A Review of the Phytochemical and Pharmacological Characteristics of Moringa oleifera

Abstract

Moringa oleifera is a valued medicinal plant in traditional folk medicine. Many pharmacological studies have shown the ability of this plant to exhibit analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anticancer, antioxidant, nootropic, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, anti-ulcer, cardiovascular, anti-obesity, antiepileptic, antiasthmatic, antidiabetic, anti-urolithiatic, diuretic, local anesthetic, anti-allergic, anthelmintic, wound healing, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and antidiarrheal properties. This review is a comprehensive summary of the phytochemical and pharmacological activities as well as the traditional and therapeutic uses of this plant. M. oleifera has wide traditional and pharmacological uses in various pathophysiological conditions. We will review the various properties of M. oleifera (drumstick tree) and focus on its various medicinal properties. We think that it is an attractive subject for further experimental and clinical investigations.

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© 2018 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow
Review Article
A Review of the Phytochemical and Pharmacological Characteristics of
Moringa oleifera
Ayon Bhattacharya, Prashant Tiwari1, Pratap K. Sahu1, Sanjay Kumar2
Department of
Pharmacology, KPC
Medical College, West
Bengal University of
Health Sciences, Kolkata,
West Bengal, 1Department
of Pharmacology, School
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Siksha O
Anusandhan (SOA)
University, Bhubaneswar,
Orissa, 2Department
of Pharmacology,
GSL Medical College,
Rajahmundry, Andhra
Pradesh, India
AbstrAct
Address for correspondence: Dr. Sanjay Kumar,
Department of Pharmacology, GSL Medical College,
Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India.
E-mail: sanjaykumarimssum@gmail.com
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How to cite this article: Bhattacharya A, Tiwari P, Sahu PK, Kumar
S. Areview of the phytochemical and pharmacological characteristics of
Moringa oleifera
. J Pharm Bioall Sci 2018;10:181-91.
Moringa oleifera is a valued medicinal plant in traditional folk medicine.
Many pharmacological studies have shown the ability of this plant to exhibit
analgesic, anti-inammatory, antipyretic, anticancer, antioxidant, nootropic,
hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, anti-ulcer, cardiovascular, anti-obesity,
antiepileptic, antiasthmatic, antidiabetic, anti-urolithiatic, diuretic, local
anesthetic, anti-allergic, anthelmintic, wound healing, antimicrobial,
immunomodulatory, and antidiarrheal properties. This review is a comprehensive
summary of the phytochemical and pharmacological activities as well as the
traditional and therapeutic uses of this plant. M. oleifera has wide traditional
and pharmacological uses in various pathophysiological conditions. We will
review the various properties of M. oleifera (drumstick tree) and focus on its
various medicinal properties. We think that it is an attractive subject for further
experimental and clinical investigations.
Keywords: Moringa oleifera, pharmacological actions, phytochemistry
IntroductIon
M oringa oleifera (MO), also known as drumstick
tree, is indigenous to South Asia, mainly in
foothills of Himalayas, India, and it has been grown
and naturalized in other countries such as Afghanistan,
Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, South and Central
America, West Indies, Philippines, and Cambodia.[1,2] It is
short, easy to cultivate, grows quickly, and does not shed
its leaves in dry season, and its leaves are highly nutritious
and rich in amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and natural
antioxidants.[3-7] This was mentioned 5000 years ago
in Charaka Samhita, and is well known in African folk
medicine.[8] This review focuses on the phytochemistry
and pharmacological activities of this plant.
