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The translation of ‘transparency’ in the Canadian press: an inquiry into symbolic power
Abstract
Despite new transparency regulation in 2002, a lack of transparency was identified only five years later among the causes of the financial crisis in North America. With this paradox in mind, the authors investigated the terms ‘transparency’ and ‘transparence’ in a corpus of seven Canadian newspapers (English and French) comprising nine million words, from the Dot-com crash of 2001 to the subprime crisis of 2007–2008. When contrasted with a test corpus of annual reports, the press corpus showed that during this period journalists mentioned ‘transparency’ intermittently, and most frequently in 2007–2008, whereas the banks used it with a steady increase. When represented on a Transparency Perception Continuum, the data showed the press as critically pointing to a lack of transparency, and the banks as positively or neutrally discussing transparency. It was also evidenced that English-Canadian reporters used a wider array of sources than did their French-speaking counterparts when recasting statements on transparency. The francophone press seldom quoted American sources, selecting instead statements originally made in French by local banks in the province of Québec. The findings show that by avoiding translation the French-Canadian press contributed to a more bank-centric view on transparency, entangled in the production of a dominant discourse.
... Building on previous studies contrasting rhetoric in original journalistic texts in two different languages (see Boulanger & Gagnon, 2018a, 2018b, we searched a comparable corpus of roughly 9 million words of seven Anglo-and French-Canadian newspapers from 2001 to 2008 in order to investigate the concordance and context of the word 'confidence' and its French equivalent 'confiance', including their adjective and adverb variants and their lemmatised forms. These words were chosen as gauges of negativity and positivity because confidence is not only one of the lead economic indicators, but also a staple of business journalism. ...
... (Erkens et al., 2012). Confidence was challenged with issues of poor ethics and lack of transparency, which were at the heart of this financial crisis, as we discussed elsewhere (Boulanger & Gagnon, 2018b). ...
Used as gauges of positivity and negativity in the press, the words ‘confidence’ and ‘confiance’ are analysed in a 2.7-million-word bilingual sub-corpus of CAPCOF, a 9-million-word corpus of economic and financial news extracted from seven Canadian newspapers. Focused on the year 2008 of the financial crisis, results show that the English-language media foresee a better tomorrow and are more positive than their French-language counterparts. Ultimately, however, a positivity bias emerges in both languages. The critical discourse analysis shows that the main point of convergence between the two linguistic media communities is the interdiscursive dynamics through which the informative discourse of the media and the promotional discourse of the financial establishment meld together seamlessly. In this study, translation is employed in its broadened definition, encompassing intralingual activity as the locus of interdiscursivity, rewording and recontextualization.
... Translation has been called upon to actively contribute towards encompassing the views of a 'global us' (Eide & Ytterstad, 2011, p. 52, 65), i.e. towards overcoming hegemonic culture-specific frames. Boulanger and Gagnon's (2020) comparative study reveals that the absence of translation in journalistic practice might be a cause for, and even a tool in, the entrenchment of dominant local views and discourses, whereas the use of translation in journalism may afford a broader, more open perspective. ...
The ‘domestication norm' has been frequently identified as a feature of news translation. However, a paradigm shift in translational behaviour in news production might be underway, coinciding in time with the democratisation of free machine translation services. An analysis of a corpus of science-journalism articles published in a ‘hyperlocal' Spanish medium, including reactions from readers, will confirm this hypothesis. Exploring the effects and implications of the adoption of (scarcely) post-edited machine translation procedures in the production of digital news will offer grounds for delineating alternatives to the ‘mechanistic’ translation practices that are on the rise in contemporary journalism.
L’article présente le corpus journalistique comme une ressource
incontournable dans l’acquisition d’un savoir critique, compétence qui doit s’enchâsser dans l’apprentissage de la traduction économique et financière, à l’heure où on anticipe qu’une proportion croissante de textes issus de ces domaines se prêteront à la traduction automatique neuronale. L’article vise
à soutenir une pratique enseignante qui conçoit le travail des traductaires comme étant activement engagé dans la construction des réalités sociales. Cette posture est exposée sous les auspices de l’analyse critique du discours, dont la pertinence s’inscrit dans le contexte élargi de la financiarisation de l’économie. Après une brève synthèse des approches en enseignement de la traduction spécialisée dans les domaines de l’économie et de la finance,
l’article propose des clefs d’analyse critique du corpus journalistique, réparties en trois catégories : lexique et vocabulaire, agentivité et voix. Quelques aspects praxéologiques sont abordés, notamment la manière de construire un corpus
de textes journalistiques.
