Eastern Podilia as a structural unit of Pan European Environmental network

Abstract

Based on scientific, methodological and practical principles and approaches, the scheme of Eastern Podilia ecological network, which forms a part of the pan-European ecological network, was developed. Different types of its structural elements, such as key, connecting, buffer and rehabilitating territories were distinguished, their geographic confinement, area and status were determined. Typical plant groups, which are the basis for formation of biogeocenotic cover of the key territories (biocentres), were defined. The results of the research show that the ecological network of the region is formed by 24 key, 16 connecting and 60 rehabilitating territories. Currently, the number and area of buffer zones that are established around key and connecting territories is being clarified. The total area of structural elements of the ecological network of Eastern Podilia (key, connecting and rehabilitating territories) is 884,087.53 ha, which makes 33.37% of the total area of the region. It should be noted that world experience determines the biological balance of territories only if at least 60% of natural ecosystems are present. Therefore, the ecological network of the region still needs substantial improvement and scientifically grounded implementation.

Full text

55
Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 2018/74/3
Eastern Podilia as a Structural Unit
of a Pan-European Environmental
Network
EREM 74/3
Journal of Environmental Research,
Engineering and Management
Vol. 74 / No. 3 / 2018
pp. 55-63
DOI 10.5755/j01.erem.74.3.21521
© Kaunas University of Technology
Eastern Podilia as a Structural Unit of a Pan-European
Environmental Network
Received 2017/12 Accepted after revision 2018/09
http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.74.3.21521
Corresponding author: ov_mudrak@ukr.net
O.V. Mudrak, Communal Higher Educational Institution (CHEI) ‘Vinnytsia Academy of Continuing Education’, Ukraine
O.V. Mudrak
Communal Higher Educational Institution (CHEI) ‘Vinnytsia Academy of Continuing Education’,
Hrushevskogo str. 13, Vinnytsia, 21100, Ukraine
Yu. Yu. Ovchynnykova
Vasyl’ Stus Donetsk National University, 600-richcha str., 21, Vinnytsia, 21021, Ukraine
G. V. Mudrak
Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, Soniachna 3, Vinnytsia, 21008, Ukraine
O. M. Nagorniuk
Communal Higher Educational Institution (CHEI) ‘Vinnytsia Academy of Continuing Education’,
Hrushevskogo str. 13, Vinnytsia, 21100, Ukraine
Based on scientific, methodological and practical principles and approaches, the scheme of Eastern Podilia
ecological network, which forms a part of the pan-European ecological network, was developed. Different types
of its structural elements, such as key, connecting, buffer and rehabilitating territories were distinguished, their
geographic confinement, area and status were determined. Typical plant groups, which are the basis for forma-
tion of biogeocenotic cover of the key territories (biocentres), were defined. The results of the research show
that the ecological network of the region is formed by 24 key, 16 connecting and 60 rehabilitating territories.
Currently, the number and area of buffer zones that are established around key and connecting territories is
being clarified. The total area of structural elements of the ecological network of Eastern Podilia (key, connect-
ing and rehabilitating territories) is 884,087.53 ha, which makes 33.37% of the total area of the region. It should
be noted that world experience determines the biological balance of territories only if at least 60% of natural

Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 2018/74/3
56
ecosystems are present. Therefore, the ecological network of the region still needs substantial improvement
and scientifically grounded implementation.
Keywords: biotic and landscape diversity, structural elements of ecological network, natural reserve fund,
sustainable development, Eastern Podilia.
Introduction
Preservation of biotic diversity is one of the most im-
portant tasks of the human community for achieving
its sustainable development. Biotic diversity matters
for all spheres of socioecological and economic activi-
ty of people, substantially influencing the formation of
their culture of natural management. A human, as a bi-
ological species, must realize that its survival depends
on the survival of other species, from preserving the
entire completeness of the genetic pool in ecosystems
and landscapes as a guarantee of maintaining their
sustainable correlation. This task was formulated in
the documents of the World Ecological Summits, the
Action Plan ‘Agenda for the XXI Century’, the UN Con-
vention ‘On Biodiversity’ (Mudrak et al., 2015).
