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Assessing other-directed, lighthearted, intellectual, and whimsical playfulness in adults: Development and initial validation of a short form of the OLIW using self- and peer-ratings
Abstract and Figures
Adult playfulness is an individual differences variable that allows people to (re-)frame everyday situations in a way to make them entertaining, stimulating, and/or interesting. Recently, a structural model with four facets (i.e., Other-directed, Lighthearted, Intellectual, and Whimsical; OLIW) and a subjective measure with 28 items have been developed. The main aim of this study is to test a 12-item short form (OLIW-S). In Study 1, we retrieved the 4-factorial OLIW structure in three independently collected samples (N = 1,168, 696 self-ratings and 166 dyads providing reciprocal self- and peer-ratings). We found satisfactory psychometric properties for research purposes, and there was convergent and nomological validity with external measures of playfulness and the Big Five personality traits. Data from Sample 3 showed robust self-other agreement in all facets (.27-52). In Study 2, N = 463 adults completed the OLIW-S and a measure for personality pathology (PID-5; shared variance 12-31%). A Principal Component Analysis of the OLIW-S and PID-5 scales yielded two unique factors representing playfulness and personality pathology. Overall, our expectations were widely met and the OLIW-facets could be well located in comprehensive systems of both personality and personality pathology. Applications of the OLIW-S (e.g., large-scale assessments; zero-acquaintance studies) are discussed.
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... With respect to the explanation that it is advantageous in acquiring sociality and skills, these can be said to be the effects obtained as a result of play, not the reason for play itself. Proyer stated, "adult playfulness is an individual difference variable that allows people to (re)frame everyday situations in an interesting, exciting, and entertaining way" [25]. While these are also the results of brain and whole-body functions, Proyer's explanation is limited by the fact that playfulness is one of the individual characteristics. ...
... Proyer proposed a structural model of adult playfulness comprising four facets and 28 items, namely, Other-directed, Light-hearted, Intellectual, and Whimsical (OLIW scale) [20,29]. Subsequently, the above scale was refined to a 12-item short form scale (the OLIW-S) [25]. In the area of sustainability, there are no studies that directly make use of scales assessing play, although several well-being scales have been employed, including meanings close to play evaluation scales. ...
... Perhaps the most important related mechanisms are those of motivation and behaviour. Motivation as a mechanism to bring about play and enjoyment does not contradict Huizinga's theory of play as a driving force of culture, Barnett's constituent elements of spontaneity, or Proyer's sense of fun, stimulation, and interest [2,17,25]. To clarify the meaning of play, previous studies focusing on the function of the human brain were examined from the viewpoint of motivation and behaviour. ...
Play is an activity common to all cultures and is thought to be a useful way to improve well-being since it brings about enjoyment. This study aimed to comprehensively define play and develop a method to evaluate what types of play lead to well-being. It defined play as “the activation of one’s reward system through intrinsically motivated decisions and actions of the self, not for the direct purpose of survival”, based on human physiology, including brain science relating to motivation and behaviour. It checked this definition by conducting an online survey and applying a measurement scale to quantify the degree of play. The results revealed that the favourite play activity involved a significantly higher degree of play than the highest-effort habits (defined as the activities that participants most disliked but continued to take part in). There was also a significant difference in intrinsic motivation, reward system activation, and decision-making but no difference in action of the self. This method made it possible to evaluate the intensity of each element of the brain mechanism making up play, and it can, therefore, be used to examine the well-being of groups, organisations, and individuals across domains.
... Despite the growing interest in adult playfulness (see Bittermann et al., 2021 1 ) only few studies examined playfulness in middle and older age (Proyer, 2014b;Yarnal & Qian, 2011). Since findings about RS and playfulness from younger couples do not necessarily generalize to older couples (Latagne & Furman, 2017), we sought to narrow this gap in the literature by testing the associations between playfulness and RS in a sample of middle-to-older age couples using Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM; numerous outcomes such as subjective well-being, mental and physical health (e.g., Farley et al., 2020;Proyer, 2014b;Proyer et al., 2020;Proyer, Gander et al., 2018), sensation seeking (Brauer, Scherrer et al., 2021), and creative thinking styles (e.g., Proyer, Tandler et al., 2019) to name but a few. ...