PhytochemIstry
A pictorial depiction of MO is shown in Figure 1, and
worldwide distribution of MO is shown in Figure2. It is
a storehouse of ingredients, among which major ones
are carotenoids,[9] tocopherols (α, γ, δ),[10] avonoids,
phenolic acids,[11,12] folate,[13] polyunsaturated fatty
acids,[14] and various minerals.[15] Alist of some important
phytoconstituents and their structures is given in
Table 2. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry study
of the plant’s leaf revealed a total of 35 compounds;
important compounds isolated were n-hexadecanoic
acid, tetradecanoic acid, cis-vaccenic acid, octadecanoic
acid, palmitoyl chloride, beta-l-rhamnofuranoside,
5-O- acetyl-thio-octyl, gamma-sitosterol, and pregna-7-
diene-3-ol-20-one.[16] E-lutein was found to be the most
abundant carotenoid found in leafage. The plant’s radicle
contains 4-(α-l-rhamnopyranosyloxy)-benzylglucosinolate
and benzylglucosinolate.[17] Spirochin and anthonine found
in roots show bactericidal activity.[18] Beta-sitosterone,
vanillin, 4-hydroxymellein, β-sitosterol, and octacosanoic
acid are found in the peduncle of the plant, and its crust is
composed of 4-(α-l-rhamnopyranosyloxy)-benzylglucosin
olate.[17]
Its stem contains alkaloids (moringine and moringinine),
4-hydroxymellein, octacosanoic acid, and β-sitosterol.[19,20]
Whole gum exudate contains l-rhamnose, d-glucuronic

Bhattacharya, et al.: Review of Moringa oleifera
182 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences ¦ Volume 10 ¦ Issue 4 ¦ October-December 2018
acid, l-arabinose, d-mannose, d-xylose, and
d-galactose.[21] Another important constituent present
in gum is leucodelphinidin-3-O-B-D-galactopuranosy
(1- >4)-O-B-D-glucopyranoside.[22,23]
Flowers contain sucrose, amino acids, alkaloids,
and avonoids, such as rhamnetin, isoquercitrin,
and kaempferitrin.[24-25] Taxonomic classication of
Moringa oleifera is shown in Table 1.[26]
Whole pods contain isothiocyanate, thiocarbamates,
nitrile, O-[2′-hydroxy-3′-(2′′-heptenyloxy)]-propyl
undecanoate, methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate, and
O-ethyl-4-[(α-l-rhamnosyloxy)-benzyl] carbamate.[27]
Fruits contain cytokines,[28] whereas seeds contain
high concentrations of benzylglucosinolate,
4-(α-l-rhamnopyranosyloxy)-benzylglucosinolate,
4-(α-l-rhamnosyloxy) benzylisothiocyanate, 4-(α-l-
rhamnosyloxy) phenylacetonitrile, and O-ethyl-4-(α-l-
rhamnosyloxy) benzyl carbamate.[29-32]
PhArmAcologIcAl ActIons
Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic
activities
Almost every part of this “miracle tree” has been found to
exhibit analgesic activity in different animal models. Extract
of leaves, seeds, and bark showed signicant analgesic
activity in both central (hot plate method) and peripheral
models (acetic acid–induced writhing method) in a
dose-dependent manner,[33-35] and extracts of leaves exhibited
Table1: Taxonomic classication of Moringa oleifera
Kingdom Plantae
Subkingdom Tracheobionta
Super division Spermatophyta
Division Magnoliophyta
Class Magnoliopsida
Subclass Dilleniidae
Order Capparales
Family Moringaceae
Genus Moringa
Species Oleifera
Source: Nadkarni KM. Indian materia medica. Vol. 1. 3rd ed.
Bombay, India: Popular Prakashan; 2000. p. 811.[26]
Figure2: Topographical distribution of Moringa oleifera. (Source:https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/34868)
Figure1: “Miracle tree” Moringa oleifera

Bhattacharya, et al.: Review of Moringa oleifera
183
Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences ¦ Volume 10 ¦ Issue 4 ¦ October-December 2018
analgesic potency similar to that of indomethacin[36] and
antimigraine properties in a dose-dependent manner.[37]
Topical application showed efcacy against multiple
sclerosis–induced neuropathic pain.[38]
Anti-inammatory activity of leaf extract has been observed
in a carrageenan-induced paw edema model.[39-41] Extracts
of bark showed anti-inammatory activity comparable
to diclofenac in the same model. Anti-inammatory
properties of root have also been reported.[8,42] Mechanism
underlying the anti-inammatory activity may be attributed
to the regulation of neutrophils and c-Jun N-terminal
kinase pathway.[43] Active ingredients contributing
to anti-inammatory property are tannins, phenols,
alkaloids, avonoids, carotenoids, β-sitosterol, vanillin,
hydroxymellein, moringine, moringinine, β-sitostenone,
and 9-octadecenoic acid.[40,44]
Leaf extract showed signicant antipyretic activity in a
Brewer’s yeast–induced pyrexia model.[45] Ethanol and
ethyl acetate extracts of seeds also showed signicant
antipyretic activity.[46]
Neuropharmacological activity
Aqueous extract of leaves has shown protection against
Alzheimer’s disease in a colchicine-induced Alzheimer’s
Table2: Structures of some important phytoconstituents
of Moringa oleifera
Serial
no.
Name of compounds Chemical structure
1 1,2,3-Cyclopentanetriol
2l-galactose, 6-deoxy
3n-Hexadecanoic acid
4 Tetradecanoic acid
5cis-Vaccenic acid
6 Octadecanoic acid
7 beta-l-
Rhamnofuranoside,5-O-
acetyl-thio-octyl-
8 Vitamin E
9 gamma-Sitosterol
10 Pregn-5,7-diene-3-ol-
20-one
11 Squalene
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
12 2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic
acid
13 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate
Serial
no.
