Risk Analysis for Process Plant, Pipelines and Transport
Abstract
Risk Analysis for Process Plants, Pipelines and Transport gives a detailed description of practical risk and safety analysis methods, tried and tested in over 100 process industry projects. The aim is to provide the methods and data needed by practising safety engineers, as well as practical advice on how to use them.
... It is an acronym for Hazard and Operability Studies. Extensive guidelines have been prepared on how the technique should be employed (CISHC, 1977;ILO, 1988;Taylor, 1994;Lees, 1996). There are also numerous texts about Hazop on the Internet. ...
... When applied in this way, the method is similar to Deviation Analysis in certain respects. Taylor (1979Taylor ( , 1994 has suggested a variant of Hazop in which the emphasis is on physical variables. The analysis is then based on a checklist that covers temperature, pressure, etc., and a simplified set of guide words is applied to these. ...
... Structured Analysis and Design Technique (Hale et al., 1997) can be used for the analysis of safety management systems (Section 12.7). • Safety Barrier Diagrams (Taylor et al., 1989;Taylor, 1994;Duijm, 2009) offer a way of presenting and analyse barriers to accidents (Section 12.4). (Harms-Ringdahl, 2000) can be used for the analysis of a system or in an accident investigation (sections 11.4 and 13.10). ...
The book describes how safety analysis can be practically applied as a tool for accident prevention. It presents more than 40 analytic methods, including techniques for risk evaluation, such as the Risk Matrix. The emphasis is on general methods that can be applied in a variety of areas, such as industry, production, transport, medicine, and public events. It can be down-loaded freely www.irisk.se/sabook
... Two frequently used methods in identifying hazards are, firstly, Hazard And Operability Study (HAZOP) and, secondly, Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) (Taylor, 1994 For estimating the risk itself, two common methods are Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Event Tree Analysis (ETA) (Stricoff, 1996). FTA considers an event that may cause damage (called a top event) and describes what must happen before the event can occur. ...
... The same was true for the company in Paper V when professional evaluators used PUEA. This method has considerable similarity with the method for technical risk analysis, FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) (Taylor, 1994) that they used before. It was basically just a matter of saying that PUEA was similar to FMEA, but for evaluation of human error rather than technical errors. ...
... It is also interesting that within the more classic engineering sphere there are a number of methods based on subjective assessments for analysis of technical systems (Stricoff, 1996). For example, classical engineering often uses methods such as Hazard And Operability Study (HAZOP) and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) (Taylor, 1994) which work in the same way as ECW and PUEA, guide the user in the evaluation through a structure and questions. The advantages of HAZOP and FMEA are that it can be difficult, costly and extensive to test how technical products/systems can fail in reality. ...
Evaluation methods of today often focus on cognitive ergonomics (such as mental workload or usability) or physical ergonomics (such as physical workload or body posture). This article describes an analytical methodology of a joint systematic search for potential deficiencies in the human–machine interaction; such as high physical and mental workload, use errors, usability problems, and physical ergonomic errors. The purpose with the joint search is to achieve a more holistic evaluation approach and make the evaluation cost more effective than when using separate evaluation methods for cognitive and physical ergonomic aspects. The methodology is task-based, which makes it possible to use both with focus on the device design, as in development projects; as well as with focus on the procedure, in the operative organization. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
... Two frequently used methods in identifying hazards are, firstly, Hazard And Operability Study (HAZOP) and, secondly, Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) (Taylor, 1994 For estimating the risk itself, two common methods are Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Event Tree Analysis (ETA) (Stricoff, 1996). FTA considers an event that may cause damage (called a top event) and describes what must happen before the event can occur. ...
... The same was true for the company in Paper V when professional evaluators used PUEA. This method has considerable similarity with the method for technical risk analysis, FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) (Taylor, 1994) that they used before. It was basically just a matter of saying that PUEA was similar to FMEA, but for evaluation of human error rather than technical errors. ...
... It is also interesting that within the more classic engineering sphere there are a number of methods based on subjective assessments for analysis of technical systems (Stricoff, 1996). For example, classical engineering often uses methods such as Hazard And Operability Study (HAZOP) and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) (Taylor, 1994) which work in the same way as ECW and PUEA, guide the user in the evaluation through a structure and questions. The advantages of HAZOP and FMEA are that it can be difficult, costly and extensive to test how technical products/systems can fail in reality. ...
... As a result of the volatile nature of LPG, operations carried out in the station pose a significant risk to the everyday worker as well as the customers. This risk could be mitigated by the inherent design of safety in the layout of the LPG refilling station [9]. This study focuses on the layout of a LPG refilling station with the primary objectives of providing a safe environment for the operation of a LPG refilling station as well as mitigating the risk associated with the operation of a LPG refilling station. ...
... It is often desirable to use rectilinear distances as against straight line distance as they provide a more realistic estimate of piping cost [9]. Therefore the distance between items i and j which is the sum of the distance between the x coordinates and the distance between the y coordinates, is specified as shown in Eqs. ...
As a result of the volatile nature of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), the improper siting of facilities and equipment within a LPG refilling gas plant could lead to accidents with devastating effects. This study therefore seeks to lay out a LPG refilling plant such that the total risk in financial terms when the plant is exposed to an accident is minimized. This is necessary considering the conflicting objectives of reduced piping cost and increased separation distance between process units. This was achieved using the integrated approach of quantitative risk analysis and mathematical programming to the layout of a LPG refilling plant. The Dow Fire and Explosive Index was used as a quantitative risk tool to evaluate the potential hazardous units and their distances of exposure were incorporated into a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP). This was done to minimize the piping cost and the residual risk posed to the units in the event of an accident. It was solved using the AMPL (A Mathematical Programming Language) optimization package. The result obtained revealed a good layout characteristics such as adequate spacing between process units and good utilization of land among others. The total financial cost of USD108,640.88 which may be broken down into residual financial risk of USD106,906.08 and piping cost of USD1,734.81was obtained for the layout.
