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beverages
Article
Determination of Vitamin B2 Content in Black, Green,
Sage, and Rosemary Tea Infusions by Capillary
Electrophoresis with Laser-Induced
Fluorescence Detection
Filiz Tezcan * and F. Bedia Erim
Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey; erim@itu.edu.tr
*Correspondence: filiz.tezcan@acibadem.edu.tr; Tel.: +90-532-568-3669
Received: 18 October 2018; Accepted: 5 November 2018; Published: 10 November 2018
Abstract:
Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin (RF) is an essential micronutrient for human health
and must be obtained from dietary sources. Plants biosynthesize riboflavin and are important
dietary sources of vitamin B2 for humans. Our present study reports sensitive detection of vitamin
B2 in widely consumed tea infusions, namely black, green, sage and rosemary tea infusions, by a
capillary electrophoresis method combined with laser induced fluorescence detection. Moreover,
the correlation between the vitamin B2 content of tea plants with their total phenolics (TPs) and
antioxidant capacity are evaluated in this study. Whereas green teas have the highest TPs and
antioxidant capacity, the highest RF content isin sage infusions. The RF content ranged between 0.34
and 10.36
µ
g/g for all tea samples studied. Comparing the RF content of tea samples found in this
study to the RF content of known RF sources, tea infusions are proposed as important dietary sources
of vitamin B2.
Keywords: tea; Salvia officinalis; Rosmarinus officinalis; total phenolic; antioxidant
1. Introduction
Tea from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant is the most widely consumed drink in the world,
after water. There are three kinds of tea products produced from the same plant: Black (fermented),
green (not fermented) and oolong (partially fermented) teas. The tea leaves are dried, crushed and left
for fermentation. Fermentation is a natural process and oxidation during fermentation is caused by a
natural enzyme in the tea leaves themselves. While green tea is not fermented, black tea is subjected
to full fermentation and the color of the tea leaves change to black. Tea is adietary source of many
bioactive compounds. Both black and green tea contain bioactive phenolic compounds mainly gallic,
trans-cinnamic, caffeic, ferulic, p-coumaric acids, catechin, epicatechin, quercetrin, and caffeine [
1
,
2
].
However their content differs with different processing levels of tea samples. Several chemo metric
studies have been developed for tea identification based on the bioactive ingredients and antioxidant
activities of tea samples [
1
,
2
]. The health benefit effects of tea on cancer and cardiovascular diseases,
to obesity and diabetes were extensively reviewed by Khan and Mukhtar [
3
]. Afzal et al. reviewed
the potential therapeutic role of epigallocatechin gallate, which is the main constituent of green
tea [
4
]. It was shown that this compound is associated with antitumor, anti-Alzheimer, and anti-aging
properties. Heber et al. reported that all three tea polyphenol extracts induced weight loss and had
anti-inflammatory and angiogenic effects [5].
In 2010, world tea production reached over 4.52 million tons [
6
]. Turkey is the fifth largest
producer of tea in the world after China, India, Kenya and Sri Lanka [
7
]. Furthermore, Turkey has one
of the highest per capita black tea consumption rates in the world. The attention given to green tea
Beverages 2018,4, 86; doi:10.3390/beverages4040086 www.mdpi.com/journal/beverages
Beverages 2018,4, 86 2 of 7
in Turkey has been increasing due to its effect against obesity. Sage (Salvia officials) tea is one of the
most popular herbal teas in Turkey. Like black and green teas, sage and rosemary contain many health
beneficial bioactive compounds [8,9].
Riboflavin (RF), or its commonly known name vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin and essential
for human health. RF must be obtained from foods since it cannot be synthesized or stored in the
body. Vitamin B2 deficiency affects many organs and tissues [
10
]. Milk, dairy products, meat, fish,
dark-green vegetables, and some beverages like beer and wine are important sources of this vitamin.
The analysis of RF in food samples is difficult because of the complex matrix of food and very low
content of RF in foodstuffs. Recently, capillary electrophoresis (CE) has receivedgreat attention in food
analysis due to its easy method, development availability, low sample consumption, fast analysis times,
and inexpensive separation columns [
11
]. Lately, a combination of laser induced fluorescence (LIF)
detectors with capillary electrophoresis has provided a remarkable improvement in detection limits.
Since RF has a native fluorescence, the RF content of various foods have been studied by capillary
electrophoretic methods using LIF detection [12–17].