... Crosssectional correlations showed that Other-directed playfulness relates to younger age (|rs| between .20 and .30) while Lighthearted, Intellectual, and Whimsical playfulness are unrelated to age (Brauer & Proyer, 2017;Brauer, Scherrer et al., 2021;Proyer, 2017;Proyer et al., , 2020. Brauer and Proyer (2017) compared samples of undergraduates with a mean age of 22.5 years and working professionals (M = 36.7) ...
... Proyer, 2017; see also Proyer et al., 2020). ...
There is robust support for the notion that playfulness is important for how people initiate and engage in their romantic relationships. Our study sought to extend the knowledge on associations between four facets of playfulness (Other-directed, Lighthearted, Intellectual, and Whimsical; OLIW) with facets of relationship satisfaction (RS) in 116 middle-to-older age couples (median = 54 and 57 years in women and men). In comparison to younger samples, we found lower expressions in Other-directed playfulness. Using Actor-Partner Interdependence Modelling, we found that (a) older couples showed comparatively higher similarity in the single OLIW facets and their profiles than previously found in younger couples; (b) similarity is again unrelated to RS; and (c) findings on playfulness-RS associations partially replicated, with Other-directed and Whimsical playfulness showing the numerically strongest actor and partner effects, but mainly in women. We discuss the differences in similarity with regard to an attrition effect. Overall, we conclude that playfulness is important in older couples in similar ways as in younger couples.
... However, findings from test-retest correlations (≥ 0.67 and ≥ 0.74 for 3-and 1-month intervals), interrater agreement, and item response theory analyses support the reliability of the facets (Davis & Boone, 2021;Proyer, 2017;. The validity of the instrument has been supported in factor analyses, and convergent and discriminant validity correlations (Proyer, 2017;Proyer et al., 2020). ...
... Our assessment of trait wise SOA coefficients for the full sample was in line with earlier research in terms of effect sizes (e.g., Proyer, 2017;Proyer et al., 2020;. Our findings provided first evidence that target-judge agreement on playfulness extends from single facets to the full profiles of the OLIW facets, also after controlling for normativeness and desirability (Furr, 2008;Wood & Furr, 2016). ...
Objective:
We aimed to extend the research on the interpersonal perception of adult playfulness (global and facets: Other-directed, Lighthearted, Intellectual, and Whimsical [OLIW]) by testing whether judgmental accuracy relates to indicators of acquaintanceship.
Background:
Playfulness has been found to contribute to social relationships.
Method:
Using data from 658 dyads (1,318 participants) who had been acquainted for 1 month to 62.2 years, we computed measurement invariance analyses and self-other agreement (SOA) for the facets and profiles of playfulness. We operationalized acquaintanceship as length of acquaintanceship, relationship type (friends, family, and partners), and intensity of acquaintanceship. We tested acquaintanceship effects with multigroup latent analyses and response surface analyses.
Results:
Self- and other ratings of playfulness showed scalar measurement invariance and robust SOA in traits and distinctive profiles (≥ .37). There was only minor evidence for acquaintanceship effects for relationship duration (only Intellectual playfulness), and group comparisons showed that friends yielded lower SOA in profiles than dyads of family members and couples.
Conclusion:
Considering that playfulness can be accurately perceived even at zero acquaintance, we discuss whether playfulness is a "good trait" (high trait visibility) in which acquaintanceship plays a minor role. We also discuss methodological considerations for detecting acquaintanceship effects during relationship formation.