... As a result of the volatile nature of LPG, operations carried out in the station pose a significant risk to the everyday worker as well as the customers. This risk could be mitigated by the inherent design of safety in the layout of the LPG refilling station [9]. This study focuses on the layout of a LPG refilling station with the primary objectives of providing a safe environment for the operation of a LPG refilling station as well as mitigating the risk associated with the operation of a LPG refilling station. ...
... It is often desirable to use rectilinear distances as against straight line distance as they provide a more realistic estimate of piping cost [9]. Therefore the distance between items i and j which is the sum of the distance between the x coordinates and the distance between the y coordinates, is specified as shown in Eqs. ...
... Embora o procedimento para Identificação de Perigos seja diferente de acordo com as diversas visões de conhecimento, na bibliografia consultada (ALBERTON, 1996;DE CICCO e FANTAZZINI, 1995;CHICKEN, 1986;AVEN, 1992;TAYLOR, 1994;SOUZA, 1995) As perguntas que se procura responder nessa fase são as seguintes: ...
... A intenção é identificar todos os modos de falhas significantes e verificar a importância da atuação de cada componente para o sistema. Apenas uma componente é considerada por vez, as outras são admitidas em perfeito funcionamento.FMEA fornece uma compreensão de toda a seqüência dos eventos desde a causa inicial, que pode ser uma componente da falha(CHICKEN, 1986).ParaTAYLOR (1994), o princípio do método é examinar todas as componentes de um sistema e fazer as seguintes perguntas:• Como essa componente pode falhar? • O que acontecerá se essa componente falhar?FMEA é um método de identificação de perigos que também pode ser empregado para a avaliação de riscos, por apresentar detalhes importantes do funcionamento de cada componente da operação, ou atividade analisada.Para cada componente da operação, TAYLOR (1994) sugere o preenchimento de uma tabela de nove colunas que indicarão seu funcionamento, desempenho e influência nas outras componentes. ...
... The consequence about the human aspect mainly deals with the number of fatalities/deaths (D) [31], [45]. Based on the creed of "all human beings are equal", policymakers should not have risk preference differences among the number of deaths, which means that every life must be treated equally. ...
This paper proposes a non-weighted maximal approach of multi-attribute risk assessment for production accidents, which comes from the Chinese practice of risk management rather than the theoretical weighted multi-attribute approach. In the Chinese practice of risk management in production accidents, the non-weighted maximal approach is described the maximum function among multiple criteria, which include fatalities, serious injuries, direct economic loss, and environment pollutions. The approach comes from the Chinese government official achievement assessment system with the characteristics of “one ticket veto system for production safety”, and has applied to ex ante assessing likelihood of the accident, and ex post holding the responsible for accidents. At last, applying the case of the Chinese Qingdao oil pipeline accident, the maximal approach is compared with the FN curve criterion, the ALARP principle and the ELECTRE TRI method. The results show that the maximal approach of production safety accident criterion pays more attention to the risk density or risk consequences, which follows the “cask principle” and is much more useful controlling the risk when targeting the vulnerable links of engineering systems.
... Otherwise, safety measures should be taken to reduce the risk. The acceptability of risk may vary within different systems or jurisdiction, and it can be determined by experience, standards, laws, etc. (Taylor, 2003). Hazard identification is the first step of risk assessment in which possible hazards should be identified. ...
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the trade-off between economics and epidemic prevention (safety) has become painfully clear worldwide. This situation thus highlights the significance of balancing the economy with safety and health. Safety economics, considering the interdependencies between safety and micro-economics, is ideal for supporting this kind of decision-making. Although economic approaches such as cost-benefit analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis have been used in safety management, little attention has been paid to the fundamental issues and the primary methodologies in safety economics. Therefore, this paper presents a systematic study on safety economics to analyze the foundational issues and explore the possible approaches. Firstly, safety economics is defined as a transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary field of academic research focusing on the interdependencies and coevolution of micro-economies and safety. Then we explore the role of safety economics in safety management and production investment. Furthermore, to make decisions more profitable, economic approaches are summarized and analyzed for decision-making about prevention investments and/or safety strategies. Finally, we discuss some open issues in safety economics and possible pathways to improve this research field, such as security economics, risk perception, and multi-criteria analysis.
... Although VCEs have frequently occurred in the petroleum and chemical industries, the mechanism of the blast is not well understood [9]. For example, the VCE in the Buncefield depot, in the UK, brought about an unexpected overpressure with the maximum value of more than 2000 kPa [10]. ...
Vapor cloud explosion (VCE) accidents in recent years such as the Buncefield accident in 2005 indicate that VCEs in process plants may lead to unpredicted overpressures, resulting in catastrophic disasters. Although a lot of attempts have been done to assess VCEs in process plants, little attention has been paid to the spatial-temporal evolution of VCEs. This study, therefore, aims to develop a dynamic methodology based on discrete dynamic event tree to assess the likelihood of VCEs and the vulnerability of installations. The developed methodology consists of six steps: (i) identification of hazardous installations and potential loss of containment (LOC), (ii) analysis of vapor cloud dispersion, (iii) identification and characterization of ignition sources, (iv) explosion frequency and delayed time assessment using the dynamic event tree, (v) overpressure calculation by the Multi-Energy method and (vi) damage assessment based on probit models. This methodology considers the time dependencies in vapor cloud dispersion and in the uncertainty of delayed ignitions. Application of the methodology to a case study shows that the methodology can reflect the characteristics of large VCEs and avoid underestimating the consequences. Besides, this study indicates that ignition control may be regarded as a delay measure, effective emergency actions are needed for preventing VCEs.
