Παιδική πολιτειότητα, εκπαιδευτικές δράσεις και νέα ψηφιακά μέσα: Αναπτύσσοντας την έννοια του ενεργού πολίτη και της συμμετοχικής επικοινωνίας σε μαθητές προσχολικής ηλικίας

Abstract

Βασικό ζητούμενο της εποχής μας είναι η δημιουργία ενός ανοικτού στην κοινωνία σχολείου, το οποίο θα πρέπει να έχει τη δυνατότητα να αλληλεπιδρά με αυτή μέσα από μία συμμετοχική και διαλλακτική σχέση. Πρόκειται για μια σχετικά νέα αντίληψη όσον αφορά στο ρόλο της σχολικής μονάδας, η οποία έχει ως αποτέλεσμα η διαδικασία της μάθησης να διαπερνά το φυσικό της χώρο και να διαχέεται στη ζωή της γειτονιάς, της περιοχής, της πόλης. Στην παρούσα εισήγηση γίνεται αναφορά στον τρόπο εξοικείωσης παιδιών προσχολικής εκπαίδευσης με την έννοια της πολιτειότητας μέσα από δραστη-ριότητες ενίσχυσης της συμμετοχικότητας τους στο ευρύτερο τοπικό και κοινωνικό πε-ριβάλλον. Δραστηριότητες που προάγουν μία δημοκρατική παιδεία μέσα στην τάξη και επέκταση με εφαρμογή αυτών στην καθημερινότητα.

Full text

ȆĮȚįȚțȒʌȠȜȚIJİȚȩIJȘIJĮİțʌĮȚįİȣIJȚțȑȢįȡȐıİȚȢțĮȚȞȑĮȥȘijȚĮțȐȝȑıĮ
ǹȞĮʌIJȪııȠȞIJĮȢIJȘȞȑȞȞȠȚĮIJȠȣİȞİȡȖȠȪʌȠȜȓIJȘțĮȚIJȘȢıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȚțȒȢ
İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢıİȝĮșȘIJȑȢʌȡȠıȤȠȜȚțȒȢȘȜȚțȓĮȢ
ȃȐțȠȣǹȜİȟȐȞįȡĮ
ǼțʌĮȚįİȣIJȚțȩȢȆǼ60
ǻȚįĮțIJȠȡȚțȒijȠȚIJȒIJȡȚĮȉȝȒȝĮǼʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢțĮȚȂȂǼIJȠȣȆĮȞİʌȚıIJȘȝȓȠȣǹșȘȞȫȞ
anakou@media.uoa.gr
ǻȡ īțȠȪıțȠȢǻȘȝȒIJȡȘȢ
ǼʌȓțȠȣȡȠȢȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢ ȉȝȒȝĮǼʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢțĮȚȂȂǼIJȠȣȆĮȞİʌȚıIJȘȝȓȠȣǹșȘȞȫȞ
gouscos@media.uoa.gr
ȆİȡȓȜȘȥȘ
ǺĮıȚțȩȗȘIJȠȪȝİȞȠIJȘȢİʌȠȤȒȢȝĮȢİȓȞĮȚ Ș įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ İȞȩȢ ĮȞȠȚțIJȠȪ ıIJȘȞ țȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ
ıȤȠȜİȓȠȣIJȠȠʌȠȓȠșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȑȤİȚIJȘįȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJĮȞĮĮȜȜȘȜİʌȚįȡȐȝİĮȣIJȒȝȑıĮĮʌȩ
ȝȓĮıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȚțȒțĮȚįȚĮȜȜĮțIJȚțȒıȤȑıȘȆȡȩțİȚIJĮȚȖȚĮȝȚĮıȤİIJȚțȐȞȑĮĮȞIJȓȜȘȥȘȩıȠȞ
ĮijȠȡȐıIJȠȡȩȜȠIJȘȢıȤȠȜȚțȒȢȝȠȞȐįĮȢȘȠʌȠȓĮȑȤİȚ ȦȢĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮȘįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮIJȘȢ
ȝȐșȘıȘȢȞĮįȚĮʌİȡȞȐIJȠijȣıȚțȩIJȘȢȤȫȡȠțĮȚȞĮįȚĮȤȑİIJĮȚıIJȘȗȦȒIJȘȢȖİȚIJȠȞȚȐȢIJȘȢ
ʌİȡȚȠȤȒȢIJȘȢʌȩȜȘȢ ȈIJȘȞʌĮȡȠȪıĮİȚıȒȖȘıȘȖȓȞİIJĮȚĮȞĮijȠȡȐıIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠİȟȠȚțİȓȦıȘȢ
ʌĮȚįȚȫȞʌȡȠıȤȠȜȚțȒȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢȝİIJȘȞȑȞȞȠȚĮIJȘȢʌȠȜȚIJİȚȩIJȘIJĮȢȝȑıĮĮʌȩįȡĮıIJȘ
ȡȚȩIJȘIJİȢİȞȓıȤȣıȘȢIJȘȢıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢIJȠȣȢıIJȠİȣȡȪIJİȡȠIJȠʌȚțȩțĮȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩʌİ
ȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞǻȡĮıIJȘȡȚȩIJȘIJİȢʌȠȣʌȡȠȐȖȠȣȞȝȓĮįȘȝȠțȡĮIJȚțȒʌĮȚįİȓĮȝȑıĮıIJȘȞIJȐȟȘțĮȚ
İʌȑțIJĮıȘȝİİijĮȡȝȠȖȒĮȣIJȫȞıIJȘȞțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȩIJȘIJĮ
ȁȑȟİȚȢ-ȀȜİȚįȚȐ ʌĮȚįȚțȒ ʌȠȜȚIJİȚȩIJȘIJĮ İȞİȡȖȩȢ ʌȠȜȓIJȘȢ ıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȚțȒ įȘȝȠțȡĮIJȓĮ,
ʌȡȠıȤȠȜȚțȒİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ
ǼȚıĮȖȦȖȒ
ǾʌȡȦIJȠȕȐșȝȚĮİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ,ĮʌȩIJȠ ȞȘʌȚĮȖȦȖİȓȠ ȝȑȤȡȚ IJȠįȘȝȠIJȚțȩ ȦȢȝȑȡȠȢIJȠȣİț
ʌĮȚįİȣIJȚțȠȪıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢĮțȠȜȠȣșİȓIJȚȢȕĮıȚțȑȢĮȡȤȑȢIJȘȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢțĮȚIJȦȞĮȞĮ
ȜȣIJȚțȫȞʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐIJȦȞȝȓĮĮʌȩIJȚȢȠʌȠȓİȢİȓȞĮȚȘįȚĮȝȩȡijȦıȘįȘȝȠțȡĮIJȚțȫȞțĮȚȣ
ʌİȪșȣȞȦȞʌȠȜȚIJȫȞȝȑıĮĮʌȩȡİĮȜȚıIJȚțȑȢıȣȞșȒțİȢȝȐșȘıȘȢțĮȚȕȓȦıȘȢ
ȆȠȜȜȠȓİȡİȣȞȘIJȑȢ ʌȚıIJİȪȠȣȞȩIJȚțȪȡȚȠȢıIJȩȤȠȢIJȘȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢıȒȝİȡĮİȓȞĮȚȞĮİijȠ
įȚȐıİȚIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐȝİȖȞȫıİȚȢįİȟȚȩIJȘIJİȢțĮȚĮȟȓİȢʌȠȣȤȡİȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚȖȚĮ ȞĮȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȒ
ıȠȣȞĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȐȦȢʌȠȜȓIJİȢıİȝȚĮįȘȝȠțȡĮIJȚțȒțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ (Batho, 1990). DZȜȜȦ
ıIJİȩʌȦȢȑȤİȚʌİȚțĮȚȠīțȓȞIJİȞȢ (2009) Ș įȘȝȠțȡĮIJȓĮİȓȞĮȚȓıȦȢȘʌȚȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒȚįȑĮ
IJȠȣȠȪĮȚȫȞĮ ȉȠʌĮȚįȓİȓȞĮȚȝȑȜȠȢȝȚĮȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢȝȚĮȢıȣȞȠȚțȓĮȢİȞȩȢȤȦȡȚȠȪȒ
ȝȚĮȢʌȩȜȘȢțĮȚȕȚȫȞİȚȝȑıĮıIJȠȝȚțȡȩțȠıȝȩ IJȠȣIJȚȢĮʌĮȚIJȒıİȚȢIJȠȣȢ ıȣȝȕȚȕĮıȝȠȪȢ
țĮȚIJȚȢıȣȖțȡȠȪıİȚȢʌȠȣıȣȞİʌȐȖİIJĮȚȘȠȡȖĮȞȦȝȑȞȘțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȐȗȦȒ
924

ȈIJȠʌȜĮȓıȚȠĮȣIJȩIJĮĮȞĮȜȣIJȚțȐʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮIJĮİțIJȩȢĮʌȩĮțĮįȘȝĮȧțȑȢȖȞȫıİȚȢʌȡȠıʌĮ
șȠȪȞȞĮțĮȜȜȚİȡȖȒıȠȣȞıIJȐıİȚȢțĮȚįİȟȚȩIJȘIJİȢȠȚȠʌȠȓİȢȠįȘȖȠȪȞıIJȘįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮįȘ
ȝȠțȡĮIJȚțȫȞİȞİȡȖȫȞțĮȚȣʌİȪșȣȞȦȞʌȠȜȚIJȫȞ
ȆȠȜȚIJİȚȩIJȘIJĮ ıIJȠĮȞĮȜȣIJȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮIJȠȣȞȘʌȚĮȖȦȖİȓȠȣ
ȂİȜİIJȫȞIJĮȢIJȘıȤİIJȚțȒȕȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮijȓĮȖȓȞİIJĮȚțĮIJĮȞȠȘIJȩʌȦȢIJȠșȑȝĮIJȘȢʌĮȚįȚțȒȢʌȠ
ȜȚIJİȚȩIJȘIJĮȢțĮȚȘʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮIJȚțȒȖĮIJȘȞİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȝĮșȘIJȫȞıİıȤİIJȚțȐșȑȝĮIJĮĮʌĮ
ıȤȠȜİȓȑȞIJȠȞĮIJȘȞİțʌĮȚįİȣIJȚțȒțȠȚȞȩIJȘIJĮ ǵʌȦȢȑȤİȚĮȞĮijȑȡİȚȘ *XWPDQQȠ
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įȘȝȠțȡĮIJȓĮȢțĮȚIJȘȢıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȒȢİȓȞĮȚȞĮIJȠİʌȚįȚȫțİȚ ȝİ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȘ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ
ǹʌȩĮȣIJȩȖȓȞİIJĮȚțĮIJĮȞȠȘIJȩʌȦȢįİȞĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚıIJȘȞĮʌȜȒȝİȜȑIJȘIJȘȢıȣȞIJĮȖȝĮIJȚțȒȢ
įȘȝȠțȡĮIJȓĮȢĮȜȜȐıİȝȓĮȖİȞȚțȩIJİȡȘșİȫȡȘıȘțĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚĮȢıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȚțȫȞțĮȚİʌȚțȠȚ
ȞȦȞȚĮțȫȞįİȟȚȠIJȒIJȦȞȀĮIJ¶ĮȣIJȩȞIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠȘȚįȚȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȣʌȠȜȓIJȘʌĮȪİȚȞĮʌİȡȚȠȡȓ
ȗİIJĮȚıIJȘȞʌȡȐȟȘIJȠȣİțȜȑȖİȚȞĮȜȜȐʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚȑȞĮijȐıȝĮİȞİȡȖİȚȫȞʌȠȣĮıțȠȪ
ȞIJĮȚĮʌȩȑȞĮ ȐIJȠȝȠțĮȚȑȤȠȣȞĮȞIJȓțIJȣʌȠıIJȘ ȗȦȒ IJȘȢțȠȚȞȩIJȘIJĮȢȅIJȩʌȠȢȐıțȘıȘȢ
IJȘȢȚįȚȩIJȘIJĮȢIJȠȣʌȠȜȓIJȘİȓȞĮȚȠȩȡȠȢʌȠȣĮijȠȡȐȝȚĮȞȑĮȒțĮȚȞȠIJȩȝȠȝȠȡijȒįȘȝȠțȡĮ
IJȚțȒȢȗȦȒȢ2¶6KHD
ȉȠĮȞĮȜȣIJȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ IJȠȣ ȞȘʌȚĮȖȦȖİȓȠȣ ʌȡȠıijȑȡİȚ İȣțĮȚȡȓİȢȝȐșȘıȘȢıİ ȗȘIJȒ
ȝĮIJĮĮȞșȡȦʌȚıȝȠȪĮȟȚȠʌȡȑʌİȚĮȢĮȜȜȘȜİȖȖȪȘȢțĮȚįȓțĮȚȠȣĮȖȫȞĮİȞȫĮȞĮʌIJȪııİȚIJȠ
İȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȞȖȚĮIJȠțȠȚȞȩțĮȜȩȫıIJİIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐȞĮʌȡȠİIJȠȚȝȐȗȠȞIJĮȚȖȚĮ ȑȞĮȞİȞİȡȖȘIJȚțȩ
ȡȩȜȠīțȜȚȐȠȣ &īȠȣȡȖȚȫIJȠȣDZȜȜȦıIJİȠȚĮȡȤȑȢIJȘȢįȘȝȠțȡĮIJȓĮȢİȝʌİįȫȞȠ
ȞIJĮȚțĮȚȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮĮȟȚȠʌȠȚȘșȠȪȞBerman, 1990,ÚMullinsȝȩȞȠȝȑıĮĮʌȩIJȘȞ
ʌȡĮțIJȚțȒİijĮȡȝȠȖȒIJȠȣȢıIJȘȞțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȩIJȘIJĮ
ȈȣȞȠȥȓȗȠȞIJĮȢșĮȝʌȠȡȠȪıĮȝİȞĮʌȠȪȝİʌȦȢȘ ȑȞȞȠȚĮIJȘȢįȘȝȠțȡĮIJȓĮȢıIJȠȞȘʌȚĮȖȦ
ȖİȓȠıIJȠǻȚĮșİȝĮIJȚțȩǼȞȚĮȓȠȆȜĮȓıȚȠ ȆȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐIJȦȞȈʌȠȣįȫȞǻǼȆȆȈ (2001)
ʌȡȠıİȖȖȓȗİIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȚȢįȪȠȕĮıȚțȩIJİȡİȢȝȠȡijȑȢIJȘȢ,ĮijİȞȩȢIJȘıȣȞIJĮȖȝĮIJȚțȒȝȑıĮĮʌȩ
ıȤȑįȚĮİȡȖĮıȓĮȢʌȠȣıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚȝİIJȚȢİțȜȠȖȑȢIJȠʌȠȜȓIJİȣȝĮIJȠȣȢȞȩȝȠȣȢțĮȚțĮȞȩ
ȞİȢĮijİIJȑȡȠȣIJȘ ıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȚțȒʌȠȣĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚțȣȡȓȦȢıİİȞȓıȤȣıȘIJȘȢįȘȝȠțȡĮIJȚțȒȢ
ıȣȞİȓįȘıȘȢ.