The Pan-European Strategy for the Conservation of
Biotic and Landscape Diversity (Sofia, 1995), approved
by the Ministers of the Environment of 54 countries of
Europe, was adopted for pursuance of the Convention
on Biodiversity within Europe. According to its recom-
mendations, the Pan-European Ecological Network
(PEN) was developed as the only space functional
system of European territories with natural or partial-
ly altered landscapes. This network has to cover as
many different national environmental protection sys-
tems as possible. The majority of EU countries have
already moved from the strategy of preserving biotic
diversity units through their protection to the strate-
gy of creating national ecological networks (NENs),
which must meet the requirements of their function-
ing in the PEN and perform the functions of preserv-
ing biotic diversity, sustainable development, and
non-exhaustive use of biological resources in eco-
nomic activity. In Ukraine, this process is only gain-
ing momentum, which is stipulated by a number of
obstacles: the emergence of new forms of ownership
and large-scale licensing of land, forest and water use
(Mudrak et al., 2013; Popovych, 2007).
The main objective of the creation of ecological
networks (ENs) is the overall improvement of the
environment, the conditions of human activity through
the elimination of anthropogenic fragmentation of the
biogeocenotic cover, creating its continuity and func-
tional integrity and increasing the ability of the wildlife
to self-healing, self-purification and self-regulation.
An important task of the EN is to provide a favourable
sozological status of representative and unique eco-
systems, habitats, species and landscapes.
The EN concept, which uses scientifically-based
principles and approaches, allows us to implement
an ecosystem approach in the process of functional
and spatial analysis of its territory. It will become the
basic instrument of the sustainable development on
the landscape and ecosystem level only by maintain-
ing such ecological functions as: 1) preservation of a
representative set of habitats of species that provide
sufficient populations of species (for feeding, distri-
bution of young and adult individuals or for colonisa-
tion of other areas of the habitat); 2) providing oppor-
tunities for seasonal migrations, genetic exchange
between different local populations, their movement
from those habitats the conditions of which have
deteriorated, as well as for migrations due to global
warming; 3) protection of the integral nature of vital
environmental processes (e.g., floods, ecological suc-
cessions, etc.); 4) preservation of biotic diversity; 5)
stabilisation of ecological balance; 6) increasing the
productivity of landscapes; and 7) improvement of the
environment and the provision of sustainable devel-
opment of society (Marynych, 2005).
The basic methodological basis for the practical im-
plementation of NENs, as components of the PEN,
should be the principle of preventing fragmentation of
ecosystems (landscapes). For this purpose, different
levels of EN must be mutually coordinated: local EN
with district EN, district EN with provincial EN, pro-
vincial EN with regional EN, regional EN with national
EN, national EN with European EN, and European EN

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Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 2018/74/3
with planetary EN. At present, it is necessary to create
a holistic and interrelated natural territorial system of
multi-level ecological networks (Mudrak, 2010).
The research objectives are to highlight the main el-
ements of the ecological network of Eastern Podilia,
to show its importance as an integral representative
structural unit of the pan-European ecological network.
Materials and Methods
The structural elements of the Eastern Podilia EN
such as key territories (KTs) or natural or reference
nuclei, connecting territories (ecological corridors,
EC), buffer zones (BZs) and rehabilitating territories
(RTs) were the object of the study. These elements, in
their continuous unity, create the EN that functionally
combines the centres of biotic and landscape diversity
into a single structural and functional system.
The main methods of research include geobotanical,
zoogeographic, hydroecological, landscape-ecolog-
ical, forest-typological, agroecological, retrospec-
tive analyses as well as monitoring, statistical, car-
tographic and field methods of research.
Results and Discussion
An ecological network is the only natural territorial
system with the purpose to ensure ecosystem integ-
rity, cenotic value, bio landscape representativeness
through the combination of territories and objects of
the nature reserve fund (NRF), as well as other terri-
tories of special value for the protection of the natu-
ral environment (NPS), rational nature management,
socio-economic benefits for the local population, and
to increase the level of environmental safety of the
territory (Mudrak et al., 2013).