... The origin of this work was the development of the action error analysis method for operator errors [34]. This method uses an extended functional failure analysis to identify error modes (see Table 1) and an error causal analysis for error mechanisms based on Rasmussen's skill-rules-knowledge model of operator performance [35,36]. This method was validated qualitatively by using it in the design of a small chemical plant [37], and then following incidents in the plant over a number of years, with reasonable agreement between the predicted errors and actual near misses observed. ...
Organisational and management errors and failures represent a very significant causal influence in industrial accidents. A method, Organisational Failure Analysis (OFA) is described for in depth identification of organisational deficiencies and failures that can lead to accidents. The method was developed on the basis of an extensive data collection from safety management audits, accident and incident investigations and emergency training exercises led by the author over a period of 26 years. From this data a number of models of organisational performance and management behaviour are derived. The models allow a semi-automated application of the method, which is important for the application to large organisations. The method is described with examples, and the results of several studies aimed at validating the method are given.
... In Section 4, it was identified that the failure modes of pipelines crossing railway infrastructure can lead to undesirable situations. Different approaches to risk analysis have been proposed in the literature (Abspoel et al., 2018;Barabadi, Garmabaki, & Zaki, 2016;Hu, Yang, Macey, Moncrieff, & Agha, 2016;Muhlbauer, 2004;Taylor, 2003). In the present study, failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) was applied for risk analysis. ...
Underground pipelines are an essential part of the transportation infrastructure. The structural deterioration of pipelines crossing railways and their subsequent failures can entail critical consequences for society and industry, resulting in direct and indirect costs for all the stakeholders involved. Therefore, continuous and accurate condition assessment is critical for the effective management and maintenance of pipeline networks within the transportation infrastructure. The aim of this study has been to identify failure modes and consequences related to pipelines crossing railway corridors. Expert opinions have been collected through interviews and two sets of questionnaires have been distributed to the 291 municipalities in Sweden, with 137 responses in total. The failure analysis has revealed that pipe deformation has the highest impact, followed by pipe rupture at locations where pipelines cross railway infrastructure. For underground pipelines under railway infrastructure, ageing and the external load were awarded a higher ranking than other potential causes of pipeline failure.
... This is because design criteria element (e.g. risk from asset must be ALARP), for instance, establishes links between the asset conceptualisation and the varying acceptability of risk emanating from such asset from both individual and societal risk perspectives [59], [60]. ...
The failure of safety critical petroleum assets (SCPA) is often accompanied by devastating safety consequences. The conceptualization, design, and construction of SCPA need to integrate factors that will maintain the asset's lifecycle integrity. In this paper, a risk-based assessment of a case petroleum pipeline asset in Nigeria was used to examine the project conceptualization phase of an asset. The paper adopts a case study method, semistructured interviews, and field observations, and drew on pipeline failure data. Key managerial issues that need to be considered in project conceptualization for SCPA were identified. These issues include consideration for risk receptors and the need to assess organizational capabilities with respect to owning, operating, and regulating SCPA. This paper contributes theoretically by providing a performance-based learning framework for the conceptualization of new SCPA.
... (a) Rajak and Vinodh (2015) (b) Work practices and adequate working conditions; diversity and equal opportunities; relations with the community; social policy compliance; consumer health and safety; human rights. Parry and Winter (1981) and Taylor (1994) Ergonomics/Human Factors (a) Physical dimensions -Musculo-Skeletal Disorders (MSDs) 1 ; connection to quality and financial aspects 1 ; Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTD) 2 (b) Psychological dimensions -Mental work vs. workload 1 ; Measurement methods aided by sensors and data analytics 2 ; questionnaires and rating scales to measure individual subjective perception of workload Fernandez and Marley (1998), Pretorius and Cilliers (2007). (a) Falck (2009) (1989) ...
In a near future where manufacturing companies are faced with the rapid technological developments of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and Industry 4.0, a need arises to consider how this will affect human operators remaining as a vital and important resource in modern production systems. What will the implications of these orchestrated and ubiquitous technologies in production – a concept we call Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS) – be on the health, learning and operative performance of human workers? This paper makes three main contributions to address the question. First, it synthesizes the diverse literature regarding CPS and social sustainability in production systems. Second, it conceptualizes a holistic framework, the CyFL Matrix, and outlines a guideline to analyze how the functionalities of a CPPS relate to operational and social sustainability-related performance impacts at different levels of analysis. Finally, it presents an industrial use case, which the CyFL Matrix and the related guidelines are applied to. In doing so, the study offers first support to researchers and manager of manufacturing companies willing to define suitable operational and social sustainability-related performances for Human-centric Cyber-Physical Production Systems of the future.
... Besides hazard indices of each process material, it is also needed to capture knowledge of reaction hazards of the two materials. A variant of basic reaction matrix is introduced to represent these kinds of knowledge (Taylor, 1994). This matrix has rows and columns labeled with the various types of materials which are present in plants and each element of the matrix represents the potential reaction phenomena for each material pair. ...
In this article, a strategy for automatic hazard analysis of batch process and the integrated automatic hazard analysis systems are proposed. The suggested process models for hazard analysis are based on multimodeling approach, which aims the improvement of the effectiveness and efficiency of reasoning process by cooperation of multiple models. According to the multi mode ling concept, four process representation models, including operational, material, behavioral and functional knowledge bases, and four hazard inference algorithms are established. For a case study, a batch pharmaceutical process is tested and a maloperation analysis is performed, and the case study showed more successful capture of hazard information using the devised analysis system than the traditional systems.
... Numerous resources on health and safety exist in areas such as engineering design, management, and methods for the assessment and mitigation of risks and consequences. The resources available include general books and related resources [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14], specialized materials produced by safety or safety-related agencies [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26], company-based health and safety materials posted on company web sites [27][28][29], and specialized resources located throughout company and agency web sites [30][31][32][33][34]. In the last group, for example, NIOSH posts several safety and health awareness for preventive engineering modules: agricultural safety and health for engineers, an applied approach to epidemiology and toxicology for engineers, an introduction to electrical safety for engineers, application of hazard evaluation techniques to the design of potentially hazardous industrial chemical processes, construction safety and health for civil engineers, fire protection, incorporation of occupational safety and health into unit operations laboratory courses, occupational diseases, system safety and risk management [30]. ...