En 2018, La Presse Canadienne a mis au point Ultrad, un système de traduction automatique (TA). Ultrad est un des rares systèmes de TA à être utilisé quotidiennement par des journalistes au Canada. Toutes les traductions d’Ultrad sont révisées avant d’être publiées dans la langue cible. Notre article porte sur l’évaluation des traductions fournies par l’outil et sur les révisions apportées par les journalistes de l’agence de presse. Pour mener à bien ce travail, nous avons dépouillé un échantillon de 148 articles en anglais comportant une version traduite automatiquement en français et une version révisée par un rédacteur ou une rédactrice de La Presse Canadienne. L’évaluation des traductions, d’une part, et, d’autre part, la comparaison entre les textes traduits automatiquement et les textes révisés en post-édition (PE) ont reposé sur différentes méthodes d’analyse outillées : la comparaison des fréquences de mots, de l’alignement des paragraphes et de leur sous-segmentation en phrases graphiques pour chacun des deux groupes de bitextes (anglais avec la traduction brute, puis anglais avec la version révisée en PE) et des volumes informationnels des paires de segments; la distance euclidienne (DE) à trois dimensions entre segments source et cible et la correction linguistique fournie par le logiciel de correction linguistique Antidote sur la totalité des articles révisés. Notre étude est l’une des rares à s’être penchée sur l’utilisation de la TA par des journalistes. Elle met en évidence les lacunes de la TA et le caractère incontournable des interventions humaines en PE, même si ces interventions ne sont pas infaillibles.
The events of 11 September 2001 revealed that the nature of political violence has radically changed under globalization, while the launch of a 'war on terror' has generated important ethical and human rights issues. At the same time, the key but often invisible role played by translation and translators of all sorts in mediating conflict has become the object of new critical attention.
This book focuses on the relationship between globalization, political violence and translation, developing new interdisciplinary perspectives and generating novel lines of debate for globalization research. Written by leading scholars in a wide range of disciplines (ranging from law, philosophy, politics and sociology to media studies and translation studies) the book provides key theoretical insights into the globalization of violence and the role of translation in this context, while also incorporating detailed empirical analyses of media representations and translators' accounts.
Telling the same story through translation in different languages presents choices similar to those faced in framing stories from different angles in journalism. However, the close-knit relationship between framing and news translation studies remains under-represented in translation and communication studies. Taking financial news items from the Reference News and the Financial Times Chinese, two leading newspapers that publish translated news in Chinese, as samples for analysis, this paper argues that the two disciplines can be integrated in the study of news translation on the grounds that translated news manifests the frames in terms of responsibility, conflict, interest and so on in the same manner as framing news stories in the media. Thus, it is argued that looking into the framing of some issues under different contexts can reveal the causes behind transfer or transformation of translation-mediated stories.
This paper surveys the emergence and development of journalistic translation research (JTR), focusing on the publications of the past 15 years. Journalistic translation has managed to establish itself as a subarea of research within Translation Studies, as the entries in the major encyclopedias and handbooks attest. Translation contributed to the birth of journalism in seventeenth-century Europe through a number of weekely and monthly pamphlets and bulletins. Additionally it was (and remains) a cornerstone in news agencies and forged independence movements in the Americas. Academic interest in news translation began in the late 1980s and 1990s, particularly in Europe, where Stetting coined a much-used term, transediting, to refer to translation in the news. In the twenty-first century, JTR grew exponentially, as researchers have carried out empirical research on translated texts, have analyzed translation processes, have begun to study reception issues, and so on. The article also looks at some conceptual issues, notably as translation and communication studies meet.
This article relies on interviews with business journalists at The New York Times, Marketplace public radio, and TheStreet to understand how journalists retrospectively considered their responsibilities following the 2007–2009 financial crisis. Watchdog journalism is looked at through a variety of scholarly perspectives to understand the disconnect between theory and practice as journalists across all these outlets distance themselves from the events leading up to the crisis. This article provides the first account of how business journalists in the USA responded to the crisis, and the data suggest two important concerns: the first, a serious lack of media accountability; the second, the need for clearer normative expectations for watchdog journalism.
