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The Relationship Between Local Employment Growth and Regional Economic Growth: Evidence from Korea: Ten Years of International Academic Exchanges Between JAAE and KEBA
Abstract
Job creation and economic growth are considered as main issues in economic policies around the world. Specifically Korea has experienced low and jobless economic growth in the recent past. Employment problem is one of the sensitive issues framing national and regional economic policies in Korea. In this context, it is important to capture the relationship between the employment and economic growth in any Korean regional economy.
Giriş ve amaç; Günümüzde birçok platform internet ortamında hizmet vermektedir. İnternet kullanım oranına bakıldığında yetişkinler arasında internet kullanımının yüksek olduğu görülmektedir. Ancak önemli olan bu kullanımın güvenli, verimli ve etkili bir şekilde olmasıdır. Bu nedenle kişilerin iyi birer dijital vatandaş olması oldukça önemlidir. Dijital Vatandaşlık dijital sağlık, dijital ticaret, dijital hak ve sorumluluk, dijital kanun, dijital güvenlik, dijital katılım, dijital erişim, dijital iletişim, dijital okuryazarlık, dijital etik olmak üzere toplam on alt boyuttan oluşmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın amacı yetişkinlerin dijital vatandaşlık becerilerine ilişkin ihtiyaçlarını ortaya koymaktır. Gereç ve yöntem; Nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden betimsel nitelik taşıyan bu araştırmada, yetişkinlerin dijital vatandaşlık becerilerine ilişkin ihtiyaçlarını belirlemek hedeflenmiştir. Araştırmada kolay ulaşılabilir örneklem yoluyla belirlenen 79 erkek ve 177 kadın olmak üzere toplam 256 gönüllü yetişkine “Yetişkinlere Yönelik Dijital Vatandaşlık İhtiyaç Analizi Formu” verilmiş ve cevaplamaları istenmiştir. Çıkan sonuçlar SPSS 25,0 (Statistical Package for Social Science) paket programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular ve sonu; Yetişkinlere yönelik dijital vatandaşlık eğitim ihtiyaçlarını belirlemek için yapılan ihtiyaç analizi sonucunda yetişkinlerin dijital vatandaşlık beceri düzeylerinin ölçek ortalaması 2.65 olduğu görülmektedir. Bu sonuç, katılımcıların kendilerini dijital vatandaşlık becerileri konusunda düşük seviyede gördüklerini göstermektedir. Alt becerilerde ise katılımcıların kendilerini en yetersiz gördüğü becerinin dijital kanun olduğu görülürken; katılımcıların kendilerini en yeterli gördüğü becerinin ise dijital erişim olduğu görülmektedir. Bununla birlikte yetişkinlerin %84,4’ü dijital vatandaşlık eğitiminin gerekli olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. 1. Bennett, W. L. (2008). Changing citizenship in the digital age. Civic life online: learning how digital media can engage youth. W. Lance Bennett, The John D. & Catherine T. MacArthur, (Eds). Foundation series on digital media and learning (pp. 1-24). The MIT Press. 2. Bilgi İletişim ve Teknoloji Kurumu. (2018). Bilgi Teknolojileri ve İletişim Kurumu ve Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı (MEB) İş Birliği ile Hazırlanan Proje. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları. 3. BTK Academy. (2023). Google Dijital vatandaşlık ve çevrim içi güvenlik. https://www.btkakademi.gov.tr/portal/course/dijital-vatandasl-kve-cevrimici%CB%87g uvenlik-9505. 4. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., Demirel, F., ve Kılıç, E. (2013). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi. 5. Capuno, R., Suson, R., Suladay, D., Arnaiz, V., Villarin, I., & Jungoy, E. (2022). Digital citizenship in education and its implication. World Journal on Educational Technology, 14(2), 426-437. 6. Choi, J., & Kim, I. (2018). The relationship between local employment growth and regional economic growth: Evidence from Korea. In M. Hosoe, I. Kim, M. Yabuta, & W. Lee (Eds.). Applied analysis of growth, trade, and public policy (pp. 35-43). Springer Singapore. 7. Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Sage. 8. Çubukçu, A., ve Bayzan, Ş. (2013). Türkiye’de dijital vatandaşlık algısı ve bu algıyı internetin bilinçli, güvenli ve etkin kullanımı ile artırma yöntemleri. Middle Eastern & African Journal of Educational Research, 5, 148-174. 9. Gaming in Turkey. (2023). We are social global dijital 2022 raporu. We Are Social Global Dijital 2022 Raporu. gaminginturkey.com. 10. Gelbal, B. B. (2021). Litvanya'da yetişkinlere yönelik teknoloji okuryazarlığı eğitimleri. [Yüksek lisans tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü]. Ankara Üniversitesi Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi. 11. Geriş, A., ve Özdener, N. (2021). The illusions on digital citizenship: What we know and what we do?. Acta Educationis Generalis, 11(3), 125-151. 12. Global Raporu. (2022). We are social global dijital 2022 raporu. https://www.gaminginturkey.com/tr/we-are-social-global-dijital-2022-raporu/ . 13. Güler, A., Halıcıoğlu, M. B., ve Taşğın, S. (2015). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma (2nd ed.). Seçkin Yayınevi. 14. ISTE. (2023). Digital citızenshıp in education. https://www.iste.org/areas-of-focus/digital-citizenship. 15. June, L., Suk-Kyung, Y., & Yun-Oug, L. (2022). Analysis of the pre-service teachers' needs for for digital citizenship and perception of digital citizenship education. Journal of Digital Convergence, 20(3), 93-103. https://doi.org/10.14400/JDC.2022.20.3.093 16. Karasar, D. Ş. (1999). İnternet ortamında eğitim. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 18(18), 145-168. 17. Kocadağ, T. (2012). Öğretmen adaylarının dijital vatandaşlık düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. [Yüksek lisans tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi].
This paper examines the effect of regional total factor productivity (TFP) on local employment growth using regional panel data from 2000 to 2014 in Korea. The employment equation derived from the constant elasticity of substitution production function is a function of wage rate, capital stock, and regional TFP. The demand for labor accounts for dynamics since there is a cost to adjusting demand for labor in the long-run. This paper introduces a dynamic panel regression model that considers the effect of lagged employment. TFP is a more appropriate measure of technology than Research and Development (R&D) expenditure or the number of patent applications. This paper measures regional TFP using a growth accounting method as a proxy variable of technology. This paper shows that an increase in regional TFP has a positive effect on local employment growth that is greater in the long-run than in the short-run. This suggests that employment policy such as vocational training adapting to the technological progress for product and process innovations increases labor force productivity in the long-run.
Causality between the ratio of domestic private credit to GDP and growth in real GDP per capita is investigated in a country-by-country time-series framework for 24 OECD economies over the period 1980–2013. The proposed threefold methodology to test for causal linkages integrates (1) lag-augmented VAR Granger causality tests, (2) Breitung–Candelon causality tests in the frequency domain, and (3) testing for causal inference based on a fully modified OLS (FMOLS) approach. For 12 of 24 countries in the sample, the three tests yield uniform results in terms of causality presence (absence) and direction. Causality running from credit depth to economic growth is found for the UK, Australia, Switzerland, and Greece. The findings lend no support to the view that financial development shifts from a supply-leading to demand-following pattern as economic development proceeds. The aggregate results mesh well with the current discussion on “too much finance” and disintermediation effects. However, idiosyncratic country determinants also appear significant.
The job creation effect of business R&D is tested applying the dynamic LSDVC estimator to a longitudinal database covering 677 European companies over the period 1990–2008. Job creation is detected in services and high-tech manufacturing, but not in traditional sectors.
