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Assessing other-directed, lighthearted, intellectual, and whimsical playfulness in adults: Development and initial validation of a short form of the OLIW using self- and peer-ratings

Authors:
René Proyer at Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
René Proyer
Kay Brauer at Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
Kay Brauer
Annegret Wolf at Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
Annegret Wolf
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Adult playfulness is an individual differences variable that allows people to (re-)frame everyday situations in a way to make them entertaining, stimulating, and/or interesting. Recently, a structural model with four facets (i.e., Other-directed, Lighthearted, Intellectual, and Whimsical; OLIW) and a subjective measure with 28 items have been developed. The main aim of this study is to test a 12-item short form (OLIW-S). In Study 1, we retrieved the 4-factorial OLIW structure in three independently collected samples (N = 1,168, 696 self-ratings and 166 dyads providing reciprocal self- and peer-ratings). We found satisfactory psychometric properties for research purposes, and there was convergent and nomological validity with external measures of playfulness and the Big Five personality traits. Data from Sample 3 showed robust self-other agreement in all facets (.27-52). In Study 2, N = 463 adults completed the OLIW-S and a measure for personality pathology (PID-5; shared variance 12-31%). A Principal Component Analysis of the OLIW-S and PID-5 scales yielded two unique factors representing playfulness and personality pathology. Overall, our expectations were widely met and the OLIW-facets could be well located in comprehensive systems of both personality and personality pathology. Applications of the OLIW-S (e.g., large-scale assessments; zero-acquaintance studies) are discussed.
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... With respect to the explanation that it is advantageous in acquiring sociality and skills, these can be said to be the effects obtained as a result of play, not the reason for play itself. Proyer stated, "adult playfulness is an individual difference variable that allows people to (re)frame everyday situations in an interesting, exciting, and entertaining way" [25]. While these are also the results of brain and whole-body functions, Proyer's explanation is limited by the fact that playfulness is one of the individual characteristics. ...
... Proyer proposed a structural model of adult playfulness comprising four facets and 28 items, namely, Other-directed, Light-hearted, Intellectual, and Whimsical (OLIW scale) [20,29]. Subsequently, the above scale was refined to a 12-item short form scale (the OLIW-S) [25]. In the area of sustainability, there are no studies that directly make use of scales assessing play, although several well-being scales have been employed, including meanings close to play evaluation scales. ...
... Perhaps the most important related mechanisms are those of motivation and behaviour. Motivation as a mechanism to bring about play and enjoyment does not contradict Huizinga's theory of play as a driving force of culture, Barnett's constituent elements of spontaneity, or Proyer's sense of fun, stimulation, and interest [2,17,25]. To clarify the meaning of play, previous studies focusing on the function of the human brain were examined from the viewpoint of motivation and behaviour. ...
The Definition of Play: A Measurement Scale for Well-Being Based on Human Physiological Mechanisms
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  • Jul 2023
Play is an activity common to all cultures and is thought to be a useful way to improve well-being since it brings about enjoyment. This study aimed to comprehensively define play and develop a method to evaluate what types of play lead to well-being. It defined play as “the activation of one’s reward system through intrinsically motivated decisions and actions of the self, not for the direct purpose of survival”, based on human physiology, including brain science relating to motivation and behaviour. It checked this definition by conducting an online survey and applying a measurement scale to quantify the degree of play. The results revealed that the favourite play activity involved a significantly higher degree of play than the highest-effort habits (defined as the activities that participants most disliked but continued to take part in). There was also a significant difference in intrinsic motivation, reward system activation, and decision-making but no difference in action of the self. This method made it possible to evaluate the intensity of each element of the brain mechanism making up play, and it can, therefore, be used to examine the well-being of groups, organisations, and individuals across domains.
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... However, there was a positive correlation with attachment security, which reflects trust in one's partner (i.e., the opposite of avoidance [35]). Proyer et al. [36] examined the associations between the OLIW model facets and a screening questionnaire for maladaptive personality traits (the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 [37]), which includes the domain of detachment. Detachment was negatively related to Other-directed and Lighthearted playfulness, suggesting that those types of playfulness are less characterized by insecure attachment. ...
... Thus, the low worrying and a preference for improvisation, rather than planning that characterizes Lighthearted playfulness, translated into showing less relationship-specific PLAYFULNESS, ATTACHMENT, AND JEALOUSY 19 worries. This fits with prior findings on Lighthearted playfulness relating negatively to indicators of detachment and the literature characterizing Lighthearted as a predictor of entering relationships [36,43]. ...