The problems of preservation and reproduction of biotic
and landscape diversity, stabilisation of ecological bal-
ance, increase of ecosystem productivity, public health
care, improvement of the conditions of life and ensuring
a balanced development of society are extremely rele-
vant and important for Eastern Podilia, the natural com-
plex which occupies 4.5% of the territory of the state lo-
cated within the most cultivated region – the Right Bank
Forest-steppe of Ukraine (Mudrak et al., 2017)
Eastern Podilia is located on the right bank of the Dni-
pro River within the boundaries of Pridneprovska and
Podilska uplands. Compared with other regions, it has
the largest number of neighbours (Mudrak et al., 2013).
In the west, it borders with Chernivtsi and Khmelnytsky
regions, in the north with Zhytomyr region, in the east
with Kiev, Kirovograd and Cherkasy regions, and in the
south with Odesa region and the Republic of Moldova,
including part of the border (202 km) which belongs to
the self-proclaimed Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic.
Its length from north to south is 204 km, and from west
to east – 196 km. Its area is 26.5 thousand sq.km (4.5%
of Ukraine’s territory) (Mudrak et al., 2017).
According to geobotanical zoning of the territory of
Ukraine (2003), Eastern Podilia lies within the Eurasian
steppe region, which belongs to the Holarctic Domin-
ion. It includes the forest-steppe subregion of the East-
ern European forest-steppe province of oak forests,
steppe meadows and meadow steppes of the Ukrainian
forest-steppe subprovince, which comprises the cen-
tral and northern part of the North Podilsky district of
hornbeam-oak and oak forests, steppe meadows and
meadow steppes, the north-eastern part of the North-
ern Right-Bank Pridniprovsky district hornbeam-oak
forests, steppe meadows and meadow steppes, the
eastern part of the Central Right-Bank Pridniprovsky
district of hornbeam-oak, oak forests and meadow
steppes, the southern part of the district South Podilia
oak forest and meadow steppes and the whole territory
Central Podilia hornbeam, oak and beech forests and
upland meadows (Didukh et al., 2003).
The territory of Eastern Podilia, according to the phys-
ico-geographical zoning of Ukraine (2005), belongs to
the Eastern European plain geographic country of the
forest-steppe zone. It consists of the Dniester-Dnipro
forest-steppe region, which includes confined parts of
the north-western and north-eastern Prydniprovska
highland region, Central Prydniprovsky and South-
ern Podilsky forest steppes, and the entire territory
of Prydnistrovsky East Podilsky and Srednebuzky for-
est-steppe (Marynych, 2005).
The structure of the East Podilia EN is represented
by various types of territories that perform particu-
lar functions, for instance, key, connecting, buffer and
rehabilitating territories. KTs ensure the preservation
of representative and unique components of the re-
gion biotic and landscape diversity. ECs combine KTs,
provide the migration of animals and the exchange of

Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 2018/74/3
58
genetic material. BZs protect KTs and ECs from exter-
nal influence. RTs provide the formation of the func-
tional and spatial integrity of the EN and recovery to
the original natural state (Popovych, 2007).
On the territory of Eastern Podilia, the structural ele-
ments of the EN have 4 levels: international, national,
regional (interregional) and local. International (trans-
boundary) protected areas (regional landscape parks,
covering the area of at least 5,000 ha), which connect
the adjacent ENs of the UN countries (Republic of
Moldova), serve as the basis for the KT (natural nuclei,
bio centres, BCs) on the international level. The basis
of the KT on the national level is the BC of functioning
and promising national nature parks (NNPs), with an
area of at least 1,000 ha, representing the most unique
landscape cenosis and species diversity. Natural
nuclei of the regional level are formed on the basis
of territories of functioning and prospective nature
reserves of national and local importance, protected
areas of the regional landscape parks, natural mon-
uments of national importance, with an area of more
than 500 ha representing the biotic diversity, unique,
typical natural complexes of physico-geographical re-
gions, and districts. Natural nuclei of the local level
are located on the territory of functioning and prom-
ising wildlife sanctuaries and natural monuments of
national and local significance, RLPs, protected tracts,
with an area of less than 500 ha representing the biot-
ic diversity and typical natural complexes and groups
of landscapes (Mudrak et al., 2013).
