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Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de Chile
Abstract
A catalog of vascular plants growing in Chile is presented. It is organized by divisions, Pteridophyta (Lycopodiopsida and Polypodiopsida), Pinophyta (Gnetopsida and Pinopsida) and Magnoliophyta (Liliopsida and Magnoliopsida), and within each group, the taxonomic hierarchies (Family, Genus, Species and infraspecific taxa) are arranged alphabetically. In accordance with this catalogue, the flora of vascular plants of Chile comprise 186 families, 1121 genera and 5471 species, 4655 species are native, 2145 of these are endemic to Chile and 816 species are introduced.
... Hypericum perforatum is a perennial herb with glabrous leaves and distinct yellow flowers with black glands along the margin of the petals. The species belongs to the genus Hypericum, the most diverse genus in the Hypericaceae, including over 500 species [22][23][24]. H. perforatum is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, particularly Eurasia and parts of Africa [23]. This plant currently has a worldwide distribution (except the poles), growing in continental Chile from Valparaíso to the Los Lagos region, being also present in the Juan Fernandez archipelago [24]. ...
... H. perforatum is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, particularly Eurasia and parts of Africa [23]. This plant currently has a worldwide distribution (except the poles), growing in continental Chile from Valparaíso to the Los Lagos region, being also present in the Juan Fernandez archipelago [24]. The first known record in Chile dates from 1869, and it is considered to be highly invasive [25,26]. ...
Hypericum perforatum, also known as St. John’s Wort, pericon, or yellow grass, is known for its antidepressant potential. It could represent a natural alternative to current pharmacological antidepressant treatments, which have a high incidence of side effects in patients and therefore lead to early dropouts. Through a bibliographic revision of clinical trials and information collected from scientific articles during the first period of 2020, we aimed to evaluate whether its administration could be beneficial in the treatment of mild-to-moderate depression, with fewer side effects compared to synthetic drugs. Among the main components, hypericin and hyperforin have been related to the observed antidepressant activity; therefore, their possible mechanism of action was reviewed and highlighted. Furthermore, patients receiving Hypericum extracts were less likely to withdraw from studies because of adverse effects compared to those receiving older standard antidepressants. This review aims to provide suggestions for an alternative treatment of mild-to-moderate depression disorder under the supervision of a medical doctor, since, although it appears to be a potentially efficient treatment with a low presence of adverse effects in comparison to synthetic antidepressants, it might also interact with other medications and lead to therapeutic failures if misused for self-medication.
... We utilized all available TM/ETM+/OLI/OLI2 Level-2, Collection 2, Surface Reflectance Tier 1 images from Landsat 5, 7, 8, and 9 (for details on pre-processing images, see Supplementary Materials), spanning the period from 1987 to 2022. Our focus was on the local summer season (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31). In instances where cloud-free pixels were limited, the season was extended to ensure a representative summer [61], describing the three distinct drought periods analyzed in this study. ...
... We utilized all available TM/ETM+/OLI/OLI2 Level-2, Collection 2, Surface Reflectance Tier 1 images from Landsat 5, 7, 8, and 9 (for details on pre-processing images, see Supplementary Materials), spanning the period from 1987 to 2022. Our focus was on the local summer season (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31). In instances where cloud-free pixels were limited, the season was extended to ensure a representative summer composition, extending up to one month beyond the typical summer season if necessary (see cases in Table S2). ...
Wildfires and drought stressors can significantly limit forest recovery in Mediterranean-type ecosystems. Since 2010, the region of central Chile has experienced a prolonged Mega Drought, which intensified into a Hyper Drought in 2019, characterized by record-low precipitation and high temperatures, further constraining forest recovery. This study evaluates short-term (5-year) post-fire vegetation recovery across drought gradients in two types of evergreen sclerophyllous forests and a thorny forest and shrubland, analyzing Landsat time series (1987–2022) from 42 wildfires. Using the LandTrendr algorithm, we assessed post-fire forest recovery based on NDVI changes between pre-fire values and subsequent years. The results reveal significant differences in recovery across drought gradients during the Hyper Drought period, among the three forest types studied. The xeric forest, dominated by Quillaja saponaria and Lithrea caustica, showed significant interaction effects between levels of drought and fire severity, while the thorny forest and shrubland displayed no significant interaction effects. The mesic forest, dominated by Cryptocarya alba and Peumus boldus, exhibited additional significant differences in recovery between the Hyper Drought and Mega Drought periods, along with significant interaction effects. These findings underscore the critical role of prolonged, severe drought in shaping forest recovery dynamics and highlight the need to understand these patterns to improve future forest resilience under increasingly arid conditions.
