Technical ReportPDF Available

Socio-Economic Baseline Studies on Madane IBA (Important Biodiversity Areas) of Gulmi District, Nepal

Authors:
  • Kathmandu Forestry College

Abstract and Figures

The Report is about analyzing the socio-economic aspect of the eight VDC of Madane Protection forest which is delineated as new IBA of Nepal. The results from this analysis finds out the two VDC named as Arkhabang and Hwangdi are most vulnerable in respect to poverty and climate change despite of their maximum natural resources. Hence, these two VDC are recommended to new Project "PPN (People Partnership with Nature)" to implement their Livelihood Project in those two VDC for uplifting those poor's livelihood along with the conservation of Biodiversity.
Content may be subject to copyright.
Prepared by
Prashid Kandel
9/14/2018
i
List of Abbreviations
BCN
Bird Conservation Nepal
CBS
Central Bureau of Statistics
CF
Community Forestry
CFUG
Community Forestry User Group
DADO
District Agriculture Development Office
DCC
District Coordination Committee
DFO
District Forest Office
DSCO
District Soil Conservation Office
FGD
Focal Group Discussion
FUG
Forest User Groups
GOs
Government Organizations
GPS
Global Positioning System
HHs
Households
IBA
Important Birds and Biodiversity Area
ITC
Information Technology & Communication
LCG
Local Conservation Groups
LPG
Liquid Petroleum Gas
LRP
Local Resource Person
LULC
Land Use Land Cover
NGOs
Non-Government Organizations
PPN
People Partnership with Nature
QA
Questionnaires
SES
Socio-Economic Survey
VDC
Village Development Committee
ii
Table of Contents
1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 1
2. Background ............................................................................................................................................... 1
3. Methodology ............................................................................................................................................ 3
4. Results....................................................................................................................................................... 5
5. Indicators for selecting suitable VDC to implement the new project .................................................. 19
6. Suitable VDC Selection ........................................................................................................................... 21
7. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 22
8. Recommendation ................................................................................................................................... 22
9. References .............................................................................................................................................. 23
10. Annex .................................................................................................................................................... 24
List of Figures
Figure 1 Location of Study area .................................................................................................................... 2
Figure 2- Population of the Study area according to 2011 Census. .............................................................. 6
Figure 3- Population Density of the Study Area ............................................................................................ 6
Figure 4 - Average Household Size of the Study Area (2011 Census) ........................................................... 7
Figure 5 - Sex Ratio of the Study Area (2011 Census) ................................................................................... 7
Figure 6 - Literacy Rate of the Study Area ................................................................................................... 8
Figure 7 - Ethnicity of the Study Area ........................................................................................................... 8
Figure 8 Major Crops Cultivated by the Farmers of Study Area ................................................................... 9
Figure 9 Cattles Farmed by Villagers of Study Area ...................................................................................... 9
Figure 10 - Income Source of the People of Study Area ............................................................................. 10
Figure 11- Annual Income of the Peoples of Study Area ............................................................................ 10
Figure 12 - Water Source for Daily subsistence of People of Study Area ................................................... 11
Figure 13 - People's Accessibilityto ITC in Study Area ................................................................................ 11
Figure 14 - People's Accessibility of the Forest and NTFPs in Study Area .................................................. 12
Figure - 15 Effects of Natural Threats on Livelihood of Local People ......................................................... 12
Figure 16 - Distance to Main Markets from the Study Area ....................................................................... 13
Figure 17 - Time for Fetching Drinking Water to the people of Study Area ............................................... 13
Figure 18 - Inclusion of Poor and Marginalized People of Study Area ....................................................... 14
Figure 19 - Women's Participation in Decision Making of Study Area ....................................................... 14
Figure 20 - Women's Involvement in FUG/LCG ......................................................................................... 15
Figure 21 - Livelihood Activities of Women ................................................................................................ 15
Figure 22 - Major uses of Forest by Women of Study Area ........................................................................ 16
Figure 23 - Major Activities of Communities of Study Area ........................................................................ 16
Figure 24 - Major Threats to Biodiversity of Study Area............................................................................. 17
Figure - 25 Consumption of Energy for Cooking and Lighting by Local People in Study Area .................... 17
Figure 26 - Major Challenges in Livelihood of Peoples of Study Area ........................................................ 18
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Figure 27 - Requirement for Livelihood Improvement of the Study Area .................................................. 18
Figure 28 - Suitability Map of Study Area for Implementing New Project ................................................. 21
List of Tables
Table 1- List of Team Members for the Socio-Economic Survey ................................................................. 3
Table 2 - Values for Assigning the Indicators .............................................................................................. 19
Table 3 - Indicators Along With Assigned Values in Each of the VDC ......................................................... 20
1
1. Introduction
Socio-economic baseline studies was carried out at Madane IBA (Program sites in Nepal) during the
second Phase of the Programme Integrating Livelihoods and Conservation- People Partner with Nature
for Sustainability 2018-2022. Though there are 11 total VDC in Madane Protected Forest, we carried out
our studies in just 8 VDC, that is the area covered as a newly delineated Madane IBA by BCN. The objective
of the studies was to identify the needy villages to implement the programme based on background
information about the target communities, mainly on demographics, social profiles of the population,
gender, subsistence activities, forest activities, household economics, economic opportunities, civil
society and decision-making structures. The data and the analysis hereof served both, to develop activities
that address the actual needs and realities of the communities and to secure the poverty orientation and
gender balance of these activities and as baselines for monitoring and measuring progress and changes
incurred by the PPN Programme. The baseline studies was conducted as a quantitative and qualitative
approach with a set of questionnaires that was developed based on our purpose to attain an objectives.
The Questionnaires is attached in Annex-I. The team of 15 members conducted the survey, where seven
members as a researcher or team leader from the BCN and remaining eight were the local resources
person as an assistant researchers chosen from the Madane area. The survey was organized from 8th July
to 17th July 2018 for 10 days.
2. Background
The Study took place in 8 VDC out of 11 VDC of Madane Protected forest in Gulmi district that is situated
on western Nepal at Province no.4 (Figure 1). The study area covered about 85.5 sq.km extending from
28°9’46’’ to 28°15’24’’ Northing and 83°1’14’’ to 83°11’35’’ Easting. The eight VDC are named as Aglung
(16.8 sq .km), Arkhabang (9.1 sq. km), Baanjkateri (10.1 sq. km), chhaphile (8.0 sq .km), Ghamir (6.6
sq.km), Hwangdi (12.6 sq.km), Marhbhung (14.3 sq.km), and Sirseni (8.0 sq .km). . Climatically, the area
lies between subtropical zones to temperate zone with the average monthly temperature ranges from
9˚C to 21˚C and with mean annual precipitation of 2021 mm. Winter, summer, and Monsoon is the three
typical season found in the study area. Among this seasons, cold winter remains for longer duration (i.e.
