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Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 2018, Nov, Vol-12(11): ZE01-ZE06 11
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2018/32186.12204
Dentistry Section
The Efficacy of Plaque Control by Various
Toothbrushing Techniques-A Systematic
Review and Meta-Analysis
Review Article
INTRODUCTION
Dental plaque is an etiological factor for dental caries and periodontal
diseases. The plaque control method both mechanical and chemical
is an important component of oral health promotion [1,2]. Mechanical
control is an important behaviour oriented measure to good oral
hygiene, so toothbrushing for an effective plaque control program,
depends on the technique used and ease of the performance. Many
different toothbrushing techniques have been recommended over
the past 20-30 years [3]. There are various methods (Bass method,
Modified Bass method, Stillman’s method, Charters method, Scrub
method etc.,) which are effective in removing plaque biofilm and
debris, stimulate the gingiva, and deliver fluoridated dentifrice to the
tooth surfaces [3].
No single method of tooth brushing is superior to the other.
Patients usually employ their own methods of toothbrushing like
vigorous scrubbing in horizontal, vertical or circular directions.
Such techniques can successfully remove plaque but is very
detrimental to the oral hard tissues [3]. To have any evidence
based decision in this matter, the current evidence in literature on
the efficacy of plaque removal by normal tooth brushing practices
albeit performed with improvement must be reviewed. There is a
lacuna of evidence or information on the effectiveness of any one
method of toothbrushing. We designed this study to review all the
randomised controlled trials that were reported on the efficacy of
various manual toothbrushing techniques, in relation to their ability
in the effective removal of plaque and maintainence of the health
of the gingiva and periodontium.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Search Methods for Identification of Studies
For identification of the studies included in this review, we devised
a search strategy for each database. The search strategy used
a combination of meticulous vocabulary and free text terms.
The main search databases (1950 till May 2017) were Medline
via NCBI, Google scholar and Cochrane Central Register of
Controlled Trials [Table/Fig-1].
CHANDRASHEKAR JANAKIRAM1, FARHEEN TAHA2, JOSEPH JOE3
Keywords: Bass method, Modified Stillman's method, Dental plaque, Gingivitis tooth brushing methods
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Efficient removal of dental plaque plays a key role
in the maintenance of oral health. Dental Plaque is responsible
for the occurrence of dental caries and periodontal diseases.
Aim: To compare the various toothbrushing methods in effective
removal of plaque.
Materials and Methods: Systematic review with meta-analysis
methodology developed by Cochrane Corporation was used
in this review. Computerised searches Medline, the Cochrane
Register of Controlled Trials and the Google Scholar for
randomised controlled trials were searched up to May 2017 to
identify appropriate studies. Information regarding methods,
participants, interventions, outcome measures and results were
independently extracted, in duplicate. A meta-analysis was
attempted on two trials. The test group was using ‘modified
Bass technique’ and the control group was using ‘horizontal
scrub technique’ in both the selected trials. Standard Mean
Deviation (SMD) was calculated using random-effects models.
Results: In total, 664 unique papers were found, of which seven
met the eligibility criteria. The meta-analysis of two studies
showed that the modified Bass technique provided significantly
better plaque control (SMD=-1.22, p<0.001) as compared to the
horizontal scrub technique.
Conclusion: Inadequate data, but with a low risk of bias,
showed that the modified Bass technique/ Bass technique was
more effective in the efficient plaque removal compared to the
other toothbrushing techniques.
[Table/Fig-1]: Flow chart of study selection in this update.
No restriction was placed on the language or date of the publication.
The search terms used were: toothbrushing; toothbrushing
techniques AND plaque removal; oral hygiene; oral hygiene AND
gingivitis; oral hygiene AND plaque removal; plaque control; plaque
control AND tooth brushing techniques; randomised controlled trials
AND toothbrushing techniques AND plaque control; gingivitis AND
toothbrushing techniques.