On the basis of different approaches, the scheme of
the EN of Eastern Podilia was drawn up (Fig. 1).
the basis for the KT (natural nuclei, bio centres, BCs) on the international level. The basis of the KT on the national
level is the BC of functioning and promising national nature parks (NNPs), with an area of at least 1,000 ha,
representing the most unique landscape cenosis and species diversity. Natural nuclei of the regional level are formed
on the basis of territories of functioning and prospective nature reserves of national and local importance, protected
areas of the regional landscape parks, natural monuments of national importance, with an area of more than 500 ha
representing the biotic diversity, unique, typical natural complexes of physico-geographical regions, and districts.
Natural nuclei of the local level are located on the territory of functioning and promising wildlife sanctuaries and
natural monuments of national and local significance, RLPs, protected tracts, with an area of less than 500 ha
representing the biotic diversity and typical natural complexes and groups of landscapes (Mudrak et al., 2013).
On the basis of different approaches, the scheme of the EN of Eastern Podilia was drawn up (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1 Scheme of the ecological network of Eastern Podilia
Notes to Fig. 1
I
2
7
11
10 17
19
20
21
24
Bershad
М
VІ
VIII
XI
XVI
XIV
XIII
XII
Koziat
y
n
41
52
1
13
2
2
49
50
6
VIІ
48
II
Vinnytsia
51
8
8
54
53
42
43
С
V
5
6
7
8 9
11
10
12
13
14 15
16
3
18
16
7
23 Пів
Б
II
15
56 5 7
58
14
IX 4
9
36
5
IV
Mohyliv-
Podilskyi
26
29
31
Zhmerynka
38
Tomash
p
il
39
Haisyn
45
44
46
47
60
59
18
19
1
7
21
22
22
33
4
35
34
40
32
V
55
20
X
28
1
25
37
Р12
23
24
30 IІІ
Х
Fig. 1
Scheme of the ecological network of Eastern Podilia

59
Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 2018/74/3
NAMES OF ECOLOGICAL CORRIDORS
І. Dnistrovskyi
ІІ. Buzkyi (Pivdenno-Buzkyi)
ІІІ. Pivdenno-Podilskyi (Southern Ukrainian)
ІV. Murafsko-Tovtrovyi
V. Hnylopyatsko-Sobskyi
VI. Snyvodskyi
VII. Zharskyi
VIII. Desniansko-Roskyi
IX. Rivskyi
X. Dokhnianskyi
ХІ. Udytskyi
XІІ. Liadovskyi
XІІІ. Nemyiskyi
XІV. Murafskyi
XV. Rusavskyi
XVI. Silnytskyi
TYPES OF KEY TERRI TORIES
(natural nuclei)
− international
− national
− regional
− local
AREAS OF KEY TERRITORIES
(natural nuclei)
− more than 10,000 ha
− 10,000–5,000 ha
− 5,000–2,000 ha
− 2,000–1,000 ha
− 1,000–500 ha
− less than 500 ha
BUFFER ZONES (width)
− 500 m
− 100 m
− 50 m
AREAS OF REHABILITATING
TERRITORIES (RT)
− more than 400 ha
− 400–300 ha
− 299–200 ha
− 199–100 ha
− less than 100 ha
TYPES OF REHABILITATING
TERRITORIES (RTs)
− RTs are situated within the natural nucleus of
national level or national EC
− RTs are situated within the natural nucleus of
regional level or regional EC
− RTs are situated within the natural nucleus of
local level or local EC
− RTs are situated within the natural nucleus of
international level or national EC
− RTs are situated within the promising natural
nucleus or promising EC
TYPES OF CONNECTING TERRITORIES
− valley river
− forest steppe
− forest
− of national level
− of regional level
− of local level
− Tovtry
Notes to Fig. 1

Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 2018/74/3
60
Key territories (natural nuclei, biological centres)
№ Name Status in EN Area, ha
1 Dnisterska International 18,230
2 Tsentralno-Podilska National 46,420
3 Seredniobuzka National 16,730
4 Karmeliukovo-Podilska National 15,393.9
5 Murafska Regional 10,068.93
6 Zharska Regional 3,018.7
7 Buho-Sobska Regional 1,503
8 Buho-Desnianska Regional 1,073
9 Harmatska Regional 456
10 Liadovska Regional 3,503