November-March) with frost and snowfall also in the northern aspect. Summer starts from the April with
moderate weather while the monsoon starts from July and will last until September. The area is enriched
with unique biodiversity and beautiful landscapes with mild climate.
The settlement of the study area is spread out but in every villages there common meeting points that is
centrally located in every villages. Most of the house are build with mud-wall and roof of thatch, zinc,
stones. Some of the middle class people have started to build new house with RCC roof and brick-
cemented wall, after the accessibility of Road. Significant portions of VDC budgets have been dedicated
to road construction projects. There is not paved road still in any of the VDC. The road is well and smooth
during the winter season only, while it is slippery and muddy during the rainy season. As a means of
transportation, there is light vehicle of 12 seats. However, many of the people used to manage their own
vehicle (i.e. Motorbike) as for quicker and easier movements. The area is being developed gradually with
different infrastructure like Banks, shops, and Internet facilities etc. There are at least one temple in each
village, People seems to be religious. Every VDC is bounded by beautiful evergreen forest. Maximum
2
distance to the Forest from each village is about 500m-1km. There is not Water tap in every households.
Villagers use to share the water from the communities tap that is built in every community.
Figure 1 Location of Study area
2.1 F orest Types Forest of the study area are classified into three classes. They are Schima
wallichii, Pinus roxburdhii, Castanopsis forest and Lower Temperate forest and Temperate Mountain
forest.
2.2 Communi t y fore s t of Study ar ea There are 41-community forest. The total area covered by
the community forest is about 22% (19 km2). The name and the area of each of the community forest can
be seen in annex I. More area is covered by CF in Arkhabang (28%) and Marbhung VDC (39%) while less
area in Hwangdi (12%) and Aglung VDC (11%). There are also leasehold forest in Banjkateri VDC.
2.3 Major tr e e specie s - Magnolia champaca, Schima wallichii, Castanopsis indica, Quercus
leucotrichophora, Alnus nepalensis, Pinus roxburghii, Cedrus deodara, Quercus semicarpifolia
Rhododendron species, Albizzia species, Juglans regia etc.
2.4 Major Fauna Deer, Cheetah, Fox, Wild Boar, Bear, Semnopithecus (Leaf Monkey), Monkey,
Himalayan Monal, Cuckoos, Kalij pheasant etc. There are 24 types of wild animals found in the study area.
2.5 M ajor NTFPs NTFPs of Nationally and Internationally importance are found in the study area. Some
of them are, Guchi mushroom, Swertia, Daphne, Himalayan Nettle, Orchid species, Nepalese Sassafras
etc.
3
2.6 Rivers and Streams The study area is the source of major river like Jhimruk, Badighat, chaldi,
Panaha that flows through the adjoining district. It is also the source for providing drinking water.
2.7 Bi o physical char acteristics of t he study area
Altitude - Altitude of the study area range from 960m to 2660m. More than 50% (43.1 km2) of the study
area is covered by altitude of 1500-2000m following 25% (21.1 km2) and 24% (20 km2) area with altitude
of 2000-2500m and below 1500m respectively. The altitude of above 2500m that is situated in the boarder
of Hwangdi, Sirseni and Aglung VDC covers only 1% (0.9 km2) area. Altitude map is shown on annex II.
Aspect - Aspect is also one of the important biophysical characteristics that affect the properties of
vegetation and soil. About 38% (32.3 km2) of area falls under the eastern aspect following 29% (24.4 km2)
and 22% (18.6 km2) in southern and western aspect respectively. Only 11% (9.72 km2) area is northern
aspect while there is not at all flat aspect. Aspect map is shown on annex III.
Slope Since the study area is in hilly region, 65% (55.3 km2) of total study area is steep slope that is from
20° to 45°. While, up to 20° slope which is also called ‘gentle slope’ occupies 25% of the study area. 10%
(8.8 km2) of study area is with very steep slopes (above 45°). Slope map is shown in annex IV.
Land Cover- According to the land cover data generated by ICIMOD on 2010, 47% (39.8 km2) of the area
is occupied by agriculture along with settlement. 42% of total area are stand with forest cover following
6% and 3% with Scrubland and Grassland, respectively. Huge parts of Hwangdi, Aglung and Sirseni are
covered with Forest and scrubland.
3. Methodology
3.1 T eam Formati on
The team was formed for study with 15 members. Among the 15 members, eight were from BCN and
remaining seven members were chosen from the study area as a local resource person (LRP). Before
conducting the survey, every members were given training about the techniques for collection of
quantitative and qualitative data. All the fifteen members of the team equally participated for the
collection of data.
Table 1 List of Team Members for the Socio-Economic Survey
S.N
Name
Organi
zation
Address
1
Mr. Mitra Pandey
BCN
Parasi District
2
Mr. Prashid Kandel
BCN
Ramechhap District
3
Mr. Parbat Raj Thani
BCN
Surkhet District
4
Ms. Kriti Nepal
BCN
Bara District
5
Mr. Bharat Panthi
BCN
Gulmi District
6
Mr. Thaneswor
Khanal
BCN
Argakhnachi District
4
7
Mr. Shambu
Bhattarai
BCN
Gulmi District
8
Mr. Yam Mahato
BCN
Parasi Dsitrict
9
Mr. Balram Aryal
LRP
Arje VDC, Gulmi district
10
Mr. Sagar Aryal
LRP
Arkhabang VDC , Gulmi district
11
Ms. Khima Kunwar
LRP
Myalpokhari VDC , Gulmi district
12
Mr.Chiranjivi Ghimire
LRP
Ghamir VDC , Gulmi district
13
Ms. Renuka G.C
LRP
Sirseni VDC , Gulmi district
14
Mr. Toplal Paudyal
LRP
Sirseni VDC , Gulmi district
15
Mr. Tulsi R. Bhandari
LRP
Chhapahile VDC , Gulmi district
3.2 Data collection
Data were collected on three different ways, i.e. Primary, Secondary and direct Observation.
3.2.1 Primary Data Collection
The primary data collection was conducted through the pre-formulated questions. The simple questions
was prepared in order to get our interested answers according to objectives of the project. There are
three different question sets. Each set of questions were designed differently for household’s survey, FGD
Survey, Key informant Survey. For HHs survey, we applied quantitative approach due to large numbers of
respondents. While for the FGD Survey and Key Informants survey, qualitative approach was applied in
order to get respondents’ perceptions, priorities and their own explanations. The map displaying the
location of FGD and HHs survey is presented on annex VI. The GPS point of each of the FGD and HHs survey
are shown on annex VII.
3.2.1.1 Household Survey
In each of the VDC, 20 household were interview with the designed questions. . Five HHs from each of
the four categories, viz. rich class people, middle class, poor class and ultra-poor class were interviewed.
