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International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences
Vol. 8 , No. 9, Sept. 2018, E-ISSN: 2 22 2-6990 © 2018 HRMARS
657
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Effective Academic Leadership: Key Aspects of Leader
Behavior in Higher Education
Maryam Mahdinezhad, Mahaliza Mansor, Norimah Rmbeli, Emilda Hashim,
Mohammad Shahhosseini
To Link this Article: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i9/4646 DOI: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i9/4646
Received: 06 August 2018, Revised: 06 September 2018, Accepted: 29 September 2018
Published Online: 15 October 2018
In-Text Citation: (Mahdinezhad, Mansor, Rmbeli, Hashim, & Shahhosseini, 2018)
To Cite this Article: Mahdinezhad, M., Mansor, M., Rmbeli, N., Hashim, E., & Shahhosseini, M. (2018). Effective
Academic Leadership: Key Aspects of Leader Behavior in Higher Education. International Journal of
Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(9), 657–665.
Copyright: © 2018 The Author(s)
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Vol. 8, No. 9, September 2018, Pg. 657 - 665
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JOURNAL HOMEPAGE
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences
Vol. 8 , No. 9, Sept. 2018, E-ISSN: 2 22 2-6990 © 2018 HRMARS
658
Effective Academic Leadership: Key Aspects of
Leader Behavior in Higher Education
Maryam Mahdinezhad
Faculty of Management & Economics, Sultan Idris Education University, Tanjung Malim, Perak,
35900, Malaysia
Mahaliza Mansor
Faculty of Management & Economics, Sultan Idris Education University, Tanjung Malim, Perak,
35900, Malaysia
Norimah Rmbeli
Faculty of Management & Economics, Sultan Idris Education University, Tanjung Malim, Perak,
35900, Malaysia
Emilda Hashim
Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
Mohammad Shahhosseini
Faculty of Management, Payame Noor University, 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Currently, effective leadership plays an important role in improving the context of higher education.
Policy makers, leaders, and university staff considered the effective leadership as determining a
factor for management of universities. Although effective leadership is examined by many
researchers, to the best of author knowledge, only a few references in the literature systematically
reviewed which forms, behaviors of leadership are related to effective leadership in the context of
higher education. To fill the gap in the existing literature, this paper aims to examine which aspects
of leadership are related to effective leadership in the context of higher education. Moreover, it
addresses some effective behaviors of leaders such as strategic vision, encouraging open
communication, having credibility for effectively leading and acting as a role model in an educational
environment. The findings suggest a direction for future development in effective leadership
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behaviors which need to be highlighted and identified for representing efficient leadership in the
higher education context.
Keywords: Effective Leadership Skills, Leadership Behaviors, Strategic Vision, Open Communication
and Higher Education.
Introduction
The context of leading universities might pose a distinctive challenge, due to its numerous goals, the
organizational complexity, and universities’ traditional values. Therefore, in higher education, the
nature of leadership is complex and questioned (Scott, 2011). A problem arises from this fact that the
criteria for making an individual effective as a leader in the context of higher education have not been
recognized yet. The lateral approach to leadership study has left researchers questioning how they
might predict Effective Academic Leadership Styles, as well as who they might select or promote
within an organization. Appropriate subjects to lead this research are to indicate appropriate
relationships between personal attribute in a leadership position and effective academic leadership
styles. To this point, the identification of effective kind of leadership and leadership behavior in the
context of universities as the decision is made based on decisions of experts is a controversial issue.
The effective leadership plays a major role in higher education since an effective leader can lead to
success by implementing a weak plan, however, a poor leader might lead to failure despite having a
proper plan. Due to this fact, the development of effective leadership by utilizing a reliable talent
administration plan in the context of higher education can enhance considerable professional
significance. Consequently, the present paper is motivated by the need to identify necessary
leadership behaviors required for effective leadership in the context of higher education.