11 Naddnistrianska Regional 1,229.1
12 Hopchytsko-Nadroska Regional 982.2
13 Sandratsko-Bereznianska Regional 532.4
14 Rivska Local 346.5
15 Illinetsko-Dashivska Local 546
16 Samchynetska Local 218
17 Hrabarkivska Local 487
18 Zhuravlivska Local 595
19 Sestrynivska Local 48
20 Ustianska Local 173
21 Horiachkivsko-Kniahynska Local 1,035.2
22 Krushynivska Local 604
23 Mazurovetska Local 214.3
24 Kopystyrynska Local 150.7
Total 123,557.93
Connecting territories (natural ecological corridors)
№ Name Geographic confinement Length, km Width,
km
Status in
ecological network Area, ha
I Dnistrovska the Dniester River Valley 166 2–4 National 66,421
ІІ Buzka Valley of the Pivdennyi Buh 352 2–8 National 211,232
ІІІ Pivdenno-Podilska
(Southern Ukrainian)
Balta Plain, valley of the Savranka and
Brytavka 35 1–4 National 28,753
ІV Murafsko-Tovtrova Murafski Tovtry 140 2–6 Regional 57,246
V Hnylopyatsko-Sobska Valleys of the Rivers Hnylopyat and Sob 176 2–4 Regional 52,821
VІ Snyvodska the Snyvoda Valley 58 1–3 Local 11,604
VII Zharska the Zhar Valley 75 2–6 Regional 30,163
VIII Desniansko-Roska Valley of the Desna and Ros 163 1–6 Regional 57,050
IX Rivska the Riv Valley 83 1.5–3.5 Regional 20,753
Х Dokhnianska the Dokhna Valley 68 1–2 Local 10,221
XI Udytska the Udych Valley 33 1–2 Regional 4,952
XІI Liadovska the Liadova Valley 88 1–3 Local 35,213
XIII Nemyiska the Nemyia Valley 64 1–2 Local 9,618
XIV Murafska the Murafa Valley 163 1–4 Local 40,753
XV Rusavska the Rusava Valley 78 1.5–2.5 Local 31,212
XVI Silnytska Valley of the Silnytsia and Vovchytsia 91 1.5–3 Local 20,475
Total 688,487
Structural elements (КТ, ЕС) – 30.64% of the total area of the region 812,044.93

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Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 2018/74/3
According to the developed scheme, we singled out 24
KT and 16 CT: 1 nucleus of the international level (Dnis-
terske with an area of 18,230 ha, which includes the
designated wetlands (WL) of the international impor-
tance ‘Valley of the Dniester River’ with an area of 5,394
ha, and 3 on the national level (78,543.9 ha), 9 on the re-
gional level (22,366.33 ha), 11 on the local level (4,417.7
ha). The total area of KT constitutes 123,557.93 ha,
which makes up 4.66% of the total area of the region.
The KT of the national level conclude Tsentralno-Podil-
ske (46,420 ha), Seredniobuzke (16,730 ha), Karmeliu-
kovo-Podilske (15,393.9 ha), the KT of the regional level
include Murafske (10,068.93 ha), Zharske (3,018.7 ha),
Buho-Sobske (1,503 ha), Buho-Desnianske (1,073 ha),
Harmatske (456 ha), Liadovske (3,503 ha), Naddnistri-
anske (1,229.1 ha), Hopchytsko-Nadroske (982.2 ha),
Sandratsko-Bereznianske (532.4 ha), KT of the local
level comprise Rivske (346.5 ha), Illinetsko-Dashivske
(546 ha) , Samchynetske (218 ha), Hrabarkivske (487
ha), Zhuravlivske (595 ha), Sestrynivske (48 ha), Us-
tianske (173 ha), Horiachkivsko-Kniahynske (1,035.2
ha), Krushynivske (604 ha), Mazurovetske (214.3 ha),
Kopystyrynske (150.7 ha).
The connecting territories in Eastern Podilia are 3
CT on the national level: Pivdennopodilskyi (with an
area of 211,232 ha, as part of the Buzkyi meridional
CT), Dnisterskyi (66,421 ha – Dnisterskyi meridional
CT), Pivdennopodilskyi (28,753 ha – Pivdennopodil-
skyi latitudinal CT); 6 on the regional (interregional)
level (Murafsko-Tovtrovyi, Hnylopyatsko-Sobskyi,
Zharskyi, Desniansko-Roskyi, Rivskyi, Udytskyi); 7 on
the local level (Snyvodskyi, Dokhnianskyi, Liadovskyi,
Nemyiskyi, Murafskyi, Rusavskyi, Silnytskyi), as a
rule, small and medium rivers of the 2nd and 3rd or-
der, some forest areas, wetlands and forest bands.