ȈİĮȣIJȩIJȠʌȜĮȓıȚȠȠ Lerner ĮȞĮijȑȡİȚȝȓĮıİȚȡȐ©įȘȝȠțȡĮIJȚțȫȞıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȚțȫȞ
İȡȖĮıIJȘȡȓȦȞʌȠȣȑȤȠȣȞʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȘșİȓıIJȘȞǹȡȖİȞIJȚȞȒĮȜȜȐțĮȚıIJȠȉȠȡȩȞIJȠIJȠȣ
ȀĮȞĮįȐ ȝİIJȠȞIJȓIJȜȠ «ǾȆȩȜȘIJȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞ» (The City Of Children)ǾİȚıĮȖȦȖȒIJȠȣȢ
ıIJȘȞȑȞȞȠȚĮIJȠȣʌȠȜȓIJȘȖȓȞİIJĮȚȝȑıĮĮʌȩʌĮȚȤȞȓįȚĮİȓIJİȡȩȜȦȞİȓIJİİʌȚIJȡĮʌȑȗȚĮȫıIJİ
ʌȡȫIJĮȞĮȜȐȕȠȣȞIJȚȢĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJİȢȖȞȫıİȚȢȖȚĮ ȞĮțĮIJĮȞȠȒıȠȣȞȕȚȦȝĮIJȚțȐIJȘȢıʌȠȣ
įĮȚȩIJȘIJĮ ĮȣIJȠȪ IJȠȣ įȚțĮȚȫȝĮIJȠȢ ȅȚ ʌĮȚȖȞȚȫįİȚȢ ĮȣIJȑȢ įȡȐıİȚȢ șĮ țĮȜȜȚİȡȖȒıȠȣȞ
ıIJȠȣȢȝĮșȘIJȑȢĮȣIJȩʌȠȣȠȡȓȗİIJĮȚȦȢ©ȠȣıȚȫįȘȢªıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȒIJȦȞʌȠȜȚIJȫȞıȪȝijȦȞĮȝİ
IJȠȞBobbio (1995).
ȆĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮȘCollins (2008) ʌȡȠIJİȓȞİȚ IJȘ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ ȖȚĮ țȐșİ ʌĮȚįȓ İȞȩȢ portfolio
ʌĮȖțȩıȝȚȠȣʌȠȜȓIJȘİȞȫșȑIJİȚțĮȚIJȠȕĮıȚțȩıȣıIJĮIJȚțȩIJȘȢıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȒȢIJȦȞȖȠȞȑȦȞȝİ
țȠȚȞȑȢįȡĮıIJȘȡȚȩIJȘIJİȢțĮȚıȣȗȘIJȒıİȚȢıIJȠıʌȓIJȚȂİĮȞȐȜȠȖȘʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘıIJȠȕȚȕȜȓȠ
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IJȘȢȘ Papacharissi (2015) țĮȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȢȣʌȩȥȘIJȘıȪȖȤȡȠȞȘʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮĮȞĮ
ijȑȡİȚʌȦȢIJĮȞȑĮȥȘijȚĮțȐȝȑıĮȑȤȠȣȞIJȘįȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJĮȞĮʌȡȠıijȑȡȠȣȞıȪȞįİıȘȝİȝİ
ȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘȢ İȝȕȑȜİȚĮȢțȠȚȞȩʌȠȣįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓȚıȤȣȡȒİʌȚȡȡȠȒıIJȘȞȠȚțȠįȩȝȘıȘʌİʌȠȚșȒ
ıİȦȞțĮȚĮȞIJȚȜȒȥİȦȞȖȪȡȦĮʌȩIJȘıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȒĮȜȜȐțĮȚIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠʌȠȣĮȣIJȒĮıțİȓIJĮȚ
İʌȘȡİȐȗȠȞIJĮȢțȣȡȓȦȢIJĮȐIJȠȝĮȞİĮȡȒȢȘȜȚțȓĮȢ
ȉȠȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠȦıIJȩıȠʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮIJȩıȠıIJȘȞʌȡȠıȤȠȜȚțȒİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȩıȠțĮȚıİȐȜ
ȜİȢȕĮșȝȓįİȢıİıȤȑıȘȝİIJȘȞİȞİȡȖȒıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȒIJȦȞȝĮșȘIJȫȞıIJȚȢįȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢȩʌȦȢ
ĮȞĮijȑȡİȚTurnšek (2009) İȞIJȠʌȓȗİIJĮȚ ıIJȠ ȖİȖȠȞȩȢ ʌȦȢ Ș ıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȒ ʌİȡȚȠȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ıİ
ĮʌȜȑȢįȡĮıIJȘȡȚȩIJȘIJİȢȜȒȥȘȢĮʌȠijȐıİȦȞțĮȚȩȤȚıİȝȓĮȠȣıȚȫįȘįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮıȣȝȝİIJȠ
ȤȒȢİȝʌȜȠțȒȢıİȩȜĮIJĮıIJȐįȚĮIJȘȢįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮȢĮȣIJȒȢ
ǼțʌĮȚįİȣIJȚțȑȢįȡȐıİȚȢȖȚĮIJȘȞİȞȓıȤȣıȘIJȘȢıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȚțȒȢįȘȝȠțȡĮIJȓĮȢ
ǾȚįȚȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȣʌȠȜȓIJȘFLWL]HQVKLS İȓȞĮȚ ȝȚĮ ȑȞȞȠȚĮįȪıțȠȜȘȞĮȠȡȚıIJİȓįİįȠȝȑȞȠȣ
