Performance Evaluation of Improved Oat Varieties/Accessions at the Highland of Guji Zone, Bore, Ethiopia

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Performance Evaluation of Improved Oat Varieties/Accessions at
the Highland of Guji Zone, Bore, Ethiopia
Usman Semman*
Salale University, P.O. Box 245, Fitche, Ethiopia
Bedasa Eba
Yabello dry land and Agricultural Research Center. P.O.Box 085, Yabello, Ethiopia
P.O. Box, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tamirat Dinkale
Mechara Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box, 19 Mechara, Ethiopia
Abstract
This study was conducted with an objective of introducing, adapting, see the yield, quality and recommends
improved Oat accessions/varieties to the area in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three blocks.
Accessions/varieties was (CI-8251, CI-8235, CI-8237, Lampton, Jasari, SRCPX80Ab2291, SRCPX80Ab2806,
79Ab384 (TX) 80SA95, 79Ab384 (TX) 80SA94 and Grayalegris), Bonsa and Bonabas. The analysis of data
revealed that CI-8251 proved to be the highest biomass yielder accession, and as regards the other characters, it
was found to be the highest in plant height, seed yield, harvesting index (HI) and less susceptible to disease and
have no lodging, which reflects its better characteristics. 79 Ab384 (TX) 80SA94 was significant in seed yield
and HI and less significant in disease attack and has short date of flowering and maturity and no lodging, where
as JASARI was significant in disease attack and has short date of maturity and less significant in seed yield..
SRCP x 80Ab2806 was highest in Crude Protein (CP) content than the rest accessions followed by Grayalegris
and 79 Ab384 (TX) 80SA94. Bonsa and Bonabas varieties are also good both in yield and quality aspect
specially NDF content. Generally from this it is concluded that, considering all the agronomic and yield
parameters accessions, CI-8251 was superior followed by 79 Ab384 (TX) 80SA94 and from quality analysis
aspect SRCP x 80Ab2806 and Bonsa and Bonabas varieties both yield and quality aspect was selected and
recommended to the area so that farmers are using for their livestock feed and go for further demonstration.
Keywords: Acid-detergent fiber, Chemical composition, Harvest date, Seed yield
Introduction
Animal feeding systems in developing countries are mainly based on grazed native pastures, which are
deteriorating in production and quality, which vary seasonally resulting in poor animal performance. Despite the
importance of livestock, inadequate livestock nutrition is a common problem in the developing world, and a
major factor affecting the development of viable livestock industries in poor countries (Sere et al., 2008).
Substantial efforts have been made so far to resolve the feed shortage problem in the Ethiopian highlands,
aiming at improving feed availability and thereby improve livestock productivity. The available fodder supply is
1/3 less than the actual needs of animals (Younas and Yaqoob, 2005). So that more nutritious and high yielding
fodder varieties are needed to run an efficient livestock industry.
Oat is one of the potential annual fodder crop commonly cultivated in the highland agro-ecologies of
Ethiopia mainly under rain fed conditions. It is well adapted to wide range of soils and relatively tolerant to
moisture stress, water logging and frost. Oats are used for livestock feeding in the form of green and conserved
as hay or silage for dry season and are import as a source of carbohydrate as supplementation (IARI, 1980).
Different varieties/accessions of oat have different yield and agronomic performance such as forage yield,
maturity day and adaptation to specific situation. Earlier varieties/accessions performance declining due to
problems including leaf and stem rust attack. Others are high yielding and disease resistant. On the other hands
information on feed quality is one of the decision support tools required to provide rational basis to optimize
utilization of feed resources, to improve animal production and productivity and ultimately to increase financial
return to the producer. The feasibility of livestock enterprise is largely a function of the type, quality of feed and
the strategy of feeding. Removing or reducing nutritional constraints leads to dramatic improvement in livestock
production and productivity. Dynamic changes have been made in the areas of feed evaluation, nutrient
requirement and feeding systems (Seyoum et al. n.d). Several environmental, genetic and genotype by
environment interaction aspects are expected to influence chemical composition and nutritive value of the feeds.
Compositional data information on digestibility and estimated metabolizable energy offers opportunity to
formulation of least cost ration.
Selection of the promising oat varieties/accessions is one of the most important decisions of plant breeders.