Health and safety issues are important in engineering, management and other fields, and particularly in engineering design. Engineering-oriented health and safety relevant to design is discussed and appropriate case studies are provided which help convey the importance of these issues concisely. The article is directed and structured for engineering, but also discusses ties outside engineering. The case studies presented here are fictitious, although they contain ideas based on actual incidents. Although the case studies are oriented towards engineering, they also incorporate management and business issues, since health and safety must be dealt with in an integrated and interdisciplinary manner.
... Los primeros estudios de escenarios de accidentes se han realizado principalemnte en el contexto industrial (Rasmussen, 1997;Taylor, 2003), existiendo también estudios de este tipo en el contexto de la seguridad vial, los cuales se comentarán más adelante. Podríamos definir el término "escenario" como el estudio de la secuencia de hechos ocurridos, acciones, relaciones y consecuencias para prever cadenas de situaciones que conducen a siniestros (Cicioni et al., 1994;Di Marzo et al., 1995;Karwat, 1992) citados en Fleury y Brenac (2001). ...
Esta tesis se ha centrado en el contexto del estudio, valoración, mejora, optimización y modernización de los sistemas de información policial de accidentes de tráfico y de su utilidad en el ámbito de la investigación científica en seguridad vial desde la perspectiva estadística. El trabajo se ha concentrado en el diseño y validación de un nuevo protocolo de registro estructurado genérico de la secuencia del accidente desde el marco del formulario estadístico policial de accidentes de tráfico con víctimas.
Este protocolo se denomina método METRAS (Measuring and Recording Traffic Accident Sequence). Este método conceptualiza el accidente como un proceso de naturaleza dinámica difícil de categorizar de una forma sencilla sin perder su naturaleza secuencial. El procedimiento permite registrar de manera ordenada cada uno de los eventos que se desarrollan en el accidente y asignarlos a las unidades de tráfico implicadas, identificar el suceso más grave, así como conocer la relación de cada unidad implicada con las condiciones inmediatamente previas a la ocurrencia del accidente. Con ello se pretende incrementar la calidad y fiabilidad sobre la tipología del accidente y lograr un mayor nivel de detalle sobre el proceso dinámico del accidente de una forma realmente sencilla y práctica. La información obtenida permite ayudar a explorar otras posibilidades de investigación desde la perspectiva estadística que abarcan posibles medidas de prevención primaria, secundaria y terciaria, y que eran propias de los estudios de reconstrucción y en profundidad, como pueden ser los estudios de escenarios (pre-accidente, accidente y lesiones) evitando los elevados costes, limitaciones y utilizando la población de accidentes en lugar de muestras. Esta tesis se divide en seis apartados. El primer apartado constituye una introducción a la investigación de los accidentes de tráfico. En el segundo apartado se presenta la justificación y los objetivos que se pretenden alcanzar, el concepto y el procedimiento desarrollado para la elaboración y diseño del método METRAS. El tercer y cuarto apartado incluye la evaluación empírica de este método, realizada mediante dos procedimientos utilizando un “gold standard”. El objetivo es validar el método para tomar la decisión de incorporarlo al nuevo sistema de registro de accidentes y víctimas de España y de Cataluña. En el apartado cinco se exponen las posibilidades de investigación que podría abrir este método y las líneas de estudio a seguir en el futuro. El apartado seis presenta las conclusiones principales que se extraen del desarrollo de este trabajo. Los resultados obtenidos llevan a concluir que el sistema es adecuado y ya está presente en los dos sistemas de registro cuando el accidente es de gravedad.
... Community is the basic component of city and the foundation of the whole urban food safe disaster prevention and reduction (Philip, 2006). The capacity of food safe disaster prevention and mitigation in community will influence the level of city food safe disaster prevention and mitigation directly for food safe disaster prevention and mitigation are the material guarantee for coping with emergency food safe disaster and accident (Taylor, 1994). At present, government is in charge of the management of resources of food safe disaster prevention and mitigation. ...
... The available European failure data reveal the pipeline failure rate of 2.1 Â 10 À4 (for small diameter pipes) to 7.1 Â 10 À4 (for large diameter pipes) per km per year. These failure rates are much higher than the standard acceptable pipeline failure probability which is taken as 10 À6 per km per year (Taylor, 1994). Even these rates are much lower than the 6.25 Â 10 À2 as the estimated pipeline failure probability through fault tree analysis (FTA) (Yuhua and Datao, 2005; Glickman and Erkut, 2007). ...
This paper deals with the analysis of hazards associated with accidental release of high pressure from gas-pipeline transportation system. Simplified equations which are related to the fluid properties, operating pressure, the diameter of pipeline, hole or rupture diameter and the length of the pipeline have been used for the hazard analysis due to pipeline failure. The kind of release (i.e. leak) through a hole or the complete rupture was found not to affect the effective release rate because of an increase in the operating pressure. Among various gases, the release rate of butane with lower value of specific heat ratio (γ) is found to be always higher than that of propane and methane which have higher value of γ. Decay coefficient, defined as the ratio of release rate at any instant and to the initial maximum release rate, decreases with an increase in the leak (or hole) size. The accident affected distance increases with an increase in the hole size. During the leakage of natural gas and petroleum gas pipeline, affected distance of hazard is slightly higher for fire as compared to other events. The simplified models can be used with confidence to estimate the hazard distance or hazard area. The procedure developed will be helpful for safety management or emergency response planning for the pipeline transportation of the natural gas and petroleum gas.