IJȠȣįȚİȣȡȣȝȑȞȠȣİȝʌȜȠȣIJȚıȝȠȪIJȠȣʌİȡȚİȤȠȝȑȞȠȣIJȘȢʌȠȣȑȤİȚȜȐȕİȚIJĮIJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮȤȡȩ
ȞȚĮȝİȐȜȜİȢȑȞȞȠȚİȢʌȠȜȚIJȚțȒȢțĮȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȢįȚȐıIJĮıȘȢǹȡțİIJȠȓȝİȜİIJȘIJȑȢȩʌȦȢȠ
Matthews (2010), įȚĮIJȣʌȫȞȠȣȞIJȠİȡȫIJȘȝĮĮȞʌĮȚįȚȐțĮȚȞȑȠȚįȪȞĮȞIJĮȚȠȣıȚĮıIJȚțȐȞĮ
įȚĮIJȘȡȠȪȞİȞİȡȖȐIJȘȞȑȞȞȠȚĮIJȠȣʌȠȜȓIJȘțĮȚ ĮȞIJİȜȚțȐ ȘȑȞȞȠȚĮIJȘȢʌȠȜȚIJİȚȩIJȘIJĮȢİȓȞĮȚ
©ıȣȝȕĮIJȒªȝİIJȘȞ ʌĮȚįȚțȒȘȜȚțȓĮ.ǹʌȠIJİȜİȓİʌȠȝȑȞȦȢıIJȚȢȝȑȡİȢȝĮȢȘıȣȗȒIJȘıȘȖȚĮ
ʌĮȚįȚțȒʌȠȜȚIJİȚȩIJȘIJĮıȪȝijȦȞĮȝİIJȠȞMilne ȝȓĮʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȒȝȓĮȚįİĮIJȒ
țĮȚȡȠȝĮȞIJȚțȒșİȫȡȘıȘIJȦȞʌȡĮȖȝȐIJȦȞțĮȚIJȦȞțĮIJĮıIJȐıİȦȞ
ȉȠȖİȖȠȞȩȢʌȦȢʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮĮʌȠıĮijȘȞȚıIJİȓıİȝĮșȘIJȑȢȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮȝȚțȡȒȢ ȘȜȚțȓĮȢIJȠțĮ
șȚıIJȐĮțȩȝĮʌȚȠįȪıțȠȜȠĮijȠȪȘıȣȞȒșȘȢʌȡĮțIJȚțȒȝȑȤȡȚțĮȚıȒȝİȡĮȒIJĮȞȞĮĮȞIJȚ
ȝİIJȦʌȓȗİIJĮȚĮʌȠıʌĮıȝĮIJȚțȐȦȢȝİȝȠȞȦȝȑȞĮıȤȑįȚĮ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȖȚĮ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞİȢ șİ
ȝĮIJȚțȑȢİȞȩIJȘIJİȢȩʌȦȢȠȚİțȜȠȖȑȢIJĮʌİȡȚȕĮȜȜȠȞIJȚțȐșȑȝĮIJĮțĮȚ ȠȚİșȞȚțȑȢȖȚȠȡIJȑȢ.
ȅȚȕȚȦȝĮIJȚțȑȢįȡȐıİȚȢțĮȚIJĮ©įȘȝȠțȡĮIJȚțȐ ıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȚțȐİȡȖĮıIJȒȡȚĮ», ȩʌȦȢIJĮȠȞȠ
ȝȐȗİȚ ȠLerner țĮȚĮȞĮijȑȡșȘțĮȞʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦĮijȠȡȠȪȞțȣȡȓȦȢ ʌĮȚįȚȐȝİȖĮȜȪ
IJİȡȘȢȘȜȚțȓĮȢĮʌȩ İIJȫȞ țĮȚʌȐȞȦ.ȂİȕȐıȘĮȣIJȒIJȘȞʌĮȡĮIJȒȡȘıȘȠȚįȡȐıİȚȢʌȠȣșĮ
ĮțȠȜȠȣșȒıȠȣȞĮijȠȡȠȪȞıİȝĮșȘIJȑȢ țĮȚ ȝĮșȒIJȡȚİȢ ʌȡȠıȤȠȜȚțȒȢ ȘȜȚțȓĮȢ ʌȠȣ ĮʌȠIJİ
ȜȠȪȞIJȘȞĮȡȤȒIJȘȢİʌȓıȘȝȘȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢ.ȂİIJȠȞȩȡȠȜȠȚʌȩȞ «ȕȚȦȝĮIJȚțȐİȡȖĮıIJȒȡȚĮ
įȘȝȠțȡĮIJȓĮȢªĮȞĮijİȡȩȝĮıIJİıIJȘȞĮʌȩțȠȚȞȠȪĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘıȤİįȓĮıȘțĮȚİțIJȑȜİıȘįȡĮ
ıIJȘȡȚȠIJȒIJȦȞ ȝİIJȠȣȢȝĮșȘIJȑȢIJȠȣȞȘʌȚĮȖȦȖİȓȠȣȝİıIJȩȤȠȠȚʌĮȚȖȞȚȫįİȚȢĮȣIJȑȢįȡȐıİȚȢ
ȞĮ ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȠȣȞ IJĮ ȕȚȦȝĮIJȚțȐ İȡȖĮıIJȒȡȚĮ ĮʌȩțIJȘıȘȢ ȞȑȦȞ ıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȚțȫȞ ʌİʌȠȚșȒ
ıİȦȞ
ȂİșȠįȠȜȠȖȓĮǼțʌĮȚįİȣIJȚțȫȞįȡȐıİȦȞ
ǹʌȩʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȐʌȠȥȘȖȚĮIJȚȢĮȞȐȖțİȢIJȘȢʌĮȡȠȪıĮȢİȚıȒȖȘıȘȢ ȣȚȠșİIJȒșȘțĮȞ ȠȚ
ĮȡȤȑȢIJȘȢıȣȞİȡȖĮIJȚțȒȢ ȝȐșȘıȘȢțĮȚIJȠȣİʌȚțȠįȠȝȘIJȚıȝȠȪȂȑıĮıİĮȣIJȩIJȠʌȜĮȓıȚȠ
ȑȖȚȞİ ʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮȝȑıȦIJȠȣʌĮȚȤȞȚįȚȠȪĮȜȜȐțĮȚIJȘȢʌȡȠıȠȝȠȓȦıȘȢ ȡİĮȜȚıIJȚțȫȞıȣȞ
șȘțȫȞ ȞĮıȣȗİȣȤșİȓIJȠʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȣȞȘʌȚĮȖȦȖİȓȠȣȝİIJȠȞʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩțȩıȝȠ įȘ
ȝȠIJȚțȩ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ įȚĮįȚțIJȣĮțȠȓ ıȣȝȝĮșȘIJȑȢ ȫıIJİ ȠȚ ȝĮșȘIJȑȢ ȤȦȡȓȢ ȞĮ
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ȤȡİȚȐȗİIJĮȚȞĮİȖțĮIJĮȜİȓȥȠȣȞIJȠʌȜĮȓıȚȠIJȠȣijȣıȚțȠȪIJȠȣȢțȩıȝȠȣ,įȘȜĮįȒIJȘıȤȠȜȚțȒ
ĮȓșȠȣıĮȞĮĮȟȚȠʌȠȚȒıȠȣȞȝĮșȘıȚĮțȐIJȚȢİʌȚʌȜȑȠȞįȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJİȢIJȠȣȥȘijȚĮțȠȪțȩıȝȠȣ.
ǼȓȞĮȚıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩȩȝȦȢȞĮĮȞĮijİȡșİȓĮȣIJȩʌȠȣIJȠȞȓȗİȚȠMatthews (2010) ıȪȝijȦȞĮȝİ
IJȠȞȠʌȠȓȠ ȠijİȓȜȠȣȝİȞĮİȝʌȜȑțȠȣȝİIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐıİȖȞȒıȚİȢįȡĮıIJȘȡȚȩIJȘIJİȢȩʌȠȣIJĮʌĮȚ
įȚȐȦȢʌȠȜȓIJİȢșĮĮʌİȣșȪȞȠȞIJĮȚıIJȠĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤȠțȠȚȞȩȖȚĮȞĮʌȡȠȕȐȜȜȠȣȞĮȜȜȐțĮȚȞĮ
ıȣȗȘIJȒıȠȣȞșȑȝĮIJĮIJȘȢțȠȚȞȒȢȗȦȒȢʌȠȣIJȠȣȢĮijȠȡȠȪȞ
ǹȣIJȒȘİȝʌİȚȡȚțȒįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮȝȐșȘıȘȢʌȡȠıİȖȖȓıIJȘțİ ĮʌȩIJİȤȞȚțȑȢȩʌȦȢİʌȓȜȣıȘʌȡȠ
ȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞ ıİ ȝȚțȡȠİʌȓʌİįȠ țĮIJĮȚȖȚıȝȩȢ ȚįİȫȞ ʌĮȚȖȞȓįȚ ȡȩȜȦȞ įȚȐȜȠȖȠȢ țĮȚıȣ ȗȒ
IJȘıȘțĮșȫȢțĮȚȝİIJȘįȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJĮıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȢțĮȚįȘȝȠțȡĮIJȚțȒȢıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȒȢȝİIJȘ
ȤȡȒıȘIJİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓĮȢȃȚțȠȜȐȠȣ.
ȈIJȩȤȠȚ-İʌȚįȚȫȟİȚȢ
ȈIJȩȤȠȢIJȦȞıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȦȞįȡȐıİȦȞʌȠȣșĮʌİȡȚȖȡĮijșȠȪȞĮȞĮȜȣIJȚțȐʌĮȡĮțȐIJȦİȓȞĮȚ
ȞĮțĮȜȜȚİȡȖȒıİȚIJȚȢįİȟȚȩIJȘIJİȢĮȣIJȑȢțĮș¶ȩȜȘIJȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮIJȘȢıȤȠȜȚțȒȢȤȡȠȞȚȐȢȑIJıȚ
ȫıIJİȞĮİȞȚıȤȪıİȚIJȘȞȑȞȞȠȚĮIJȘȢıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȚțȒȢįȘȝȠțȡĮIJȓĮȢȝİȕȚȦȝĮIJȚțȩIJȡȩʌȠ İȞ
șĮȡȡȪȞȠȞIJĮȢIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐȞĮIJȘȞȣȚȠșİIJȒıȠȣȞȦȢIJȡȩʌȠȗȦȒȢ
ȆȚȠıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠȚİțʌĮȚįİȣIJȚțȠȓıIJȩȤȠȚȝİȕȐıȘIJȠǻȚĮșİȝĮIJȚțȩǼȞȚĮȓȠȆȜĮȓıȚȠ ȆȡȠ
ȖȡĮȝȝȐIJȦȞȈʌȠȣįȫȞǻǼȆȆȈİȓȞĮȚ
xȃĮȝȣȘșȠȪȞıIJȚȢȑȞȞȠȚİȢİȣșȪȞȘțĮȚȣʌİȣșȣȞȩIJȘIJĮ
xȃĮİȝʌȜȠȣIJȓȗȠȣȞIJȠȞ ʌȡȠijȠȡȚțȩ IJȠȣȢȜȩȖȠȝİȞȑİȢ ȜȑȟİȚȢįȘȝȠțȡĮIJȓĮȣʌȠ
ȤȡȑȦıȘįȚțĮȓȦȝĮȠȝȐįĮțȠȚȞȩIJȘIJĮȝȑȜȘıȪȞIJĮȖȝĮʌȠȜȓIJȘȢ).
xȃĮ ıȣȝȝİIJȑȤȠȣȞ ıİ ıȣȗȘIJȒıİȚȢ ȞĮ İʌȚȤİȚȡȘȝĮIJȠȜȠȖȠȪȞ ȣʌȠıIJȘȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȢ IJĮ
ʌȜİȠȞİțIJȒȝĮIJĮțĮȚIJĮȝİȚȠȞİțIJȒȝĮIJĮIJȦȞĮʌȩȥİȦȞʌȠȣĮțȠȪȖȠȞIJĮȚ
xȃĮʌȡȠıİȖȖȓıȠȣȞȑȞȞȠȚİȢȩʌȦȢȘİʌȓȜȣıȘ IJȦȞıȣȖțȡȠȪıİȦȞıİʌȞİȪȝĮȚıȠIJȚ
ȝȓĮȢıİȕĮıȝȠȪțĮȚıȣȞȪʌĮȡȟȘȢıIJȘȞțȠȚȞȩIJȘIJĮ
xȃĮțĮȜȜȚİȡȖȒıȠȣȞIJȘȞțȡȚIJȚțȒIJȠȣȢıțȑȥȘțĮȚIJȘȞȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮİȞİȡȖȘIJȚțȒȢĮ
țȡȩĮıȘȢ
xȃĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒıȠȣȞțĮȚȞĮĮȞIJȚȜȘijșȠȪȞIJȘȞIJİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓĮskypeȦȢȑȞĮȝȑıȠ
İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢıȣȜȜȠȖȒȢʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȚȫȞ țĮȚțĮIJĮȖȡĮijȒȢIJȦȞ ĮʌȩȥİȦȞ țĮȚIJȦȞ
įȡȐıİȦȞIJȠȣȢ.