As of February 2008, Moody's had downgraded at least one tranche of 94.2% of the subprime RMBS issues it rated in 2006, including 100% of the 2006 RMBS backed by second-lien loans and 76.9% of the issues rated in 2007. Overall, Moody's has downgraded 53.7% and 39.2% of all of its 2006 and 2007 subprime tranches, respectively. As of March 2008, S&P had downgraded 44.3% of the subprime tranches it rated between the first quarter of 2005 and the third quarter of 2007. This included 87.2% of securities backed by second-lien mortgages. As of December 2007, Fitch had downgraded approximately 34% of the subprime tranches it rated in 2006 and in the first quarter of 2007. In February 2008, Fitch placed all of the RMBS it rated in 2006 and the first quarter of 2007 backed by subprime first-lien mortgages on Ratings Watch Negative.(1)
Forecasts are an inherent part of economic science and the quest for perfect foresight occupies economists and researchers in multiple fields. The release of economic forecasts (and its revisions) is a popular and often publicized event, with a multitude of institutions and think-tanks devoted almost exclusively to that task. The European Central Bank (ECB) also publishes its forecasts for the euro area, however ECB’s forecast accuracy is not a deeply researched theme. The ECB forecasts’ accuracy is the main point developed in this paper, which tries to contribute to understand the nature of the errors committed by the ECB forecasts and its main differences compared to other projections. What we try to infer is whether the ECB is accurate in its projections, making less errors than the others, maybe due to some informational advantage. We conclude that the ECB seems to consistently underestimate the HICP inflation rate and overestimate GDP growth. Comparing it with the others, the ECB shows a superior performance, committing almost always fewer errors. So, this signals a possible informational advantage from the ECB. Since the forecasting errors could jeopardize ECB’s credibility public criticism could be avoided if the ECB simply let forecasts for the others. Naturally, this change should be weighted against the benefits of publishing forecasts.
In order to understand why so little media attention was paid to risks in the banking sector in the run up to the financial crisis, we need to understand the framework of law, regulation, self-regulation and professional incentives that structure the practice of financial and business journalism. This paper focuses in particular on what role financial journalists play in the system of corporate governance, the ways in which law and regulation recognize that role, and the extent to which this role is accepted and understood by financial journalists themselves. The first part of the essay reviews recent debate on financial journalism and investigates the role of financial journalism from a systemic perspective: looking at its role in corporate governance, and its impact on market behaviour. I develop the notion that financial and business journalists operate within a framework of rights and duties which institutionalize a particular ethical approach to their role. The second half of the article, which draws more extensively on interviews conducted with journalists and editors, asks how journalists themselves understand and describe their role and what they see as the key challenges they face as they attempt to perform it. It emerges that there is no consensus among financial and business journalists about their “watchdog” role in relation to markets and corporate behaviour, and whilst the financial journalists interviewed tended to agree on the key challenges they face, they are uncertain how to respond to them.
Le Droit is a monolingual French-language regional newspaper targeting audiences in two Canadian provinces. Although its multimodal content appears to be in French only, English permeates the daily work of reporters. Data include sessions of observation, semi-structured interviews, and text collection on different platforms (print, website, applications, and social media). This chapter shows that, at the level of news-gathering, contacts with English sources seem partially unavoidable or even desirable. At the level of production, however, all traces of translation are erased in the written form, while French voices are systematically preferred in audiovisual content. The growing importance of audiovisual content seems to predict the exclusion of sources in a second language.
How has convergence affected news and translation? Convergence is a chameleon, taking a new colour in each new context, from the integrated, bilingual newsroom of a legacy broadcaster to a newsroom in an outlet that has embraced multimodality from the very start. And yet, translation scholars studying the news have ignored convergence, while media scholars studying convergence have ignored translation. They have missed the fact that convergence is intrinsically linked to language and culture. This volume brings together translation and media scholars to investigate different modes of convergence across platforms as they shape how journalists frame stories and understand their role in a multilingual, convergent world. It opens a dialogue with scholars and students in applied linguistics, communication, journalism, languages, and translation, as well as translators, interpreters, and, ultimately, journalists.
This corpus-assisted analysis examines seven Canadian newspapers from 2001 to 2008 in English and in French. It focuses on the speech that journalists reported when covering new financial instruments, namely collateralized debt obligations, credit default swaps, and asset-backed commercial paper. Eight years of news were surveyed with a concordancer and the data were analyzed using critical discourse analysis. The data show a wider range of voices in the English subcorpus when compared with the French. In both subcorpora, however, journalistic attitude was neutral and critical voices were deselected, while institutional voices such as those of banks were foregrounded. If polyphony is understood as the inclusion of an array of voices from the community, our study shows that the press was monophonic. Concurrently, our investigation of the Canadian press reveals that financial innovations were not covered until 2007, when credit derivatives started to falter.