Previous studies associated with leadership in higher education had a tendency to emphasize the role
of the senior leaders (Altbach, 2010). These senior leaders have interaction with various professionals
in the context of higher education; frequently those who have positions utilizing special leadership
skills. Since, it is essential to consider all features of being a leader such as autocratic, bureaucratic,
transactional, etc. However, within the elements and models of leadership in higher education,
transformational leadership has not been highlighted as others. Nowadays, at university level often
effective leadership takes away from acting as an autocratic leader and utilizes more
transformational leadership which involves collaboration, cooperation.
Leadership Theories
Leadership theory opposes that individuals’ behavior can considerably affect others’ behavior.
Therefore, an effective leader has the potential to have an effect on others to achieve organizational
goals. Burns (1978) developed the most popular and dominant leadership model, and categorized
leader’s behavior into two type of transactional and transformational.
LEADERSHIP CONTEXT IN HIGHER EDUCATION
In the context of higher learning education, the roles of senior leader are mainly centered on notions
of collegiality, however, this is not well matched with the demand of using resources efficiently and
effectively (Davis, 2014). Probably, managerialism in higher education has been increasing, with its
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emphasis on the culture of metrics, audit, policy, flexibility, clarity has led to bewilderment, within
higher education sector because of this conflict of cultures and working systems (Feser, Mayol, &
Srinivasan, 2015).
Furthermore, current most senior leaders of institutions encounter with a key challenge. Since as the
university has represented externally, senior leaders require to demonstrate the rules of the
institution (Altbach, 2010).When institutions make changes based on the needs of globalization, the
identity and rules of the institution might require being revised in many cases. Nevertheless, to
achieve this goal, leaders with senior executive roles and professionals are demanded to direct the
priorities of academic collaborators. If possible, this guidance is achieved through developing the
shared beliefs and values to facilitate operating the institution smoothly exclusive of being hindered
by bureaucratic organizations (Schafer, 2010), however, the reality is commonly different in higher
educational context.
Findings from Literature Review
Transactional-Transformational Leadership Approach
In the 1970s, Burns (1978) investigated on reinforcement of performance (transactional behavior),
along with apprehending followers and developing their self-worth and focus (transformational
behaviors). They put an emphasis on vision, staff engagement competence, experimentation,
credibility, values, and judgment (Avolio, Walumbwa, & Weber, 2009).
In terms of transactional leadership, leaders and followers swap needs and facilities to achieve
independent goals, or they form a leadership by exchanging positive reinforcement is provided for
good performance (Mahdinezhad & Yunus, 2017). Some evidence revealed that a charismatic or
transformational leadership style might be more associated with the context of education
(McCleskey, 2014), or it is suggested that a combination of transformational and transactional styles
are efficient for educational setting (Odumeru & Ifeanyi, 2013).
Over the past 20 years, the paradigm of transformational leadership and transformational behavior
has gained increasing attention (Scott, 2011). Leaders are capable to transform the fidelities and
behaviors of their staff as a result of shared organizational culture. However negative influences
might appear; dialogue among staff might be restrained, problem-solving might reduce and people
are observed as the cause of the problems. The pressure on people is suggestive of command-and-
controls’ structures and rules. Theory of transformational leadership is associated with the
significance of individual leaders, the charisma, and intellectual stimulation (Antonakis, 2012).
Additionally, if leaders transform leadership to staff, a dynamic connection to the ideas of other is
created to enlighten systematic thinkers. A college administrator can play the role of the
transformational leader through incorporating a shared vision of change, enabling voices in a
cooperative community and reflecting on vision value (Sadeghi, 2012).