The area of the CT is 688,487 ha, which is 25.98% of
the total area of the region. It has been planned to get
81,204.93 ha of KT and CT of Eastern Podilia, which
will occupy 30.64% of the total area of the region. At
present, BZs are being designed, which will be in-
stalled around the KT and CT at the distance of up to
3 km and the number of RTs is being specified. We
investigated that the number of RTs in the structure
of the CT of the national and regional level is 60. The
total area of RT is 72,042.6 ha, which is 2.71% of the
total area of the region. Thus, the total area of the
structural elements of the EN of Eastern Podilia (key,
connecting and rehabilitating territories) is 884,087.53
ha, which is 33.37% of the total area of the region
(Mudrak et al., 2013).
We singled out the following groups of CT within
Eastern Podilia: national, regional (that connect EN of
adjacent areas) and local levels, and identified typical
plant groups, which are the basis for the formation of
biogeocenotic cover, which is the most similar to the
natural cover according to the structure (Table 1).
Prospects for further research
There are all the necessary conditions on the territory
of Eastern Podilia for the formation and implementa-
tion of the MEN as a structural unit of the PEN, which
will include the abovementioned key, connecting, buffer
and rehabilitating territories. Although the consolidated
scheme for the formation of the MEN is already drawn
up, it is not yet complete and needs to be improved.
A lot of effort should be made to single out lands of
BZ and BT, to increase the area of the nature reserves
expanding existing and creating new nature reserves
that would represent all the districts and regions re-
garding geobotanical, physical geographic, zoogeo-
graphical, hydrological, forest-typological and agroe-
cological zoning of Eastern Podilia.
Conclusions
It was found on the basis of the conducted research
that the EN of the region includes 24 key, 16 con-
necting and 60 rehabilitating territories. Currently, the
number and area of BZs around the KT and CT are
under research. The total area of the structural ele-
ments of the EN of Eastern Podilia (key, connecting
and rehabilitating territories) is 884,087.53 ha, which
is 33.37% of the total area of the region. It should be
noted that according to the world experience, the bi-
ological balance of territories exists only if there is at
least 60% of natural ecosystems. Therefore, the EN
of the region still needs substantial improvement and
scientifically grounded implementation.
Now it is necessary to introduce the National Target
Program for the Formulation and Implementation

Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 2018/74/3
62
Table 1
Natural nuclei and their typical groups within the main ecological corridors
№ Ecological corridors Natural nuclei Typical groups
1 2 3 4
1Dnistrovskyi
Naddnistrianske
Liadovske
Dnisterske
Forest (oak and hornbeam, pine), meadow-steppe, steppe,
wetland
2 Buzkyi
Sandratsko-Bereznianske
Tsentralno-Podilske
Mazurovetske
Seredniobuzke
Samchynetske
Buho-Sobske
Forest, meadow, wetland
Forest (oak and hornbeam, oak and pine), meadow, wetland
Forest (pine and oak), meadow-steppe, aquatic
Forest, meadow, wetland, rock-steppe
Forest (oak and hornbeam), meadow-steppe
Forest (oak), meadow, rock-steppe
3 Pivdenno-Podilskyi Karmeliukovo-Podilske Forest (oak and hornbeam, hornbeam and oak), meadow-
steppe, steppe
4 Murafsko-Tovtrovyi
Harmatske
Murafske
Horiachkivsko-Kniahynske
Kopystyrynske
Forest (hornbeam), meadow, wetland
Forest (oak, hornbeam and oak), shrub, meadow-steppe,
wetland