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Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2024
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... Rather, the focus of the extraverted individual when turning to others as potential sources of information is maintaining a pleasurable interaction [153] not determining if the information provided corresponds with what they personally value given the situation [154]. In contrast, the key feature of self-directed learners is adaptability [155] based on personal values and, although the individual displaying extraversion is readily adaptable to others and their points of view, this person is not adaptable to challenging others in a crisis situation, such as COVID-19 has been, because they are not guided by what they personally value [156]. In this way, the veracity of the second hypothesis, that self-directed learners will not be similarly influenced by other-directed variables regarding their COVID-19 coping, has been demonstrated. ...
Extraversion in COVID-19 Coping and Actionable Insights from Considering Self-Directed Learning
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2023
Extraversion, of the Big Five personality traits, has been identified as the most socially relevant of the traits with respect to positive COVID-19 coping—yet relevant research is found conflicting. Studies assessing this discrepancy have not situated the influence of extraversion within a geographical and historical context. Thus, a likely contributor has been missed. Furthermore, extraversion is based on other-directed learning with respect to COVID-19 coping, and this has not been considered regarding its contrast to self-directed learning. To provide context, an examination of high-ranking Google Scholar results on extraversion and COVID-19 coping from different countries during the pandemic’s various waves is undertaken, including the introduction of vaccines as a factor in decreasing COVID-19’s perceived threat. These are then examined for relationships regarding public opinion. Following, extraversion is compared with other-directed learning and differentiated from self-directed learning. An understanding is thus presented for assessing when extraversion will be an effective personality trait for positive COVID-19 coping and when it will not. Extraversion’s effect is found inherently inconsistent for identifying positive COVID-19 coping because of its dependence on other-directed learning. The conclusion: stability in positive COVID-19 coping is contingent on personal values that guide self-directed learning rather than extraversion’s other-directed learning.
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... Rather, the focus of the extraverted individual when turning to others as potential sources of information is maintaining a pleasurable interaction [137] not determining if the information provided corresponds with what they personally value given the situation [138]. In contrast, the key feature of self-directed learners is adaptability [139] based on personal values and although the individual displaying extraversion is readily adaptable to others and their points of view, this person is not adaptable to challenging others in a crisis situation, such as COVID-19 has been, because they are not guided by what they personally value [140]. ...
Extraversion in COVID-19 Coping
Preprint
Full-text available
  • Apr 2023
Extraversion, a Big Five personality trait, has been identified as a significant factor in COVID-19 positive coping-yet, relevant research is conflicting. Studies have not situated the influence of extraversion within a geographical and historical context. Thus, a sound base is lacking for assessing when opposing results regarding extraversion and COVID-19 positive coping are likely to result. Furthermore, extraversion with respect to COVID-19 coping has not been considered concerning other-directed learning in contrast to self-directed learning. To establish a sufficiently sound base, an examination of the range of high-ranking Google Scholar results on extraversion and COVID-19 coping from different countries during the pandemic's various waves-pre and post vaccine introduction-is undertaken. The same are then considered for insights into public opinion. Following, extraversion is compared with other-directed learning and differentiated from self-directed learning. An understanding is thus presented for assessing when extraversion will necessarily be an effective personality trait for COVID-19 positive coping and when it will not. Extraver-sion's effect will be found inherently inconsistent for identifying COVID-19 positive coping as a result, because of its dependence on other-directed learning. The conclusion: COVID-19 positive coping stability is contingent on personal values that guide self-directed learning, rather than other-directed extraversion.
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Psychometric properties of the Dutch translation of the Child Self-Report Playfulness questionnaire
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2024
Playfulness represents the disposition to play and has important mental health benefits. Children’s playfulness is mainly rated by parents, teachers or trained assessors but playfulness is not always reflected in overt behavior. Fortunately, even young children are able to provide a perspective on their playfulness, as illustrated by research with the Child Self-Report Playfulness questionnaire (CSRP). This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Dutch translation of the CSRP. We included 332 children (M age = 5.43 years). Internal consistency of the Dutch version of the CSRP was suboptimal at first administration and acceptable during retest. Test–retest reliability (with an interval of 8 weeks) was adequate. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that a one-factor model fits the CSRP, which supports the idea that playfulness in young children is a unidimensional construct. Scores on the CSRP were not significantly correlated with scores on a parent-rated questionnaire and an observation tool measuring playfulness. Further research to discover how informant and administration discrepancies affect playfulness scores is warranted given this lack of convergence. Children’s self-perception of playfulness may complement more traditional measures such as parent reports in future research.