... Rather, the focus of the extraverted individual when turning to others as potential sources of information is maintaining a pleasurable interaction [153] not determining if the information provided corresponds with what they personally value given the situation [154]. In contrast, the key feature of self-directed learners is adaptability [155] based on personal values and, although the individual displaying extraversion is readily adaptable to others and their points of view, this person is not adaptable to challenging others in a crisis situation, such as COVID-19 has been, because they are not guided by what they personally value [156]. In this way, the veracity of the second hypothesis, that self-directed learners will not be similarly influenced by other-directed variables regarding their COVID-19 coping, has been demonstrated. ...
Extraversion, of the Big Five personality traits, has been identified as the most socially relevant of the traits with respect to positive COVID-19 coping—yet relevant research is found conflicting. Studies assessing this discrepancy have not situated the influence of extraversion within a geographical and historical context. Thus, a likely contributor has been missed. Furthermore, extraversion is based on other-directed learning with respect to COVID-19 coping, and this has not been considered regarding its contrast to self-directed learning. To provide context, an examination of high-ranking Google Scholar results on extraversion and COVID-19 coping from different countries during the pandemic’s various waves is undertaken, including the introduction of vaccines as a factor in decreasing COVID-19’s perceived threat. These are then examined for relationships regarding public opinion. Following, extraversion is compared with other-directed learning and differentiated from self-directed learning. An understanding is thus presented for assessing when extraversion will be an effective personality trait for positive COVID-19 coping and when it will not. Extraversion’s effect is found inherently inconsistent for identifying positive COVID-19 coping because of its dependence on other-directed learning. The conclusion: stability in positive COVID-19 coping is contingent on personal values that guide self-directed learning rather than extraversion’s other-directed learning.
... Rather, the focus of the extraverted individual when turning to others as potential sources of information is maintaining a pleasurable interaction [137] not determining if the information provided corresponds with what they personally value given the situation [138]. In contrast, the key feature of self-directed learners is adaptability [139] based on personal values and although the individual displaying extraversion is readily adaptable to others and their points of view, this person is not adaptable to challenging others in a crisis situation, such as COVID-19 has been, because they are not guided by what they personally value [140]. ...
Extraversion, a Big Five personality trait, has been identified as a significant factor in COVID-19 positive coping-yet, relevant research is conflicting. Studies have not situated the influence of extraversion within a geographical and historical context. Thus, a sound base is lacking for assessing when opposing results regarding extraversion and COVID-19 positive coping are likely to result. Furthermore, extraversion with respect to COVID-19 coping has not been considered concerning other-directed learning in contrast to self-directed learning. To establish a sufficiently sound base, an examination of the range of high-ranking Google Scholar results on extraversion and COVID-19 coping from different countries during the pandemic's various waves-pre and post vaccine introduction-is undertaken. The same are then considered for insights into public opinion. Following, extraversion is compared with other-directed learning and differentiated from self-directed learning. An understanding is thus presented for assessing when extraversion will necessarily be an effective personality trait for COVID-19 positive coping and when it will not. Extraver-sion's effect will be found inherently inconsistent for identifying COVID-19 positive coping as a result, because of its dependence on other-directed learning. The conclusion: COVID-19 positive coping stability is contingent on personal values that guide self-directed learning, rather than other-directed extraversion.
... This fits well into the conceptualization of intellectual playfulness (i.e., preferences for complexity and liking to think about problems; Proyer, 2017) and its associations with creative thinking and curiosity (e.g., Proyer et al., 2019). Those high in lighthearted playfulness show low inclinations to worry about future consequences (Proyer, 2017), and this manifests in negative relations to neuroticism and negative affectivity (Proyer et al., 2020). Accordingly, self-reported lighthearted playfulness in our study went along with the use of fewer anxiety-related words (e.g., "worried" and "nervous") and fewer risk-related words (e.g., "danger, " "doubt"). ...