This decision has an impact on the potential yield (forage and grain), disease and insect management and

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maturity of the crop. There is no any animal feed technology which is tested in the study area (Guji zone) and no
information on forage nutritional quality due to the remoteness of the area and Bore Agricultural Research was
established recently. This experiment was initiated to introduce, evaluate oat genotypes for yield and yield
attributes, see the adaptability to that specific agro ecology and see the nutritional quality of adapted Oats.
Therefore, the experiment was conducted with the objective of introducing, adapting, see the yield, quality and
recommend improved Oat accessions/varieties to the area so as to address farmers in quality and large quantity
of forages for sustainable livestock production and productivity of their by contributing to the food security
through increasing livestock production.
Materials and Methods
Description of the study area
The experiment was carried out at Bore Agricultural Research Center, which is one of recently established
Research Centers in the Oromia Agricultural Research Institute (OARI) at Bore district, Guji Zone of Oromia.
Bore district is located at 385 km to the south from Addis Ababa and 220 km from the Guji Zone capital city
(Negele) with geographical location of 557'23” to 626'52” N latitudes and 3825'51” to 3856'21” E longitudes,
South-eastern Oromia. It has moist humid and sub humid moisture condition, with relatively longer growing
season. The annual rain fall is about 1400-1800mm and the annual temperatures of the district ranged from 10.1
to 20
O
C. The major soil types are Nitosols (red basaltic soils) and Orthic Aerosols (Yazachew and Kasahun,
2011). Bore Agricultural Research station is located at 7km from Bore town which is geographically located at
624'37” N latitude and 3834'76” E longitudes. The research site represents highlands of Guji Zone with an
altitude of 2736m.a.s.l. receiving high rainfall characterized by bimodal distribution. The first rainy season
extends from April to October and the second season starts late November and ends at the beginning of March.
The soil type of the site is mostly black soil.
Experimental procedure
The trial was arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD). There were three blocks each containing
10 plots of Oat accessions (CI-8251, CI-8235, CI-8237, Lampton, Jasari, SRCPX80Ab2291, SRCPX80Ab2806,
79Ab384 (TX) 80SA95, 79Ab384 (TX) 80SA94 and Grayalegris) resulting to 30 plots in total and tested for two
years, 2 plots of Oat varieties (Bonsa and Bonabas) resulting to 6 plots in total tested for one year with each plot
measuring 3m x 4m. Distance between plots and replication were 1m and 1.5m respectively. Plots in each block
were randomly assigned to each treatment. Broad casting methods and no fertilizer were applied at the planting
time for the treatments of Oat accessions. Row method with 30cm spacing and no fertilizer were applied for the
varieties of Bonsa and Bonabas. The nutrient analysis was conducted at Adami Tulu Agricultural Research
Center and Holeta Agricultural Research Center Laboratory.
Composite samples from each Oats accessions and varieties were collected at 50% flowing stage in the
respective years. Samples were dried at 65
O
c in a forced draft oven for 72 hrs. All samples were ground using a
willy mill and allowed to pass through 1mm screen, run in duplicates and Dry matter (DM), Ash, Crude protein
(CP), Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Acid Detergent Lignin (ADL) and In vitro
dry matter Digestibility (DOMD) were determined by Near Infra Red Reflectance) NIRRS methods and
Hemicellulose was calculated by subtracting the ADF from the NDF content while cellulose was determined by
subtracting the ADL from the ADF content and results were carefully collected. Harvest index (HI) was
calculated on a plot basis, as the ratio of dried grain weight adjusted to 12.5% moisture content to the dried total
above ground biomass weight. Disease severity score was calculated as
= Sum of all disease rating X100
Total number of rating *Maximum disease grade
Data collected
Date of emergency, date of 50% flowering, lodging, disease resistance, pest resistant, green forage yield, plant
height, date of maturity, seed yield and harvesting index (HI) and chemical composition data were carefully
collected for all accessions/varieties at consecutive years.
Statistical analysis
Data on agronomic parameters, yield and chemical analysis was analyzed by using SAS computer soft ware
(SAS, 2002 version 9.1) and General Linear Model (GLM) was used at 5% significance level.
Result
Yield and yield components
The result of analysis shows that there was a significant difference in date of flowering, date of maturity, lodging,
disease resistance, plant height, green forage yield, seed yield and HI for oat accessions/varieties.