ǻȘȝȠțȡĮIJȚțȑȢįȡȐıİȚȢıIJȠȃȘʌȚĮȖȦȖİȓȠȇȠįȩʌȠȜȘȢ
ȉȠșȃȘʌȚĮȖȦȖİȓȠȇȠįȩʌȠȜȘȢȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚıİȝȓĮȘȝȚ-ĮıIJȚțȒʌİȡȚȠȤȒIJȠȣ įȒȝȠȣ ǻȚȠ
ȞȪıȠȣțĮȚĮʌȠIJİȜİȓIJĮȚĮʌȩįȪȠʌȡȦȚȞȐȣʌȠȤȡİȦIJȚțȐIJȝȒȝĮIJĮțĮȚȑȞĮʌȡȠĮȚȡİIJȚțȩȠ
ȜȠȒȝİȡȠ IJȝȒȝĮ ȉȠ ıȤȠȜȚțȩ ȑIJȠȢ -2017 ʌȠȣ ȒIJĮȞ țĮȚ IJȠ ȑIJȠȢ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒȢ IJȦȞ
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įȡȐıİȦȞĮȣIJȫȞ ĮʌĮȡȚșȝȠȪıİ9ȝĮșȘIJȑȢıIJȠıȪȞȠȜȩIJȠȣȈIJȠıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠIJȝȒȝĮ
İijĮȡȝȠȖȒȢIJȦȞįȡȐıİȦȞȠȚȝĮșȘIJȑȢȒIJĮȞǼȚįȚțȩIJİȡĮ ȞȒʌȚĮțĮȚʌȡȠȞȒʌȚĮȉĮ
ĮȖȩȡȚĮ ȞȒʌȚĮ țĮȚ ʌȡȠȞȒʌȚĮ ȒIJĮȞ  țĮȚ IJĮ țȠȡȓIJıȚĮ ȞȒʌȚĮ- ʌȡȠȞȒʌȚĮ  ȈIJȠ IJȝȒȝĮ
ijȠȚIJȠȪıİȝĮșȒIJȡȚĮȝİįȚĮȖȞȦıȝȑȞȘĮȞĮʌIJȣȟȚĮțȒįȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȒțĮȚĮʌȠȣıȓĮʌȡȠijȠȡȚțȠȪ
ȜȩȖȠȣʌȠȣ IJȘıȣȞȩįİȣİȚįȚȦIJȚțȒıȣȞȠįȩȢțĮȚ ȑȞĮȢĮȜȜȠįĮʌȩȢȝĮșȘIJȒȢ ȝİįȣıțȠȜȓİȢ
ıIJȘȞțĮIJĮȞȩȘıȘʌȡȠijȠȡȚțȠȪȜȩȖȠȣ.ǼȚįȚțȩIJİȡĮ ıIJȠıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠıȤȠȜȚțȩȑIJȠȢ İijĮȡ
ȝȩıIJȘțĮȞțĮȚȣȜȠʌȠȚȒșȘțĮȞȠȚʌĮȡĮțȐIJȦįȡȐıİȚȢ:
ȉȠıȣȝȕȠȪȜȚȠ IJȦȞ ʌĮȚįȚȫȞ: ȉȠ ȝĮșȘIJȚțȩ ıȣȝȕȠȪȜȚȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȓĮ įȡĮıIJȘȡȚȩIJȘIJĮ ʌȠȣ
İȣȞȠİȓIJȘįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮțĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȠȣțȜȓȝĮIJȠȢıIJȘȞIJȐȟȘǻİįȠȝȑȞȠȣȩIJȚțȐșİİȝʌİȚȡȓĮ
ȖȚĮȞĮȝʌȠȡȑıİȚȞĮȖȓȞİȚȕȓȦȝĮIJȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİʌĮȞĮȜĮȝȕȐȞİIJĮȚțĮȚȞĮİȞșĮȡ
ȡȪȞİIJĮȚıİțȐșİİȣțĮȚȡȓĮIJȠıȣȝȕȠȪȜȚȠĮʌȠijĮıȓıIJȘțİȞĮ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚ ıȣȖțİ
țȡȚȝȑȞȘȝȑȡĮ IJȘȢİȕįȠȝȐįĮȢȝİȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠȣȢȡȩȜȠȣȢȩʌȦȢʌȡȩİįȡȠȢȖȡĮȝȝĮIJȑĮȢȣ
ʌİȪșȣȞȠȢȜȩȖȠȣȉȠȡȩȜȠIJȠȣȖȡĮȝȝĮIJȑĮĮȞȑȜĮȕİȘȞȘʌȚĮȖȦȖȩȢ ȖȚĮIJȘȞ IJȒȡȘıȘIJȦȞ
ʌȡĮțIJȚțȫȞ ȉȠ ıȣȝȕȠȪȜȚȠ ȠȡȖĮȞȫșȘțİ ıIJȠ IJȡȓʌIJȣȤȠ ȆȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ-ȆȡȩIJĮıȘ-ǼʌȚȕȡȐ
ȕİȣıȘȠȚȝĮșȘIJȑȢįȘȜĮįȒșĮĮȞĮȖȞȫȡȚȗĮȞȑȞĮʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮșĮʌȡȩIJİȚȞĮȞȝȓĮȒʌİȡȚı
ıȩIJİȡİȢȜȪıİȚȢțĮȚșĮȑįȚȞĮȞİʌȚȕȡȐȕİȣıȘıİȑȞĮȞıȣȝȝĮșȘIJȒIJȠȣȢ ıȪȝijȦȞĮȝİIJȘȞ
IJİȤȞȚțȒIJȠȣFreinet ȩʌȦȢĮȣIJȒĮȞĮʌIJȪȤșȘțİıIJȠʌȜĮȓıȚȠIJȘȢİʌȚȝȩȡijȦıȘȢIJȠȣ ȆȚȜȠ
IJȚțȠȪȆȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮIJȠȢȖȚĮIJȘȞİijĮȡȝȠȖȒIJȘȢȆĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢFreinet ıIJȘįȘȝȩıȚĮİțʌĮȓ
įİȣıȘȍȢȤȡȠȞȩȝİIJȡȠȖȚĮIJȘȞțĮIJĮȝȑIJȡȘıȘIJȠȣȤȡȩȞȠȣȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒșȘțİ IJȠțȚȞȘIJȩ
IJȘȜȑijȦȞȠțĮȚȦȢȝȚțȡȩijȦȞȠȑȞĮʌĮȚȤȞȓįȚ–ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞȠʌȠȣȑȝȠȚĮȗİȝİȝȚțȡȩijȦȞȠǾ
ʌĮȡĮIJȒȡȘıȘIJȘȢįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮȢĮʌȩIJȘȞȘʌȚĮȖȦȖȩ ȖȚȞȩIJĮȞȝİIJȘȝȠȡijȒȘȝİȡȠȜȠȖȓȠȣ ȝİIJȐ
IJȠIJȑȜȠȢțȐșİıȣȝȕȠȣȜȓȠȣ.
ǻȚĮįȚțIJȣĮțȩȢıȣȝʌȠȜȓIJȘȢ:ȈİĮȣIJȒ IJȘįȡȐıȘȗȘIJȠȪȝİȞȠĮʌȠIJİȜİȓȘțĮIJĮȞȩȘıȘIJȘȢ
IJİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓĮȢȦȢȑȞĮȕȠȘșȘIJȚțȩȝȑıȠȖȚĮİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮțĮȚİȞȘȝȑȡȦıȘȅȣıȚĮıIJȚțȐȤȡȘ
ıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚʌȡȠıșİIJȚțȐȦȢȝȓĮĮȞȠȚțIJȒʌȜĮIJijȩȡȝĮİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢ ȝİıȤȠȜİȓĮIJȘȢǹIJ
IJȚțȒȢǼȚįȚțȩIJİȡĮIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐȝȑıȦIJȘȢʌȜĮIJijȩȡȝĮȢskype ıȣȞȠȝȓȜȘıĮȞȝİIJȠȣȢȝĮșȘ
IJȑȢIJȠȣIJȝȒȝĮIJȠȢIJȘȢțĮ.ǼȜȑȞȘȢȂİȜȚȐįȠȣĮʌȩIJȠȠȃȘʌȚĮȖȦȖİȓȠȆİȚȡĮȚȐʌȡȠțİȚ
ȝȑȞȠȣȞĮĮȞIJĮȜȜȐȟȠȣȞĮʌȩȥİȚȢțĮȚʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪȢȖȚĮIJȠʌȫȢțȐȞȠȣȞIJȠıȣȝȕȠȪȜȚȠ
ıIJȘįȚțȒIJȠȣȢIJȐȟȘȅȚįȪȠ IJȐȟİȚȢȝȑıȦskype ıȣȗȒIJȘıĮȞIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠįȚİȟĮȖȦȖȒȢIJȠȣ
ıȣȝȕȠȣȜȓȠȣıİțȐșİIJȐȟȘIJĮʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮʌȠȣĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıĮȞțĮȚʌȠȚĮȜȪıȘįȩșȘțİ
ȉĮʌĮȚįȚȐȝʌȩȡİıĮȞȞĮİȟȘȖȒıȠȣȞįȚİȟȠįȚțȐIJȘįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮĮȜȜȐțĮȚIJĮʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ
ʌȠȣȤȡİȚȐıIJȘțİȞĮĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓıİȚțȐșİıȣȝȕȠȪȜȚȠ
ȆȠȜȓIJȘȢȃȘʌȚĮȖȦȖİȓȠȣ: ȂȑıĮĮʌȩIJĮ ıȤȑįȚĮ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢțĮȚȝİȜȑIJİȢʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘȢIJȦȞ
İșȞȚțȫȞȖȚȠȡIJȫȞIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚıİİʌĮijȒȝİIJȘȞĮȞȐȖțȘ șȑıʌȚıȘȢțĮȞȩȞȦȞțĮȚ
IJȘȞȚıIJȠȡȚțȒșİȫȡȘıȘIJȘȢįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮȢ IJȠȣıȣȞIJȐȖȝĮIJȠȢĮʌȩĮʌȜȠȪȢʌȠȜȓIJİȢıİįȚȐ
ijȠȡİȢȤȡȠȞȚțȑȢıIJȚȖȝȑȢ.