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Vision
Professionals in context of education are supposed to raise their awareness in terms of clarity and
goal. Based on McCleskey ( 2014) the ability of leader for articulating an educational vision plays a
major role to develop constant improvement. Moreover, it is necessary for leaders to be must be the
superintendents for all to achieve a vision of success. To work in an educational environment with
current educational requirements, university administrators must be transparent in expressing their
expectations and vision to support change. Therefore, leaders achieve success if they act as
facilitators instead of authoritarians. Furthermore, if leaders consult with other professionals’ points
of view in developing a vision, it will allow individuals to feel empowered, committed, imaginative,
risk-taker, and get involved. Moreover, it is evident that sharing an apparent vision or clear target
facilitates understanding by determining and evaluating goals and outcomes appropriately. In
addition, Schafer (2010) restated that, if the purpose and rationale behind decisions are clearly
communicated, the probability of achieving success is very high in an educational context. This
integrates collaborating with those who have helped to develop the new vision, which leads to
change, and allows individuals to find a solution to meet the needs of students or faculty.
Voices
Based on Scott (2011) effective leadership is defined as a corporation with others instead of making
a decision by a one-person. Moreover, Arnold (2013) has pointed out that in context of higher
education effective leaders, guide through team-working in web-like systems which are non-
hierarchical. If a leader makes the decision for the successful final product, he is required to consult
with all members involved to identify the individuals who can lead to expertise. Besides, if a leader
allows for the team-working environment, a collaborative culture is developed. Professionals can
benefit from collaborative environments which play a pivotal role in the effectiveness of a leader.
This environment strengthens a professional learning community in which forces team- working and
interactions, and fosters individuals to work cooperatively towards a shared vision.
Values
If the levels of team-working and collaboration are high, the overall process and final product of the
vision and the value of its outcome will be successful. Based on Odumeru and Ifeanyi (2013) effective
leadership needs reflection. To this end, the professional requires being aware of when to be
introspective. In the context of higher education, leaders are required to evaluate the consequence
of the shared vision to realize whether it effectively has met student’s and/or staff’s needs or if the
challenges still continue. According to Bass and Avolio ( 2013), it is essential that leaders lead and
guide their institutes into the future by reflecting critically and understanding profoundly the
organizational culture and values. The reflection over values enables the individual to consider the
achieved goal, take into account mission, values or university needs, and skillfully review what might
be necessary with the aim of forming or creating a more effective vision in the imminent future.
In relation to this, transformational leadership creates team-building in order to learn from each
other, form and reflects on shaping visions and goals. Frequently this type of cooperation and
relationship make positive change and increases the effectiveness of professional leadership
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practices. Moreover, based on Kim (2014) the transformational model intent to raise capacity
development and increase the levels of personal commitment which bring about the extra work and
more productively.
Effectively Leading: Other Considerations
Based on a comprehensive review of the literature, the following characteristics of leader behavior
which were related to effective leadership in the context of higher education is discussed
consecutively including some demonstrations from the existing literature.
Clear Sense of Direction
This characteristic denotes that effective leaders provide clear and transparent direction regarding
the paths and vision of their institution. These kind of leaders are responsible for a strategic
leadership of their institution. Wolverton, Ackerman and Holt (2005) conducted a study on 200 US
senior excellent leaders who had been selected as effective leaders. The results of this study revealed
that all these leaders shared a common conspicuous characteristic that is they created a shared
organizational vision and goals. Furthermore, Benoit and Graham (2005) investigated about 13
leaders who designated as effective and excellent leaders by their followers, all pointed to the
significance of the leaders who shared a common vision.
Treating Academic Staff with Integrity
This characteristic of leader behavior refers to following attributes; being fair to them, having faith in
staff, dealing with staff equitably. Bryman (2009) realized if leaders treated staff equitably and fairly,
it would be more probable that leader develops and maintain self-esteem. Therefore, one of a vital
set of aspects ineffective leadership is that leaders must be able to deal with staff consistently, fairly,
inclusively, and responsively.
Being Trustworthy
This characteristic of leader behavior refers to this requirement that leaders must be reliable,
trustworthy with a high level of integrity. This considered as a common theme in the literature of
leadership (Bryman, 2009). Trocchia & Andrus (2003) carried out a study to identify the top
characteristics of effective leaders working in marketing departments. They found that integrity,
honesty, and fairness were the tope characteristic, and moreover, they revealed that fairness is more
associated with the components of effective leadership. Comparably, Bryman (2007b) conducted a
study to identify the perceptions of staff towards what are the criteria for effective leadership among
heads of department in the higher education context. The data obtained from questionnaires which
administered to various groups of deans, fellow heads of department and academic staff. The results
revealed that there was a relatively high level of agreement between respondent in different groups.