Although a significant number of studies have been reported on tea, sage, and rosemary phenolics,
almost no information exists concerning the vitamin content of these plants. Hu and coworkers
reportedvitamin B2 in two green tea samples [
14
]. To our knowledge, there is no study on the content
of vitamin B2 in sage and rosemary. The aim of this study is to contribute to the information on the
nutritional value of widely consumed tea infusions, by determining the vitamin B2 content of tea
plants using the CE-LIF method. Moreover, the correlation between the vitamin B2 content of tea
plants with their total phenolics and antioxidant capacity are evaluated in this study.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
Riboflavin, Folin-iocalteu reagent, gallic acid, 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine and FeCl
3·
6H
2
O were
from Sigma Chemical Co. (Steinheim, Germany). Di-sodium hydrogen phosphate dehydrates,
sodium carbonate anhydrous, sodium acetate trihydrate, and FeSO
4·
7H
2
O were from Merck
(Darmstadt, Germany). All solutions were prepared with water purified by an ElgaPurelab Option-7–15
model system (Elga, UK).
Four Black (B1–B4) and two green (G1and G2) tea-bag samples were obtained from local markets
inIstanbul as known commercial brands. The B1 sample consisted of teas from the East Black Sea
region of Turkey. The others were tea blends. According to the labels, B2 was a blend of Kenyan and
Sri Lankan teas. B3 was a blend of Turkish, Kenyan, and Indonesian teas. B4 was a blend of Turkish,
Sri Lankan, Kenyan, and Indian teas. Sage and Rosemary samples were purchased from Istanbul
(S1, S2, R1 and R2) and Boston (S3, S4, R3 and R4) markets as known commercial brands.
2.2. Method
Separations were performed with an Agilent capillary electrophoresis system (Waldbronn,
Germany) equipped with a ZETALIF 2000 LIF detector (Picometrics, Montlaur, France). RF was
detected with an excitation of 488 nm and emission of 520 nm by an Ar-ion laser. The data processing
was carried out with the Agilent ChemStation software. The separation was performed at 25 kV.
The temperature was set at 25
◦
C. Injections were made at 50 mbar for 6 s. The fused-silica capillary
used for separation experiments was 50
µ
m IDand was obtained from Polymicro Technologies (Phoenix,
AZ, USA). The total length of the capillary was 67 cm and the length to the detector was 50 cm. The new
fused-silica capillary was conditioned prior to use by rinsing with 1 M NaOH for 30 min and with
water for 10 min. The capillary was flushed successively by 0.1 M NaOH for 2 min, water for 2 min,
and buffer for 5 min, at the beginning of every working day and between runs.
Tea leaves were placed in a pot containing boiling water and the pot was incubated in a water bath
for 5 min. Incubation time was optimized by checking the degradation of riboflavin standard in hot
Beverages 2018,4, 86 3 of 7
water vs. time, as explained in Results. After filtration of tea leaves from the hot water, tea infusions
were directly injectedin to the capillary column.
2.3. Determination of Total Phenolics (TPs)
The total phenolics of each infusion were determined by using the Folin-Ciocalteu method [
18
].
For each type of infusion, 300
µ
L was mixed with 1.5 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent (1:10 diluted
with water) and 1.2 mL of sodium carbonate solution (7.5% w/v).The mixture was allowed to stand
for 10 min at room temperature until a stable color was obtained. The absorbance of 1/10 fold
diluted samples weremeasured by a Shimadzu UV-1800 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu Scientific
Instruments, North America) at 760 nm. Results were expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE) in
mg/g. The calibration equation for gallic acid was y = 49.582x −0.0185 (R2 = 0.995).
2.4. FRAP Assay
The ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of the infusions wasdetermined, following the
method of Benzie and Strain [
19
]. The FRAP reagent was prepared containing 1:1:10 ratio of 10 mM
2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-tri-azine (TPTZ) solution in 40 mM HCl, 20 mM FeCl
3
and 0.3 M acetate buffer at
pH 3.6, and warmed to 37
◦
C for 10 min. prior to use. The mixture containing 100
µ
L sample, 100
µ
L
deionized water, and 1.8 mL FRAP reagent was incubated at 37
◦
C for 10 min. The absorbance
of the 1/10 fold diluted mixture was measured by a Shimadzu UV-1800 spectrophotometer at
593 nm. Results were expressed as
µ
mol Fe+2/g. The calibration equation for FeSO
4·
7H
2
O was
y = 20.044x −0.0373 (R2 = 0.999).
2.5. Statistical Analysis
The statistical analysis was applied to the RF content, TPs, and FRAP values of tea samples.
