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Spatial and temporal variations in hydrochemical composition of river water in yellow river basin, China
Abstract
We seasonally collected river water samples at four stations along the Yellow River basin, namely Tangnaihai and Qingtongxia stations (upstream), Huayuankou station (middle stream), and Jinan station (downstream) for a period of two years. Major ion concentrations in the river water samples were determined to illustrate possible controlling roles of natural factors and anthropogenic activities. The results showed that: (1) The pH value of river water in different stations in the Yellow River basin ranged from 6.90 to 9.00 with a mean value of 7.94, and TDS values varied from 178 to 685 mg · L⁻¹, with an average value of 453 mg · L⁻¹. The average pH values decreased and TDS values increased along the flow path; (2) The water hydrochemical types varied at different stations. The water hydrochemical type was mainly HCO3-Ca at Tangnaihai station, while HCO3-SO4-Ca-Na at both Qingtongxia and Huayuankou stations with SO4Ca-Mg and Cl-Na at Huayuankou station in some months, and HCO3-SO4-Na-Ca at Jinan station with Cl-Na in some months; (3) The dissolved ion concentrations varied in different seasons. The values were often low in flood seasons, mainly in July and August, due to the dilution of rainwater, and high in winter (December) and ice melting (March) seasons; (4) The results of this study suggested that variations in water chemical compositions in Yellow River basin are mainly controlled by natural factors. Carbonate weathering dominates at Tangnaihai station with sulfur acid acting. As the river flows into Loess Plateau, the silicate weathering and evaporite dissolution become dominant. Nitrate concentrations increased slightly in May and June at Huayuankou and Jinan stations, possibly related to agricultural irrigation. © 2017, editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Ecology. All rights reserved.
... The pH of the surface water was between 6.80 and 8.90, with an average of 7.87 in the Tarim River Basin. TDS was between 115 and 5269 mg·L -1 , with an average of 689.15 mg·L -1 (Table 1), which was significantly higher than 205.9 mg·L -1 in the Yangtze River Basin [11] and 453 mg·L -1 in the Yellow River Basin [12], and about 2.6-times higher than the TDS value of 266 mg·L -1 of Heihe, the second largest inland river in China's Hexi Corridor [13], and also higher than the 388 mg·L -1 of the Nile River basin in the arid zone [14]. In the regional surface runoff, the average TDS in KMPP and the TM areas were 437.55 mg·L -1 and 321.58 mg·L -1 respectively, which were only 33.21% and 44.75% of their corresponding oasis areas. ...
... K + p/I /Fp/I =1. 12 ...
Research addressing the spatial differences and evolution of river hydrochemistry can clarify the interaction between surface water-soluble substances and the environment, as well as reveal correlations between surface water quality and human activities. Here, by sampling surface runoff and taking regional geology as the background, we analyze the provenances and control factors of soluble substances in the Tarim River Basin. We found that: More than 80% of the soluble ions in surface water originated from rock weathering in the mountains. The Gibbs free energy between the ions showed that when the runoff flowed out of the mountain, the Ca ²⁺ and HCO 3 ⁻ were almost saturated. The major ion concentration rose synchronously with the runoff migration. These findings indicate that the solute of surface water mainly originated from mountainous areas. Soluble substances had difficulty entering the river channel by erosion of the scarce surface runoff.
... Major cations (Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ ) were detected with an ion chromatograph (Dionex-600), and major anions (Cl − , NO3 − , SO4 2− ) were detected with Dionex-300 ion chromatograph; the accuracy of ion determination was ng/g level, and the testing error was less than 5%. Due to the large amounts of samples required for the detection of HCO3 − , there is no such ion concentration in the detection index, so this study used the charge balance method to calculate the HCO3 − ion concentration [26,27]. We compared dissolved cation equivalents (TZ + = 2Ca 2+ + 2Mg 2+ + Na + + K + ) to the detected anion equivalents (TZ − = Cl − + NO3 − + 2SO4 2− ), and Table 1. ...