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Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2024
  • J PERS
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Full-text available
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  • AGING MENT HEALTH
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Kurzversionen des MRS-Inventars von Ostendorf (1990) zur Erfassung der fünf "grossen" Persönlichkeitsfaktoren [Brief versions of Ostendorf's MRS inventory for the assessment of the Big-Five personality factors]
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  • Jan 1999
In jüngster Zeit häufen sich die Befunde, die zeigen, dass Befragungsergebnisse in einem oft unerwarteten Ausmass persönlichkeitsabhängig sind. Auf diesem Hintergrund besteht das Bedürfnis nach einem Instrument, das 1.) den Persönlichkeitsbereich möglichst umfassend abdeckt, 2.) trotzdem so kurz ist, dass es routinemässig in Befragungen eingebaut werden kann und 3.) eine gute Akzeptanz aufweist. Ziel dieses Projektes war es, ein solches Instrument zu entwickeln und in testologischer Hinsicht zu überprüfen. Ausgangspunkt bildete das 45 bipolare Adjektivpaare umfassende Inventar minimal redundanter Skalen (MRS-Inventar) von Ostendorf (1990). Es erfasst die im Fünf-Faktoren-Modell der Persönlichkeit enthaltenen Dimensionen Extraversion, Verträglichkeit, Gewissenhaftigkeit, Emotionale Stabilität und Kultur. Aufgrund verschiedener empirischer Studien an total über 3500 Untersuchungspersonen werden Kurzversionen von 30, 25 und 20 Items vorgeschlagen. Sie weisen trotz der Kürzung hohe faktorielle Validität und für Forschungszwecke mehr als genügende Reliabilität auf. Ebenso befriedigend sind erste Befunde zur zeitlichen Stabilität (1 Jahr) und zur Beziehung zu Drittvariablen (Validität).
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Adult Playfulness and Relationship Satisfaction: An APIM Analysis of Romantic Couples
Article
  • Apr 2019
  • J RES PERS
Previous research has shown that adult playfulness contributes to relationship satisfaction (RS). Using 211 heterosexual romantic couples we test the association between four facets of playfulness (Other-directed, Lighthearted, Intellectual, and Whimsical; OLIW) and indicators of RS in an Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM)-design. The four OLIW components are differentially associated with indicators of RS. Out of the OLIW facets, predominantly Other-directed and Intellectual playfulness were associated with high RS. Couple similarity was unrelated to RS. Overall, the findings support the notion that distinguishing between the facets of playfulness and those of RS is needed for a comprehensive understanding of their association. We discuss the findings with respect to theoretical and practical implications.
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Exploring Adult Playfulness: Examining the Accuracy of Personality Judgments at Zero-Acquaintance and an LIWC Analysis of Textual Information
Article
  • Apr 2018
Playfulness is an individual difference variable that allows people to (re)frame a situation in a way that it is experienced as entertaining, intellectually stimulating, and/or personally interesting. We examined the interpersonal perception of playfulness at zero-acquaintance. One-hundred forty-four participants wrote short self-descriptions which were (1) used by unacquainted judges to infer the author’s playfulness and (2) linguistically analyzed using the LIWC methodology. Lens model analyses revealed that playfulness finds its expression through language and that observers utilized linguistic cues to accurately judge playfulness in terms of self-other agreement (.21-.37) and consensus (.31-.44). The findings add knowledge regarding the interpersonal perception of playfulness, its linguistic expressions, and the applicability of the LIWC paradigm outside broad personality traits.
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Play and playfulness in psychiatry: a selective review
Article
  • Oct 2017
It has widely been accepted that play has a major role in the process of human development, particularly during childhood. Not surprisingly, play research and research into playfulness (i.e. the ability ‘to transform virtually any environment to make it more stimulating enjoyable and entertaining’ [Barnett, L. A. (2007). The nature of playfulness in young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 949–958. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.02.018]) has mainly focused on play in children. Recently, however, an increasing amount of research has demonstrated numerous positive effects playfulness can have on adults as well. Adult playfulness has been shown to bear positive relations to indicators of psychological and physical well-being, such as life satisfaction or physical fitness [Proyer, R. T. (2013). The well-being of playful adults: Adult playfulness, subjective well-being, physical well-being, and the pursuit of enjoyable activities. European Journal of Humour Research, 1, 84–98. doi:10.7592/EJHR2013.1.1.proyer] and also to other desirable outcomes such as creativity [Tegano, D. W. (1990). Relationship of Tolerance of Ambiguity and Playfulness to Creativity. Psychological Reports, 66, 1047–1056. doi:10.2466/pr0.1990.66.3.1047] and academic achievement [Proyer, R. T. (2011). Being playful and smart? The relations of adult playfulness with psychometric and self-estimated intelligence and academic performance. Learning and Individual Differences, 21, 463–467. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2011.02.003]. Highly playful adults have been described as outgoing, humorous and happy [Barnett, L. A. (2007). The nature of playfulness in young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 949–958. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.02.018]. Despite of this, playfulness remains an understudied area in psychiatry.