... Obtaining records frequency of leaks in transmission lines can be obtained from statistics reported by international control organizations. The wide range of international statistics can be summed up employing Equation 2, which relates the calculation of the base frequency or base escape rate with the factors listed below: Variables in Equation 2 are determined from the relationships presented in Tables 12 and 13, [19] and [20].Table 14 provides the base frequency to the operating conditions and layout the pipeline. All previous calculations considered the value of 0.35 for fproducto, assigned to transport of NG and NGL or a similar product, and considering the greater part of the path in rural areas, through a pipe 14" and 32" (crude oil pipeline and gas pipeline, respectively) with an operating age of 2 years. ...
Quantitative analyses are necessary to find a safe passage of natural gas (NG) and natural gas liquids (NGL)
pipelines. The paper is presenting the details of analyses and determination of safe zones around the gas pipelines. The
methodology is a planning tool for determining the safe passages for gas pipelines. The methodologies are presented with
examples. The necessary tools are also presented for these analyses.
... Para a realização da análise é considerado um componente individualmente, admitindo que as outras funcionem perfeitamente. Taylor (1994) sugere a utilização de uma tabela com nove colunas para cada componente da operação onde serão colocados seu funcionamento, desempenho e influência nas outras componentes. As colunas são as seguintes: ...
Este trabalho de pesquisa tem o objetivo de aplicar técnicas de análise de risco buscando avaliar seu uso no gerenciamento de riscos operacionais. Foi realizado um estudo de caso em uma empresa de transporte rodoviário de cargas do Estado de Santa Catarina, para identificação dos fatores que influenciam a atividade de transporte rodoviário de cargas. Na identificação dos modos de falha a que estão sujeitos as atividades relacionadas ao transporte, bem como sua freqüência, gravidade e graus de detecção, foram realizadas entrevistas com questionários semi-estruturados. Na análise dos dados foi utilizada a técnica FMECA que analisa cada um dos componentes de um sistema, verifica as possibilidades de falha e avalia os efeitos destas falhas sobre os demais componentes e sobre o sistema como um todo. Verificou-se a possibilidade de utilização dessa métrica no gerenciamento de risco na organização e foram apontadas as contribuições que esta utilização pode trazer para melhoria do gerenciamento de risco em transporte rodoviário de cargas.
... There are many established methodologies to identify, analyze, prioritize and manage risks arising from different stages in the whole life cycle of a plant. For example, a conventional quantitative risk assessment methodology explained by Taylor [2] (1994) is often carried out in parallel with process design and more often than not, after most of the process simulations have been completed. If major safety issues arise, redesign would require additional time and not to mention expensive as compared to alteration in the early design stage i.e. during conceptual design stage. ...
This paper proposes a new technique to evaluate the level of inherent safety of process plant during the preliminary design stage by using the combined assessment of process routes, streams and inherent risk for toxic release accidents. This technique is known as 3-Tier Inherent Safety Quantification (3-TISQ). The first tier is to screen the process routes and to select the ‘best’ route that is inherently less hazardous. Next, the inherent safety level of the streams within the selected process route can be prioritized using Toxic Release Stream Index (TRSI) as the second tier. Afterwards, the inherent safety level of the selected streams can be determined using toxic release inherent risk assessment (TRIRA) as the third tier. The acceptability level of the inherent risk for the selected streams can be obtained using a two-region risk matrix concept. If the inherent risk level is not acceptable, the improvement of the design can be done using the inherent safety principle until the level of the inherent risk is at the tolerable or acceptable region. 3-TISQ can also be extended to evaluate the inherent safety level of fire and explosion accidents.
... The potential hazards and risk calculations were performed using elements of three different methods: (i) the official Swiss OMA methodology (SAEFL 1992SAEFL , 1999a AWEL 1998; Covelli et von Rohr 1998 ), (ii) the methodology developed by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA 1996), and (iii) the individual risk criteria developed by agencies in the UK and the Netherlands (CPD 1999 ). The overall Geneva Risk method includes the definition of reference damage scenarios for toxic, explosive and flammable substances while taking into account the risk to the population (Taylor 1994 ). Independently, reference scenarios for surface and ground water contamination (Fischer et al. 1977, Liu 1977 ) were analyzed in the risk assessment . ...
Geneva Risk is an instrument jointly developed by Thales SA and Basler & Hofmann at the request of the Authorities of the Canton of Geneva to survey and to assess the risk of environmental potential pollution and potential human hazard caused by dangerous chemical substances and materials. In addition, Geneva Risk is a means of implementing the Swiss Federal Ordinance on Protection against Major Accidents (Ordinance on Major Accidents, OMA). This project was supported by the Geneva Geomatic Competence Center and The Swiss Agency of Environment, Forest and Landscape (SAEFL). Subsidy required the Geneva Cantonal Parliament to issue debt. The Ordinance on Major Accidents (OMA) defines the handling of hazardous chemical substances and materials, while the SAEFL delegates the executive powers to the cantonal authorities. In the Canton of Geneva, the Geneva Labor Inspectorate (OCIRT) handles this responsibility. In order to fulfill this obligation, the OCIRT decided to develop a decision support system named “Geneva Risk”. From the on-set, Geneva Risk was intended to be compatible with the European Community Seveso II Directive on the Control of Major Accidents Hazards Involving Dangerous Substances, and also with the UNECE Convention on the transboundary effects of industrial accidents. In addition, Geneva Risk is an instrument to implement the legislature and enables the regional authorities to improve their land use management and to establish preventive emergency response procedures. This ambitious risk management project was successfully accomplished by working together with similar authorities in charge of OMA in the Canton of Zurich and the Geneva Geomatic Competence Center (GCC). The GCC provided a wide range of geographical data with their database (SITG). Other existing data sources, such as the Geneva water information system, the Geneva social liabilities Database (provided by the Repertory of the Geneva Companies Competence Center (REG)) were improved in order to accomplish the objectives of Geneva Risk.