... Major cations (Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ ) were detected with an ion chromatograph (Dionex-600), and major anions (Cl − , NO 3 − , SO 4 2− ) were detected with Dionex-300 ion chromatograph; the accuracy of ion determination was ng/g level, and the testing error was less than 5%. Due to the large amounts of samples required for the detection of HCO 3 − , there is no such ion concentration in the detection index, so this study used the charge balance method to calculate the HCO 3 − ion concentration [26,27]. We compared dissolved cation equivalents ...
The Tibetan Plateau has the largest lake cluster in China and in the world. In order to clarify the differences of lake hydrochemistry of Tibetan Plateau, water samples were collected from 32 lakes, including 22 tectonic lakes and 11 glacial lakes, along the Tibetan Plateau road, from September to October 2016. We detected and analyzed the major ion concentrations and characteristics of samples, and discuss the hydrochemistry type, controlling factors, and major ion sources of lake water. The results showed that, firstly, tectonic lake samples on the Tibetan Plateau have much higher physicochemical parameters and ion contents than glacial lakes, and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) contents fluctuate from high to low latitudes. The variations of ion concentrations in the northern part of the Qiagui Co were more fluctuating and have two obvious peaks, while the variations in the southern part were moderate. The TDS of glacial lakes were low and leveling off in the upper and middle reaches of the basin, while higher and more variable in the lower reaches. Secondly, the tectonic lakes were mainly chloride saline lakes, with Na+ as the major cation, and SO42−, Cl− as the major anions. Glacial lakes were mainly carbonate and sulfate type lakes, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were the major cations, HCO3− was the major anion, and SO42− was the second. Thirdly, the hydrochemistry processes of the tectonic lakes were mainly controlled by evaporation-crystallization, and the ions mainly came from the evaporites of basin. Glacial lake water samples were mainly influenced by the weathering of basin rocks, with ion sources strongly influenced by the weathering of basin carbonates than evaporites, with calcite and dolomite being important sources of Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3−.
... The TDS of river water samples varied from 73.8 to 230.2 mg L −1 , with an average of 157.3 mg L −1 , which was comparable with the global average of 100 mg L −1 (Gaillardet et al., 1999). Compared with the major rivers in China, the average TDS was significantly lower than the Yangtze (Chen et al., 2002), the Huang He (He et al., 2017) the Zhu Jiang (Zhang et al., 2007), the Huai He (Zhang et al., 2011), and the Liao He (Ding et al., 2017). However, the average TDS was higher than the rivers draining silicate-rock-dominated areas, e.g., the Dong Jiang (59.9 mg L −1 ) in southern China (Xie et al., 2013), the North Han River (75.5 mg L −1 ) in South Korea, (Ryu et al., 2008), the Amazon River (41 mg L −1 ), and the Orinoco River (82 mg L −1 ) draining the Andes (Dosseto et al., 2006;Edmond et al., 1996). ...
The study provided the major ion chemistry, chemical weathering rates and temporary and net CO2 sinks in the Bei Jiang, which was characterized as a hyperactive region with high chemical weathering rates, carbonate and silicate mixing lithology, and abundant sulfuric acid chemical weathering agent of acid deposition and acid mining drainage (AMD) origins. The total chemical weathering rate of 85.46 t km−2 a−1 was comparable to that of other rivers in the hyperactive zones between the latitudes 0 and 30∘. A carbonate weathering rate of 61.15 t km−2 a−1 contributed to about 70 % of the total. The lithology, runoff, and geomorphology had a significant influence on the chemical weathering rate. The proportion of carbonate outcrops had a significant positive correlation with the chemical weathering rate. Due to the interaction between dilution and compensation effect, a significant positive linear relationship was detected between runoff and total carbonate and silicate weathering rates. The geomorphology factors such as catchment area, average slope, and hypsometric integral value (HI) had nonlinear correlation with chemical weathering rate and showed significant scale effect, which revealed the complexity in chemical weathering processes. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) apportionment showed that CCW (carbonate weathering by CO2) was the dominant origin of DIC (35 %–87 %). SCW (carbonate weathering by H2SO4) (3 %–15 %) and CSW (silicate weathering by CO2) (7 %–59 %) were non-negligible processes. The temporary CO2 sink was 823.41×103 mol km−2 a−1. Compared with the temporary sink, the net sink of CO2 for the Bei Jiang was approximately 23.18×103 mol km−2 a−1 of CO2 and was about 2.82 % of the “temporary” CO2 sink. Human activities (sulfur acid deposition and AMD) dramatically decreased the CO2 net sink, even making chemical weathering a CO2 source to the atmosphere.