The ultra-poor are typically a people with food insecure, have few or no assets, lack education, and suffer
from poor health. Women head the vast majority of ultra-poor households.
3.2.1.2 Focal Group Survey
Interviews with focus groups were conducted with selected small groups of people (7-8) which have been
identified prior to this study as having an important role to play in and for the community and the PPN
Programme. The focus groups for this study were chosen as:
a) Representatives from Forest User Groups
b) Group of women representing different ages and back grounds
c) Focus group for the discussion of community subsistence and income generation
The questions was focused on the livelihood of the villagers and their dependency on the natural
resources and also asked them about the opportunities for positive change in the community. In each
VDC, at least three focal groups were interviewed whose name is listed in annex VIII.
5
3.2.1.3 Key Informant Survey
Interviews with key informant are conducted with individuals and groups of people which have been
identified prior to this study as having an important role to play in and for the community and the PPN
Program. They are not necessarily based in the community. They typically include:
a) Local government and extension services, especially those of importance for forest management; Like
DFO, DSCO, DCC, DADO, etc.
b) Those representing the power and decision making structure of the community, e.g. Head of
village/village council;
c) Civil society including NGOs, businesses, religious leaders and other important persons.
Representatives from all three kinds of key informant were interviewed either individually or in groups.
3.2.2 Secondary Data Collection
Some of the data were extracted from statistics and other existing sources of information like Annual
Progress Report from the DFO Gulmi, Report on CFUG Monitoring and Inspection, Madane Protected
Forest Management Action Plan (MPFMAP), Watershed Management Action Plan of Gulmi District by
DSCO, Gulmi and CBS department.
3.2.3 Observation
Observation is an important aspect of getting information. It was the mean for verifying and matching the
answer of respondents by looking at what they have (type of house, living standard, number of cattle,
accessibility to water etc.) and how they dress. It is important to note our impression - what we experience
and see of the village, the houses, and the people.
4. Results
The Collected data were analyzed by using spreadsheet and ArcGIS. Individual dataset of each of the VDC
were compiled and average into common themes and analyzed accordingly.
4.1 Population and Literacy
In Aaglung and Banjkatera, the population is high (Figure 2) while VDC like Chhaphile, Ghamir and
Marbhung, they are being developed and urbanized gradually so the peoples over there are not migrating
to other place as they are getting opportunities in their own place, Hence there is high population density
(Figure 3). Arkhabang and Hwangdi VDC have low population as compared to other VDC, as many of the
people are migrating to other place in search of better opportunities and facilities. In all VDC, the female
population is higher than male population. In average, there are five members in family (Figure-4).
6
Figure 2- Population of the Study area according to 2011 Census.
Figure 3- Population Density of the Study Area
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
Total Population
Total Population Male Female
7
Figure 4 - Average Household Size of the Study Area (2011 Census)
There are more population of female than of male in each of every eight VDC, as we can see the sex ratio
in the figure 5. More than 50% of the people are educated in each VDC. The male are highly educated
than female. Except Aalung VDc, every VDC have good literacy rate (Figure-6). However, literacy rate of
female are not satisfactory in any of VDC. The people have a superstitious about the education of girls as
the girls are only for household activities rather than going to school. However, this conservative trend is
slowly being improved in lower belt of the study area, and they started to educate their daughters after
the effect of the awareness program launched from the District Education office. While, in the higher
altitude village, which are far from the infrastructure development activities, the people are still in the
same condition and they are not willing to educate their girls.
Figure 5 - Sex Ratio of the Study Area (2011 Census)
5.18 4.87 4.52 4.93 4.67 5.29
4.33 4.25
A A G L U N G A R K H A B A N GB A N J H K A T E R AC H H A P H I L E G H A M I R H W A N G D IM A R A B H U N G S I R S E N I
AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD SIZE
84.84
81.18
79.24
83.94
77.19
80.37
81.26
75.86
Sex Ratio
AAGLUNG
ARKHABANG
BANJHKATERA
CHHAPHILE
GHAMIR
HWANGDI
MARABHUNG
SIRSENI
8
Figure 6 - Literacy Rate of the Study Area
4.2 Ethnicity - The caste of the study area have been categorized into three classes. the Brahmin and
chhetri are presumed to be upper cast with good and respectful living style. This group are distributed
from the range of 20-40 %. Secondly, Janajatis are the ethnic group that represented some special caste
like tamang and Magar. Some of the VDc are densely populated by this group. The Dalit are presumed to
be lower cast with very hard and tough life. They are Damai, Kami, Kumal, sarki etc. The dalit people are
usually poor and are kept in marginalized group. Sireseni VDC is densely populated by Dalit people.
Figure 7 - Ethnicity of the Study Area
39%
52%
44%
51% 52% 50%
61% 56%
18%
43%
31% 31% 35% 30% 34% 38%
57%
95%
75%
82% 87%
80%
95% 94%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Aglung Arkhabang Banjkateri Chaphile Ghamir Hwangdi Murbhung Sirseni
Literacy Rate
Male Female Total
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
32% 34% 31% 20% 22% 35% 41% 32%
47% 37% 44% 64% 59%
55% 39%
23%
21% 29% 25% 16% 19% 10% 20%
45%
Ethnicity
Brahman/Chhetri Janajati Dalit
9
4.3 Major crops According to soil and temperature suitability, there are five major crops that the farmer
used to cultivate for daily subsistence. Some seasonal crops are also used to be cultivated by farmers by
using some technology.
Figure 8 Major Crops Cultivated by the Farmers of Study Area
4.4 Cattle/Livestock Livestock is one of the major occupation of villagers in Madane IBA. The major
cattle that are being domesticated by villagers are buffaloes and Goats following Fowl (i.e. Hen, chicken,
Turkey etc.). Here, in the chart ‘Others’ include pig, sheep, Rabbit etc. which are rarely found in some of
the region of the study area. They kept these cattle for meat, milk, eggs, fur and for religious purpose too.
Figure 9 Cattles Farmed by Villagers of Study Area
A G L U N G A R K H A B A N GB A N J K A T E R ICH A P H I L E G H A M I R H W A N G D IM U R B H U N G S I R S E N I
15% 12% 8%
22% 19% 20% 25% 26%
10% 24%
13%
13% 29%
11%
28% 29%
28% 18% 36% 5%
12%
21%
8% 9%
27% 34% 32%
31%
33%
29% 19% 16%
10% 5% 3%
11%
4%
5% 11% 8%
10% 7% 8% 18%
3% 14% 9% 12%
MAJOR CROPS
Maize Paddy Millet Potatoe Mustard Others
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Aglung Arkhabang Banjkateri Chaphile Ghamir Hwangdi Murbhung Sirseni
Cattles
Cow Buffalo Goat Fowl others
10
4.5 Income Source Major population are engaged in agriculture and livestock as a source of income.
some of the peoples are also engaged in ‘Services’ in government and private sector like teaching and
banks and cooperative society. About 10-15% of peoples income source are Pension who used to be
Indian army and Nepal Army along with some government jobs. Beside this, ‘Other’ source of income
are shops, hotels, wages, tourism etc. which are very less in numbers.