... Although table 1 might indicate that the interrelation hazards on the infrastructure to the building (1) are the same as the interrelation hazards from the constructions enclosing the infrastructure (3), it should be noted that the risks are not of the same calibre because both have different consequences and probabilities on different areas. The hazards on infrastructure can be grouped into four dominant classes; traffic accidents (mechanical load on the structure of the building), fires, leaks of toxic substances, and explosions [4,5]. Furthermore, the risk of people present in the building above the road it is relevant if the building collapses due to hazards occurring on the infrastructure. ...
This paper will propose an approach for the 3 rd dimension for both individual and group risk analysis for buildings above roads and railways during exploitation stage.
Suddle, S.I., Three-Dimensional Individual and Group Risk Approach of Buildings above Roads and Railways during Exploitation, Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management 2004, Proceedings of PSAM 7 - ESREL 2004, 14 - 18 June 2004, Berlin, Germany, Spitzer (eds) © 2004 Springer, London, ISBN 1 - 85233 - 827 - X, Volume 5, pp. 2680 - 2686.
... These accidents, however, all have a different impact. The accidents on infrastructure can be grouped into four dominant classes; traffic accidents (mechanical load on the structure of the building), fires, leaks of toxic substances, and explosions [Taylor, 1994]. These accidents can also be starting points of others. ...
Buildings above roads and railways are examples of multiple use of space. Safety is one of the critical issues for such projects. Risk analyses can be undertaken to examine the required safety measures that are needed to realise these projects. When doing this risk analysis, the results have to be checked for risk acceptance criteria. One of these criteria is the individual risk. Traditionally, the criterion for acceptability of risks is a two-dimensional criterion and is depicted as contours on a - two-dimensional - map, but when doing risk analyses for multiple use of space a 3rd spatial dimension is introduced, namely the external safety and risks from the infrastructure towards the building above. Up until now there are no explicit norms or ideas about the individual risk contours in the 3rd dimension. This paper will propose an approach for the 3rd dimension for individual risk contours. According to this, engineers and designers can implement this knowledge for decision making when designing projects of multiple use of space.
Suddle et al. (2004)
Suddle, S.I., Th. S. de Wilde, B.J.M. Ale, The 3rd dimension of risk contours in multiple use of space, Decision Analysis: Methodology and Applications for Safety of Transportation and Process Industries, Proceedings of Congress 23rd ESReDA SEMINAR, Delft (The Netherlands), A. Lannoy . G.G.M. Cojazzi, Eds, ISBN 92-894-5961-1, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy, 2004, pp 43 - 54.
... This standard is easy to apply and has proved to be effective in the field of electronic control circuits. Other methods dedicated to assessing the risks of complex systems exist (Lewis et al., 1978;Raafat, 1989;Taylor, 1994), but are not particularly well suited to the simple electronic circuits fitted to PPE. Fig. 1, established from standard 1050, can be used to estimate an index of risk for a particular PPE in relation to various parameters (severity, exposure, probability of occurrence of the hazardous event, possibility to avoid or limit the harm). ...
Integrated electronics are being introduced into various type of personal protective equipment (PPE) to ensure information and alarm functions. This is the case for hearing protection devices and electro-optical filters for arc welding (protection) as well as for respiratory protective equipment (information and alarm). The use of electronics raises questions concerning the level of protection afforded by these types of PPE and their conformity to the essential requirements laid down in concerned European directive. The level of protection of PPE including electronics shall be at least equivalent to that of standard PPE.In order to provide an answer to those concerned, this article proposes a method used in the machinery domain, which is based on one index of risk determination and the approach from the angle of safety. It leads to the determination of the category of EN 954-1 standard, also used in the safety of machinery domain, to which the PPE belongs. According to that category, technical measures are to be considered at the design stage of PPE including electronics in order to reach the required level of protection. These additional requirements are to be proposed for their insertion in national, European and international standards.
To ensure the uninterrupted and safe supply of oil and gas products, it is necessary to maintain the pipeline systems in good working condition and to monitor their technical state. For this purpose, it is important to develop appropriate methods for monitoring and diagnosing the state of the pipe, separate components, and units of technological equipment. The phenomenon of generation of magnetoacoustic emission (MAE) signals under the influence of an external magnetic field, which causes the movement of the magnetic domain’s walls, is a perspective to use for local diagnostics of ferromagnetic structural elements and products. In this chapter the peculiarities of MAE signals by WT parameters during remagnetizing of structural steels with different degrees of hydrogenation are analyzed.
Vapor cloud explosion (VCE) accidents such as the Jaipur explosion in 2005 manifest that VCEs may lead to unpredicted overpressures, resulting in catastrophic domino effects. Many attempts have been made to assess VCEs and the subsequent domino effects in the process and chemical industry, whereas little attention has been paid to the spatial–temporal evolution of VCEs. Thus, this chapter provides a dynamic methodology based on the discrete dynamic event tree to assess the likelihood of VCEs and possible subsequent domino effects. The developed methodology includes six steps: identification and characterization of loss of containment scenarios, analysis of vapor cloud dispersion, identification and characterization of ignition sources, explosion frequency assessment, overpressure calculation, and escalation assessment. Given a release scenario, by applying the developed methodology, we can obtain the probability of VCEs, the likelihood of domino effects, and the damage probabilities of installations exposed to overpressure.
In light of possible severe consequences of unintentional and intentional domino effects, an integrated domino effect management framework was introduced in Chap. 5 to prevent and mitigate domino effect risk. In this chapter, an economic approach based on safety economics is developed to obtain the optimal protection strategy. First, we introduce the concepts and approaches used in safety economics (Chen et al. in Saf Sci 14, 2021). Then, a domino effect management approach is developed based on cost–benefit analysis and game theory (Chen et al. in Process Saf Environ Prot 134:392–405, 2020). In this approach, the disproportion factor (DF) is employed in the cost–benefit analysis to determine whether a protection strategy is recommended. Besides, an optimization algorithm called “PROTOPT” is developed to achieve the optimal protection strategy.