Type of studies: Randomised controlled trials comparing the
different toothbrushing techniques were only included. Cross-
over trials (with wash out period) and split mouth trials were also
Chandrashekar Janakiram et al., Plaque Control by Various Toothbrushing Methods www.jcdr.net
Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 2018, Nov, Vol-12(11): ZE01-ZE06
22
Characteristics of Participants
Most of the study participants were adults; there were no notable
medical histories to the patients. All the participants except in one
study [5] were Caucasians. One trial [5] included orthodontic patients
and one trial [6] included computer generated demonstration of the
toothbrushing technique. Patients with periodontitis or any situation
where the health of the periodontium was compromised were not
included in the trials. All the seven trials had mostly adult participants.
Two trials [5,7] recruited participants from dental schools/clinics,
three trials [3,6,8] selected the study participants from university or
secondary school students. None of the trials had school children
as study participants.
One trial [6] detailed smoking as an exclusion criterion, two trials
[3,8] did not include people with carious lesions, two trials [3,5]
excluded participants with previous periodontal treatments, one
trial [3] excluded participants on antibiotic therapy, two trials
[3,8] did not undertake participants who had malocclusion, tooth
malposition or crowding and one trial [7] was explicit that they
will not recruit any members who had previous knowledge of the
intervention brushing technique.
Characteristics of Interventions
The interventions included in the studies were the different tooth
brushing techniques. Modified Bass technique was the most
frequently used intervention [3,6,7]. The other techniques were the
Fones technique, Bass technique, Roll technique, Scrub technique,
Horizontal Scrub technique, Circular scrub, Charters technique and
the Modified Stillman’s technique [Table/Fig-2] [5,6,8-10].
included in the study. Studies were included irrespective of the year
of publication or language.
Type of participants: Those people who did not have any
physical or mental disabilities were included. The age group of the
trial participants was between 16-45 years. Individuals wearing
orthodontic appliances were also included in the study.
Type of interventions: Different types of toothbrushing techniques
were the interventions used. Studies with other interventions, in
adjunct to the toothbrushing techniques, like the difference between
manual and powered toothbrushes, use of other oral hygiene aids
and effect of oral health education were not included. The studies
that allowed the study participants to continue with the oral hygiene
aids during the study were included in the review.
Outcome Measures
The outcome measures used were decrease in plaque scores or
gingivitis scores or both, using the various plaque and gingival
indices. When possible, the values obtained at the start of the study
when the participants were enrolled in the study were used.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Selection of Studies
Two authors Farheen Taha (FT) and Chandrashekar Janakiram (CJ)
independently reviewed all the titles and abstracts of the studies for
this review. If the study did not adequately meet the requirements
of the review, it was considered as discarded. There was no
disagreement between the authors in the selection of the studies.
Once the studies were finalised, all the data was extracted in MS
Excel using two well-known scales (Jadad scale and Risk of bias
assessment scale of Cochrane Collaboration).
Jadad scale: In order to assess the methodological quality of
included studies, Jadad scale was used. Initially 49 non-redundant
items were present in the scale which later got reduced to 11 items
due to poor face validity [4]. The authors (Farheen Taha and
Chandrashekar Janakiram) have used all the 11 items in this review.
Data Extraction and Management
Piloting of data extraction was done by one of the authors (Farheen
Taha). Both the authors (Farheen Taha and Chandrashekar
Janakiram) agreed on the design of the data extraction form. The
final data extraction protocol included the following information
like bibliographic details of the study, clarity of the hypotheses
and objective of the study, baseline characteristics of the
participants in the study like age, gender of the participant,
ethnicity of the participant, number of participants, criteria for
selection of participants etc. In addition following characteristics
like baseline scores, scores at subsequent follow-ups and
outcomes including plaque and gingival indices, number of times
the participants brushed their teeth, the type of toothbrush and
toothpaste used, whether any toothbrushing technique was
demonstrated to the patient and the presence of any other oral
hygiene aids used in the studies, type of randomised controlled
trial, design of randomised controlled trial and the method of
randomisation, duration of the trial, frequency of assessment,
and number of teeth assessed and the specific sites on the tooth
assessed were included.
Measures of Treatment Effect
Mean difference and corresponding confidence interval of 95% was
used for the estimation of effect. Many trials used different scales to
measure the plaque, so Standard Mean Deviation (SMD), was used
to estimate the treatment effect. The difference was estimated at
baseline and post-intervention. In the two trials selected for meta-
analysis, the baseline measurements were taken and later the follow
up measurements were taken at three weeks.