... However, the center of distribution is in Región de Antofagasta at altitudes ranging from 10 to 3730 m. Prosa has been reported from Región de Atacama (e.g., Rodríguez & al., 2018;Zuloaga & al., 2019), but we have been unable to confirm its presence there (in line with Squeo & al., 2008). Most of the distribution of Prosa appears to be north of the Tropic of Capricorn. ...
Huidobria, an enigmatic genus in the Loasaceae family, has long puzzled botanists due to its unclear phylogenetic position and morphological distinctiveness within Loasaceae. Focusing on its two species, H. chilensis and H. fruticosa, we employed the Angiosperms353 target probe set alongside a comprehensive morphological evaluation to resolve their taxonomic status. Our analyses revealed significant divergence in seed, leaf, and flower morphology, supported by phylogenetic data indicating long independent evolutionary histories. Huidobria fruticosa, in particular, shows no close relationship to H. chilensis or other extant Loasaceae genera. Consequently, we propose the segregation of H. fruticosa into the new genus Prosa, together with a comprehensive taxonomic revision of both species. A phylogenetic tree encompassing all genera of Loasaceae illuminates the evolutionary relationships within the family.
... C. aequilaterus is a succulent native Chilean perennial plant used for ornamental purposes. The fruits and aerial parts of the plant are edible [29,53,54]. Additionally, C. aequilaterus is a recognized species capable of adapting and thriving spontaneously in mine tailings [29] because of its ability to absorb metals, metalloids, and sulphates. ...
Copper mining drives economic growth, with the global demand expected to reach 120 million metric tons annually by 2050. However, mining produces tailings containing heavy metals (HMs), which poses environmental risks. This study investigated the efficacy of phytoremediation (Phy) combined with electrokinetic treatment (EKT) to increase metal uptake in Carpobrotus aequilaterus grown in tailings from the Metropolitan Region of Chile. The plants were exposed to varying voltages and treatment durations. In the control (no EKT), the root metal contents were Fe (1008.41 mg/kg) > Cu (176.38 mg/kg) > Mn (103.73 mg/kg) > Zn (30.26 mg/kg), whereas in the shoots, the order was Mn (48.69 mg/kg) > Cu (21.14 mg/kg) > Zn (17.67 mg/kg) > Fe (27.32 mg/kg). The optimal EKT (15 V for 8 h) significantly increased metal uptake, with roots accumulating Fe (5997.24 mg kg−1) > Mn (672 mg kg−1) > Cu (547.68 mg kg−1) > Zn (90.99 mg kg−1), whereas shoots contained Fe (1717.95 mg kg−1) > Mn (930 mg kg−1) > Cu (219.47 mg kg−1) > Zn (58.48 mg kg−1). Although EKT enhanced plant growth and biomass, higher voltages stressed the plants. Longer treatments were more effective, suggesting that EK–Phy is a promising method for remediating metal-contaminated tailings.
... This shrub, native to Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru (POWO 2024), is used for medicinal purposes (Villagrán et al. 2003). In northern Chile, B. tola inhabits the highlands of the Andes between about 2000-4800 m elevation (Rodriguez et al. 2018). ...
The micromoth Cremastobombycia socoromaensissp. nov. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Lithocolletinae) from the arid highlands of the western slope of the Andes of northern Chile is described and illustrated. Larvae construct bulged leaf mines on the shrub Baccharis tola Phil. (Asteraceae). Pupation occurs in a silk cocoon constructed by the last instar larva inside the mine. The cocoon and the mine surface are pierced by the frontal process of the pupa to allow adult emergence. This discovery represents the first record of Cremastobombycia Braun, 1908 in South America.
... Asteraceae family includes 1030 taxa in Chile (Rodríguez et al. 2018). The number of introduced, naturalized and invasive species (sensu Richardson et al. 2000) are 110 (Fuentes et al. 2020), including this new record. ...
Urban foraging practices are increasingly recognized as important components of metropolitan food systems, yet there are still knowledge gaps regarding the factors influencing wild edible plant use in urban contexts. Here, I examined the socio-ecological dynamics of wild edible plant use in the metropolitan area of Valparaíso, Chile. Through ethnobotanical surveys and ecological sampling, I characterized the current assemblage of wild edible plant species utilized by urban inhabitants, documenting patterns of use dominated by exotic taxa. Results revealed that family background, particularly rural connections and parental foraging practices, significantly influenced individuals’ engagement with wild edible plants. Abundance and frequency of occurrence, indicators of plant availability, were stronger predictors of use than biomass, a measure of plant productivity. Examination of knowledge transmission pathways highlighted the persistence of traditional family-based sources alongside the adoption of modern information channels. The study also revealed that cultural heritage, plant availability, and knowledge transmission work together to shape foraging practices in urban settings. This research highlights the need for interdisciplinary approaches in addressing the challenges and opportunities presented by urban foraging in the Anthropocene.