In the media coverage of the subprime crisis of August 2007, it is through translation that journalists worked to explain its causes, which were of American origin, to the Canadian French and English readerships. In order to efficiently convey complicated concepts and the gravity of the situation, journalists resorted to metaphors of the accident, the cataclysm, the catastrophe and the epidemy. The article analyzes the conceptual metaphors found in La Presse, Le Devoir, The Toronto Star and The Globe and Mail and argues that far from being harmless commonplaces they propagate a neoliberal ideology of economics. Tous droits réservés
Much of Canadian cultural life is sustained and enriched by translation. Translation Effects moves beyond restrictive notions of official translation in Canada, analyzing its activities and effects on the streets, in movie theatres, on stages, in hospitals, in courtrooms, in literature, in politics, and across café tables. The first comprehensive study of the intersection of translation and culture, Translation Effects offers an original picture of translation practices across many languages and through several decades of Canadian life. The book presents detailed case studies of specific events and examines the reverberation and spread of their effects. Through these imaginative, at times unusual, investigations, the contributors unveil the simultaneous invisibility and omnipresence of translation and present a cross-cut of Canadian translation moments. Addressing the period from the 1950s to the present and including a wide scope of examples from medical interpreting to film dubbing, the essays in this book create a panoramic view of the creation of modern culture in Canada.
All living languages have the potential to coin neologisms which is indicative of their vitality to translate new knowledge and the ensuing changes in society. In economic and financial discourse, analysts, experts and popularisers often resort to figures of speech when explaining new realities in this area field, thus enabling them to have a greater impact on the recipients.
The aim of this paper, based on a research corpus of texts spanning the 2007-2012 economic crisis taken from the press of four different European countries, is to attempt to resolve the difficulties involved with this kind of terminology. The questions addressed include the following: the attitude of the speakers of Romance languages towards the introduction of new concepts relating to the crisis; the field associated with each expression in the different cultures; to what extent conceptual metaphors coincide between cultures; the terminological variations involved in each case, etc.
The answers to these questions can facilitate improved translator performance. The time lapse between the appearance of these terms and their inclusion in dictionaries poses a problem for translators who need to find solutions as quickly as possible, whilst at the same time providing a systematic approach to the problems encountered. Above and beyond solutions provided by dictionaries alone, translators are often faced with a choice between the terms found in vivo and those found in vitro. While an analysis of the way each concept is handled by dictionaries falls beyond the scope of our stated aims, it cannot be ignored completely inasmuch as it makes it possible to shed light on institutional terminological policies as well as divergences between the recommended standard and actual usage. At the same time, it should also be acknowledged that, despite the influx of terms within a globalised economy, there is still room for each community to maintain its own cultural specificity.
In recent years, a growing amount of scholarly interest has focused on the nature of the business/financial press and how it covers key economic events. Some of the literature examines the failings of the business press and its focus on narrow, short-term events instead of analytical writing that educates the public about macroeconomics, including long-term trends. Other studies have looked at how these tendencies affected press coverage before and during the 2008 financial crisis. As would be expected, the crisis caused an increase in writing about the business/financial press. Initially, the scholarship examined whether the media should have seen the crisis coming and questioned why journalists hadn't done a better job covering it. Other scholars, however, looked at the nature of the coverage itself vis-à-vis a larger discussion of how economic issues are framed. Much of the debate mirrored points made in previous analyses on the shortcomings of the business and financial press. They argue that more – or more accurate – information necessarily changes outcomes and tend to make normative judgements about the quality of journalism coverage studied.