928

ǼȚțȩȞĮDZȡșȡȠĮʌȩIJȠȈȪȞIJĮȖȝĮIJȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞȖȚĮįȘȝȠıȓİȣıȘıIJȠĭǼȀIJȠȣ
ȞȘʌȚĮȖȦȖİȓȠȣ
DzȤȠȞIJĮȢʌȡȩıijĮIJĮĮȞĮįȚĮȝȠȡijȫıİȚȝĮȗȓȝİIJȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢIJȘıȤȠȜȚțȒĮȣȜȒțĮȚIJȘȞıȤȠ
ȜȚțȒĮȓșȠȣıĮȝİȞȑĮȕȚȕȜȓĮțĮȚİȟȠʌȜȚıȝȩțȐIJȚʌȠȣįȘȝȚȠȪȡȖȘıİĮȣȟȘȝȑȞİȢȣʌȠȤȡİȫ
ıİȚȢȝȑıĮțĮȚȑȟȦĮʌȩIJȘȞIJȐȟȘįȚĮȝȠȡijȫșȘțİȘȚįȑĮIJȘȢȖȡĮijȒȢIJȠȣįȚțȠȪȝĮȢIJȡȩ
ʌȠȣȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮȢȂȓĮʌȡȫȚȝȘȝȠȡijȒıȣȞIJȐȖȝĮIJȠȢȩʌȠȣȝȑıĮĮʌȩIJȠİȕįȠȝĮįȚĮȓȠıȣȝ
ȕȠȪȜȚȠșĮĮʌȠijȐıȚȗĮȞʌȠȚİȢȚįȑİȢ-ȐȡșȡĮșĮ ıȣȝʌİȡȚȜȐȕȠȣȞȉĮȐȡșȡĮșĮțĮIJȘȖȠȡȚȠ
ʌȠȚȘșȠȪȞșĮİȞȦșȠȪȞțĮȚșĮ įȘȝȠıȚİȣșȠȪȞıIJȠĭǼȀIJȘȢIJȐȟȘȢȝĮȢ.
ȊʌȠȣȡȖȚțȩıȣȝȕȠȪȜȚȠIJȘȢIJȐȟȘȢ: ȂİIJȘıȣȞȑȤȚıȘIJȘȢİȞĮıȤȩȜȘıȒȝĮȢȝİIJȘıȣȖțİ
țȡȚȝȑȞȘșİȝĮIJȚțȒIJȠȣȈȣȞIJȐȖȝĮIJȠȢțĮȚIJȘȢǺȠȣȜȒȢʌȡȠȑțȣȥİȑȞĮȖȞȒıȚȠİȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȞ
IJȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞȞĮȝȐșȠȣȞȖȚĮIJȠȞȆȡȦșȣʌȠȣȡȖȩĮijȠȪIJĮʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡĮʌĮȚįȚȐȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȞ
IJȠȩȞȠȝȐIJȠȣ țĮȚIJȠȞĮȞĮijȑȡȠȣȞıȣȤȞȐȝȚȝȠȪȝİȞȠȚIJȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢIJȠȣȢǹijȠȪıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫ
ıĮȝİʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȓİȢȖȚĮIJȘǺȠȣȜȒĮȡȤȚIJİțIJȠȞȚțȒİıȦIJİȡȚțȩıȤȒȝĮIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐıİȑȞĮ
ʌĮȚȤȞȓįȚȡȩȜȦȞ ȑȖȚȞĮȞȣʌȠȣȡȖȠȓĮȞĮȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȢȑȞĮıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠȤĮȡIJȠijȣȜȐțȚȠǼȚ
įȚțȩIJİȡĮȠȚȣʌȠȣȡȖȠȓ ĮȞȑȜĮȕĮȞIJȠȤĮȡIJȠijȣȜȐțȚȠʌȡȠȕĮȓȞȠȞIJĮȢıİ ȝȓĮ ȕĮıȚțȒʌȡȠ
ȖȡĮȝȝĮIJȚțȒįȒȜȦıȘʌȡȠțİȚȝȑȞȠȣȞĮIJȠȣȢȥȘijȓıȠȣȞȠȚıȣȝȝĮșȘIJȑȢIJȠȣȢ.ȅȚįȘȜȫıİȚȢ
IJȠȣȢĮȞĮȡIJȒșȘțĮȞıIJȠȞʌȓȞĮțĮIJȠȣıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ
ǼȚțȩȞĮ2: ǾȊʌȠȣȡȖȩȢȆĮȚįİȓĮȢȝİIJȘȞʌȠȜȚIJȚțȒIJȘȢįȑıȝİȣıȘ
ǹʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮ
929

ǾʌĮȡȠȪıĮİțʌĮȚįİȣIJȚțȒįȡȐıȘ İıIJȚȐȗİȚıțȩʌȚȝĮIJȠİȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȞIJȘȢıIJȘȞʌȡȠıȤȠȜȚțȒ
ȕĮșȝȓįĮțȣȡȓȦȢȜȩȖȦIJȘȢıʌȠȣįĮȚȩIJȘIJĮȢIJȘȢıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȘȢȕĮșȝȓįĮȢıIJȘȞțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒ
țĮȚȝĮșȘıȚĮțȒİȟȑȜȚȟȘIJȦȞȝĮșȘIJȫȞǾʌȡȠıȤȠȜȚțȒȕĮșȝȓįĮIJȘȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢĮʌȠIJİ
Ȝİȓ IJȘȞ ĮʌĮȡȤȒ IJȘȢ ĮțĮįȘȝĮȧțȒȢ ʌȠȡİȓĮȢIJȠȣ ȝ ĮșȘIJȒ ȝİ ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ ȞĮ șİȦȡİȓIJĮȚ
ȠȡȩıȘȝȠȖȚĮIJȘȝȩȡijȦıȘțĮȚIJȘȞțĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚĮIJȠȣ.