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Table 1. Agronomic and yield parameters as influenced by Oat accessions
Accessions Date of
emergency
Disease
severity
score
Lodging % Plant
vigor
Green
forage
yield
tone/ha
Date of
50%
flowering
Plant
height in
cm
Date of
maturity
Seed
yield
Qun/ha
HI
LAMPTON 7 26.67
ab
30.00
ab
95.00
a
76.80
bcd
120.00
dc
179.250
ab
193.00
bc
26.51
bcd
3.822
b
SRCPX80Ab2806 7 3.33
c
0.00
d
91.67
ab
65.60
cd
106.00
ef
147.667
dc
182.33
dc
49.59
abc
7.613
a
JASARI 7 40.00
a
0.00
d
91.67
ab
54.40
d
120.00
dc
133.167
de
177.00
d
23.55
d
4.323b
79Ab384
(TX)80SA95
7 13.33
bc
6.67
dc
90.00
bc
91.20
ab
109.33
edf
143.750
dc
182.33
dc
51.60
a
5.570
ab
CI-8251 7 3.33
c
0.00
d
93.33
ab
105.60
a
135.00
b
174.167
ab
200.33
b
56.93
a
5.247
ab
CI-8235 7 8.33
c
20.00
bc
92.33
ab
92.80
ab
116.33
de
174.417
ab
187.67
dc
38.72
abcd
4.190
b
79Ab
382(TX)80SA94
7 3.33
c
0.00
d
86.67
c
73.60
bcd
99.00
f
123.833
e
177.00
d
54.60
a
7.957
a
CI-8237 7 26.67
ab
43.33
a
91.67
ab
82.80
abc
130.00
bc
181.167
a
187.67
dc
23.46
d
3.127
b
GRAYALEGRIS 7 8.33
c
0.00
d
91.67
ab
60.80
cd
150.00
a
147.083
dc
215.00
a
23.94
cd
4.123
b
SRCP X
80Ab2291
7 18.33
bc
0.00
d
93.33
ab
76.80
bcd
109.00
edf
159.833
bc
177.00
d
41.23
abcd
5.247
ab
SEM 0 8.574294
9.408428 2.906570 14.57907
6.430253
10.39572
7.352500
14.98785
1.631325
a, b
Means in a column within the same category having different superscripts differ (P<0.05); cm = Centimeter;
ha = hectare; HI = Harvesting Index; Qun = Quintal and SEM = Standard Error of Means
The analysis of Oat varieties (Table 2) shows that, Bonsa was significant in seed yield, while Bonabas was
significant in plant height when compared to each other at (P< 0.05).
Table 2. Agronomic and yield parameters as influenced by Oat variety
Variety Date of
emergency
Lodging%
Date of
flowering
Plant Height
in cm
Green forage
yield in tone/ha
Seed yield
in Qt/ha
HI
Bonabas 7.00 0 96.0 184.667
a
85.60 23.233
b
9.900
Bonsa 7.00 0 96.0 161.553
b
81.60 53.790
a
6.800
SEM 0 0 0 3.436704 16.76902 4.574852 8.628152
a, b
Means in a column within the same category having different superscripts differ (P<0.05); cm = Centimeter;
ha = hectare; HI = Harvesting Index; Qun = Quintal and SEM = Standard Error of Means
Chemical composition
There was a significant difference on dry matter (DM), Ash, organic matter (OM) Crude Protein (CP), Neutral
Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Acid Detergent Lignin (ADL) and In vitro dry matter
Digestibility (DOMD) among the tested Oat accessions/varieties.