Adult playfulness describes individual differences in (re)framing everyday situations as personally interesting, and/or entertaining, and/or intellectually stimulating. We aimed at extending initial evidence on the interconnectedness between language use and adult playfulness by asking 264 participants (M = 26.5 years, SD = 9.7; 66.7% women) to provide written descriptions of their understanding of playfulness (mean length: 30.6 words; SD = 24.1) and collected self-reports of their playfulness. We used the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count methodology to quantitatively analyze the language use in these descriptions and tested the associations with individual differences in participants’ age, gender, and playfulness. While higher expressions in all measures of playfulness did go along with writing more content when describing playfulness (rs =.13 to .25), facet-wise analyses revealed differential findings (e.g., Intellectual playfulness relates to using words describing cognitive processes); but the effects were small. We found that being a women and younger age related to writing longer texts (.13 ≤ rs ≤ .24), and we discovered additional associations between certain LIWC categories and age and gender. Our study expands the knowledge about adult playfulness and its manifestations in natural language use. We embed our findings into previous research and discuss limitations and potential approaches for replication studies.
... This study has not been pre-registered. The data of Sample 1 has been used in a study on the validity of a short measure of adult playfulness (Proyer, Brauer, & Wolf, 2020) but there is no overlap with analyses or findings presented here. The authors are grateful to Susanne Träumer, Fabrice Sigleur, Matthias Sauter, Carl Bartl, Wiebke Hinrichsen, Julia Roewer, and Christian Hälter for their help with data collection and to Linnea Marie Vierow for her help with preliminary analyses and preparing tables. ...
We extend the knowledge on dispositions toward ridicule and being laughed at (gelotophobia, gelotophilia, and katagelasticism) by testing their localization in a system of maladaptive personality traits. Across two studies, we used self-ratings (Ntotal = 1,438) and informant reports (Ntotal = 378 dyads). The differential associations for the dispositions fit well with expectations: Negative Affectivity, Detachment and Psychoticism characterize gelotophobia; gelotophilia relates to Disinhibition and low Detachment; and predominantly Antagonism characterizes katagelasticism. Facet-wise analyses (Study 2) allowed more fine-grained descriptions. Using condition-based regression analyses showed that the laughter-related dispositions did not relate to discrepancies of self-informant views on maladaptive personality traits. Our findings contribute to understand the maladaptive personality traits of gelotophobes, gelotophiles, and katagelasticists.
Adult playfulness is an individual difference variable that receives increasing interest. A multi-facetted model of play-fulness distinguishes between Other-directed, Lighthearted, Intellectual, and Whimsical playfulness. A 12-item brief version to assess these four facets with three items each, the OLIW-S, has been introduced in German. In this study we investigate the psychometric properties of the Hebrew translation of the OLIW-S in an Israeli sample (N = 298). Our analyses of the item-and scale parameters showed acceptable internal consistencies for short scales aimed for research purposes (αs and ωs between .53 and .80), item-total correlations, factorial validity, and metric measurement invariance with the original German-language version (German sample, N = 302). Overall, our findings provide initial evidence for the psychometric qualities of the Hebrew translation of the OLIW-S and analyses using the data from Ger-many replicate prior findings. We discuss future perspectives for extending the study of the reliability and validity of the Hebrew OLIW-S.
Previous studies have shown that individual differences in adult playfulness are important in interpersonal relationships. However, there is a lack of research on the role of playfulness in human sexuality. Using three studies with four independently collected samples (Ntotal = 1,124) we tested the differential relations between global playfulness and four facets of playfulness (Other-directed, Lighthearted, Intellectual, Whimsical; OLIW) with broad (“Sexy Seven”) and narrow (sociosexuality, sexual sensation seeking, and sexual compulsivity) sexuality-related personality traits and sadomasochistic sexual practices (BDSM). Our main findings were: (1) Each of the Sexy Seven traits was related to global playfulness or at least one playfulness facet while only Whimsical playfulness (liking odd and/or unusual things, persons, or activities) was related to each Sexy Seven trait; (2) Sexual sensation seeking related to playfulness with small effect sizes (f2 ≤ 0.11), Whimsical playfulness positively related to narrow traits of sexuality; and (3) those engaging in BDSM were more playful than non-practitioners. The findings support the notion that playfulness (particularly Whimsical playfulness) relates to sexuality-related personality traits and sadomasochistic practices may be one way of expressing adult playfulness.