Figure 10 - Income Source of the People of Study Area
4.6 Annual Income It is found that, major population have an annual income ranging from 1 to 2 hundred
thousand Nepali rupees which is around 2000 US$ annually. The annual income of the people are high in
low belt region as compared to high belt region that is affected by the infrastructure development and
market accessibility.
Figure 11- Annual Income of the Peoples of Study Area
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Aglung Arkhabang Banjkateri Chaphile Ghamir Hwangdi Murbhung Sirseni
Income Source
Service Pension Agriculture Livestock Others
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
A G L U N G A R K H A B A N G BA N J K A T E R I C H A P H I L E G H A M I R H W A N G D I M U R B H U N G S I R S E N I
ANNUAL INCOME
Below 1 Lakh 1-2 lakh above 2 lakh
11
4.7 Water Source The water for drinking, washing, feeding cattle and irrigation are from three different
sources, that are Well, Tap and Rivers. Major sources are Tap, but they are not installed individually in
every household. There are one tap for every 10-12 household built by the community in collaboration.
Natural spring water are another source of waters which are common in some high altitudinal zone while
in some case, people also have to depend upon rivers and streams for their daily use.
Figure 12 - Water Source for Daily subsistence of People of Study Area
4.8 Accessible to ITC Almost all peoples have good access to the Radio, Television and Mobile as a means
for information and communication. While, only few people are using internet technology. Use of internet
is influence by the literacy as well as the remoteness of the village. The farther is the villages, less is the
accessibility of internet and higher the literacy rate, the more is the use of internet technology.
Figure 13 - People's Accessibilityto ITC in Study Area
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Aglung Arkhabang Banjkateri Chaphile Ghamir Hwangdi Murbhung Sirseni
Water Source
Well Tap River/streams
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Aglung Arkhabang Banjkateri Chaphile Ghamir Hwangdi Murbhung Sirseni
Accessibility to Information and Communication
Radio Television Mobile Internet
12
4.9 Accessibility to forest and NTFPs Forest and NTFPs are the major source of firewood, timber and
other NTFPs materials like mushroom, medicinal herbs and shrubs, honey, sand and stones and different
seasonable fruits, which are significant for livelihood subsistence. There is high demand for firewood and
others non-wood forest products in some remote villages for daily subsistence while there is higher
demand of timbers in village nearer to the major market for construction and trading.
Figure 14 - People's Accessibility of the Forest and NTFPs in Study Area
4.10 Effects of Natural Threats on Livelihood People are adversely affected by natural threats on their
livelihood due to climate change that is arise by the anthropogenic activities. Among all, the people of
Madane are severely affected by drought, landslides and soil erosion. Drought cause serious effect in
livelihood of downstream area by drying up of the water source while upstream area are being affected
by frequent landslides and soil erosion due to the steep slopes and unsupervised road construction.
Figure - 15 Effects of Natural Threats on Livelihood of Local People
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Aglung Arkhabang Banjkateri Chaphile Ghamir Hwangdi Murbhung Sirseni
Accessibility to forest and NTFPs
Firewood Timber Others
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Aglung Arkhabang Banjkateri Chaphile Ghamir Hwangdi Murbhung Sirseni
EF FECTS O F NAT U RAL THREATS ON
LI V EL I H O OD
Drought Landslides Soil erosion
13
4.11 Distance to Main Market In every eight VDC there are small to medium market. However, the main
market is located in Tamghas (Reshunga Municipality), the headquarter of Gulmi district. Only some basic
needs like Salt, oil, rice and clothes are available in local market but the villagers cannot sell their products
in local market. For selling the agriculture and livestock products, they have to go for main market that is
far from their villages. Distance to Major market is also influencing the livelihood of the villagers. Aaglung
VDC is most far away from the major market while the Ghamir VDC is nearest to Major market.
Figure 16 - Distance to Main Markets from the Study Area
4.12 Time for fetching water The scarcity of water is most common in downstream area as compared
to upstream area. The people are spending 10 minutes to 40 minutes for collecting water for their daily
uses. the water fetching time is affecting other household activities mostly for women.
Figure 17 - Time for Fetching Drinking Water to the people of Study Area
12
6
8
7
5
7
8
5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Aglung Arkhabang Banjkateri Chaphile Ghamir Hwangdi Murbhung Sirseni
Distance to Main Market (km)
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.4 0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
AGLUNG
ARKHABANG
BANJKATERI
CHAPHILE
GHAMIR
HWANGDI
MURBHUNG
SIRSENI
Water Fetching Time (Hrs)
14
4.13 Inclusion of Poor and Marginalized people Dalits and some of the Janajatis along with landless
Brahmin/Chhetri falls under the group of poor and marginalized who are usually getting backwards in
their society due to lack of standard livelihood. In this matter, low lying area that are close to the urban
area have a good inclusion of poor and marginalized people in various meetings, groups and rituals. The
social inequity is still in practices in remote villages of the study area.
Figure 18 - Inclusion of Poor and Marginalized People of Study Area
4.14 Participation of Women in Decision Making - Women empowerment is slowly being raised up in all
VDC. Their voice are started to be listened in important task of making decision in any of the social and
developmental work. It is found that among the eight VDC, there is active participation of women in
decision making in Arkhabang, Aaglung and Hwangdi VDC. Still this participation needs to be increased
for sustainable development of the community.
Figure 19 - Women's Participation in Decision Making of Study Area
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Aglung Arkhabang Banjkateri Chaphile Ghamir Hwangdi Murbhung Sirseni
INCLUSION OF POOR/MARGINALIZED
Forest User Group Cooperative Group Social Rituals
31%
35%
23% 24%
29%
34%
31%
27%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Aglung Arkhabang Banjkateri Chaphile Ghamir Hwangdi Murbhung Sirseni
Participation of women in Decision Making
15
4.15 Involvement of women in FUG/ LCG There is provision made by the government of Nepal that at
least 33% women should be involve in any of the conservation and forest user groups. In most VDC, this
threshold have been meet while in some VDC it is still not meet as due to the illiteracy, shyness, engage
in household activities, and busy in other profession like hotel, shops etc. Participation of women in FUG
are LCG seems to be unsatisfactory as compared to other six VDC as it was found that the women of this
VDC are busy in tailoring, hoteling and other income generating activities (IGA).
Figure 20 - Women's Involvement in FUG/LCG
4.16 Livelihood Activities of Women For daily subsistence and for earning some extra money, women
are engaged in various IGA as shown in figure 21. Majority women of VDC that are far from the main
market are depending on agriculture and livestock while the maximum women in VDC like Ghamir and
Murbhung which are closer to main market are engaged in hotel and tourism profession. Least of them
are also engaged in some others profession like teaching, health assistant, and social mobilizer.