Table 3. Chemical composition and digestibility as influenced by Oat accessions
Accessions DM%
Ash OM CP NDF ADF ADL DOMD
Cellulose Hemi-cellulose
LAMPTON
93.89
10.61
83.28 3.270
65.97 44.66 5.000
59.49 39.66 21.31
SRCP x 80Ab2806 95.59
10.45
85.18 7.980
71.10 41.58 5.010
55.22 36.57 29.52
JASARI 90.85
10.41
80.44 5.410
67.08 41.37 4.460
57.91 36.91 25.71
79Ab384 (TX)80SA95 94.60
10.30
84.30 5.050
72.85 48.09 6.120
54.74 41.97 24.76
CI-8251 93.89
10.14
83.75 3.010
75.70 46.94 6.470
54.64 40.47 28.76
CI-8235 95.02
9.96 85.06 4.250
62.51 43.52 4.490
65.58 39.03 18.99
79Ab 382(TX)80SA94 95.83
9.71 86.12 5.970
74.02 48.51 5.930
54.24 42.58 25.51
CI-8237 90.11
9.44 80.67 4.650
64.74 38.88 4.670
61.75 34.21 25.86
GRAYALEGRIS 95.33
9.05 86.28 7.940
66.67 44.14 4.770
59.14 39.37 22.53
SRCP X 80Ab2291 96.49
8.38 88.11 3.680
78.88 55.18 7.780
51.49 47.4 23.7
Mean 94.16
9.845
84.319
5.121
69.952
45.287
5.47 57.42 39.817 24.665
ADF = Acid Detergent Fiber; ADL = Acid Detergent Lignin; CP = Crude Protein; CV=Coefficient of Variation;
DOMD = In vitro dry matter Digestibility; NDF = Neutral Detergent Fiber and OM = Organic Matter
Table 4. Chemical composition and digestibility as influenced by Oat variety
Variety DM%
Ash OM CP NDF ADF ADL DOMD
Cellulose
Hemi-cellulose
Bonabas
90.11
5.21
84.9
5.9
64.24 53.77
8.04
52.77
45.73 10.47
Bonsa 91.52
5.86
85.66
4.2
60.91
52.87
9.35
59.12 43.52 8.04
Mean 90.81 5.535
85.28
5.05
62.575
53.32
8.695
55.945 44.625 9.255
ADF=Acid Detergent Fiber; ADL=Acid Detergent Lignin; CP=Crude Protein; CV=Coefficient of Variation;
DM=Dry matter; DOMD=In vitro dry matter Digestibility; LSD=Least Significant difference; NDF=Neutral
Detergent Fiber and OM=Organic Matter
Discussion
Accession CI-8237 were produced maximum height (181.167 cm), but it did not statistically different with
accession Lampton (179.250 cm), CI- 8235 (174.417 cm) and CI -8251(174.167 cm).This results high green
forage yield. However its lodging percentage (43.3%) was significantly high. While the minimum plant height
(123.833 cm) recorded by accession 79Ab 382(TX) 80SA94 (Table 1). The main cause of those differences in
plant height is due to differences in genetic makeup of the accessions. The significant effect of variety on plant
height in present study is in agreement with previous findings (Kibite et al., 2002b). Chohan et al (2004) also

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reported significant differences among the oats accessions regarding plant height.
Data on green fodder yield (t·ha
-1
) showed that fodder yield varied significantly among the accessions
(Table 1). The fodder yield is the most important trait and the ultimate product of a fodder accession. Accession
CI-8251 produced the highest yield of (105.60 t ha
-1
). While accession Jasari produced the lowest yield of (54.40
t ha
-1
) (Table 1). The analysis of the data revealed that CI-8251 proved to be the highest yielder accession, and as
regards the other characters, it was found to be the highest in plant height, seed yield Qun/ha, HI and less
susceptible to disease and have no lodging, which reflects its better characteristics. The result obtained was in
line with Gautam et al (2006) and Peltonen-Sainio et al (1995) reported positive correlations between tiller
number, fodder and grain yield. Significant difference was observed between CI-8251 and 79Ab 382(TX)
80SA94, SRCPX80Ab2806, Grayalegris and Jasari but CI-8251 was significantly at par with the rest of the other
accessions. Nawaz et al (2004) also reported significant differences among the oat cultivars regarding green
forage yield. These results are inconformity with Ayub et al (2011), Hussain et al (1993), Naeem et al (2006)
and Lodhi et al (2009). Amanullah et al (2004) stated that higher yields of fodder in oat cultivars can be possibly
attributed to their greater leaf area, responsible for more photosynthetic activities having high capacity to store
assimilative products of photosynthesis.
Generally speaking among oat accessions tested, CI-8251 was significant in green forage yield and seed
yield and was less in disease attack and no lodging, CI-8237 was significant in plant height and lodging and less
significant in seed yield (Qun/ha), 79 Ab384 (TX) 80SA94 was significant in seed yield and HI and less
significant in disease attack and has short date of flowering and maturity and no lodging, JASARI was
significant in disease attack and has short date of maturity and less significant in seed yield; GRAYALEGRIS
has long date of flowering and date of maturity and has no lodging and less in disease attack, SRCP X 80Ab2291
has no lodging and short date of maturity as compared to the other accessions at (P< 0.05). Considering all the
agronomic and yield parameters CI-8251 was superior followed by 79 Ab384 (TX) 80SA94.