Buried pipelines are the most lucrative deal in today's transportation for transmission of vital fluids and liquids. However, with the advent of disasters, the continuous flow through these indispensable systems gets hampered. The purpose of this chapter is twofold: one is to develop a simulation approach to capturing the effect of risk/disaster due to unforeseen events on buried pipeline, and the second is to gauge financial losses due to such uncertain events. A simulation model considering hoop, longitudinal, and radial stresses on continuous flow carrying buried pipeline subjected to uncertain and risky events is developed in CAESAR II engineering software. The authors performed statistical analysis to carry node-based analysis to describe the repair cost associated with the individual node or throughout the whole pipeline system under study. Although with a limitation in terms of model accuracy and reliability as the actual scenario could differ from the simulated model, the study outlines financial gain over total repair cost using simulation modeling approach in face of disruptions.
Distillation columns are widely used in many chemical process industries, especially in oil and gas processing. Accidents in the distillation columns have resulted in enormous loss of human lives and assets. Inadequate design of distillation columns is one of the vital reason for the failure, which can be enhanced through inherent safety concept. Therefore, this paper introduces a new indexing method for designing inherently safer distillation columns right from the preliminary design stage. Distillation Column Inherent Safety Index (DCISI) is based on three sub-indices; chemical index, process index and distillation index. These sub-indices are estimated through individual scores by considering various parameters in each category. For the unacceptable score, modification of process conditions is used to enhance safety level of the design. DCISI is estimated for all combination of conditions and lowest DCISI value indicates the inherently safer design of the distillation column.
The design inadequacy of chemical reactor has caused many major accidents in process industries. The absence of safety analysis for chemical reactor especially in the early design stage is one of the reasons for faulty designs. Inherent safety can be used to perform the safety analysis at preliminary design phases. However, the literature is deficient in reporting inherent safety assessment method for chemical reactors. Therefore, this paper introduces a new indexing method for inherently safety assessment of chemical reactors at the preliminary design stage. Chemical Reactors Inherent Safety Index (CRISI) is based on three sub-indices; chemical index, process index and reaction index. These sub-indices are estimated through scores of numerous parameters in each dimension. For the unacceptable score, the process conditions are changed according to the favorable reaction conditions. CRISI is estimated for all combination of process conditions and lowest CRISI value indicates the inherently safer design of the reactor.
Butterfly valves are mostly used in various industries such as oil and gas plant. This valve operates with rotating motion using pneumatic system. Rotating actuator turns the disc either parallel or perpendicular to the flow. When the valve is fully open, the disc is rotated a quarter turn so that it allows free passage of the fluid and when fully closed, the disc rotated a quarter turns to block the fluid. The primary failure modes for valves are the valve leaks to
environment through flanges, seals on the valve body, valve stem packing not properly protected, over tightened packing nuts, the valve cracks and leaks over the seat. To identify the failure of valve Failure Mode and Effects Analysis has been chosen. FMEA is the one of technique to perform failure analysis. It involves reviewing as many components to identify failure modes, and their causes and effects. For each component, the failure modes and their resulting effects on the rest of the system are recorded in a specific FMEA form. Risk priority number, severity, detection, occurrence are the factor determined in this studies. Risk priority number helps to find out the highest hazardous activities
which need more attention than the other activity. The highest score of risk priority number in this research is seat. Action plan was proposed to reduce the risk priority number and so that potential failures also will be reduced.
The concept of sustainability described in the Brundtland report (World Commission 1987) relates to methods which do not injure the potential of nature to sustain future generation of humanity and other life forms. Approaching this concept the sustainable technology has been introduced. This type of technology can be achieved by hierarchical design approach which is characterized by the following features:
1.
inherent efficient and clean (minimal use of energy and natural resources and minimal emissions to the environment: minimal environmental risks)
2.
inherently safe (minimal safety risks; e.g. of explosion, loss of containment, leakage of toxics to the workplace and environment)
3.
clean through recirculation of production wastes
4.
clean through add-on methods (or end-of-the pipe technology)
5.
clean-up techniques for improvement of the environment which have already been damaged by emissions.
This paper describes a series of developments in techniques for the production of safety cases for Command and Control systems. The original objective was to be able to make full safety cases for military C3 systems, but has been extended to a full range of computer controlled systems.
To predict the effect of hydrogen gas tank explosions on nearby pipelines, we first evaluate the increase in air pressure and velocity on a pipeline after a strong explosion. Then, we calculate the bending of an initially straight pipe. We investigate the bending amplitude for various exploded masses of hydrogen, distances measured from the explosion center to the pipeline, and thicknesses of steel pipeline walls. The proposed analytic approach provides a conservative estimate of the worst-case accident scenario involving an instantaneous explosion of a large hydrogen mass leading to the formation of a shock wave. The results may be useful for plant engineers to evaluate the risks associated with pipelines under the presumed explosion scenario of not only hydrogen, but also any other fuel types.
Introduction Determining if a Toxic Hazard Exists Building Siting Evaluation for Toxics Defining the Toxic Protection Concept Evacuation vs. Sheltering-in-Place
Environmental Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and Risk Assessment is an extremely useful tool in providing a framework in which to identify the possible hazards and evaluate the risks associated with all crude oil and gas pipelines. The importance is increasing this type of transport for hydrocarbons since energy demand is expanding continuously. ESIA and RA are must building these transport vehicles and preparation of these analyses have paramount importance. Any development in these directions is extremely important.