Figure 21 - Livelihood Activities of Women
33%
36%
31% 29%
32%
38%
25% 26%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Aglung Arkhabang Banjkateri Chaphile Ghamir Hwangdi Murbhung Sirseni
Involvement of Women in FUG/LCG
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Aglung Arkhabang Banjkateri Chaphile Ghamir Hwangdi Murbhung Sirseni
Livelihood Activities of Women
Hotel/tourism Agriculture Livestock Daily Wages Others
16
4.17 Major uses of Forest by Women Forest of Madane IBA are used by women in various ways for daily
subsistence. Most of them used to collect firewood and NTFPs along with rearing cattle in forest. Fodder
and Forage are also highly collected by women from the forest. Women less collect firewood from the
low lying VDC as they used to LPG gas instead of firewood for cooking.
Figure 22 - Major uses of Forest by Women of Study Area
4.18 Major activities of community Groups In every VDC, there are different groups like forest user
groups, Mother groups, Local conservation groups, Local development groups etc. These groups are
formed for efficient management of the resources and monitoring the problem in their community. These
groups have responsibility of conflict management and equitable distribution of natural resources in high
lying VDC while Infrastructure development is the major function in the low-lying VDC like Ghamir and
Sirseni. Behind these activities, the group are also actively functioning in fund mobilizing and providing
loan to needy people and conducting the awareness program.
Figure 23 - Major Activities of Communities of Study Area
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Aglung Arkhabang Banjkateri Chaphile Ghamir Hwangdi Murbhung Sirseni
21% 24% 26% 17% 12% 29% 12% 11%
35% 20% 32%
28%
13%
32%
19% 28%
12%
14%
29%
16% 41%
11%
28% 27%
32% 42%
13%
39% 34% 28% 41% 34%
Major Uses of Forest By Women
Firewwod Fodder and Forage NTFPs collection Goat/cattle rearing
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Aglung Arkhabang Banjkateri Chaphile Ghamir Hwangdi Murbhung Sirseni
Major Activities of Community Group
Infrastructure development conflict Management Equitable distribution of NR
17
4.19 Major threats to Biodiversity Study area is enriched with beautiful and unique biodiversity. It is
providing different types of ecosystem services. However, there is threats to biodiversity from
anthropogenic activities. Unmanaged and unsupervised rural road constructions are most common
threats to biodiversity following illegal logging and wild fire and encroachment. Sometimes, poaching and
illegal trade also can be seen. Peoples trap and kill some endangered birds and small animals like wild
boar, mongoose, pangolin, deer etc.
Figure 24 - Major Threats to Biodiversity of Study Area
4.20 Energy Consumption Three different types of energy are consumed by the peoples of Madane IBA
for their daily activities like cooking and lighting. For these activities, they are using Firewood, LPG, and
Electricity. Rural VDC of the Madane IBA are still using Firewood for cooking purpose while they are using
LPG instead of firewood in the VDC like Ghamir, Murbhung and Sirseni. Electricity is accessible to almost
eight VDC, the people of remote area are using it for lighting purpose only, while 35% population living in
the peri-urban area are using electricity for cooking purpose also by using rice-cooker, induction stove,
heater etc.
Figure - 25 Consumption of Energy for Cooking and Lighting by Local People in Study Area
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Aglung Arkhabang Banjkateri Chaphile Ghamir Hwangdi Murbhung Sirseni
10% 15% 11% 7% 12% 20% 13% 14%
6% 8% 21% 33% 29% 14% 43% 35%
43% 48% 36% 42% 39%
21%
23% 46%
41% 29% 32% 18% 20%
45%
21% 5%
Major Threats to Biodiversity
Poaching & illegal trade Wild Fire & Encroachment Illegal Logging Umanaged Road Constructions
LPG Gas
Fire Wood
Electricity
0%
50%
100%
Energy Consumption for Cooking and Lighting
LPG Gas Fire Wood Electricity
18
4.21 Major Issues in Livelihood Despites of enough cultivable land and rich natural resources also,
people are unable to earn maximum benefits for improving livelihood standard. Major of the respondent’s
comments on lack of technical assistance and traditional practices of agriculture as the major issues in
livelihood, otherwise they would have good return from their agriculture also. There is also lack of human
resources for working in the agriculture field. There is lack of market to sell the agriculture products and
earn the money for livelihood. Erratic precipitation is also one of the major problem that influence the
livelihood of the peoples.
Figure 26 - Major Challenges in Livelihood of Peoples of Study Area
4. 22 Need for Livelihood Improvement Majority of the people are in need of investment and trainings
in agriculture and livestock in order to improve their livelihood. They need investment and training to
establish some agriculture and forest based micro-enterprise. Some of them also asked for introducing
modern equipment and machineries for agriculture sector to get maximum benefits with low cost
technology and less human resources. While, some landless people are demanding more land for
agriculture and poultry farming.
Figure 27 - Requirement for Livelihood Improvement of the Study Area
0%
20%
40%
60%
Aglung Arkhabang Banjkateri Chaphile Ghamir Hwangdi Murbhung Sirseni
Major Issues in Livelihood
Traaditional Practices of Agriculture Lack of Technical Assistance Lack of Manpower Lack of water Lack of Market
0%
20%
40%
60%
Aglung Arkhabang Banjkateri Chaphile Ghamir Hwangdi Murbhung Sirseni
Need for livelihood Improvement
Investment Machinery material More Land Trainings
19
5. Indicators for selecting suitable VDC to implement the
new project
We developed 15 indicators that are useful for implementing new programs in the selected VDC of the
study area. For selecting most suitable VDC, each of the indicators were assigned weightage (i.e. from 1
to 5) based on our experiences from the field visit, consultation with stakeholders and interpretation of
the results. The VDC having final value with higher weight (68-75) is supposed to be most suitable VDC for
implementing new program. The Value with its description from 1 to 5 is given on table 2. The indicators
along with its Values in each VDC is shown in Table 3.
Table 2 - Values for Assigning the Indicators
Value
Description
1
Very Low
2
Low
3
Satisfactory
4
High
5
Very High
Each of the indicators are described briefly as follows:-
1. Active Participation of the people It is one of the important indicators for commencing new programs
at new place. The successes of the project depends on the level of participation of the local people. The
local people of the study area who are not actively participated during SE survey and other programs are
ranked as 1-2.
2. Population with Women and Marginalized Any kind of new program should highly focused on
empowering women and marginalized groups. The VDC having high population of these groups have been
assigned as a high value (5).
3. Need for livelihood Improvement Since, livelihood improvement is the chief objectives of the project.
The VDC that are in urgent need of upliftment of the local people is given as high value.
