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Standing out in a crowd: Big Data to produce new forms of publicness

Authors:

Abstract

In opposition to the perception that smart cities are synonymous with computer generated standardisation, where people are considered a generic sampled category, this study claims that extensive use of smart and sensing technologies in the urban environment will result in an elevated future role for the individual over the public. The assumption that a process of unified standardisation will envelop human activities in the public space is superseded by a new focus on individuality, characterised by the increasing amount and accuracy of available information in the public domain underpinned by big data. Tomorrow’s public space is a granular (Rabari and Storper 2014) and complex (Batty 2005) combination of individual contributions to public life. This work discusses the positions proposed by Kitchin and Dodge (2011) Carpo (2014), Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier (2013) et al. where the idiosyncratic role of the individual is put at the forefront of the production of the public space. Through several case studies based on open datasets in different cities, this study analyses how the individual will influence and play a vital role in the making of tomorrow’s public realm, with its attributes and unique spatiotemporal characteristics. Unique data about each individual are perceived by sensors and computers within a generic machine-learning framework that continuously scrutinises the built environment. This rich vein of information is then stored, interpreted, identified, and converted by AI-based machines to return a highly accurate definition of publicness. A blockchain-based system will ensure individuality of expression is cherished throughout the public realm: protecting both the individuality of the occupant, as well as individuality through idiosyncratic, ‘imperfect ‘design. This work supports that smart technology will enhance, not replace individual expression or endeavour in cities. Cities will instead become more people-centred through the innovative harvesting and use of information, manifest in big data. Keywords: big data, smart cities, complex cities, smart technology, public space, public realm
Paper ID: 134

Standing out in a crowd: Big Data to produce new forms of publicness
Author Name (corresponding):


 !
Author Name:
"#$ 
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Author Name:
&!
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Silvio Carta is an ARB RIBA architect and Head of Design at the University of
Hertfordshire, UK, where he is also Chair of the Design Research Group. His
research and design interest focus on digital design, urban informatics and public
space. Silvio is head of the editorial board of Seoul-based C3 magazine, and editor
of A_MPS Architecture Media Politics and Society (UCL Press).
Rebecca Onafuye is a PhD research student at the University of Hertfordshire,
UK, where she is also a member of the Design Research Group. Her research
focuses on the production of temporary social spaces through online interactions;
which are formed by young adults on social media. She is experienced in a range of
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residential interior projects and commercial public exhibitions in the UK and
Nigeria.
Pieter de Kock is an Australian registered architect (ARBV 15737) with a Masters
in Urban Design from the University of Westminster. He is experienced in a wide
range of project types and sizes spanning several countries. Pieter is currently
researching Visual Sustainability at the University of Lincoln.
Standing out in a crowd: Big Data to produce new forms of
publicness
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Big data and publicness
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;4%<<81)% ''*
*%=*  ' #%
#'*%#*
''  #%
 =  # 
*'%!* *'*%,
''')  *
 # ' ' #'-!
4**!!"#3*
 >'/*+1 
/3!?++1
Standardisation Vs individual. N=all
%')%*'' * %
'# '')%-% 
%# %'#%%'%
###%# 2* #%
% %' %#  
'%'*)
% #' **%
 %#  % #(*
345#* !/+1* %'*
@A*#*/+8+B1*#*
# '#- % C'#
* %#%''')%
 %#%/+8+B1%'#%
 '##*##*
%*##*D) '*' 
'' %E/+8+B+1-*'%
# '%'')%#
'%#*D!# E##
345#* !/+81
-#*# /F
3+01:+01 */+01%C
 * ' ,
 %*'#  #*
%''' *=/+1G */=!
G *+1/+01#/+1%
%'#**%#  
 #'' *#
 %'8345#* !
6 /1* '%
%!*/#+84B1H''
#'2/++1%6 
 6 /++8BBI1
&'345#* !.'C 
 '( H
4'*%' **  #'%
B
'## , %*  % 
#*##%' ##%')!%
6 % -%34
5#* !# %*#%'*
, #'*
6  *%' %*#* %%
*
:3/+1' # *
%')%#   )%'
*%** /')1
')%# ' D*')E/3
+80B+17 %#)'%%#3 *J*
&/++B+<1'%  /%'1
#*'# 
,  6 *%8!%
-/%1 )''
'%%%%* ' #
 %'-%%'%'
*'') 
 # * %%'#
' #'=''' #
# ''.'*' #%%
!*,#*  6 H
''.' ### *6  7 *
) % '  
*2?/++1)'D%**KLM%
#'KLM#E# 
D'*!%%#' E 
&( #%# !;!.3#
*/: ++1/3(+N +01
')%' 6 !*   
%# '' *#  
    *%%#
Individual data
=''%**%
* '%##& 
) # * *#
 #'  
' %'*G)%'/7(%
+I1--!/&!! !+1%' 
#'44#% 6 ,
*'  %%
#*'/=+8<01
I
G* =%, O"#7 +I
F*# #=%'4**
%'*F*4*'(+<'
''*'(  '
' #%' #%#  
P' #-*
8/4 1%% / 41'
-#.%**%-
 #*%
 ')%'*4%
%' 7%% 
%!'4*D$ 
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'# #    E
/=%+I1-)'/%!'# 
# *%*#1
   *%**
#%#  2 
 ' # ' 
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'' #%'#'
'''/:#;4%<<1,
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'%% / 1'%#
' )'- #'
#*%*'#%= 
  #)'':#* 
#'' * #   *
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 #%' '
-#*' '
'  * %%*
%'*  %'$
%## *
D= '  &/-%1
 ,;GJ"/-1H#  / * 
*?1G %E/7##+I1 #
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H'% H '
!6  6 #!*'
"%!'* *
')/"+1,#" ** #
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) '**
7 *%'#8
* *
  %/R *<B0H&+1=)*
6 #"##''=4)4
'7 )?4%'7'
% %'7'2*'4
%)SNNTST7*' #  
- *'%** 
SN% %#T.*?'',
' * ''*
,7##.G87"%3%%
'# ''*%  *
 '=%  #'#(
# %%HD,%%UE/7##+I1D
,%! )% G)'
*?*@* QE/7##+I1
- %#%%*8)?
:! #* '* # *
'%'%  '*3''* #
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 * '*%
#'*=)''
'')=%'
#%*%'#
* '%- *%
 =#
*)*- ** '*
 -# '??.'% 4
%*:! %*%=
 * ,&$ ,&'%%'#!'
*% =%
, *% # 
% *  *%'
:!%*' 'N
%' '''
:#.'/:#;4%<<1' *'
%# '#)  *7 
 'D%% E'*
D #9 .9'. #E/"+8B417
 %   *% '*
*=#* D #*E/"+8B1
D'%E/+1/=+8++<1G)
  *KM)
E/=+8+B1-)  *#  
+
%!!DG ' '- '
&H#  ':E/7##+I1
; **
# %%''"%D
%.%#''( '*' # #?'%*
8L*E/"+1#
D**?%*E/:+1Q'*
#%%!%' #''
' #%QJ)***%'*
'%6 *D'*E
/:+1"4%' !*'' 
*''#'*'4%'*
/%1#! ''='%'%%'
''!JD!* ?!E/:+1Q
7%D #E''%!#
% *%*/:+1
''%)#%Q7
%'4'%
'4% !)'##
 ***%*#
'?$%#*
 * **?4%-'
''' #
'7  ##!%*%%# *
''#%,'

