male left palp in ventral (150), retrolateral (151) and dorsal (152) views; 153, 154.
Female epigyne in ventral view (153) and its internal structure (154).

Habitat and biology.A rare beetle-mimicking
species collected from foliage in the Savanna, Grass-
land, Forest and Fynbos biomes.
Distribution.Species known from Tanzania, Zim-
babwe and the Western Cape Province in South Africa,
recorded here from the Eastern Cape, Free State and
KwaZulu-Natal provinces for the first time.
DISCUSSION
South Africa is blessed with a very rich jumping spi-
der fauna. Including the current contribution, 350
species from 75 genera have been recorded from the
country so far. Considering that the First Atlas of
South African Spiders (Dippenaar-Schoeman et al.
2010) covered 240 species of Salticidae, the fauna has
increased in richness by more than 45% since that
work, indicative of the considerable effort to improve
the taxonomic knowledge of the group in the country
through revisions (e.g. Azarkina & Foord 2014, We -
sołowska et al. 2014) and faunistic papers (e.g. Azark-
ina & Foord 2013, Haddad & Wesołowska 2011, 2013,
Wesołowska & Haddad 2013).
Although a comprehensive analysis of all South
African spiders and their distributions is currently
underway as part of SANSA Red Data listing (Dippe-
naar-Schoeman et al. 2015), some preliminary patterns
for salticids can be discussed. The most species rich
genus is Heliophanus C.L. Koch, 1833 (42 spp., 12%),
followed by Thyenula Simon, 1902 (20 spp., 5.7%),
Euophrys C.L. Koch, 1834 and Thyene Simon, 1885 (16
spp., 4.6% each), and Menemerus Simon, 1868 and
Evarcha Simon, 1902 (15 spp., 4.3% each). Of the 350
species, 209 spp. (59.7%) are known from both sexes, 80
spp. (22.9%) are only known from males, 56 spp. (16.0%)
only from females, and one species only from juveniles
(Rhene foai Simon, 1902). For one species, Euophrys
capicola Simon, 1901, there is no indication of the gen-
der of the described specimen in the original descrip-
tion, and its status is therefore unresolved (Wesołow -
ska et al. 2014; World Spider Catalog 2018).
Historically, most spider collecting was done in the
coastal and northern provinces of the country (Foord
et al. 2011), which coincides with the areas of greatest
jumping spider richness. Intensive sampling during the
last decade, particularly as part of SANSA, has consid-
erably improved our geospatial data on Salticidae and
other spiders, and once this material has been thor-
oughly identified we will be better positioned to discuss
patterns of species richness in the country. Although
the highest recorded richness of Salticidae in South
Africa is at Ndumo Game Reserve (Wesołowska & Had-
dad 2009), where 72 species were reported, currently
94 species are known from this reserve through subse-
quent collecting, descriptions and new records (e.g.
Wesołowska & Haddad 2013, Azarkina & Foord 2014,
Wesołowska 2014) during the last decade.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Vida van der Walt is thanked for providing her
excellent macro photographs to illustrate the live habi-
tus of some of the species covered in this paper. The
second author was funded through grant 95902 in the
Incentive Programme for Rated Researchers from the
National Research Foundation of South Africa. The two
reviewers, Dmitri Logunov and Anthony Russell-Smith,
are thanked for their helpful comments that improved
the manuscript.
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908 W. WESOŁOWSKA and C. R. HADDAD
Received: July 7, 2018
Accepted: October 20, 2018