The two criteria of trust and integrity were found to be essential characteristics of effective leaders.
Since these characteristics enhance trust and cooperation among members of the organization and
‘displays integrity and moral behavior in all circumstances.
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Encouraging Open Communication
Giving opportunity to be involved in making crucial decisions and creating open communication to
discuss the issues of concern are important to effective leadership. The literature frequently
establishes its importance for academics. It is much more related to the concept of autonomy among
academics since they gain the ability to be responsible for their own work. Czech and Forward (2010)
investigated that open communication among faculty and staff’ led to the effectiveness of their
department. Keith and Buckley (2011) conducted a study to identify distinctive characteristics of
leaders among academics, he found that leaders who were open to suggestion and consulted with
staff were successful in maintaining of morale among academic leaders.
Acting as a Role Model and Having Credibility
Typically effective leaders serve as role models for their staff, therefore it is essential for leaders
forward to establish credibility as academics. Creswell and Brown (1992) conducted a qualitative
study among 33 US academic leaders who had been identified as effective leaders. They recognized
several distinct roles that came out of an examining particular participant that the interviewees
helped a member of academic staff to develop efficiently. One of these roles was mentorship, which
acted as a model for publicizing research activities, sharing knowledge, commenting on others’ work
in terms of publishing and funding. Based on Benoit and Graham’s (2005) research, serving as a role
model in leading teaching and research was considered as one of four salient characteristics of the
leaders. These findings associated with credibility and role modeling are consistent with Goodall’s
(2006) research who examined citation patterns. She suggested that it is essential for leaders to have
credibility and reliability as researchers as guiding research-oriented universities.
Discussion
This study has assessed effective leadership skills applied by leaders in the context of higher
education. The findings revealed that effective leadership behavior should account for followers, the
leader, and the context. Basically, academic leadership differs from business leadership, and entail
special capabilities and experience. Nevertheless, at some point, leadership is associated with
academic leadership. Therefore, leadership is being perceived and regarded as a member of the
academic community. Undoubtedly experienced individuals are able to offer a substantial
contribution to the academic setting, to bridge the gap between theory and practice, and present
new ideas. Though, they require making progress further than capability and values, towards a
proficiency and a clear recognizing the visions.
Conclusion
This paper intended to investigate the existing literature on effective leadership in the context of
higher education. Besides, the findings offer a more comprehensive and empirical perspective on
how Effective Academic Leadership Styles was presented in higher learning institutions. The results
show that most of academic leaders are contributing leadership roles through utilizing appropriate
leadership styles. Additionally, this study identified several characteristics of leader behavior as
related to effective leadership. These characteristics include various aspects of leader behavior which
more generally are found in the literature of leadership. These aspects are the trustworthy, emphases
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on vision, encouraging communication, acting as a model and having credibility. Based on the
literature, characteristics of leader behavior which are probably to be important in higher education
develop a collegial environment. Furthermore, practically there is some evidence which revealed that
effective leadership in higher education regularly does not mean to act as an authoritarian. Rather
than leaders are supposed to apply more transformational styles which involve cooperation and
consultation. Moreover, leaders need to be clear in articulating their vision, and cooperate with their
team and reflect on the value of outcome which all considered as fundamentals of transformational
leadership. To this end, leaders should promote their ability to promote the process of effective
leading meaningfully and try to adhere to characteristics of effective leaders as represented in this
study.
Acknowledgement
This research is funded by University Pendidikan Sultan Idris (2017-0258-107-01).
Corresponding Author
Maryam Mahdinezhad, Faculty of Management & Economics, Sultan Idris Education University,
Tanjung Malim, Perak, 35900, Malaysia. Email: Maryam.m@fpe.upsi.edu.my
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