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Adults with an anxiety disorder or with an obsessive-compulsive disorder are less playful: A matched control comparison
Article
  • Jun 2017
  • ART PSYCHOTHER
Playfulness is an important component of drama therapy. For adults with an anxiety disorder (AD) or an obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) playfulness might be an unconsciously missed component in life. Therefore strengthening a client's playfulness could be a major aim of drama therapy with these disorders. Where less playfulness is identified, drama therapy based interventions could be applied to strengthen playfulness. Therefore providing a contribution to treatments available to the client suffering from AD/OCD. Using drama therapy interventions would be less probable to cause negative side effects. In an online-survey both Group 1 (34 adults with AD/OCD), and Group 2 (34 adults without AD/OCD), filled in three scales assessing their level of playfulness. On all three scales the playfulness in Group 1 (M = 77.88; M = 62.00; M = 69.12) was significantly lower (p =.000 at all three scales) than the playfulness in Group 2 (M = 92.09; M = 80.24; M = 81.21). The relationship between having an AD or OCD and being less playful is statistically significant (Pearson's Correlation of respectively −.458; −.639; −.464). A difference in playfulness within Group 1 in specified AD/OCD could not be distinguished. The results indicate that playfulness could specifically be part of treatment through drama therapy with adults with AD/OCD.
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A new structural model for the study of adult playfulness: Assessment and exploration of an understudied individual differences variable
Article
  • Apr 2017
  • PERS INDIV DIFFER
Adult playfulness is an understudied personality trait. A new 28-item questionnaire (the OLIW) is proposed that assesses four basic components; namely, Other-directed, Lighthearted, Intellectual, and Whimsical playfulness. Study 1 provides support for the factorial validity in an Exploratory (N = 628) and a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (N = 1168). Item- and scale-statistics were satisfactory. Correlations in the expected range with other playfulness questionnaires provide support for the convergent validity of the scale; there was between 3 and 30% shared variance with the big five personality traits. Test-retest reliabilities were between 0.67 and 0.87 for one-week, two-week, one-month, and three-month intervals (N = 200; using a reduced set of 12 items). Study 2 found convergence between self- and peer-reports in the expected range (i.e., 44–0.57). Participants in Study 3 (N = 295) collected daily behavior ratings for 14 days for Play, Aggression, Exhibitionism, and Impulsivity, and completed respective trait measures on day one. The OLIW demonstrated correlations between 0.29 and 0.36 for the aggregated behavior ratings, which was in the expected range. Overall, the findings for the psychometrics, reliability (internal consistency, test-retest), and validity (factorial, convergent, discriminant) are satisfactory and further use of the OLIW is encouraged.
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Utility of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Brief Form (PID-5-BF) in the Measurement of Maladaptive Personality and Psychopathology
Article
  • Nov 2016
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth edition (DSM-5) Personality and Personality Disorders workgroup developed the Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5) for the assessment of the alternative trait model for DSM-5 Along with this measure, the American Psychiatric Association published an abbreviated version, the PID-5-Brief form (PID-5-BF). Although this measure is available on the DSM-5 website for use, only two studies have evaluated its psychometric properties and validity and no studies have examined the U.S. version of this measure. The current study evaluated the reliability, factor structure, and construct validity of PID-5-BF scale scores. This included an evaluation of the scales' associations with Section II PDs, a well-validated dimensional measure of personality psychopathology, and broad externalizing and internalizing psychopathology measures. We found support for the reliability of PID-5-BF scales as well as for the factor structure of the measure. Furthermore, a series of correlation and regression analyses showed conceptually expected associations between PID-5-BF and external criterion variables. Finally, we compared the correlations with external criterion measures to those of the full-length PID-5 and PID-5-Short form. Intraclass correlation analyses revealed a comparable pattern of correlations across all three measures, thereby supporting the use of the PID-5-BF as a screening measure of dimensional maladaptive personality traits.
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The Adult Playfulness Scale: An Initial Assessment
Article
  • Aug 1992
We develop a theory-based measure of adults' playfulness, the Adult Playfulness Scale. Five studies, conducted in laboratory and field sites with over 300 individuals, examine the psychometric properties and correlates of playfulness. As expected, playfulness relates to a set of psychological traits, including cognitive spontaneity and creativity, as well as to functional orientation and rank. No definitive relationships were found, however, between adults' playfulness and gender or age, but playfulness related positively to work outcomes, including task evaluations, perceptions, involvement, and performance, and provided more predictive efficacy than other psychological constructs studied here. Finally, the Adult Playfulness Scale demonstrates good reliability and shows promise for the study of playfulness in the workplace.
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