īȞȦıIJȚțȐ șĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıĮȝİ ȞĮ ʌȠȪȝİ ʌȦȢ ıİ İʌȓʌİįȠ ʌȡȠijȠȡȚțȠȪ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ȖȡĮʌIJȠȪ
ȜȩȖȠȣȝȑıĮĮʌȩIJȚȢIJĮțIJȚțȑȢ ıȣȞİįȡȚȐıİȚȢ IJȠȣ ıȣȝȕȠȣȜȓȠȣ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȝİȞĮʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȒ
ıȠȣȝİȩIJȚȣʌȒȡȤİĮȣȟȘIJȚțȒȤȡȒıȘIJȘȢȠȡȠȜȠȖȓĮȢIJȦȞȜȑȟİȦȞIJȠȣıȣȝȕȠȣȜȓȠȣȋȡȘıȚ
ȝȠʌȠȚȠȪıĮȞıȣȤȞȩIJİȡĮțĮȚıİȐȜȜİȢ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢİȜİȪșİȡȦȞİȞĮıȤȠȜȒıİȦȞȒțĮȚĮ
ȞIJȚʌĮȡĮșȑıİȦȞijȡȐıİȚȢȩʌȦȢ ©įİȞİȓȞĮȚįȘȝȠțȡĮIJȚțȩĮȣIJȩª©șĮIJȠȕȐȜȦıIJȠıȣȝ
ȕȠȪȜȚȠ ȞĮȕȡȠȪȝİȜȪıȘ». ȆĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮȩIJĮȞĮȞĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮȞıİȝȓĮʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒįȚȑȞİȟȘ
ȝİ IJȠȞ țĮȚȡȩ İʌȚțİȞIJȡȫșȘțĮȞ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ ıİ ĮȣIJȩ ʌȠȣ IJȠȣȢ İȞȩȤȜȘıİįȘȜĮįȒ ıIJȘ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐʌĮȡȐıIJȠʌȡȩıȦʌȠʌȠȣIJȘȞİțįȒȜȦıİȈȘȝİȚȫȞİIJĮȚʌȦȢĮȡȤȚțȐȘįȡĮ
ıIJȘȡȚȩIJȘIJĮȤȡİȚȐıIJȘțİİȝȥȪȤȦıȘ ĮʌȩIJȠȞİțʌĮȚįİȣIJȚțȩʌȡȠțİȚȝȑȞȠȣȞĮȖȓȞİȚțĮIJĮ
ȞȠȘIJȒĮʌȩIJȠȣȢȝĮșȘIJȑȢțĮȚȞĮȝȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖİȓȦȢȑȞĮıȣȝȕȠȪȜȚȠȣȝİȝȠȞĮįȚțȩșȑȝĮIJĮ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȐʌĮȡȐʌȠȞĮIJȦȞȝĮșȘIJȫȞȝİIJȠȣȢijȓȜȠȣȢIJȠȣȢȈIJĮįȚĮțȐȠȚȝĮșȘIJȑȢĮʌȩțIJȘ
ıĮȞĮȣIJȠȞȠȝȓĮĮȜȜȐțĮȚĮȣIJİȞȑȡȖİȚĮșȑIJȠȞIJĮȢșİȝĮIJȚțȑȢȩʌȦȢȞĮȑȤȠȣȞįȪȠȝȑȡİȢİ
ȜİȪșİȡȘȢİʌȚȜȠȖȒȢʌĮȚȤȞȚįȚȫȞțĮȚʌĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȫȞțȑȞIJȡȦȞȝİĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤȘİʌȚȤİȚȡȘȝĮIJȠ
ȜȠȖȓĮĮʌȩIJȠȣȢȓįȚȠȣȢ
ȉȠȤIJȓıȚȝȠșİIJȚțȫȞıȤȑıİȦȞȝİIJȠȣȢıȣȞȠȝȒȜȚțȠȣȢȕȠȒșȘıİıIJȘȞİțʌȜȒȡȦıȘIJȦȞȣ
ʌȠȤȡİȫıİȫȞIJȠȣȢțĮȚıIJȘįȚĮȝȩȡijȦıȘIJȘȢIJĮȣIJȩIJȘIJĮȢIJȠȣȝȑȜȠȣȢȝȚĮȢȠȝȐįĮȢ
ǹȣIJȩʌȠȣijȐȞȘțİĮʌȩĮȣIJȑȢIJȚȢʌȡȦIJĮȡȤȚțȑȢįȡȐıİȚȢİȓȞĮȚʌȦȢIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐIJȘȢʌȡȠıȤȠ
ȜȚțȒȢȘȜȚțȓĮȢȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮʌȡȠıİȖȖȓıȠȣȞȑȞȞȠȚİȢȩʌȦȢIJȠıȪȞIJĮȖȝĮįȚțĮȓȦȝĮțĮȚȣʌȠ
ȤȡȑȦıȘțĮȚȝȑıĮıİȑȞĮįİįȠȝȑȞȠʌȜĮȓıȚȠįȡȐıȘȢȝİİʌȓțİȞIJȡȠIJȠʌĮȚȤȞȓįȚ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡ
ȖȠȪȞ ȦȢȝİȜȜȠȞIJȚțȠȓʌȠȜȓIJİȢDZȜȜȦıIJİİȪȜȠȖĮȠLerner ĮȞĮijȑȡİȚʌȦȢȠİȣțȠ
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ʌȡȠȑȡȤİIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȠʌĮȚȤȞȓįȚ
ǺȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮijȚțȑȢǹȞĮijȠȡȑȢ
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ıIJȘȗȦȒȝĮȢǹșȒȞĮȂİIJĮȓȤȝȚȠ
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ıIJȠȞȘʌȚĮȖȦȖİȓȠ ıIJȠǼǯǻȚİșȞȑȢȈȣȞȑįȡȚȠǼȜȜȘȞȚțȒȢȆĮȚįĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢțĮȚǼțʌĮȚįİȣIJȚțȒȢ
DzȡİȣȞĮȢ, ıIJȚȢ-25-ȅțIJȦȕȡȓȠȣ,ĬİııĮȜȠȞȓțȘ:ǹijȠȓȀȣȡȚĮțȓįȘ
ȃȚțȠȜȐȠȣȈ-ȂĬİȦȡȘIJȚțȐȗȘIJȒȝĮIJĮıIJȘȞ ȀȠȚȞȦȞȚȠȜȠȖȓĮ IJȘȢ ǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢ,
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ȊȆǼȆĬ-ȆǿǻȚĮșİȝĮIJȚțȩǼȞȚĮȓȠȆȜĮȓıȚȠȆȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐIJȦȞȈʌȠȣįȫȞǹȞĮȜȣIJȚțȐ
ȆȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮIJĮȈʌȠȣįȫȞȊʌȠȤȡİȦIJȚțȒȢǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢǹșȒȞĮȊȆǼȆĬ-Ȇǿ.
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