Longitudinal dispersion in pipelines leads to changes in the characteristics of contaminants. It is critical to quantify these changes because the contaminants travel through water networks or through chemical reactors. The essential characteristics of longitudinal dispersion in pipes can be described by the longitudinal dispersion coefficient. This paper presents the application of the adaptive Neuro fuzzy group method of data handling to develop new empirical formulae for the prediction of longitudinal dispersion coefficients in pipe flow using 233 experimental case studies of dispersion coefficient with a R
e
range of 900 to 500,000 spanning laminar, transitional and turbulent pipe flow. The NF-GMDH network was improved using particle swarm optimization based evolutionary algorithm. The group method data handling is used to develop empirical relations between the longitudinal dispersion coefficient and various control variables, including the Reynolds number, the average velocity, the pipe friction coefficient and the pipe diameter. GMDH holds advantage in the case of small data samples due to the optimal choice of the model complexity with automatic adaptation to an unknown level of the data uncertainties. Sensitivity analysis is performed on the developed model and the weight and importance of each control variable is presented. The results indicate that the proposed relations are simpler than previous numerical solutions and can effectively evaluate the longitudinal dispersion coefficients in pipe flow.
As an important raw material of chemical industry, logistics and transportation quantity of sodium cyanide is sharply increased. However, the accidents of sodium cyanide ISO-tank transportation are frequently happened, which caused huge negative impacts on the society and the environment because of its high toxicity. In order to ensure smooth transportation of the hazardous chemicals, we must strive to control the dangerous sources of transportation to eliminate and reduce accidents for the safety and property of the people. On the basis of risk analysis of ISO-tank transport of sodium cyanide, this paper studies the reasons leading to accidents on the point of people, vehicles, ISO-tanks, roads and managements in detail. At last, it focuses on the countermeasures for safety management of sodium cyanide ISO-tank transport on the view of safety assessment in order to provide some guidance for the healthy and sustainable development of this industry. Key words: sodium cyanide;transportation; safety assessment
Earlier studies on fault diagnosis of the pipeline and pump unit systems (PPU) relied mainly on independent equipment analyses, which usually lead to false alarms because of the loss of information fusion. The aim of this study is to utilize the status coupling relationship to improve fault detection sensitivity and reduce false alarm rate. A real-time status identification of related equipment step is added between capturing abnormal signals and listing out diagnosis results. For example, when the pipeline pressure fluctuation is found abnormal, a status analysis of pump units is performed immediately, if the pump units are proven to be operational normally, then the pipeline leak alarm is acknowledged valid. The logical reasoning algorithm is used to capture abnormal conditions of pipeline pressures. The pump unit faults are captured by combining information from multiple sources. Field applications show that the proposed method significantly improves the PPU fault detection capability on fault detection sensitive and accuracy.
AHA (automatic hazard analyzer), an expert system with new process knowledge models and inference algorithms for hazard analysis, is developed and tested. A multimodel approach is used to build better process models suited to chemical process. Knowledge representation models are composed of a unit knowledge base, an organizational knowledge base and a material knowledge base. Three hazard analysis algorithms (deviation, malfunction and accident analysis algorithm) are proposed. AHA is developed using expert system shell G2. The unit knowledge base is devised to model a process unit. It consists of a unit behavior model and a unit function model. In the unit knowledge base, a process unit is modeled in different terms of variable and function. This model represents physical hazards. The organizational knowledge base gives information about spatial arrangement of process units and streams. In a material knowledge base, material properties are considered according to NFPA code. This system performs hazard analysis in terms of both functional failure and variable deviation and thereby improves the quality of analysis and more possible accidents can be identified. The result of analysis provides a pathway leading to an accident, and, therefore, gives not only clear understanding of the accident, but useful information for hazard assessment. Using AHA, proposed methodology is applied to the feed section of an olefin dimerization plant, and performed better than traditional qualitative hazard analysis methods such as HAZOP study.
In health care, the use of technical equipment plays an integral part. To achieve a high level of patient safety, it is important to avoid use errors when handling equipment. Use errors can be mitigated by performing analyses of potential use errors during the design process. One proactive analytical method for use error analysis is Predictive Use Error Analysis (PUEA), which is a further development of the methods Action Error Analysis (AEA), Systematic Human Error Reduction and Prediction Approach (SHERPA) and Predictive Human Error Analysis (PHEA). PUEA employs a detailed process for breaking down the user's tasks into steps and then identifying and investigating potential errors of use for each step. Compared with other methods, it is significant in its use of two question levels, greater inclusion of human cognition theory and that the results of the analysis are presented in matrixes.
Relevance to industry
The PUEA method is useful to the industry for evaluating existing products or serving as an evaluation tool during the design process. For instance, the PUEA method has been used to evaluate user interface designs of home-care ventilators and dialysis machines. In addition, PUEA can be applied as a final risk assessment method assessment method in the product development process.
It is well known that, for the majority of pressurized pipelines, both the load and the resistance parameters show evident
uncertainty, and a probabilistic approach should be applied to assess their behaviors. Concerning reliability estimation of
passive components such as pressure vessel and pipeline, there are two kinds of approaches – direct estimation using statistics
of historical failure event data, and indirect estimation using probabilistic analysis of the failure phenomena of consideration.
The direct estimation method can be validated relatively easily. However, it suffers statistical uncertainty due to scarce
data. Indirect estimation method relies on the statistics of material property and those of environment load which are more
readily available. As to systems composed of passive components, statistical dependence among component failures is a complex
issue that cannot be ignored in reliability estimation.
Safety-barrier diagrams and the related so-called ‘bow-tie’ diagrams have become popular methods in risk analysis. This paper describes the syntax and principles for constructing consistent and valid safety-barrier diagrams. The relation of safety-barrier diagrams to other methods such as fault trees and Bayesian networks is discussed. A simple method for quantification of safety-barrier diagrams is proposed. It is concluded that safety-barrier diagrams provide a useful framework for an electronic data structure that integrates information from risk analysis with operational safety management.
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