 ###!%') *'
%%
-*   # *%* * 
?.-!!)#
*# #!** ?
#%4 ''!'
-%*'#2 6 
/:+1?-'#
#:9J.*'-%
# #!*#!%***
# '#%  #
-% #!%*%*8'*#
'''# ''.'#%?,
%' #)DE/7(%+I1
?'%8'#%"
 **/"+1
%**'* #%-
' ')'
* '
0
G* +J#*'*% #*O
"#7 +I,%*#8 #2OG!8V
:2N+
Conclusions
- ' ' # *
 %#'G %%##%' 
  '**4
**%
 %*%)
;*'%''/'%1# 
*  *''., *
  ' #''

- ' *%%
= %'*
' #'# '%#% ,
#% '
' #/*94.
*1-  '**' %
' '' ''
# )%'''4
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3:F3W2*Y6 *2*8
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=3(W- #  8%*
' #'*WXSentient City. Ubiquitous Computing, Architecture, and
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3(N47)W6 8-'# 
 %%#WScientific reports/+18B
-%W2*87#*%!QWSignificance/+01804<
#3"Slaves to big data. Or are we?."/+1
2/+1Space is the machine: a configurational theory of architecture
:8')
R *FG?34:G%R/<B01Man and his symbols;N!8
72!
"Z*3+Code/space: Software and everyday life83,-&
"#W2* %**'8$'' *!W
Dialogues in human geography/+18+B+4+B
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:WJ8"4% #%** #
?#!'WProc. 14th Int. Conf. on Comp. in Urban Plann. &
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3382!
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/+018<40
: R W-%#*82*%#%' *
WPervasive Computing;J&G:4$;G4<+0I<++
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3:W-*8-'%*#*W
Debates in the digital humanities+/+180B40
345#*VZ !+Big data: A revolution that will transform
how we live, work, and think8 *3 
&R2/+12017 Maps of Meaning 1: Context and Background
&!! !W-!*WXIEEE Pervasive ComputingX++
/+18I40I
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+-&0
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... Ye et al. researched the relationship between publicness and urban morphology, and focused on the influence of block density and typology [14]. Carta et al. performed similar research, but used big data to enhance the survey method [15]. Qi et al. explored the visual features of urban street publicness in Nanjing [16]. ...
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By 2021, the urbanization rate of China had reached as high as 64.72%. At the same time, the efficiency-driven urban planning paradigm had shifted to that of an efficiency-and-fairness intent. Fairness refers to the publicness of public open spaces (POS) as an indicator of an inclusive and fair city. The authors are interested in the measure of POS. However, few studies evaluated POS by effective assessment frameworks and tools. Based on this critique, the authors propose to integrate a qualitative assessment tool—the Star Model, with that of a quantitative assessment tool—the Space Syntax, for assessing publicness and enhancing the understanding of POS (streets and squares). There are two conclusions: (1) The combined use of the quantitative and qualitative tools provides accuracy and enables a comprehensive understanding of public spaces, namely, the mechanism of publicness—of both bottom-up POS and top-down POS. On the one hand, bottom-up POS is an outcome of the spatial system enabled by a networked structure of space. On the other, the publicness of top-down POS can be largely twisted by the government and urban designers rather than the residents. (2) This research has introduced an improved combined tool for the benefits of both policymakers and planners.
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