Technique Reference
numbers No. of trials No. of participants
in trials
Modified Bass technique [3,6,7] 03 211
Fones technique [6] 01 67
Bass technique [5,8] 02 90
Horizontal scrub technique [9,10] 02 24
Roll technique [8,9] 03 84
Scrub technique [8] 01 60
Circular scrub technique [9] 01 24
Charters technique [8,10] 02 60
Modified Stillman’s technique [5] 01 30
[Table/Fig-2]: Summary of toothbrushing technique, number of trials and participants
[3,5-10].
We assume, the type of the toothpaste was not relevant since most
studies used the patients’ habitual toothpaste. The toothbrushes
were manual standard toothbrushes, for matching and to prevent
discrepancies. There was no mention of the toothpastes being
fluoridated or not. The brushing techniques were demonstrated
to each of the study subjects across all the studies. Various trials
demonstrated the techniques differently. One study employed
computerised-based demonstration [6], one study used a model
and video presentation to demonstrate [3], one study had one
of the investigators brushing the participant’s teeth [8] (prior
to the trial, the investigators brushing the teeth were trained
and standardised), other studies did not specify the method of
demonstration. The type of dentifrice used and the number of
times of brushing the teeth were not deliberated. These data were
missing in the included studies.
Characteristics of Outcome Measures
Two trials [3,8] provided data for analysis on plaque and gingivitis
at one to eight weeks and two trials [5,6] provided data for longer
than eight weeks. If it was not stated that a full or partial mouth
index was used, we assumed it was full mouth. Three trials [3,5,6]
reported gingivitis data and five trials [3,5-8] reported plaque data.
The following plaque and gingival indices were reported; Quigley
www.jcdr.net Chandrashekar Janakiram et al., Plaque Control by Various Toothbrushing Methods
Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 2018, Nov, Vol-12(11): ZE01-ZE06 33
Hein (Turesky) [3,6], Loe and Silness index [5], Silness and Loe
index [5,8,10], Bergenholtz A et al., modification of Loe and Silness
index [9] and Papillary bleeding index [6].
Excluded Studies
Many trials were ineligible for more than one reason; however,
the primary reason for exclusion was the absence of the desired
intervention. Trials with insufficient information and incomplete data
were excluded.
Dealing with Missing Data
Whenever there was missing data, the trial authors of the respective
study were contacted. Data remained excluded until clarification
was obtained from the authors.
Data Synthesis
Fixed effect models were used for evaluation of the study. Data from
cross-over trials were also used. The values and results of each
study were represented separately.
Presentation of Primary Outcome
A ‘Summary of findings’ table was developed for the primary
outcome of this review. [Table/Fig-3] provided adequate information
regarding the general quality of the evidence from the trials, the
magnitude of the effect of the interventions done and the data on
primary outcomes [Table/Fig-3].
Included Studies
Of the seven included studies, two were conducted in Giessen,
Germany [6,7]. One each in Sweden [9], Norway [10], Brazil [5],
Spain [3] and United States of America [8]. The articles were
published between 1970 and 2013. Two were published in the
1970s, one in 1984 and the rest four in 2003, 2009, 2012 and 2013.
The combined total number of participants included across all the
trials was 314. The number of subjects who were lost to follow-up
was not specified in most of the studies.
Risk of Bias in Included Studies
All the seven studies [3,5-10], including the ones not considered for
meta-analysis were assessed for risk of bias [Table/Fig-4]. Overall,
two were deemed as low risk of bias [6,7] and the other five studies
[3,5,8-10] were seen as of high risk of bias.
Efficacy of plaque control by the various toothbrushing techniques (plaque index)
Studies No. of
participants
Bass group Control group
p-value
Plaque index at baseline Plaque index at follow-up Plaque index at baseline Plaque index at follow-up
Poyato FM et al., [3] 46 3.19 (±0.57) 1.62 (±0.36) 3.11 (±0.54) 2.60 (±0.54) p<0.05
Harnacke D et al., [6] 56 2.50 (±0.49) 1.97 (±0.54) 2.57 (±0.56) 1.86 (±0.52) p=0.182
Adverse events There was no relationship seen between the different toothbrushing technique and soft tissue or hard tissue trauma. This may be due to very
sparingly reported adverse effects or outcomes across the trials selected for the review.