The significant differences between the mean values with p< 0.05 were evaluated by a one way
analysis (ANOVA) test and the Duncan’s new multiple range test using XLSTAT 2017 (Data Analysis
and Statistical Solution for Microsoft Excel. Addinsoft, Paris, France (2017)).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Optimization of Separation
Since the pKa value of RF is 9.69, the molecule gains a negative charge in basic solutions and
can migrate under an electrical field. Phosphate electrolyte was selected as the separation medium.
When the phosphate concentration was changed between 15 and 75 mM, no significant change
was observed in peak shapes. On the other hand, while the pH of separation electrolyte increased,
the RF peak separated from the electroosmotic peak (negative water peak) and was easily integrated.
The fluorescence intensity of RF was maximum at pH 9.9.Finally, 30 mM phosphate at pH 9.9 was
selected as the optimal medium for separation and detection.
3.2. Optimization of Extraction
RFis slightly soluble in water. One g dissolves in 3–15 L water, depending on the crystal structure
(Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany). RFis heat stable but very sensitive to light [
20
]. Considering the
very small content of RF in food products, it can be expected that hot water will withdraw the RF in
tea leaves. In order to check the stability of RF in hot water vs. time, a RF standard was dissolved in
hot water (100
◦
C). This solution was left in a water bath fordifferent times and riboflavin content of
these solutions was determined by the CE-LIF method. Figure 1shows the comparative results.
Beverages 2018,4, 86 4 of 7
Beverages 2018, 4, x 4 of 7
water bath for 5 min. In fact, this is the traditional tea brewing method in homes and coffee houses in
Turkey, and 5 min is the accepted time to obtain a good tea infusion.
Figure 1. Riboflavin amount in hot water vs. infusion time.
After filtration of tea leaves from hot water, tea infusions were directly injected in to the
capillary column. Figure 2 shows a representative electropherogram of one sage herbal tea infusion
(S3). As seen from the electropherogram, the RF peak came in less than 4 min. Since infusions were
directly injected without any purification or derivatization step, the analysis method of RF was very
short and simple.
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.5
RF
22.5 34
3.5
RFU
Time (minute)
Figure 2.Electropherogram of 1/2 diluted sage herbal tea (S3).Conditions; 50 µm × 50 cm capillary, 50
mbar 6s injection, 25 kV running voltage, 30 mM phosphate buffer at pH:9.9.
3.3. CE Method Validation
The calibration curve of RF was linear between 0.01–5 µM concentration ranges.The calibration
equation was calculated as y = 0.9544x − 0.0375 (R2 = 0.999). The limit of dedection (LOD) value was
obtained from the software of the CE instrument. The calculation was based on the LOD
valuebeingthe concentration corresponding to the baseline average noise of electropherogram taken
from three different baseline areas. The LOD of the method for RFwas found as 1.08 ng/mL. The
limit of quantification (LOQ) was given as ten times the average noise as 3.58 ng/mL. For testing the
precision of the method, the RFstandard solution was injected 5 times in one day. For day-to-day
reproducibility, the same solution was injected five times in three different non-consecutive days. In
the same day, precision of the corrected peak areas (%RSD; relative standart deviation) was 2.48%.
Between days, the precision value was 4.58%.
The recovery experiments were done with one herbal tea sample. The infusion was spiked with
standard RF solution atthree different spike levels at the beginning of the extraction process.
Satisfactory recovery for RF was obtained as between 99.7 and 106%.
Figure 1. Riboflavin amount in hot water vs. infusion time.
As seen from Figure 1, at the end of the 5 min incubation time, we did not observe any decrease
in RF concentration in hot water. The decrease of RF content with time after 5 min is probably due to
light sensitivity of the molecule. Thereby, 5 min was applied as the optimal incubation time for all tea
infusions. 50 mL of boiling water was poured on 1 g of tea leaves and the pot was incubated in a water
bath for 5 min. In fact, this is the traditional tea brewing method in homes and coffee houses in Turkey,
and 5 min is the accepted time to obtain a good tea infusion.
After filtration of tea leaves from hot water, tea infusions were directly injected in to the capillary
column. Figure 2shows a representative electropherogram of one sage herbal tea infusion (S3). As seen
from the electropherogram, the RF peak came in less than 4 min. Since infusions were directly injected
without any purification or derivatization step, the analysis method of RF was very short and simple.
Beverages 2018, 4, x 4 of 7
water bath for 5 min. In fact, this is the traditional tea brewing method in homes and coffee houses in
Turkey, and 5 min is the accepted time to obtain a good tea infusion.
Figure 1. Riboflavin amount in hot water vs. infusion time.