Name of compounds Chemical structure
14 Ethyl oleate
CH
3
O
CH
3
O
15 Quinic acid
O
HO
H
O
O
H
OH
OH
16 Hexadecanal
17 l-(+) Ascorbic
acid-2,6-dihexadecanoate
C
H
3
O
O
2+
OO
CH
3
O
OH
OH
O
18 Oleic acid
19 Phytol
OH
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
H
20 Beta-carotene
CH3
C
H
3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH
3
CH3
Table2: Continued

Bhattacharya, et al.: Review of Moringa oleifera
184 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences ¦ Volume 10 ¦ Issue 4 ¦ October-December 2018
model using behavioral testing (radial Y arm maze
task).[47] It protected against Alzheimer’s disease
by altering brain monoamine levels and electrical
activity.[48] Another study using toluene-ethyl acetate
fraction of methanolic extract of leaf showed potent
nootropic activity.[49] Leaf extract contains vitamins
C and E, which play a signicant role in improving
memory in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.[50,51]
Anticonvulsant activity of leaves was shown in both
pentylenetetrazole and maximum electric shock models
using male albino mice.[6] Aqueous extract of root
suppressed penicillin-induced epileptic seizures in adult
albino rats.[52,53]
Ethanolic extract of leaves exhibited both central
nervous system depressant and muscle relaxant
activities in actophotometer and rotarod apparatuses,
respectively,[54-56] and also exhibited signicant anxiolytic
activity in staircase test and elevated plus maze test in a
dose-dependent manner.[57,58]
Anticancer activity
Alcoholic and hydromethanolic extracts of leaves
and fruits showed a signicant growth delay in tumor
kinetics in mouse melanoma tumor model studies.[59,60]
Extract of leaf also exhibited antiproliferative activity
on A549 lung cells.[61,62] Exploration of effects on
prerequisites for cancer metastasis showed that the
administration of leaf extract into chick chorioallantoic
membrane led to an antiangiogenic effect, which was
dose dependent, thereby showing their remarkable
anticancer potential.[63-66] Another study reported that
pod extract suppressed azoxymethane and dextran
sodium sulfate–induced colon destruction in male,
Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice.[67] An extract
of root and leaf showed a cytotoxic effect against breast
cancer, hepatocarcinoma, and colorectal cancer cells in
vitro and cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells.[68-70]
Flower extract stimulated cell proliferation in normal
cells but not in cancer cells, whereas leaf extract showed
marked antitumor and hepatoprotective effects, these
ndings suggest the regenerative potential of MO
besides its anticancer effects.[71]
Phytoconstituents such as niazimicin, carbamates,
thiocarbamate, nitrile glycosides and others such
as quercetin and kaempferol are responsible for the
anticancer activity of this plant.[72,73]
Antioxidant activity
MO fruits and leaves have antioxidant properties.[74]
Extract of leaf showed a concentration-dependent
increase in glutathione level and a decrease in
malondialdehyde level, fruit extract showed benecial
results in eliminating free radicals, extract of roots
signicantly reduced iron and FeSO4-induced
microsomal lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent
manner.[75-81] Pods were capable of scavenging peroxyl,
superoxyl, and 2, 2-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH)
radicals.[82,83]
Besides displaying antioxidant activity, MO
leaf extract also showed a dose-dependent
nephroprotective action in an acetaminophen-
induced nephrotoxicity model in male BALB/c
rats.[84-86] Triterpenoids, moringyne, monopalmitic
and di-oleic triglyceride, campesterol, stigmasterol,
β-sitosterol, avenasterol, vitamin A, and its precursor
beta-carotene have been shown to contribute for
antioxidant properties.[87]
Effects on the reproductive system
Leaf extract showed a signicant increase in the weight
of testis, seminal vesicle, epididymis, and a higher score
for epididymal maturity and lumen formation along
with an increase in seminiferous tubule diameter (all
doses).[88]
Ethanolic extract of leaf protected prepubertal
spermatogonial cells in Swiss male albino mice in
cyclophosphamide-induced damage model; the
possible underlying mechanism may be upregulation of
expression of c-Kit and Oct4 transcripts independent
of p53-mediated pathway.[89]
The abortive effect of leaf extract on rats after treatment
for 10 days after insemination has been reported.[90]
Extract showed a synergistic effect with estradiol
and an inhibitory effect with progesterone.[91] Fresh
leaves of MO contain approximately 11,300–23,000
IU of vitamin A, which has a major role in various
anatomical processes, such as reproduction, embryonic
growth and development, immunity development, and
cell differentiation.[92,93]
Hepatoprotective activity
Extract of leaves has shown hepatoprotective effects
against carbon tetrachloride and acetaminophen-induced
liver toxicity in Sprague Dawley rats.[94-99] and also