[Table/Fig-3]: Summary of findings for the main comparison.
Subgroup Analysis and Investigation of Heterogeneity
Subgroup analyses and investigation of heterogeneity was not
undertaken to examine the effects of concealed allocation,
randomisation and blinded outcome assessment on the overall
estimates of effect for important outcomes.
Meta-Analysis Methods
The basis of meta-analyses was the published means and SD
for the plaque removing efficacy of modified bass technique with
other toothbrushing techniques. Heterogeneity of study specific
effects was assessed using I² statistics. Random effects and fixed
effect models were calculated. Indication of heterogeneity was
also assessed using the Review Manager (RevMan). A forest plot
using RevMan software [11] was used to display the results of the
meta-analysis.
RESULTS
Initially through PubMed and later through other search engines
like Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Google
scholar, 664 articles were identified up till May 2017. From that
115 remained after duplicates were removed. These 115 titles
and abstracts were screened for eligibility and a further 100 were
removed since they were not conforming to the essence of this
review and were not contributing any significant data. Further 15
full text article [3,5-10,12-19] were screened for eligibility and eight
articles were removed based on the eligibility criteria. The remaining
seven studies [3,5-10] from five publications were included. Data
was extracted from these final studies using the risk of assessment
bias and Jadad Scale. These seven studies adequately met the
eligibility criteria. Meta-analysis was done on two studies since only
these studies provided adequate data for meta-analysis [3,6].
Allocation
The generation of randomisation sequence was at low risk of bias
for two trials (28.5%), unclear risk for two trials (28.5%) and high risk
of bias (43%). The concealment of allocation was at low risk of bias
for two trials (28.5%), unclear risk of bias for three trials (44%) and
high risk of bias for two trials (28.5%).
Blinding
The outcome assessment was a low risk of bias for majority of the
trials which were five trials (71%), and one trial each as unclear risk
of bias and high risk of bias.
Incomplete Outcome Data
Of the seven studies included in the review, the attrition rates were
specified in two studies. The dropout rate ranged from 16% to 21%.
In the remaining five studies (although the exact reason for attrition
was not clear), there was a mention of the number of subjects at the
end of the study. In them, the attrition was 32 out of the total of 325
subjects (9.8%). Three studies (48%) were at low risk of bias in relation
to incomplete outcome data with attrition rate and exclusion rate
[3,5,6]. Two studies were of unclear risk and high risk each [8,10].
Selective Reporting
It is imperative to note that, the trial protocols could not be obtained.
However, all the trials included in the review reported pre-specified
and vital outcomes.
Other Potential Sources of Bias
All the trials were assessed as of being at low risk of bias
because all the relevant details were present. No confounders
[Table/Fig-4]: Risk of bias graph: review author’s judgement about each risk of
bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
Chandrashekar Janakiram et al., Plaque Control by Various Toothbrushing Methods www.jcdr.net
Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 2018, Nov, Vol-12(11): ZE01-ZE06
44
were evident, and the trial authors had taken care of any possible
bias. Even the Hawthorne bias was specifically mentioned in
most trials.
Primary Outcomes
Plaque: There were five studies that measured plaque scores
among the participants. One study indicated that the Modified Bass
technique was superior to the normal brushing technique adopted
by the patient [3]. Another study [6] compared Modified Bass,
Fones and regular toothbrushing technique which was horizontal
scrub technique. This study showed that the Fones technique
was the most superior. However, modified Bass technique came a
close second and was undeniably more efficient in plaque removal
compared to the horizontal scrub technique. One other study
showed that the Bass technique was more superior to the Stillman’s
technique and scrub technique in plaque removal [5].
The remaining two trials included in the review where the plaque
index was used, and the plaque level assessed, did not have any
plaque scores/values cited in the article and the trial authors could
not be contacted as no corresponding details were provided in the
article [8,10].