Практическое содержание тренинга составляет комплекс техник, представленных в форме шестнадцати базовых законов эмоциональной привлекательности, с актуализацией вторичных способностей: законточной эмпатии: “как смотреть из окна другого;закон универсальных этических принципов; законздорового юмора; законтрёх эго-состояний; закон трех стадий взаимодействия;закон восьми главных потребностей; закон баланса чрезмерной искренности / чрезмерной вежливости;закон “Я-сообщения“; закон позиции здоровой личности: Я “+“ ТЫ “+“;закон баланса стабильности: ожидания-наблюдения / доверие-послушание;закон баланса ответственности: брать-давать / любовь-справедливость; закон честной коммуникации; закон продуктивного копинга; закон заботливой конфронтации;закон самораскрытия:“что, когда, как, насколько много и кому открывать“; закон самопознания (окно Джохари). Комплекс техник разработан на основе психологической структуры флирта как компонента игривости / игровой компетентности, представленной тремя факторами по результатам констатирующего этапа исследования развития флирта: “Эмоциональный интеллект”, “Самоценность”, “Открытость новому опыту”. Каждый из факторов, опираясь на содержательную характеристику трех стадий взаимодействия, которые структурируют межличностные взаимодействия в целом, соотнесены с определенной стадией и первичной актуальной способностью: “Эмоциональный интеллект” – привязанность, “любовь / принятие”; “Открытость новому опыту” – дифференциация, “доверие”; “Самоценность” – отделение, “уверенность в себе”. Ключевые слова: стадии взаимодействия, актуальные способности, игровая компетентность, флирт, позитивная психотерапия
The Dark Triad traits—narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy—have been found to be associated with intra- or interpersonal deception production frequency. This cross-sectional study (N = 207) investigated if the Dark Triad traits are also associated with deception detection accuracy, as implicated by the recent conception of a deception-general ability. To investigate associations between maladaptive personality space and deception, the PID-5 maladaptive personality traits were included to investigate if besides Machiavellianism, Detachment is negatively associated with response bias. Finally, associations between the Dark Triad traits, Antagonism, Negative Affectivity and confidence judgments were investigated. Participants watched videos of lying vs. truth-telling senders and judged the truthfulness of the statements. None of the Dark Triad traits was found to be associated with the ability to detect deception. Detachment was negatively associated with response bias. Psychopathy was associated with global confidence judgments. The results provide additional support that dark and maladaptive personality traits are associated with judgmental biases but not with accuracy in deception detection. The internal consistencies of 4 of the 8 subscales of the used personality short scales were only low and nearly sufficient (αs =0.65–0.69).
In jüngster Zeit häufen sich die Befunde, die zeigen, dass Befragungsergebnisse in einem oft
unerwarteten Ausmass persönlichkeitsabhängig sind. Auf diesem Hintergrund besteht das Bedürfnis
nach einem Instrument, das 1.) den Persönlichkeitsbereich möglichst umfassend abdeckt,
2.) trotzdem so kurz ist, dass es routinemässig in Befragungen eingebaut werden kann
und 3.) eine gute Akzeptanz aufweist. Ziel dieses Projektes war es, ein solches Instrument zu
entwickeln und in testologischer Hinsicht zu überprüfen.
Ausgangspunkt bildete das 45 bipolare Adjektivpaare umfassende Inventar minimal redundanter
Skalen (MRS-Inventar) von Ostendorf (1990). Es erfasst die im Fünf-Faktoren-Modell der
Persönlichkeit enthaltenen Dimensionen Extraversion, Verträglichkeit, Gewissenhaftigkeit,
Emotionale Stabilität und Kultur. Aufgrund verschiedener empirischer Studien an total über
3500 Untersuchungspersonen werden Kurzversionen von 30, 25 und 20 Items vorgeschlagen.
Sie weisen trotz der Kürzung hohe faktorielle Validität und für Forschungszwecke mehr als
genügende Reliabilität auf. Ebenso befriedigend sind erste Befunde zur zeitlichen Stabilität (1
Jahr) und zur Beziehung zu Drittvariablen (Validität).