From the analyzed Oats accessions tested in 2011 summer, SRCP X 80Ab2291 was highest in OM, NDF,
ADF and ADL and less in Ash and DOMD content as compared to other accessions, SRCP x 80Ab2806 was
highest in CP content, LAMPTON was highest in Ash content, CI-8235 was highest in DOMD and less in NDF
content, JASARI was low in OM and ADL content and CI-8251 was less in CP than the rest Accessions at
(P<0.05) and from varieties tested in 2012 summer, Bonsa was highest in Ash, OM, ADL and DOMD content.
However Bonabas was Significant in CP,NDF and ADF content as compared to each other at (P<0.05).
LAMPTON was highest in Ash content, where as SRCP X 80Ab2291 was lowest at (P<0.05) and the
reverse is true for organic matter (OM) content. SRCP x 80Ab2806 was highest in CP where as CI-8251 was the
lowest at (P<0.05). The CP content of all the tested Oat accessions in 2011 summer (Table 3) and both varieties
of Oats tested in 2012 summer (Table 4) which is less than the result of (Dawit and Mulusew., 2011) on the same
variety which might be due to the soil factor and difference in chemical analysis method employed was less than
the average CP content of any feed (10.6) and the CP content of young herbage to be as high as 14 to 16%. Van
Soest (1982). This level of CP is below the recommended minimum level of CP in the diet of ruminants for
optimum rumen function (Van Soest, 1994). Roughage diets with NDF content of 45-65 and below 45% were
generally considered as medium and high quality feeds, respectively (Singh and Oosting, 1992). Therefore some
improvement mechanisms should have to be employed.
The NDF content of 79Ab 382(TX)80SA94 and CI-8235 Oat accessions and variety Bonabas and Bonsa
were (64.74%, 62.51%,64.21% and 60.91%) respectively which is categorized under NDF content of 45-65%,
medium quality feeds (Singh and Oosting, 1992). However, the rest accessions are above 65% percent which
grouped them as poor and the NDF content of all Oat accessions recorded in this experiment ranged above the
66.2% average value reported for tropical grasses (Van Soest, 1994). Roughages with less than 40% ADF is
categorized as high quality and those with greater than 40% as poor quality (Kellems and Church, 1998), and the
ADF value of Oats accessions and varieties in the present study was greater than 40% except CI-8237 which was
(38.88%). This indicates that there has to an enhancement of the feeding value of the grass. All accessions and
varieties of Oats consisted ADL ADL (limits DM intake) value was below 10% which is in a good range (Reed
et al., 1986). The Cellulose content of all the tested Oat accessions/varieties are above the recommended level of
most tropical grasses, 31.9%. Whereas the hemicelluloses contents of the treatments were below the
recommended level of most tropical grasses, 35.4% respectively as noted by Moore and Hatfield (1994).
CI-8235 was highest in DOMD where as SRCP X 80Ab2291 in OM at (P<0.05).The DOMD value of all
Oats accessions and varieties for the current study was in the range of the digestibility of tropical grasses which
lies between 50 to 60% (Own and Jaysuria, 1989) which is considered to best. However CI-8235 was even more
than this value which was (65.58%) due to its low NDF content. DOMD content of the entire tested Oat
accessions were above the average content of is any feed which is 50.3%, but less than the DOMD content of
energy supplement feeds which are 82.2%. The increase in digestibility also will lead to increased feed intake as
digestibility and feed intake are positively correlated (Van Soest, 1982).

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Acknowledgments
Thanks for Oromia Agricultural Research Institute (OARI) for financing the activity, Adami Tulu Agricultural
Research Center animal nutrition laboratory workers for the sample preparation and Holeta Agricultural
Research Center animal nutrition laboratory workers for their analysis work.
Conclusion
Access to new and improved agricultural technologies especially that of forage is highly limited in Guji zone of
Oromia, most probably due to the remoteness from the center and in accessibility of the area. That is why Bore
Agricultural Research Center paved the way to adapt and recommend new accessions/varieties of forages to the
area. Based on the results obtained from the adaptation and nutritional quality analysis improved Oat
accessions/varieties, CI-8251, SRCP80Ab2806 and 79Ab382 (TX) 80SA94, in 2011, Bonsa and Bonabas in 2012
were selected and recommended to highland of the Guji zone. Therefore, those accessions have to be evaluated
under farmers’ conditions so as to prove their best performing ability.
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