Finally, meta-analysis was attempted on two trials [3,6]. The
characteristics of which are enumerated in [Table/Fig-5]. Both
the trials were comparing modified Bass technique with routine
technique. The quantitative analysis was significant with a 95%
Confidence Interval of -1.22 (-1.62, -0.81). Chi-square value of
30.30, p<0.00001 and I2=97%. The meta-analysis revealed that the
modified Bass technique was a better toothbrushing technique in
terms of efficient plaque removal [Table/Fig-6].
et al., showed a very significant reduction percentage of gingivitis in
the group that performed the Bass technique (13.6%) [5].
Secondary Outcomes
Calculus and stains: No trials reported on the difference in the
degree of staining or any variation in the presence or absence of
calculus on the tooth surface depending on the brushing technique
employed.
Adherence: Only one trial [6] reported problems with adherence
based on the ease and practicality of the brushing technique. The
reasons of non-adherence were varied. Three participants reported
unpleasant feeling (‘unfriendly to the gingiva’) as the main reason for
non-adherence.
Adverse effects-soft tissue or hard tissue trauma: None of
the studies cited any trauma or other adverse effects due to the
toothbrushing technique.
DISCUSSION
Summary of Primary Outcome
This review included seven studies where the effectiveness of
different toothbrushing techniques in terms of plaque removal
was established. In the present review, most trials selected were
of short duration and had limited evidence as to the efficacy of
the toothbrushing technique being studied. A recent report on
toothbrushing techniques also observed that most trials assessing
the efficacy of plaque control by the various toothbrushing
techniques, involved a small number of participants, with a
short follow-up, and varying levels of bias [20]. Furthermore, in
our review, the lack of uniformity in the indices used to measure
plaque and gingivitis, study duration and the interpretation of the
evidence made pooling of the results difficult. Only one study [3]
gave a clear indication where the modified Bass technique was
significantly (p<0.05) more effective in removing supragingival
plaque than the normal toothbrushing practice on all the sites.
Another study by Nassar PO et al., done on patients with fixed
orthodontic appliance showed that the Bass technique was more
effective in reducing the periodontal clinical parameters of Plaque
Index and Gingival Index [5].
Although most trials gave evidence in support of the Bass or
modified Bass technique, one study by Harnacke D et al., indicated
that the Fones technique was more adept at plaque control than
the modified Bass technique [6]. But this needs to be contemplated
since the author says that the external validity of the trial was in
doubt since the study participants were university students, the
male: female ratio was skewed, and it was a computer-based
training of the toothbrushing technique. We also believe that the
Fones technique yielded better results in the trial, because the
Fones technique was taught since childhood and thus, they were
on familiar grounds.
Meta-analysis done on the two trials; namely Poyato FM et al. and
Harnacke D et al., presented that the modified Bass technique was
more capable of removing plaque than the normal toothbrushing
techniques (scrub technique), adopted by the participants [3,6].
In summary, the key learning from this review in terms of the
efficacy of plaque control by the various toothbrushing techniques
is very limited. The included studies were multifarious in terms
of intervention duration, uniformity of examination and clinical
outcomes. Consequently, it is difficult to give any clear evidence-
based recommendations as to the best intervention designs with
respect to efficient plaque control.
Overall Completeness and Applicability of Evidence
To our knowledge, this is probably the first systematic review
that has attempted to assess the plaque removing efficacy of the
various toothbrushing techniques. Although it is a known fact that
Poyato FM 2003
Methods Clinical trial, cross-over, single blind, 6 weeks, n=46 (10 males and
36 females.
Participants Caucasians, Spain, students, 18-30 years, periodontal pocket <4
mm, Ramjford calculus index <0.3, no medical problems.
Interventions Modified Bass technique, twice daily, standard toothpaste (lacer)
and toothbrush, no other oral hygiene aids used.
Outcomes Turesky modification of Quigley Hein index. 2 days, 1 and 3 weeks.
Notes Prior to each experiment, thorough prophylaxis to remove plaque,
calculus and stains were given.
Harnacke D 2012
Methods RCT, stratified, parallel, single blind, 28 weeks, n=67, with 11
drop-outs.
Participants
Caucasians, Giessen-Germany, students, minimum 20 teeth, ≤10
showing plaque or bleeding, no smoking, no study of dentistry, no
electrical toothbrushing.
