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CARACTERIZACIÓN Y MODELIZACIÓN DE LA ADSORCIÓN Y TRANSPORTE DE TRES HERBICIDAS EN SUELOS

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En esta Tesis se analiza desde una doble vertiente el comportamiento de tres herbicidas en suelos de cultivo en condiciones controladas de laboratorio: la adsorción y el transporte. Los tres herbicidas elegidos son el clorsulfurón (1-(2-clorofenilsulfonil)-3-(4- metoxi-6-metil-1,3,5-triazin-2-il) urea), el imazametabenz (metil(±)-6-(4-isopropil-4- metil-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-il)-m y -p toluato) y la terbutrina (N2-tert-butil-N4-etil-6- metiltio-1,3,5-triazina-2,4-diamina), pertenecientes a tres familias químicas distintas y con diversas propiedades. En cuanto a los suelos, se seleccionaron tres suelos de cultivo de la provincia de Valladolid que presentan cierto grado de variación en las propiedades que más afectan a la adsorción y al transporte de solutos (arcilla, materia orgánica, pH, cationes). El primero de los aspectos citados consiste en el estudio de la adsorción de los herbicidas por los suelos. En primer lugar se realiza un estudio cinético que nos lleva a establecer el tiempo necesario para alcanzar el equilibrio. A continuación, se lleva a cabo el estudio del equilibrio de adsorción propiamente dicho. Se realizan también experiencias de desorción para comprobar la presencia o ausencia del fenómeno de no singularidad del equilibrio de adsorción-desorción, conocido como histéresis. La metodología seguida en esta parte consiste en la aplicación de la técnica denominada batch, ampliamente documentada en la bibliografía para los estudios del equilibrio de adsorción de pesticidas en suelos, aunque no tanto en experiencias cinéticas. La modelización de los resultados del equilibrio de adsorción se estudia siguiendo tres de las isotermas más habitualmente utilizadas: lineal o de Henry, de Freundlich y de Langmuir. El segundo de los aspectos tratados en esta Tesis es el transporte de los tres herbicidas a través de columnas de los tres suelos en condiciones de saturación de líquido. El equipo utilizado para la obtención de curvas de ruptura es una modificación de otro sistema recogido en la bibliografía, transformado hasta alcanzar un alto grado de automatismo y que se muestra muy fiable y adecuado para estos estudios. Las curvas de ruptura muestran un alejamiento del comportamiento asociado al modelo de equilibrio local. Por ello, se ha procedido al ajuste de las curvas de ruptura experimentales a un modelo bicontínuo, de no-equilibrio, que divide al sistema suelo-fase móvil en dos zonas diferenciadas con transferencia de materia entre ellas (modelo de dos regiones). Para facilitar la obtención de los parámetros de ajuste más adecuados se lleva a cabo previamente una estimación independiente de los parámetros factor de retraso, velocidad intersticial y coeficiente de dispersión. Finalmente, se realiza un estudio individualizado de cada uno de los parámetros del modelo, analizándose con particular énfasis la evolución de sus valores en función de la velocidad intersticial.
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... where k f is the constant Freundlich adsorption capacity, C e is the equilibrium concentration, and 1/n is the constant intensity related with the adsorption isotherm shape. The Henry isotherm model is a particular case of Freundlich isotherm when n ¼ 1 (Islas, 1999). ...
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