4. Need for Conservation The VDC having high Biodiversity but less conservation efforts are ranked as
a high value.
5. Need for Development The VDC that are lacking behind in social, personal and infrastructural
development are assigned as a high value.
6. Need for Awareness The VDC having adequate knowledge on conservation and development and
different other activities are given as low value.
20
7. Population with all ethnic group In order to create more diverse participation into new project, the
VDC having diverse ethnic groups are assigned as high value.
8. Biodiversity Richness The VDC having rich and significant biodiversity (flora and fauna) which are in
urge of conservation and are directly linked with the livelihood of people are allocated as high value.
9. Partnership with other GOs and Local NGOs It is important to build strong partnership of new project
with other organizations and local NGOs for sustainability and effectiveness of the program. The VDCs
with existing program launched by Government organizations and the local NGOs are given as high value.
10. Favorable Location of the place With respect to accessibility, centroid of the study area linking with
other VDC, favorable climate and suitability on setting up of new project office, the VDC that meets these
parameters are given as high value.
11. Dependency on Agriculture The peoples who are completely depends on agriculture are given as
high value.
12. Dependency on Forest The VDCs that are entirely depends on forest and its product for daily life
subsistence are allocated as high value.
13. Enthusiasm of Local people to new program Keenness of the local people are also most crucial
factors for determining the successiveness of the new program. During SE survey, we observed this
indicator in every VDC and ranked it accordingly.
14. Low Risk Factor for new program If a potential risk of the project is not identified early, then
the project will be at a high risk to complete its objectives and deliverables. During the SE Survey, we
observed some of the risk factors with respects to environmental, biophysical, societal and economical
factors that are associated with implementation of new project. The VDC with safeguarding of these four
factors are assigned as high value.
15. Successes of the new project Eventually, with the help of all of above mentioned (1 to 14) indicators,
no. 15 indicator is determined and valued accordingly in each of the VDC.
Table 3 - Indicators Along With Assigned Values in Each of the VDC
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
S.N
Indicators
Weightage (1-5)
1
Active Participation of the local people
4
3
3
4
2
4
3
2
2
Inclusion of Women and Marginalized
5
4
4
3
3
4
3
3
3
Need for livelihood Improvement
5
5
5
4
4
5
4
4
4
Need for Conservation
4
5
3
4
3
5
4
4
5
Need For Development
5
5
4
4
3
5
4
4
6
Need for Awareness
4
5
5
4
3
5
3
4
21
7
Population with all ethnic group
5
4
4
4
3
5
4
4
8
Biodiversity Richness
4
4
4
3
3
5
4
3
9
Partnership with other GOs and NGOs
4
3
5
5
5
4
5
5
10
Favorable Location of the place
5
3
4
3
3
5
3
4
11
Dependency on Agriculture
4
5
4
3
3
5
3
4
12
Dependency on Forest
4
4
4
3
3
5
4
4
13
Enthusiasm of Local people to new program
5
3
4
5
3
4
4
4
14
Low Risk Factor for any new program
5
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
15
chance of Project Successes
5
3
4
4
4
4
3
3
Total Values
68
59
61
57
49
69
55
56
A=Arkhabang; B=Aglung; C=Banjkateri; D= Chhaphile; E= Ghamir; F= Hwangdi; G=Marbhung; H= Sirseni
6. Suitable VDC Selection
The most suitable VDC for the implementation of new project was selected based on total value generated
from the 15 indicators. The suitability of the VDC were categorized into three different classes, viz. highly
suitable, moderately suitable and least suitable. The VDC having the total value ranging from 65-75 was
categorized as highly suitable VDC; 56-64 as moderately suitable and 45-55 as least suitable VDC. The
suitability map is shown on figure 28.
Figure 28 - Suitability Map of Study Area for Implementing New Project
22
7. Conclusion
Peoples of Madane IBA have a very hardship lifestyle because of different factors like technical, social,
economic and environmental. Modernization in agricultural is most needed in the villages for bringing the
people back into their own villages and farmlands. It seems that people are depriving from the maximum
returns of the agriculture and forest resources due to inadequate skills and knowledge for conducting
income-generating activities. People are migrating temporarily and sometimes permanently from their
villages to urban area in search of better opportunities and earnings for attaining standard livelihood. The
natural resources in the villages are just becoming useless for them because of shortage of skills and lack
of technical assistance from the stakeholders. In account of this, BCN conducted socio-economic survey
for baseline studies of the eight rural VDC of Madane Protection Forest of Gulmi district. From this survey,
most suitable VDC for implementing new project of PPN II phase was finalized with respect of all the
findings from the survey and objectives of the project.
As the whole, the studies found two suitable VDC named as Arkhabang and Hwangdi, which are situated
in the Northern, part of the study area. These two VDC (figure-28) are selected on the aspect of different
indicators as discussed on section-6 and our personal observation with stakeholders consultation too. The
implementation of new project on these two VDC among other eight VDC is most significant for
successfully accomplishing the objectives of the project. The location of these two VDC is such that the
successful lessons learnt from the project could be easily expand to other VDC also. More poor peoples
as well as other common peoples of diverse cultural and ethnicity of these two VDC will be benefited from
the newly implemented project.
8. Recommendation
Within the three years (2018-2021) cycle of project, it is also necessary to find out the LULC
change detection, as LULC change is the most vital factors that are changing the livelihood of the
rural people.
Mapping of livelihood benefits from local ecosystem services assessment in these rural VDC
could also be value added for the new project.
23
9. References
- Madane Protective Forest Program, DFO-Gulmi, 2014
- Reports on Monitoring and Inspection of Community Forest, DFO-Gulmi, 2016-17
- Steps for Green Environment Protection and Improvement in Livelihood through Sustainable Forest
Management, DFO-Gulmi, 2016
- Introduction to Madane Protection Forest, DFO-Gulmi, 2017
- Community Forestry Bulletin, Department of Forest, issues 18, 2017-18
- Madane Protection Forest Management Action Plan, DFO-Gulmi, 2015
- Watershed Management Action Plan, DSCO-Gulmi, 2012
- Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal (CBS), 2011
http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/Population/Ward%20Level/46Gulmi_WardLevel.pdf
24
10. Annex
Annex I
CFUG Names of the Study Area
S.N
Ward No.