Interventions PowerPoint based training of modified Bass technique and Fones
technique. Dental floss used. Elmex toothpaste and toothbrush.
Outcomes Papillary bleeding index and Quigley and Hein index at full mouth
sites.
Notes Participants were given monetary compensation of (€ 50) and gift
of oral hygiene products.
[Table/Fig-5]: Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis (Poyato FM
2003 and Harnacke D 2012) [3,6].
[Table/Fig-6]: Forest plot obtained by the meta-analysis of two studies included in
the review.
Gingivitis: Three trials assessed gingivitis. Two of the three trials
also checked for the plaque levels. In one of the studies [9], the
participants developed gingivitis interproximally after a two week
period of unsupervised brushing with their normal technique
confirming the necessity of interdental cleaning. Study by Nassar PO
www.jcdr.net Chandrashekar Janakiram et al., Plaque Control by Various Toothbrushing Methods
Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 2018, Nov, Vol-12(11): ZE01-ZE06 55
toothbrushing is a very important plaque control measure [21], there
was a dearth of knowledge on which toothbrushing technique to
adopt. Albeit, the relationship between incomplete plaque removal,
the squeal of gingivitis and periodontitis; and also the occurrence
of dental caries has been proven [22]. There was a wide diversity
between recommendations on toothbrushing methods, how often
people should brush their teeth and for how long [20]. The wide
diversity in recommendations should be a matter of concern for the
dental professionals and dental regulatory bodies. Toothbrushing
is the cornerstone of dental health education to prevent caries and
periodontal disease and the fact that there is very little agreement
on such a basic hygiene procedure has to be addressed [20].
In this review, the interventions done in the selected trials were
subject to high levels of heterogeneity and ways of measuring
the plaque outcomes varied. Meta-analysis could be conducted
only on two studies. Additionally, subgroup analysis could not be
conducted due to vast heterogeneity. More high quality and long-
term studies are required to investigate the effectiveness of the
brushing techniques in the treatment and prevention of gingivitis
and periodontitis.
In the study by Poyato FM et al., the modified Bass technique is more
efficient in terms of removing supragingival plaque from the lingual
surface which is not the case in other toothbrushing techniques.
Clinical practice also shows that patients pay poor attention to the
lingual sites during their regular toothbrushing practices, probably
because these sites do not affect the aesthetics and have more
difficult access [3]. Certain factors may influence the effectiveness
of the toothbrushing technique like the dexterity of the patient, level
of comprehension of the patient after demonstrating the technique,
the features of the toothbrush including filament arrangement,
orientation, size, shape and flexibility. But all of them could not be
isolated and analysed.
The Hawthorne effect i.e., the positive change in the behaviour of a
subject as a result of the special attention and status received from
participation in an investigation [23] has affected most studies and
the trial authors have mentioned it. There is clear indication that the
Hawthorne bias has the potential for profound prejudices [23] and
hence, it should be taken care of. Publication bias was not very
evident in any of the trials. It should be noted that, during the review,
no methods were employed for detecting publication bias in any of
the trials.
Quality of the Evidence
This systematic review and meta-analysis focused purely on
randomised controlled trials. One trial (14%) was assessed as at
low risk of bias, one at unclear risk of bias (14%) and five at high risk
of bias (72%). Only two trials could be used in the meta-analysis;
of which one was of unclear risk of bias and two were of high risk
of bias. These trials were unable to demonstrate any statistically
significant difference between any toothbrushing techniques.
Although the effect estimates of plaque and gingivitis were slightly
higher for the modified Bass/Bass technique in most trials. There
was considerable heterogeneity in the meta-analysis for plaque and
gingivitis for the analysis of the various toothbrushing techniques
and for the meta-analysis of individual modes of action. This
heterogeneity could not be explained.
Consequences of Clinical Practice/Research
Trials of longer duration are essential to completely understand the
significant plaque and gingivitis reduction in the Bass/modified Bass
technique. Data on the long-term benefits of the Bass/modified
Bass technique will be valuable and can be used in the assessment
of other outcomes such as the adverse effects, patient convenience
and in the prevention of periodontitis and dental caries. This review
could identify discrepancies in the design of the trials included in the
review and in some cases the data could not be included for this
reason. Whilst some of the trials were conducted before the current
emphasis on experimental design, even the recent trials lacked
power calculations and had not been analysed on an intention to
treat basis but rather on the per protocol basis.