... The SO 4 2− and some Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ have common sources. These common sources mainly include two sources: one is the H 2 SO 4 involved in the dissolution and weathering of the carbonate minerals, and the other is the dissolution of sulfate minerals (He et al. 2017). However, as shown in Fig. 6 g, most of the groundwater samples lie below or above the 1:1 line and are relatively deviated, suggesting that the dissolution of sulfate minerals such as gypsum is not the main source of the SO 4 2− (7). ...
The Yarlung Zangbo River Valley is situated in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau with high elevation, abundant water resources and less influence from human activities. In this study, 47 groundwater samples were collected to investigate the hydrochemical characteristics and possible control of these characteristics in the groundwater of the Yarlung Zangbo River Valley; the samples were statistically analyzed using a Durov diagram, Gibbs plot, ratio graphs of ions, and factor analysis. The study results showed that the mean concentrations of the major ions in groundwater were relatively low, and the predominance of cations and anions in the groundwater was Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺ > K⁺ and HCO3⁻ > SO4²⁻ > Cl⁻, respectively. Most groundwater samples fall in the category of HCO3–Ca and mixed HCO3·SO4–Ca·Mg. Upstream to downstream, the total dissolved solids and major cations and anions in the groundwater show a gradual decreasing trend due to the dilution effect of precipitation and lateral runoff recharge, except for the K⁺. The water–rock interaction was the primary mechanism controlling the groundwater chemistry in the study area. The dissolution of carbonates was the major contributor to the formation of the groundwater chemistry, and the dissolution of silicate and sulfate also contributed to the chemical composition of the groundwater in the study area, whereas the cation exchange was weak. In addition, H2SO4 participation in the dissolution and weathering of carbonate was an important source of SO4²⁻.
The study provides the major ion chemistry, chemical weathering rates and temporary and net CO2 sinks in the Beijiang River, which was characterized as hyperactive region with high chemical weathering rates, carbonate and silicate mixing lithology and abundant sulfuric acid chemical weathering agent with acid deposition and AMD origins. The total chemical weathering rate of 85.46 t km−2 a−1 was comparable to other rivers in the hyperactive zones between the latitude 0–30°. Carbonate weathering rates of 61.15 t km−2 a−1 contributed to about 70 % of the total. The lithology, runoff and geomorphology had significant influence on the chemical weathering rate. The proportion of carbonate outcrops had significant positive correlation with the chemical weathering rate. Due to the interaction between dilution and compensation effect, significant positive linear relationship was detected between runoff and total, carbonate and silicate weathering rates. The geomorphology factors such as catchment area, average slope and hypsometric integral value (HI) had non-linear correlation on chemical weathering rate and showed significant scale effect, which revealed the complexity in chemical weathering processes. DIC-apportionment showed that CCW (Carbonate weathering by CO2) was the dominant origin of DIC (35 %–87 %) and that SCW (Carbonate weathering by H2SO4) (3 %–15 %) and CSW (Silicate weathering by CO2) (7 %–59 %) were non-negligible processes. The temporary CO2 sink was 823.41 103 mol km−2 a−1. Compared with the temporary sink, the net sink of CO2 for the Beijiang River was approximately 23.18 × 103 mol km−2 a−1 of CO2 and was about 2.82 % of the temporary CO2 sink. Human activities (sulfur acid deposition and AMD) dramatically decreased the CO2 net sink and even make chemical weathering a CO2 source to the atmosphere.
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