CFUG
Area (ha)
Total Area (ha)
Arkhabang
258.44
1
1 to 9
Malika
12.44
2
4,5,6
Khamdesh
58
3
2,3
Deurali Thuladhunga
36
4
1 to 9
Bhalne RangdiPatal
152
Aglung
178.79
5
1,4
Chyandhara
33
6
3,5,6
Basinako Serek
47.49
7
1,2,9
Tarevir
6.55
8
7
Mathura
91.75
Banjkateri
148.25
9
9
Baskhola
29.87
10
4,5,6,7
Sorek
21.56
11
8
Tham
9.6
12
9
Sangrekhola
1.04
13
9
Githika Chaur Women
1.81
14
3
Madane Patlekharka
40.12
15
1
Gorujure Chahara
44.25
Chhaphile
283.3
16
1,2,3,4
Chhap
140
17
6
Jhantedhunga Deurali
40
18
5
Malika
28
25
19
8
Jaljale Thodichaur
40
20
3,9
Aarudhara Bomkhola
35.3
Ghamir
161.39
21
8,9
Daha Deurali
93.64
22
1 to 9
Magdi Maraute
61
23
3,4
Bhedikhor Kalne
6.75
Hwangdi
145.22
24
9
Devisthan
53.32
25
1,3,7
Bhujlethan
31.67
26
1,3,4
Pasedanda Women
7.68
27
1,2,3,4
Bhagwati
39.74
28
8
Malika women
12.81
Marbhung
556.97
29
6,7,8
Top
227.7
30
1,8,9
Sotachaperumta
35.81
31
3,4
Malika
134.98
32
2
Gauribhir
2.37
33
1
Litepokhari
11.61
34
5
Hool
144.5
Sirseni
35
4,6,7,8
Rakse
40
135.17
36
3,4,8
Lampun
13.25
37
8
Kunauta
18.5
38
2
Sisnehaar
13.16
39
1,2
Bhalukhola fulbari
3.4
40
6
Tindhare Women
8.37
41
9
Sim
38.49
26
TOTAL CFUG AREA
1867.53
Annex-II
Altitude Map of the Study Area
27
Annex-III
Aspect Map of the Study Area
28
Annex IV
Slope Map of the Study Area
29
Annex V
Land Cover Map of Study Area
30
Annex-VI
Questionnaires Survey Map of the Study Area
31
Annex-VII
GPS point of the HHs and FGD Surveys
Households Survey Points
FGD Survey Points
Total Points
VDC
X
Y
X
Y
X
Y
X
Y
S.N
X
Y
4
Aglung
83.0493
28.2076
83.0562
28.2104
83.0670
28.2218
83.0674
28.2286
1
83.0678
28.2329
8
83.0444
28.2112
83.0595
28.2114
83.0638
28.2183
83.0444
28.2032
2
83.0576
28.2154
12
83.0454
28.2160
83.0636
28.2131
83.0534
28.2183
83.0379
28.2067
3
83.0416
28.2006
16
83.0491
28.2119
83.0659
28.2155
83.0468
28.2196
83.0379
28.2131
20
83.0530
28.2108
83.0674
28.2190
83.0558
28.2233
83.0582
28.2286
24
Arkhabang
83.1146
28.2346
83.1060
28.2259
83.1219
28.2146
83.1437
28.2243
4
83.1394
28.2250
28
83.1218
28.2337
83.1103
28.2258
83.1206
28.2226
83.1362
28.2218
5
83.1188
28.2311
32
83.1234
28.2306
83.1135
28.2241
83.1268
28.2256
83.1407
28.2151
6
83.1208
28.2193
36
83.1133
28.2287
83.1150
28.2211
83.1258
28.2203
83.1343
28.2144
40
83.1027
28.2250
83.1185
28.2179
83.1307
28.2258
83.1284
28.2142
44
Banjkateri
83.0493
28.1908
83.0756
28.2047
83.0834
28.2261
83.0748
28.2174
7
83.0462
28.1950
48
83.0532
28.1989
83.0819
28.2028
83.0793
28.2222
83.0725
28.2109
8
83.0840
28.2209
52
83.0607
28.2054
83.0808
28.1961
83.0788
28.2168
83.0672
28.2093
9
83.0660
28.1993
56
83.0618
28.2020
83.0823
28.2097
83.0735
28.2237
83.0661
28.2054
60
83.0702
28.2000
83.0836
28.2162
83.0760
28.2286
83.0713
28.2054
32
64
Chhaphile
83.1835
28.2256
83.1685
28.2168
83.1666
28.2266
83.1486
28.2177
10
83.1614
28.2195
68
83.1799
28.2287
83.1716
28.2208
83.1667
28.2231
83.1471
28.2144
11
83.1779
28.2270
72
83.1799
28.2228
83.1747
28.2250
83.1607
28.2242
83.1642
28.2160
12
83.1615
28.2270
76
83.1771
28.2206
83.1753
28.2293
83.1547
28.2249
83.1678
28.2312
80
83.1740
28.2181
83.1726
28.2319
83.1502
28.2241
83.1547
28.2153
84
Ghamir
83.1478
28.2048
83.1557
28.1899
83.1467
28.1785
83.1594
28.2030
13
83.1439
28.1838
88
83.1512
28.2020
83.1489
28.1888
83.1422
28.1795
83.1460
28.2076
14
83.1562
28.1963
92
83.1504
28.2076
83.1504
28.1793
83.1435
28.1875
83.1598
28.2096
15
83.1507
28.2047
96
83.1549
28.2082
83.1523
28.1845
83.1486
28.1849
83.1553
28.2048
100
83.1532
28.1964
83.1426
28.1752
83.1487
28.1928
83.1587
28.1965
104
Hwangdi
83.0946
28.2293
83.1127
28.2427
83.1305
28.2467
83.1245
28.2394
16
83.0987
28.2488
108
83.1060
28.2338
83.1177
28.2495
83.1245
28.2505
83.1308
28.2362
17
83.0915
28.2331
112
83.0967
28.2386
83.1224
28.2433
83.1087
28.2480
83.1327
28.2422
18
83.1222
28.2411
116
83.0862
28.2368
83.1355
28.2328
83.0903
28.2437
83.1378
28.2416
120
83.1064
28.2396
83.1338
28.2388
83.0997
28.2439
83.1049
28.2444
124
Marabhung
83.1362
28.1673
83.1146
28.1998
83.1326
28.1972
83.1349
28.1875
19
83.1196
28.1877
128
83.1364
28.1735
83.1174
28.2099
83.1376
28.2041
83.1077
28.2026
20
83.1318
28.2007
132
83.1241
28.1839
83.1260
28.2082
83.1359
28.1963
83.1107
28.2090
21
83.1159
28.2029
136
83.1137
28.1918
83.1236
28.2004
83.1428
28.1992
83.1168
28.1972
140
83.1056
28.1963
83.1237
28.1946
83.1413
28.1942
83.1321
28.1815
33
144
Sirseni
83.0963
28.1929
83.0980
28.2047
83.1103
28.2207
83.0885
28.2136
22
83.0989
28.2166
148
83.0939
28.1967
83.1004
28.2082
83.1032
28.2202
83.0894
28.2076
23
83.0971
28.1990
152
83.0873
28.1942
83.1025
28.2119
83.0969
28.2211
83.0935
28.2093
24
83.0901
28.2166
156
83.0886
28.1989
83.1094
28.2162
83.0905
28.2256
83.0965
28.2125
160
83.0905
28.2041
83.1124
28.2172
83.0894
28.2213
83.0931
28.2011
34
Annex VIII
Name of FGD Group and its Member who were Interviewed
S.