Psychological constructs are becoming increasingly important in social surveys. Scales for the assessment of these constructs are usually developed primarily for individual assessment and decision-making. Hence, in order to guarantee high levels of reliability, measurement precision, and validity, these scales are in most cases much too long to be applied in surveys. Such settings call for extremely short measures validated for the population as a whole. However, despite the unquestionable demand, appropriate measures are still lacking. There are several reasons for this. In particular, short scales have often been criticized for their potential psychometric shortcomings with regard to reliability and validity. In this article, the authors discuss the advantages of short scales as alternative measures in large-scale surveys. Possible reasons for the assumed limited psychometric qualities of short scales will be highlighted. The authors show that commonly used reliability estimators are not always appropriate for judging the quality of scales with a minimal number of items, and they offer recommendations for alternative estimation methods and suggestions for the construction of a thorough short scale.
Previous research has shown that adult playfulness contributes to relationship satisfaction (RS). Using 211 heterosexual romantic couples we test the association between four facets of playfulness (Other-directed, Lighthearted, Intellectual, and Whimsical; OLIW) and indicators of RS in an Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM)-design. The four OLIW components are differentially associated with indicators of RS. Out of the OLIW facets, predominantly Other-directed and Intellectual playfulness were associated with high RS. Couple similarity was unrelated to RS. Overall, the findings support the notion that distinguishing between the facets of playfulness and those of RS is needed for a comprehensive understanding of their association. We discuss the findings with respect to theoretical and practical implications.
Playfulness is an individual difference variable that allows people to (re)frame a situation in a way that it is experienced as entertaining, intellectually stimulating, and/or personally interesting. We examined the interpersonal perception of playfulness at zero-acquaintance. One-hundred forty-four participants wrote short self-descriptions which were (1) used by unacquainted judges to infer the author’s playfulness and (2) linguistically analyzed using the LIWC methodology. Lens model analyses revealed that playfulness finds its expression through language and that observers utilized linguistic cues to accurately judge playfulness in terms of self-other agreement (.21-.37) and consensus (.31-.44). The findings add knowledge regarding the interpersonal perception of playfulness, its linguistic expressions, and the applicability of the LIWC paradigm outside broad personality traits.
It has widely been accepted that play has a major role in the process of human development, particularly during childhood. Not surprisingly, play research and research into playfulness (i.e. the ability ‘to transform virtually any environment to make it more stimulating enjoyable and entertaining’ [Barnett, L. A. (2007). The nature of playfulness in young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 949–958. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.02.018]) has mainly focused on play in children. Recently, however, an increasing amount of research has demonstrated numerous positive effects playfulness can have on adults as well. Adult playfulness has been shown to bear positive relations to indicators of psychological and physical well-being, such as life satisfaction or physical fitness [Proyer, R. T. (2013). The well-being of playful adults: Adult playfulness, subjective well-being, physical well-being, and the pursuit of enjoyable activities. European Journal of Humour Research, 1, 84–98. doi:10.7592/EJHR2013.1.1.proyer] and also to other desirable outcomes such as creativity [Tegano, D. W. (1990). Relationship of Tolerance of Ambiguity and Playfulness to Creativity. Psychological Reports, 66, 1047–1056. doi:10.2466/pr0.1990.66.3.1047] and academic achievement [Proyer, R. T. (2011). Being playful and smart? The relations of adult playfulness with psychometric and self-estimated intelligence and academic performance. Learning and Individual Differences, 21, 463–467. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2011.02.003]. Highly playful adults have been described as outgoing, humorous and happy [Barnett, L. A. (2007). The nature of playfulness in young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 949–958. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.02.018]. Despite of this, playfulness remains an understudied area in psychiatry.