Le Canada est un pays officiellement bilingue, en ce sens que la communication qui émane de son gouvernement central se fait dans les deux langues officielles, l’anglais et le français. Cependant, les gouvernements des provinces canadiennes sont unilingues, à une exception près (la province du Nouveau-Brunswick est officiellement bilingue). Le contexte québécois est particulier puisque cette province est la seule dont la majorité s’exprime en français, d’où son statut de province unilingue française. Cependant, tant d’un point de vue politique que démographique, la population anglophone a toujours joué un rôle clé dans la société québécoise. La présente étude a pour objectif d’observer les différentes pratiques de traduction officielle du gouvernement du Canada et du gouvernement du Québec. Plus précisément, nous analyserons la traduction des discours de différents chefs politiques au provincial et au fédéral. Afin d’obtenir des résultats comparables, nous étudierons tout particulièrement les discours entourant un seul événement, soit le référendum québécois de 1995. Nos recherches précédentes ont démontré qu’au gouvernement fédéral, la traduction des discours politiques varie entre autres en fonction de l’époque et du premier ministre au pouvoir. Nous posons l’hypothèse qu’étant donné la longue tradition de traduction institutionnelle de certains partis politiques, les stratégies de traduction adoptées par ces partis seront plus efficaces que celles adoptées par les partis peu habitués à faire traduire leurs discours.
One of the most notable features of the recent and continuing global banking crisis has been the failure of financial journalism, together with the global news agencies, to alert us to the signs of imminent catastrophe, thus confounding over-simplistic models of journalism as an efficient system of antennae monitoring the external environment. With a handful of honourable exceptions, most financial journalists and most international news agencies simply failed to report much of the emerging evidence of the growing possibility of collapse. Various explanations have been proposed for this failure including the complexities of the evidence, the manipulative power of financial public relations, and the difficulties of undertaking investigative journalism when newsrooms cut staff. This article, drawing on a theoretical framework for analysing exchange relationships between journalists and their sources first developed in Manning (2001), argues that a more fully developed explanation needs to explore the ways in which a distribution of political and symbolic power shaped relationships between financial correspondents, news agencies and the key information flows operating within global financial systems.
Due to the peculiar nature of news texts, the adoption of a theory of ‘localisation’ rather than conventional translation theories accounts more easily for both the commercial nature and the global scale of news distribution. News texts are global products which are distributed through a localisation process involving not only reception by locales of a given text, but also the simultaneous production of more versions of a same news report and the production of a new target text of which translation is only a part and not the translator-journalist's goal. Such a text is tailored for ‘sub-locales’ whose identity is political as well as linguistic. The case of the Italian press is typical, as it shows how a global news report is not only interlinguistically localised into the Italian locale, but also intralinguistically adapted to suit readers' political leanings within the same linguistic locale.
The study reported on in this article analyzes the U.K. Operating and Financial Review(OFR) as a genre of accounting narrative, employing word frequencies to identify genre rules. Evidence is found of rhetorical ploys within the genre and of differences in word frequencies, suggesting the existence of subgenres, related to the exigencies of the rhetorical situation. The genre employs language biased toward the positive (the “Pollyanna effect”), despite authoritative guidance that the OFR should be expressed in neutral terms. Evidence of subgenres includes differential propensity to employ positive language and differences in the rhetorical ploys adopted in connection with marketing strategy, corporate recovery, selfreference, comparative analysis, and gearing (leverage). The study also demonstrates the value of a corpus linguistics approach in analyzing accounting narratives.
Adopting the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) approach, this study analyzes and discusses the news report related to Taiwan’s first lady Wu Shuchen’s interview with the media which appeared in two ideologically opposed newspapers, i.e. the pro-reunification United Daily News and the pro-independence Liberty Times. Both news articles are translated from an identical English text. However, based on analysis of headlines, editorial deletion and addition, syntactic and lexical variations, as well as stylistic differences in paragraph/thematic combination, we have found that noticeable changes are made by the two translated Chinese versions. We argue that these transformations and differences found in the two Chinese texts are not arbitrary, but rather are ideologically motivated, that is, they reflect and construct the underlying opposed ideologies between the two newspapers.
: The development of a coherent methodology for corpus-based work in translation studies is essential for the evolution of this new field of research into a fully-fledged paradigm within the discipline. The design of a monolingual, multi-source-language comparable corpus of English as a resource for the systematic study of the nature of translated text can be regarded as an important step towards the development of such a methodology. This paper deals with a crucial and problematic aspect of the design of a monolingual comparable corpus, namely the achievement of an adequate level of comparability between its trans-lational and non-translational components.
Résumé: Une méthodologie cohérente pour l'étude de corpus de traductions s'impose si l'on entend conférer à celle-ci la valeur d'un paradigme au sein de la traductologie. L'étude systématique du texte traduit qui s'étaye sur un corpus comparable d'anglais à plusieurs langues-sources peut être considérée comme une étape importante de ce processus. Le présent article étudie un aspect essentiel mais problématique de la constitution de corpus monolingues comparables, à savoir la mise au point d'un niveau approprié de comparabilité entre ses parties traduites et non-traduites.