After filtration of tea leaves from hot water, tea infusions were directly injected in to the
capillary column. Figure 2 shows a representative electropherogram of one sage herbal tea infusion
(S3). As seen from the electropherogram, the RF peak came in less than 4 min. Since infusions were
directly injected without any purification or derivatization step, the analysis method of RF was very
short and simple.
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.5
RF
22.5 34
3.5
RFU
Time (minute)
Figure 2.Electropherogram of 1/2 diluted sage herbal tea (S3).Conditions; 50 µm × 50 cm capillary, 50
mbar 6s injection, 25 kV running voltage, 30 mM phosphate buffer at pH:9.9.
3.3. CE Method Validation
The calibration curve of RF was linear between 0.01–5 µM concentration ranges.The calibration
equation was calculated as y = 0.9544x − 0.0375 (R2 = 0.999). The limit of dedection (LOD) value was
obtained from the software of the CE instrument. The calculation was based on the LOD
valuebeingthe concentration corresponding to the baseline average noise of electropherogram taken
from three different baseline areas. The LOD of the method for RFwas found as 1.08 ng/mL. The
limit of quantification (LOQ) was given as ten times the average noise as 3.58 ng/mL. For testing the
precision of the method, the RFstandard solution was injected 5 times in one day. For day-to-day
reproducibility, the same solution was injected five times in three different non-consecutive days. In
the same day, precision of the corrected peak areas (%RSD; relative standart deviation) was 2.48%.
Between days, the precision value was 4.58%.
The recovery experiments were done with one herbal tea sample. The infusion was spiked with
standard RF solution atthree different spike levels at the beginning of the extraction process.
Satisfactory recovery for RF was obtained as between 99.7 and 106%.
Figure 2.
Electropherogram of 1/2 diluted sage herbal tea (S3).Conditions; 50
µ
m
×
50 cm capillary,
50 mbar 6s injection, 25 kV running voltage, 30 mM phosphate buffer at pH: 9.9.
3.3. CE Method Validation
The calibration curve of RF was linear between 0.01–5 µM concentration ranges. The calibration
equation was calculated as y = 0.9544x
−
0.0375 (R
2
= 0.999). The limit of dedection (LOD) value was
obtained from the software of the CE instrument. The calculation was based on the LOD valuebeingthe
concentration corresponding to the baseline average noise of electropherogram taken from three
different baseline areas. The LOD of the method for RFwas found as 1.08 ng/mL. The limit of
quantification (LOQ) was given as ten times the average noise as 3.58 ng/mL. For testing the precision
of the method, the RFstandard solution was injected 5 times in one day. For day-to-day reproducibility,
the same solution was injected five times in three different non-consecutive days. In the same day,
precision of the corrected peak areas (%RSD; relative standart deviation) was 2.48%. Between days,
the precision value was 4.58%.
The recovery experiments were done with one herbal tea sample. The infusion was spiked
with standard RF solution atthree different spike levels at the beginning of the extraction process.
Satisfactory recovery for RF was obtained as between 99.7 and 106%.
Beverages 2018,4, 86 5 of 7
3.4. Riboflavin Content of Tea Samples
The RF content of tea infusions are given as the averages of three infusions with their standard
deviations in Table 1.
Table 1. RF content of tea infusions (B: Black, G: Green, S: Sage, R: Rosemary).
RF
(µg/g ±SD) *
RF
(µg/g ±SD) *
B1 3.34 ±0.19 dS1 5.36 ±0.72 e
B2 0.58 ±0.16 abc S2 5.22 ±0.29 e
B3 1.57 ±0.06 bc S3 6.18 ±0.31 e
B4 1.07 ±0.05 abc S4 10.36 ±0.79 f
G1 3.26 ±0.46 dR1 2.87 ±0.06 d
G2 2.80 ±0.10 dR2 0.42 ±0.08 ab
R3 1.72 ±0.35 c
R4 0.34 ±0.01 a
* Means
±
standard deviations. Different letters in the same lines are significantly different at the 5% level (p< 0.05).
As seen from Table 1, the RF content changes between 0.34 and 10.36
µ
g/g for all tea samples.
Amongst the tested black tea samples, the B1 sample which contains tea leaves fromthe East Black
Sea region of Turkey was found to have the richest RF content. The RF content of the blends tested
are smaller than in this tea. The RF content of two green tea samples were higher compared to the RF
content of black teas. The RF content of rosemary samples were rather similar to the RF content of
black tea blends. However, the RF content of all sage teas were substantially higher than those of black
and green teas, and rosemary infusions. S4 especially contained significantly higher RF.