Background
Archaeological, ethnohistorical, and ethnographic evidence supports the ubiquitous use of fermented beverages in prehispanic Chile. Made from a variety of plant raw materials, these beverages have been of special importance regarding many nutritional, medicinal, social, ritual, and religious aspects.
Purpose
The present review aims to provide a comprehensive review of the interdisciplinary information on traditional Chilean fermented beverages, as well as on the starting materials used for their elaboration.
Materials and Methods
Anthropological and ethnopharmacological data were collected through literature searches based on archaeological evidence, books from chroniclers and explorers, as well as modern ethnographic testimonies. Literature data on the chemistry and bioactivity of the prehispanic fermented beverages and the raw materials used were mainly retrieved from digital databases such as SciFinder®, PubMed®, and Google Scholar®.
Results and Discussion
Thirty seven plant raw materials have been used for the elaboration of traditional fermented beverages in prehispanic Chile. Phytochemical and bioactivity data regarding these beverages are rather limited, but a wide spectrum of chemical compounds, health-promoting and disease-preventative effects is reported for the starting materials.
Conclusion
Despite the lack of scientific evidence on traditional prehispanic fermented beverages of Chile, the plant raw material exhibit promising phytochemical profiles and potential health-promoting and disease-preventative benefits. This review underscores the importance of integrating ethnopharmacological perspectives into modern research endeavors.
A catalogue of the vascular flora of the Antofagasta región of northern Chile (Second Región) is presented, based on the study of 8,545 vouchers. Scientific name, author. original publication, life form, and status (endemic, native or adventive) is presented for each species. The geographic distribution of each species throughout the región is also shown. using a system of 65 squares of 30' x 30'. A short history of the botanical exploration of the región is included, plus a map showing the number of species per square, and a table presenting the number of endemic, native and adventive Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledoneae and Monocotyledoneae in the región.
RESUMEN La flora nativa y naturalizada que habita en la Región de Atacama está compuesta por 1.099 especies, de las cuales 980 son nativas de Chile. Se presenta el catálogo florístico de la región indicando para cada especie: a) la categoría de conservación a nivel regional, b) origen (endémica de Chile, nativa no endémica, adventicia), c) forma de vida, d) nombre científico de la especie, e) distribución en Chile y, f) distribución en la Región de Atacama (provincia y comuna). Palabras Clave: Flora, Región de Atacama, Chile, estado de conservación. INTRODUCCIÓN Un catálogo florístico es una herramienta fundamental para el conocimiento de la flora, no sólo para los especialistas en taxonomía, sino que también para investigadores que trabajan en otras áreas de la botánica, tales como ecología, química de productos naturales, etc. (Marticorena & Quezada 1985). Disponer de un listado actualizado de nombres científicos es fundamental para el funcionamiento de la legislación ambiental chilena (Squeo et al. 2001). Los profesionales de las ciencias ambientales asociados al Sistema Nacional de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (SEIA) tienen en estos catálogos una referencia que les facilita su trabajo. Su uso también se extiende a las personas e instituciones interesadas en conocer más sobre la flora de su región. El objetivo de este capítulo es presentar el catálogo de la flora vascular de la Región de Atacama, que incluye además de la información taxonómica, otros antecedentes básicos de las especies.
RESUMEN La flora nativa y naturalizada que habita en la IV Región de Coquimbo esta compuesta por 1.727 especies, de las cuales 1.478 son nativas de Chile. Se presenta el catálogo florístico de la región indicando para cada especie: a) la categoría de conservación a nivel regional, b) origen (endémica, nativa no endémica o adventicia), c) forma de vida, d) nombre científico de la especie, e) distribución en Chile y, f) distribución en la IV Región (provincia y comuna). Palabras Clave: Flora, Región de Coquimbo, Chile, Estado de Conservación. INTRODUCCIÓN Un catálogo florístico es una herramienta fundamental para el conocimiento de la flora, no sólo para los especialistas en taxonomía, sino que también para investigadores que trabajan en otras áreas de la botánica, tales como ecología, química de productos naturales, etc. (Marticorena & Quezada 1985). Con la implementación de la legislación ambiental en Chile, es fundamental contar con un listado actualizado de los nombre científicos de las especies, al que otros profesionales asociados al Sistema Nacional de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental, y que no son necesariamente botánicos, pudieran hacer referencia. El objetivo de este capítulo es presentar el catálogo de la flora vascular de la IV Región, que incluya además de la información taxonómica, otros antecedentes básicos de las especies.
Catálogo de la flora vascular de Magallanes (XIIª Región), Chile
- J.M. HENRÍQUEZ
- E. PISANO
- C. MARTICORENA