Playfulness is an important component of drama therapy. For adults with an anxiety disorder (AD) or an obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) playfulness might be an unconsciously missed component in life. Therefore strengthening a client's playfulness could be a major aim of drama therapy with these disorders. Where less playfulness is identified, drama therapy based interventions could be applied to strengthen playfulness. Therefore providing a contribution to treatments available to the client suffering from AD/OCD. Using drama therapy interventions would be less probable to cause negative side effects. In an online-survey both Group 1 (34 adults with AD/OCD), and Group 2 (34 adults without AD/OCD), filled in three scales assessing their level of playfulness. On all three scales the playfulness in Group 1 (M = 77.88; M = 62.00; M = 69.12) was significantly lower (p =.000 at all three scales) than the playfulness in Group 2 (M = 92.09; M = 80.24; M = 81.21). The relationship between having an AD or OCD and being less playful is statistically significant (Pearson's Correlation of respectively −.458; −.639; −.464). A difference in playfulness within Group 1 in specified AD/OCD could not be distinguished. The results indicate that playfulness could specifically be part of treatment through drama therapy with adults with AD/OCD.
Adult playfulness is an understudied personality trait. A new 28-item questionnaire (the OLIW) is proposed that assesses four basic components; namely, Other-directed, Lighthearted, Intellectual, and Whimsical playfulness. Study 1 provides support for the factorial validity in an Exploratory (N = 628) and a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (N = 1168). Item- and scale-statistics were satisfactory. Correlations in the expected range with other playfulness questionnaires provide support for the convergent validity of the scale; there was between 3 and 30% shared variance with the big five personality traits. Test-retest reliabilities were between 0.67 and 0.87 for one-week, two-week, one-month, and three-month intervals (N = 200; using a reduced set of 12 items). Study 2 found convergence between self- and peer-reports in the expected range (i.e., 44–0.57). Participants in Study 3 (N = 295) collected daily behavior ratings for 14 days for Play, Aggression, Exhibitionism, and Impulsivity, and completed respective trait measures on day one. The OLIW demonstrated correlations between 0.29 and 0.36 for the aggregated behavior ratings, which was in the expected range. Overall, the findings for the psychometrics, reliability (internal consistency, test-retest), and validity (factorial, convergent, discriminant) are satisfactory and further use of the OLIW is encouraged.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth edition (DSM-5) Personality and Personality Disorders workgroup developed the Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5) for the assessment of the alternative trait model for DSM-5 Along with this measure, the American Psychiatric Association published an abbreviated version, the PID-5-Brief form (PID-5-BF). Although this measure is available on the DSM-5 website for use, only two studies have evaluated its psychometric properties and validity and no studies have examined the U.S. version of this measure. The current study evaluated the reliability, factor structure, and construct validity of PID-5-BF scale scores. This included an evaluation of the scales' associations with Section II PDs, a well-validated dimensional measure of personality psychopathology, and broad externalizing and internalizing psychopathology measures. We found support for the reliability of PID-5-BF scales as well as for the factor structure of the measure. Furthermore, a series of correlation and regression analyses showed conceptually expected associations between PID-5-BF and external criterion variables. Finally, we compared the correlations with external criterion measures to those of the full-length PID-5 and PID-5-Short form. Intraclass correlation analyses revealed a comparable pattern of correlations across all three measures, thereby supporting the use of the PID-5-BF as a screening measure of dimensional maladaptive personality traits.
We develop a theory-based measure of adults' playfulness, the Adult Playfulness Scale. Five studies, conducted in laboratory and field sites with over 300 individuals, examine the psychometric properties and correlates of playfulness. As expected, playfulness relates to a set of psychological traits, including cognitive spontaneity and creativity, as well as to functional orientation and rank. No definitive relationships were found, however, between adults' playfulness and gender or age, but playfulness related positively to work outcomes, including task evaluations, perceptions, involvement, and performance, and provided more predictive efficacy than other psychological constructs studied here. Finally, the Adult Playfulness Scale demonstrates good reliability and shows promise for the study of playfulness in the workplace.