hepatoprotective effect against antitubercular drugs
and alloxan-induced liver damage in diabetic rats.[100,101]
This plant-based diet for 21 days showed signicant
potential in attenuating hepatic injury.[101-104] Alkaloids,
quercetin, kaempferol, avonoids, ascorbic acid, and
benzylglucosinolate were found to be responsible for
hepatoprotective activity.[105,106]
Gastroprotective and anti-ulcer activities
Extract of leaves remarkably reduced ulcer index
in ibuprofen-induced gastric ulcer model and in
pyloric ligation test,[107] and a signicant reduction in

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Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences ¦ Volume 10 ¦ Issue 4 ¦ October-December 2018
cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers and stress ulcers
was also observed.[108] Bisphenols and avonoids could
be contributing to this property.[109]
Cardiovascular activity
Extract of MO leaf signicantly reduced cholesterol
levels and displayed a protective role on hyperlipidemia
induced by iron deciency in male Wistar rats.[110]
Antihypertensive effect of leaf extract on spontaneous
hypertensive rats was shown, in addition to reduced
chronotropic and inotropic effects in isolated frog
hearts.[111,112] Active constituents for hypotensive action
are niazinin A, niazinin B, and niazimicin.[113] Extract
of leaves also showed cardioprotective effects against
isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in male
Wistar albino rats; the mechanism underlying this
cardioprotective activity was found to be antioxidant
effect, prevention of lipid peroxidation, and protection
of histopathological and ultrastructural disturbances
caused by isoproterenol.[114]
A study was done of Moringa oleifera Lam. on various
tissue systems and it showed reduction in inammation
and lipid accumulation.[115]
Anti-obesity activity
Signicant reduction in body mass index was
observed after oral treatment with leaf powder
compared with that in obese control.[116] Treatment of
hypercholesterolemia rats with methanolic extract of
MO leaf for 49 days showed a remarkable reduction
in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and body weight,
moreover, liver biomarkers, organ weight, and blood
glucose levels were also decreased.[117,118] Mechanisms
include downregulation of mRNA expression of leptin
and resistin and upregulation of adiponectin gene
expression in obese rats.[119]
Antiasthmatic activity
Extract of seeds showed protection against asthma as
investigated in various models; the proposed mechanism
for this effect was a direct bronchodilator effect
combined with anti-inammatory and antimicrobial
actions[120] and inhibition of immediate hypersensitive
reaction.[121] Ethanol extract of seeds tested against
ovalbumin-induced airway inammation in guinea pigs
showed a signicant increase in respiratory parameters
and reduction in interleukins in bronchoalveolar
lavage.[122]
Hematological activity
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled
study was carried out on women who were anemic
with hemoglobin levels between 8 and 12 g/dL and
were treated with aqueous extract of moringa leaf,
the results showed an increase in mean hemoglobin
and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration.[123]
Another study revealed that when moringa was given
to healthy human volunteers for 14days, a signicant
improvement in platelet count was observed.[124,125]
Antidiabetic activity
Extract of leaf showed signicant antihyperglycemic
and hypoglycemic activity in normal and
alloxan-induced diabetic rats.[126-128] An elaborate study
was performed to determine the effect of aqueous leaf
extract on lipid prole, body weight, glucose, plasma
insulin, homeostatic model assessment, and oral
glucose tolerance test in insulin-resistant (IR) and type
1 diabetic rat models. IR rats were fed a high-fructose
diet, and type 1 diabetic rats were treated with
Streptozotocin (STZ) (55 mg/kg). IR rats showed an
increase in hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and body
weight, whereas STZ-induced diabetic rats showed
hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. Leaf extract
administration for 60 days returned all the abnormal
parameters to normal levels.[129-133]
Furthermore, extract of leaf inhibited the
formation of advanced glycation end products
by reducing monosaccharide-induced protein
glycation.[134] Glucomoringin, phenols, avonoids,
quercetin-3-glucoside, ber, and phenol have been
reported to be responsible for antidiabetic activity.[135]
Anti-urolithiatic activity
Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of this plant showed
anti-urolithiatic activity in a hyperoxaluria-induced rat
model[136,137] and in ethylene glycol–induced urolithiasis
model.[138]
Diuretic activity
Leaves, owers, seeds, roots, and bark extracts
increased urine output in rats, extract of leaf showed a
dose-dependent diuretic action greater than control
but less than hydrochlorothiazide. Campesterol,
stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, and avenasterol were
responsible for this activity.[139]
Anti-allergic activity
Ethanolic extract of seeds inhibited passive cutaneous
anaphylaxis induced by anti-immunoglobulin G (IgG)
antibody and histamine release from mast cells; the
mechanism underlying this action could be membrane-
stabilizing action[140] and also reduced scratching
frequency in an Ovalbumin sensitization model.[141]
Anthelmintic activity
This plant showed potent anthelmintic activity, it took
less time to paralyze Indian earthworm Pheretima
posthuma.[142] In ovicidal assay, ethanolic and aqueous

Bhattacharya, et al.: Review of Moringa oleifera
186 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences ¦ Volume 10 ¦ Issue 4 ¦ October-December 2018
extracts showed 95.89% and 81.72% egg hatch
inhibition, respectively, and in larvicidal assay, they
showed 56.94% and 92.50% efcacy, respectively.[143]
Wound-healing activity
Extracts of leaf, dried pulp, and seeds showed a
signicant increase in hydroxyproline content,
wound-closure rate, granuloma-breaking strength, and
granuloma dry weight, and a decrease in scar area and
skin-breaking strength in incision, excision, and dead
space wound models in rats.[144-147]
Studies conducted on the effect of wound healing of
leaf extract in diabetic animals showed improved tissue
regeneration, decreased wound size, downregulated
inammatory mediators, and upregulated vascular
endothelial growth factor in wound tissues,[148] and
remarkable antiproliferative and anti-migratory effects
on normal human dermal broblasts.[149]
Antimicrobial activity
Ethanolic extract of leaf showed antimicrobial activity
against all the tested bacteria.[150-153] Chloroform extract
reported activity against pathogens such as Salmonella
typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and
Vibrio cholerae.[154,155]
Ethanolic extracts of root and bark possessed antifungal
activity against Aspergillus niger, Neurospora crassa,
Rhizopus stolonifer, and Microsporum gypseum,[156-158]
and also showed inhibitory activity against Leishmania
donovani.[159] Many studies suggest that extracts of seeds
could be a potential option to purify water sources
as it inhibited bacterial growth in agar and nutrient
medium.[160]
Methanolic extract of leaves inhibited urinary tract
pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, S.saprophyticus, and E.coli.[161-165]
Flavonoids, tannins, steroids, alkaloids, saponins,
benzyl isothiocyanate, and benzylglucosinolate were
found to be responsible for antimicrobial activity,[166,167]
whereas pterygospermin was found to be responsible
for antifungal activity.[168,169]
Immunomodulatory activity
Methanolic extract of this plant stimulated both
humoral and cellular immune response.[170,171] In
addition, extract showed an increase in optical
density and stimulation index, indicating splenocyte
proliferation.[172]
Antidiarrheal activity
Extract of seeds showed signicant reduction in
gastrointestinal motility and were found to be effective
in castor oil induced diarrhoea in male Wister
rats.[173-175] Antidiarrheal activity can be attributed to
phytochemical ingredients such as tannins, saponins,
and avonoids.[174]
Miscellaneous effects
Leaf extract exhibited a reduction in unwanted sebum
secretions from sebaceous gland during winter in
humans.[176] A systematic review and meta-analysis
have clearly accounted this plant as a galactagogue.[177]
Methanolic extract of root showed local anesthetic
action in frog and guinea pig models.[178] Signicant
CYP3A4 inhibitory effects was exhibited by MO leaf
extract.[179] Thus, MO has a great potential for herb–
drug interactions.
conclusIon
The key objective of this review was to unfold and
explore the pharmacological and medicinal values
of MO; preclinical studies revealed that this plant
possesses analgesic, anti-inammatory, antipyretic,
anticancer, antioxidant, nootropic, hepatoprotective,
gastroprotective, anti-ulcer, cardiovascular,
anti-obesity, antiepileptic, antiasthmatic, antidiabetic,
anti-urolithiatic, diuretic, local anesthetic,
anti-allergic, anthelmintic, wound healing,
antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and antidiarrheal
effects. These activities may be attributed to
phytoconstituents present in its root, stem, bark, leaf,
ower, pod, and seeds. MO offers immense value,
which can form the basis of drug supplementation, and
should be used for the promotion of public health. It
may also be considered for the treatment of different
diseases as an alternative therapy.
Acknowledgements
We sincerely acknowledge the contribution of
Dr. Tamilisetti Vidya Sagar, Assistant Professor,
Department of Pharmacology, GSL Medical College,
Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India, in drafting the
manuscript and coordinating with all coauthors after
corrections and making necessary changes.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conicts of interest.
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