3.5. Total Phenolics (TPs) and Antioxidant Capacities
The TPs and FRAP values of tea infusions are given in Table 2. TPs ranged from 4.91 to 114 mg
GAE/g dry tea leaves for all tea types tested. Green tea samples hadthe highest TPs compared to both
black tea and herbal tea samples.
Table 2. The TPs and FRAP values of tea infusions. (B: Black, G: Green, S: Sage, R: Rosemary).
TPs (mg GAE/g ±SD) * FRAP (µmol Fe+2/g ±SD) *
B1 73.55 ±2.33 c462.3 ±0.6 b
B2 94.21 ±1.59 e491.8 ±4.2 b
B3 67.71 ±1.68 d449.2 ±3.7 b
B4 91.39 ±1.99 e479.4 ±10.2 b
G1 113.6 ±1.9 f601.4 ±56.1 d
G2 112.8 ±1.8 f551.5 ±17.5 c
S1 16.86 ±0.15 b64.64±8.65 a
S2 17.14 ±0.10 b65.08 ±2.00 a
S3 17.27 ±0.13 b78.44 ±2.22 a
S4 17.97 ±0.2 b81.86 ±0.32 a
R1 17.16 ±0.62 b81.34 ±3.81 a
R2 4.91 ±0.06 a63.84 ±0.84 a
R3 17.14 ±0.23 b76.62 ±1.37 a
R4 5.19 ±0.02 a65.89 ±0.84 a
* Means
±
standard deviations. Different letters in the same lines are significantly different at the 5% level (p< 0.05).
The FRAP values of the tested teas ranged between 449–492
µ
mol/g for black tea samples and
552–601
µ
mol/g for green tea samples. Benzie and Szeto reported FRAP values for 25 types of teas,
ranging between 132–654
µ
mol/g for black teas and 272–1144
µ
mol/g for green teas [
21
]. The FRAP
values for black and green tea infusions found in this study are in agreement with these reported FRAP
Beverages 2018,4, 86 6 of 7
values. The antioxidant capacities of sage and rosemary teas ranged between 63.8–81.9
µ
mol/g for
8 herbal tea infusions.
TPs and the antioxidant capacities of black and green tea infusions are obviously higher than
those of herbal tea infusions. As expected, there is a strong correlation (0.985) between TPs and the
antioxidant capacities of all tea infusions tested in this study. However, there is no correlation between
TPs or antioxidant capacity and RF content of teas. Whereas green teas have the highest TPs and
antioxidant capacity, the highest RF content was determined to be in sage infusions.
Hu and coworkers reported 2.8 and 5.4
µ
g/g RF for two green tea samples, which is in agreement
with our reported values [
14
]. RF content of several foods have been reported in the literature.
Cataldi et al. have reported the RF content of 8 vegetables ranging between 0.34–1.67
µ
g/g [
12
].
The RF content in five milk samples having different animal origins were reported to be between
101 and 175
µ
g/100 mL, in 2 white wine samples as 12 and 13
µ
g/100 mL, in raw egg white as
3.8
µ
g/g, and in raw egg yolk as 3.2
µ
g/g [
13
]. The RF in 12 commercial beers was reported as
13–28
µ
g/100 mL [
15
]. The RF content of honeys was reported to change in a wide range as from
non-detectable to 18.04
µ
g/g [
16
]. RFcontent of five saffron samples from two of the biggest producers
in the global market (Iran and Spain) were reported in the range of 5.02–13.86 µg/g [17].
Assuming a tea brew obtained from 2 g of dry tea (around the mass of dry tea in one tea bag)
and 200 mL of hot water (the volume of a tea mug), our reported RF values for dry tea samples
of0.34–10.36
µ
g/g correspond to 0.34–10.36
µ
g RF/100 mL infusion. When the RF content of tea
samples found in this study are compared to the RF content of green vegetables, milk, egg, wine, beer,
honey, and saffron samples, known as important RF sources, it can be seen that tea infusions are also
important dietary sources of vitamin B2.
4. Conclusions
A fast, simple, and sensitive CE-LIF system was used to determine the riboflavin (vitamin B2)
content of 14 tea infusions including black, green, sage, and rosemary teas. The RF content of all tea
samples suggests that tea infusions are amongst important dietary sources of RF for prevention of
diseases caused by vitamin B2 deficiency.
Author Contributions:
Both of theauthors designed the experiments; F.T. has done experiments and also
calculated-analyzed the data; F.T. wrote the manuscript; F.B.E. supervised the research and wrote and edited
the manuscript.
Funding: This research received funding from the Research Foundation of Istanbul Technical University.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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