: Corpus-based research has become widely accepted as a factor in improving the performance of machine translation systems, and corpus-based terminology compilation is now the norm rather than the exception. Within translation studies proper, Lindquist (1984) has advocated the use of corpora for training translators, and Baker (1993a) has argued that theoretical research into the nature of translation will receive a powerful impetus from corpus-based studies. It is becoming increasingly important to take stock of what is happening on this front and to start working towards the development of an explicit and coherent methodology for corpus-based research in the discipline. This paper discusses the current and potential use of corpora in translation studies, with particular reference to theoretical issues.
Résumé: On s'accorde à voir dans la recherche sur corpus un facteur susceptible d'améliorer les systèmes de traduction automatique; la terminologie basée sur corpus devient la règle plutôt que l'exception. A propos des recherches sur la traduction, Lidquist (1984) a prôné le recours aux corpora dans la formation des traducteurs; selon Baker (1993a), l'étude théorique de la traduction bénéficiera des recherches fondées sur corpus. Il importe désormais de répertorier les acquis en ce domaine, afin de mettre au point une méthodologie explicite et cohérente. L'article qui suit analyse l'usage présent et possible des corpora dans les recherches sur la traduction, et prêtant une attention particulière aux questions théoriques.
The financial crisis of 2008 engulfed the banking system of the United States and many large European countries. Canada was a notable exception. In this paper we argue that the structure of financial systems is path dependent. The relative stability of the Canadian banks in the recent crisis compared to the United States in our view reflected the original institutional foundations laid in place in the early 19th century in the two countries. The Canadian concentrated banking system that had evolved by the end of the twentieth century had absorbed the key sources of systemic risk -- the mortgage market and investment banking -- and was tightly regulated by one overarching regulator. In contrast the relatively weak, fragmented, and crisis prone U.S. banking system that had evolved since the early nineteenth century, led to the rise of securities markets, investment banks and money market mutual funds (the shadow banking system) combined with multiple competing regulatory authorities. The consequence was that the systemic risk that led to the crisis of 2007-2008 was not contained.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
Much attention is being paid to the financial part of the annual reports of companies. Not much research has been done into the quality of the Report of the Executive Board in annual reports (the narrative part). During the past 2 years Dutch firms were reviewed on the way the Executive Board dealt with strategy in their annual report. Our research question was: to what extent do Dutch firms disclose their strategy in their annual report? Annual reports were reviewed on variables, ranging from 'is there a mission statement' to 'what does the company say its actions are next year in relation to the strategy they pursue'. Dutch companies narrowly pass the 'strategy-test'. Especially little attention is paid to objectives, monitoring, business unit goals and future-oriented action plans.
This paper reviews linguistic structures in a series of management messages in the annual reports of Cross & Trecker, a machine tool manufacturer. The docu ments cover the years 1984-1988, which began with prosperity and ended with severe losses. An analysis of how the company communicated this information to its shareholders offers some insights into the motivation and priorities of the Cross & Trecker management. This analysis suggests that a company's public communications are more complex than has been thought. Specific methodology used is based on systemic theory, developed by Halli day (1976, 1978, 1985a, 1985b) and others and employs the systems of transitivity (verb structures), thematic structure (subjects), context and cohesion, and condensations. Verb structures show a predictable increase in passive constructions as the years pass and profits decrease. Regarding other verb structures, however, the results were more complex, including an increase in the use of verbs of "being." Combined with the analysis of thematic structures, which show an increase in nonhuman agents, and contextual features shown by cohesion and condensa tions, the conclusion is that, as the news becomes more negative, linguistic structures suggest a factual, "objective" situation caused by circumstances not attributable to any persons who might otherwise be thought responsible. Peer Reviewed http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68963/2/10.1177_002194369703400103.pdf
In this paper we discuss the role of the media in pressuring corporate managers and directors to behave in ways that are 'socially acceptable'. Sometimes this coincides with shareholders' value maximization, others not. We provide both anecdotal and systematic evidence that media affect companies' policy toward the environment and the amount of corporate resources that are diverted to the sole advantage of controlling shareholders. Our results have important consequences for the focus of the corporate governance debate and for the feasibility of reforms aimed at improving corporate governance around the world.
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