Implications for Research
Although this trial was done in the quest to identify the most efficient
toothbrushing technique and to come to a professional consensus
on which method of toothbrushing to recommend universally by the
dentists, dental associations and government bodies; the purpose
of this trial could not be completely achieved. Indeed, the modified
Bass/Bass technique has attained some significance, but it was
very marginal.
Researchers involved in these trials would be advised to study
guidance on the design and reporting of clinical trials such as that
provided in the CONSORT statement [24]. Better follow-up intervals
and the use of much more sensitive indices would benefit both trials
and future meta-analyses.
Deinzer R et al., says that several plaque indices are available to
assess the oral hygiene like the Turesky modification of Quigley
and Hein index, Silness and Loe index, Modified navy plaque
index, Axial and the proximal plaque extension index etc. But
indices like the Turesky modification of the Quigley and Hein
index (TQHI) do not allow the idiosyncratic analysis of plaque
deposits although it is of high clinical significance with respect
to gingivitis and periodontitis [25]. This could be another reason
why a significant result could not be obtained while using a certain
brushing technique since, most trials included in the meta-analysis
had used the Turesky modification of the Quigley and Hein index.
Many studies did not have adequate data and values of the plaque
levels were also missing. While in some studies, the sampling
method employed, and the introduction of the intervention was also
not accurate. Thus, these studies were excluded from the meta-
analysis. Finally, empirical data on thresholds for clinically important
differences in plaque and gingivitis levels would help to determine
whether the toothbrushing techniques would provide important
health benefits.
LIMITATION
Sensitivity and subgroup analysis could have been planned on
the toothpaste (fluoridated/non-fluoridated) and on the type of
toothbrush. However, it could not be done due to insufficient data
and the presence of vast heterogeneity within the selected studies.
CONCLUSION
Implications for Practice
This review has found that, compared to all the prevalent
toothbrushing techniques, modified Bass/Bass technique is the
most effective in reducing plaque and gingivitis. Literature also
suggests that, in some instances, by using the Bass technique
the cleaning efficiency can reach a depth of 0.5 mm subgingivally.
In some studies, the modified Stillman’s and Charter’s techniques
have also shown some significance in plaque removal but they
are variations of the Bass technique and are also designed to
aid in the complete removal of plaque from the gingival margins.
The reliability, compliance and adaptability of the technique were
inconsistently reported. No side effects were reported in all the
seven trials.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks are due to Prof. Dr. Renate Deinzer of Justus Liebig
University, Germany, who had helped immensely by providing
all the missing data and promptly replied to all our requests for
additional information of her trial. We would also like to thank Dr.
Arun Keepanasseril of Mc Master University, Canada and Dr. Silda
Chandrashekar Janakiram et al., Plaque Control by Various Toothbrushing Methods www.jcdr.net
Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 2018, Nov, Vol-12(11): ZE01-ZE06
66
Sadique, University of Glasgow for helping us retrieve some trials
for the review.
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PARTICULARS OF CONTRIBUTORS:
1. Professor, Department of Public Health, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Amrita School of Dentistry, Ernakulum, Kerala, India.
2. Resident, Department of Public Health, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Amrita School of Dentistry, Ernakulum, Kerala, India.
3. Professor and Head, Department of Public Health, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Amrita School of Dentistry, Kerala, India.
NAME, ADDRESS, E-MAIL ID OF THE CORRESPONDING AUTHOR:
Dr. Chandrashekar Janakiram,
Professor, Department of Public Health, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Amrita School of Dentistry,
Ernakulum, Kerala-682041, India.
E-mail: sekarcandra@gmail.com
FINANCIAL OR OTHER COMPETING INTERESTS: As mentioned above.
Date of Submission: Sep 02, 2017
Date of Peer Review: Nov 18, 2017
Date of Acceptance: Jul 07, 2018
Date of Publishing: Nov 01, 2018