"Okun's law" describes an enduring empirical observation first made by Arthur Okun, relating departures from the natural rate
of unemployment to changes in real output. This paper employs a recent development in trend-cycle decomposition of economic
time series to measure the Okun coefficient using U.S. national and regional data. The key finding of this paper is that the
value of the coefficient measuring the change in real output per unit of change in the unemployment rate, both measured as
departures from equilibrium, is stable at a value of about 2 for all time periods and across regions of the U.S., irrespective
of the method used to measure equilibrium output and employment.
The neoclassical growth model is used to identify the short-run effects of neutral technology shocks, which affect the production of all goods homogeneously, and investment-specific shocks, which affect only investment goods. The real equipment price, crucial for identifying the investment shocks, experiences an abrupt increase in its average rate of decline in 1982, so the analysis is based on a split sample. On the basis of the preferred specification, the two technology shocks account for 73 percent of hours' and 44 percent of output's business cycle variation before 1982, and 38 percent and 80 percent afterward. The shocks also account for more than 40 percent of hours' and 58 percent of output's forecast errors over a three- to eight-year horizon in both samples. The majority of these effects are driven by the investment shocks.
This paper studies the asymptotic properties of instrumental variable (IV) estimates of multivariate cointegrating regressions
and allows for deterministic and stochastic regressors as well as quite general deterministic processes in the data-generating
mechanism. It is found that IV regressions are consistent even when the instruments are stochastically independent of the
regressors. This phenomenon, which contrasts with traditional theory for stationary time series, is a beneficial artifact
of spurious regression theory whereby stochastic trends in the instruments ensure their relevance asymptotically. Problems
of inference are also addressed and some promising new theoretical results are reported. These involve a class of Wald tests
which are modified by semiparametric corrections for serial correlation and for endogeneity. The resulting test statistics
which we term fully-modified Wald tests have limiting X2 distributions, thereby removing the obstacles to inference in cointegrated systems that were presented by the nuisance parameter
dependencies in earlier work.
Some simulation results are reported which seek to explore the sampling behaviour of our suggested procedures. These simulations
compare our fully modified (semiparametric) methods with the parametric error-correction methodology that has been extensively
used in recent empirical research and with conventional least squares regression. Both the fully-modified and errorcorrection
methods work well in finite samples and the sampling performance of each procedure confirms the relevance of asymptotic distribution
theory, as distinct from super-consistency results, in discriminating between statistical methods.
Causality between the ratio of domestic private credit to GDP and growth in real GDP per capita is investigated in a country-by-country time-series framework for 24 OECD economies over the period 1980–2013. The proposed threefold methodology to test for causal linkages integrates (i) lag-augmented VAR Granger causality tests, (ii) Breitung-Candelon causality tests in the frequency domain, and (iii) testing for causal inference based on a fully modified OLS (FMOLS) approach. For 12 of 24 countries in the sample, the three tests yield uniform results in terms of causality presence (absence) and direction. Causality running from credit depth to economic growth is found for the UK, Australia, Switzerland, and Greece. The findings lend no support to the view that financial development shifts from a supply-leading to demand-following pattern as economic development proceeds. The aggregate results mesh well with the current discussion on “too much finance” and disintermediation effects. However, idiosyncratic country determinants also appear significant.
This paper asks how well Okun's Law fits short-run unemployment movements in the United States since 1948 and in twenty advanced economies since 1980. We find that Okun's Law is a strong and stable relationship in most countries, one that did not change substantially during the Great Recession. Accounts of breakdowns in the Law, such as the emergence of "jobless recoveries," are flawed. We also find that the coefficient in the relationship - the effect of a one percent change in output on the unemployment rate - varies substantially across countries. This variation is partly explained by idiosyncratic features of national labor markets, but it is not related to differences in employment protection legislation.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
This chapter uses fully modified OLS principles to develop new methods for estimating and testing hypotheses for cointegrating vectors in dynamic panels in a manner that is consistent with the degree of cross sectional heterogeneity that has been permitted in recent panel unit root and panel cointegration studies. The asymptotic properties of various estimators are compared based on pooling along the 'within' and 'between' dimensions of the panel. By using Monte Carlo simulations to study the small sample properties, the group mean estimator is shown to behave well even in relatively small samples under a variety of scenarios.