Forest (oak), patchy steppe
Forest, meadow-steppe, wetland
5 Hnylopyatsko-Sobskyi
Sestrynivske
Illinetsko-Dashivske
Buho-Sobske
Forest (hornbeam and oak)
Forest (hornbeam and oak, hornbeam and ash and oak)
Forest (oak), meadow, rock-steppe
6Snyvodskyi Tsentralno-Podilske Forest (oak and hornbeam, oak and pine), meadow, wetland
7Zharskyi Zharske Meadow-swamp, swamp-shrub, wetland, forest
8 Desniansko-Roska Buho-Desnianske Forest (oak and pine, alder), meadow-bog, wetland
9 Rivska Harmatske
Rivske
Forest (hornbeam), meadow, wetland
Forest (hornbeam and oak), meadow, wetland
10 Dokhnianskyi Ustianske Forest (hornbeam and oak, ash and oak and hornbeam)
11 Udytskyi Krushynivske Forest (oak, hornbeam and oak)
12 Liadovskyi Liadovske Forest (oak and hornbeam), shrub, steppe
13 Nemyiskyi Hrabarkivska
Dnisterske
Forest (hornbeam and oak), meadow-steppe, steppe Forest
(oak and hornbeam, pine), meadow-steppe, steppe, wetland
14 Murafskyi Murafske Forest (oak, hornbeam and oak), shrub, meadow-steppe,
wetland
15 Rusavskyi Zhuravlivske Forest (oak, hornbeam and oak)
*Note. Natural nuclei: Rivske – local level; Liadovske – regional level; Tsentralno-Podilske – national level; Dnisterske – international level.
of the National Ecological Network of Ukraine for
2009–2020, according to which the land area of the EN
should reach 41.68% by 2018, 50% by 2023 and 60%
by 2030 (as an optimal option, two-thirds of the land
should belong to the natural state) [10]. Accordingly,
the area of the nature reserve fund of Eastern Podilia
must constitute 5% in 2018, 8.3% in 2019, 10.4% in
2020, and 15% in 2030. Only the number of objects of
the highest category of the nature reserve fund should
reach 10, i.e., 7% of the total area of the region, and
now there are 5. Therefore, the drawn-up scheme of
the EN of Eastern Podilia still needs optimisation.

63
Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 2018/74/3
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Rytų Podilija kaip visos Europos aplinkos
tinklo struktūrinis padalinys
O.V. Mudrak
Vinnitsa Tęstinio mokymo akademija, Ukraina
Yu. Yu. Ovchynnykova
Donecko nacionalinis universitetas, Ukraina
G. V. Mudrak
Vinnitsa nacionalinis universitetas, Ukraina
O. M. Nagorniuk
Vinitsa mokymo akademija, Ukraina
Remiantis moksliniais, metodiniais ir praktiniais principais bei metodais, buvo sukurta ekologinio tin-
klo Rytų Podilijos, sudarančios visos Europos ekologinio tinklo dalį, schema. Skiriami įvairūs jo struk-
tūriniai elementai, tokie kaip pagrindinės, jungiamosios, buferinės ir reabilituojančios teritorijos, nus-
tatytas jų geografinis aptvarumas, plotas ir statusas. Buvo apibrėžtos tipinės augalų grupės, kuriomis
formuojamas pagrindinių teritorijų (biocentrų) biogeocenetinis dangalas. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad
ekologinį regiono tinklą sudaro 24 pagrindinės, 16 jungiamųjų ir 60 reabilitacinių teritorijų. Šiuo metu
paaiškinama buferinių zonų, kurios yra nustatytos aplink pagrindines ir jungiančias teritorijas, skaičius
ir plotas. Bendras Rytų Podilijos (raktų, jungiamųjų ir reabilituojančių teritorijų) struktūrinių elementų
plotas yra 884 087,53 ha, tai sudaro 33,37% viso regiono ploto. Pažymėtina, kad pasaulio patirtis lemia
teritorijų biologinį pusiausvyrą tik tuomet, jei yra bent 60% natūralių ekosistemų. Todėl ekologiniam
regiono tinklui vis dar reikalingas esminis tobulinimas ir moksliškai pagrįstas įgyvendinimas.
Raktiniai žodžiai: kraštovaizdžio įvairovė, ekologinio tinklo struktūriniai elementai, gamtos rezervų
fondas, tvarus vystymasis, Rytų Podilija.
Gauta:
2017 m. gruodis
Priimta spaudai:
2018 m. rugsėjis