N
VDC
CFUG Name
Name of Participants
1
Arkhabang (Malika - 4)
Bhalne Rangdipatal
Gopal K.C.
Hari Aryal
Chiranjivi Ghimire
Tika Ram Lamsal
Ekraj Regmi
Thagiswor Bhattarai
Suresh Aryal
Him B. K.C.
2
KhaMadaneesh CFUG
Padam Budha
Arjun KC
Tara Devi Thapa
Thamman B. Gharti
Ganga Ram Aryal
Amrit B. Rana
Tika Aryal
Khagendra Aryal
3
Hariyali Krishi Co-
operative
Anita Arayal
Amrita B.K
Mitra Lal Ghimire
Amita Arayal
Bhagirat Ghimire
Bhom Bdr Gharti
Dale Kami
Tulsai Kami
4
Hwangdi (Malika - 3)
Devisthan CFUG
Chandra B. Kami
Dadhi Ram Aryal
Chhabilal Aryal
Kamal B.K.
Nandakala Budha
Magar
Dil B. Budha
Ghan B. Budha
Basanti Gharti
5
Pasedanda Women CFUG
Lil B. Budha
Dan B. Ghartimagar
Sangita
Budhamagar
Harilal Gharti
Mohan B. Gharti
Matikala Budha
Bina K.C.
Krishna Bhandari
6
Swasthya Women Group
Sangita Budha
Chandrakala Gharti
Nirmala Gharti
Bina Gharti
Khimsari Budha
Drupadi Gharti
Moti Gharti
Sweta Budha Magar
7
Ghamir (Malika - 7)
Dahadeurali CFUG
Jit B. Sunar
Krishna B. Thapa
Lal Kumari Panthi
Chandra B. Sunar
Jib Lal Sunar
Thaniswor Panthi
Sabita Aryal
Krishna B. Sunar
8
Bhendikhor Kalne CFUG
Mina Panthi
Keshav Karki
Mina Khadka
Uma Chhetri
35
Jalika Thapa
Durga Devi Kami
Radhika Khadka
Chandrakala
Ghimire
9
Milijuli women group
Anju Thapa
Padam B.Gharti
Anita Karki
Chabi Panthi
Anu Kumal
Nanda B.Magar
Chabilal Panthi
Chatra Bdr.Thapa
10
Chhapahile (Malika -
5)
Malika CFUG
Bishnu Giri
Chandru Giri
Lil B. Sunar
Anisha Karki
Ishwor Giri
Manoj Giri
Gopal Kami
Khima Lamsal
11
Chhap CFUG
Muna Giri
Jitendra Gharti
Magar
Hira Giri
Dipa Giri
Padam B.K.
Buddhi B. Karki
Lokesh Giri
Kamal B.K.
12
Srijanshil Mother Group
Kamala GC
Kalpana GC
Mina Budha
Shova Adhikari
Sita Adhikari
Bhimkala GC
Srijana GC
Puja Gharti
13
Banjhkateri (Madane-
2)
Banskhola CFUG
Kumari Bhusal
Duka Kumari Khatri
Kamala Bhusal
Suraj Bhusal
Arjun Bhusal
Rabi Bhusal
Yadav Bhusal
Mohan B. B.K.
14
Tham CFUG
Khime Kami
Bisna Bhusal
Suraj Bhusal
Dhanikala Bhusal
Gobinda B.K.
Jhupi Bhusal
Kamala B.K.
Resham Lal Bhusal
15
Hate Malo Women Group
Ajita Bhandari
Kamala bHandari
Sabitra Bhusal
Hira Karki
Anita K.C
Nima Khanal
Nima Devi Bhusal
Deuki K C
16
Sirseni (Madane-3)
Bhalukhola Fulbari CFUG
Keshav Gharti Roka
Shamsher B. Khatri
Suna Pokharel
Nimlal Bhusal
Narayan Roka
Suresh Aryal
Janak P. Pokharel
Chintamani Bhusal
17
Lampun CFUG
Bishnu Ghimire
Radha Aryal
Domanti Rokaha
Bed Prasad Ghimire
Narayan Ghimire
Sunil Bhattarai
Resham Bhattarai
Ishwori Bhattarai
18
Tindhare Women Group
Manmaya Gharti
Mankala Aryal
Krishna Gharti
Bimala Gharti
36
Kamala BK
Dina Gharti
Krishna Damai
Saraswoti Gharti
19
Marbhung (Malika - 8)
Malika CFUG
Jibkala Aryal
Bhuwaneswor Aryal
Dil B. B.K.
Chandrakala Thapa
Achyut Giri
Tika Giri
Pramod Giri
Tulsi Ram Paudyal
20
Litepokharei CFUG
Nirmala Paudyal
Mina Aryal
Basanta Khatri
Mohan Sunar
Raju Aryal
Sunil Budha Magar
Diwakar Gautam
Ghanshyam Lamsal
21
Madane W.G
Jibkal arayal
Kabita Giri
Khagi Khatri
Jamuna Gharti
Anita Kuwar
Kabita kami
Jamuna Thapa
Ganga Roka
22
Aglung (Madane -1)
Chyandhara CFUG
Gyan B. Malla
Nima B.K.
Ashok Raut
Til B. Malla
Khang B. Malla
Rajesh Chand
Karna B. Khatri
Tek B. Kami
23
Mathura CFUG
Ramesh Roka
Arjun B. Khatri
Parbati Kami
Arun Chand
Amit K. Chand
Santosh Malla
Prem Chand
Kamala Bohara
24
Tarevir CFUG
Manisha Budha Magar
Kamala Arayal
Him Lal Regmi
Tale Kami
Lekha Gharti
Tulsa Arayal
Jib lal Lamsal
Gopi Raj Regmi
37
Annex IX
Snaps during the Field Visit
Household Survey
Focal Group Discussion
Key Informant Survey
Women Group Discussion
38
Interviewed with Marginalized People
Poor Farmer During Interview
Beautiful Landscape of Study Area
Area of Madane Protection Forest
39
Team Members Visit to Temple
One of our Team Member on the Lap of Madane Hill
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
2017-18-Madane Protection Forest Management Action Plan, DFO-Gulmi, 2015-Watershed Management Action Plan
Introduction to Madane Protection Forest, DFO-Gulmi, 2017-Community Forestry Bulletin, Department of Forest, issues 18, 2017-18-Madane Protection Forest Management Action Plan, DFO-Gulmi, 2015-Watershed Management Action Plan, DSCO-Gulmi, 2012