In this paper we study the dynamics of local employment growth in West Germany from 1980 to 2001. Using dynamic panel techniques, we analyse the timing of the impact of diversity and specialisation, as well as of the human capital structure of local industries. Diversity has a positive effect on employment growth in the short run, which is stronger in manufacturing than in services. Concerning specialisation we find also positive effects. They are, however, not strong enough to reinforce growth permanently, since there is mean reversion in the process. A positive effect of education is only found in manufacturing. Additionally, we look at the impact of firm size and regional wages on local employment growth.
This article uses British firm-level panel data on actual innovative activity drawn from different statistical sources to identify the effect of technical change on jobs. Previous work tends to find positive associations of proxies for technical change and employment but such studies suffer from various statistical drawbacks. In this study, even when one controls for fixed effects, dynamics, and endogeneity, innovations have a positive and significant effect on employment, which persists over several years. There seems to be little direct role for spillover effects from industry innovations or any role for industry wages or union power. Copyright 1997 by University of Chicago Press.
Using data for the G7 countries, conditional correlations of employment and productivity are estimated, based on a decomposition of the two series into technology and non-technology components. The picture that emerges is hard to reconcile with the predictions of the standard real business cycle model. For a majority of countries the following results stand out: (a) technology shocks appear to induce a negative comovement between productivity and employment, counterbalanced by a positive comovement generated by demand shocks; (b) the impulse responses show a persistent decline in employment in response to a positive technology shock; and (c) measured productivity increases temporarily in response to a positive demand shock. More generally, the pattern of economic fluctuations attributed to technology shocks seems to be largely unrelated to major post-war cyclical episodes. A simple model with monopolistic competition, sticky prices and variable effort is shown to be able to account for the empirical findings.
This paper estimates the effect of innovation on employment at the firm level. Our uniquely long innovation panel data set of German manufacturing firms covers more than 20 years and allows us to use various innovation measures. We can distinguish between product and process innovations as well as between innovation inputs and innovation outputs. Using dynamic panel GMM system estimation we find positive effects of innovation on employment. This result is robust to the use of product and process innovations as well as for innovation input and output.
In the light of modern theoretical studies, the negative relationship between output and unemployment may take a nonlinear form, in the sense that changes in output can cause asymmetric changes in the unemployment rate. A regime-dependent specification of Okun's law, where the inverse relationship between cyclical unemployment and cyclical GDP is allowed to differ across recessions and expansions, is estimated for the US economy. Using both the Hodrick-Prescott filter and a bivariate structural time series model to isolate the cyclical component of the variables of interest, the nonlinear specification is highly significant when tested against the linear alternative independently of the method used for extracting the cycle of unemployment and GDP. The estimation results imply that the contemporaneous effect of growth on unemployment is asymmetric and significantly higher in recessions than in expansions, and shocks to unemployment tend to be more persistent in the expansionary regime. Copyright 2003 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
The relationship between cointegration and error correction models, first suggested by Granger, is here extended and used to develop estimation procedures, tests, and empirical examples. A vector of time series is said to be cointegrated with cointegrating vector a if each element is stationary only after differencing while linear combinations a8xt are themselves stationary. A representation theorem connects the moving average , autoregressive, and error correction representations for cointegrated systems. A simple but asymptotically efficient two-step estimator is proposed and applied. Tests for cointegration are suggested and examined by Monte Carlo simulation. A series of examples are presented. Copyright 1987 by The Econometric Society.
Do technological innovations cause jobless growth?
- B Kim
Do technological improvements in the manufacturing sector raise or lower employment?
- Y Chang
- J H Hong