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Abstract
In 2002, the Centre for Sustainable Heritage was commissioned by English Heritage
to carry out a scoping study on climate change and the historic environment,
including buried archaeology, historic buildings, parks and gardens (Archaeology
Commissions PNUM 3167). The start of the study coincided with the publication of
the current UKCIP02 climate change scenarios. The final report has been prepared by
Professor May Cassar, while the original research was carried out by Dr Robyn
Pender. However, such a report is never the product of one or two individuals. There
were numerous other collaborators in the study including Professor Bill Bordass
(William Bordass Associates), Jane Corcoran (Museum of London Archaeology
Service), Professor Lord Julian Hunt (UCL), Taryn Nixon (Museum of London
Archaeology Service), Professor Tadj Oreszczyn (UCL) and Professor Phil Steadman
(UCL). English Heritage’s interests were represented by Mike Corfield and latterly by
Bill Martin. UKCIP through Dr.Richenda Connell provided scientific advice during the
editing of the report. The study could never have been carried out without strong
regional participation from heritage managers in the East of England and the North
West of England as well as scientists and policy makers.
It is intended that this report will make a contribution to the debate on the impact of
climate change on the historic environment. Its recommendations and the gaps in
information and research that it has identified should be the focus of discussion and
timely resolution.
... Vulnerability Analysis: Assessing the susceptibility of heritage sites to identified hazards, considering factors like structural integrity and material composition (Jokilehto 2006). Impact Assessment: Evaluating the potential consequences of hazards on cultural heritage, including physical damage and loss of historical value (Cassar 2005 ...
... Existing frameworks often vary widely in their methodologies, making it difficult to compare results and implement consistent preservation strategies across different sites (Sabbioni et al. 2010). A standardized approach would enable more uniform data collection and analysis, facilitating better cross-site comparisons and collaborative efforts in heritage conservation (Cassar 2005). ...
... Public support and participation are crucial for the success of conservation initiatives. However, there is often a lack of understanding among the general public about the significance of cultural heritage and the threats posed by climate change (Cassar 2005). Enhancing public education and involvement can foster a more supportive environment for heritage preservation efforts (Jokilehto 2006). ...
This thesis, titled "Evaluation of the Impact of Climate Induced Extreme Events on
Historic Centers in Italy," examines the effects of climate change on the preservation of
historic centers in four Italian cities: Pisa, Venice, Verona, and Padua. The primary
objectives of the study are to assess the climate-related risks facing these culturally
significant sites, using the “Risk Mapping Tool for Cultural Heritage Protection”, a
WebGIS Tool developed within the two Interreg Central Europe Projects ProteCH2save
(Risk assessment and sustainable protection of Cultural Heritage in changing
environments; 2017-2020) and STRENCH (STRENgthening resilience of Cultural Heritage
at risk in a changing environment; 2020-2022).
The methodology employed in this research involves a comprehensive analysis of
historical climate data, as well as the application of the ProteCHt2save framework to
understand the main criticalieties of the selected historic centers. The study investigates
the potential impacts of various climate-induced hazards, such as heavy rain, flooding,
heat waves, and droughts, on the built heritage and infrastructure of these urban areas.
The key findings of the thesis highlight the significant threats posed by climate change
to the preservation of Italy's historic centers. The research identifies the main hazards
that each case study is exposed to, providing valuable insights for policymakers,
heritage managers, and local communities. The conclusions of the study emphasize the
need for proactive adaptation strategies, including the implementation of resilience building measures and the integration of climate risk assessment into heritage
management practices.
... Cultural resources provide "a unique and important testimony of the culture and identities of peoples" [2] and help to link modern communities temporally and spatially [3]. Climate change is impacting cultural resources globally [4][5][6][7][8][9], severing this link and impacting the quality of life for modern communities [1]. As the earth's climate warms and the global sea levels rise, archaeological and cultural sites are vulnerable to threats from climate change [10]. ...
... Climate change is a global issue which will impact heritage worldwide [4][5][6][7][8][9]. Florida is on the front lines of exposure to inundation due to climate change and sea-level rise. ...
... Exposure 54% 13 flood scenarios tested Exposed in 7 of 13 flood scenarios Exposed in all scenarios EXCEPT 3,4,8,11,12,13 ...
Cultural resources are often overlooked in climate change and resiliency planning, despite them being integral to community identity and the restoration of a sense of normalcy after significant weather events. This vulnerability assessment demonstrates how cultural resources can be included in planning efforts, and how they can be prioritized based on specific criteria. To complete this assessment, a working group with local land managers and cultural resource professionals was formed, and members employed a sophisticated Geo Tool, ACUNE (Adaptation of Coastal Urban and Natural Ecosystems) for climate adaptation, to predict how cultural resources throughout Collier County, Florida, would be impacted in two specific climate scenarios. The working group selected ten significant sites in the county and used ACUNE to prioritize action at these sites, using a matrix of hazard exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity, and the environmental, social, and economic consequences of the loss of these sites. Based on the results of our case study vulnerability assessment of cultural resources in Collier County, the next decade (2020 to 2030) has the potential to increase the number of sites at risk of storm flooding from 267 to 318, alerting managers that immediate action is needed for the sites of greatest value. The analysis of 10 case study sites is presented to demonstrate an approach for land managers and other cultural resource professionals to prioritize action at their own sites.
... and museums (Cassar, 2005). Some monuments may be at extreme risk, most notably those in danger of inundation by sea level rise and storm surge (Camuffo et al., 2014;Cassar, 2005). ...
... and museums (Cassar, 2005). Some monuments may be at extreme risk, most notably those in danger of inundation by sea level rise and storm surge (Camuffo et al., 2014;Cassar, 2005). ...
... The mean sea level rise, SLR, was calculated at the coastal UNESCO sites. The inundation of monuments by sea level rise or by storm surge is the hardest threat to deal with and may cause the abandonment and destruction of a site (Cassar, 2005). SLR was calculated from the extreme sea level (ESL) dataset of the Large Scale Integrated Sea-level and Coastal Assessment Tool (LISCOAST) program developed by the Joint Research Center (JRC) of the European Commission. ...
The study presents a time-dependent analysis of threats from man-made climate change at 244 UNESCO cultural and natural heritage sites in the Mediterranean. The hazards in our research are estimated by indices based on extremes of heat, fire weather conditions, heavy rainfall days, frost days, changes in mean sea level and aridity at each site. These indices were calculated from regional EUROCORDEX simulations, cover the period 1971–2100 and refer to two IPCC emission scenarios, namely RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. A combined threat index was next calculated, as explained in the text, together with its synergy with local exposure geophysical threats, such as seismicity, topography and proximity to forests and seas. All indices related to man-made climate change show an overall increasing trend from present to the end of the twenty-first century. Some of these increasing trends are intensified after the 2030s and 2040s, except for the case of the days with frost. As the global warming evolves, in both IPCC scenarios studied, the combined threat to the majority of UNESCO sites studied increases. Notable is the amplification of the threat at sites vulnerable to seismic activity and to other local or regional topography and geophysical regional characteristics. Our conclusion is that the majority of heritage sites in the Mediterranean are vulnerable to an increasing rate of threats from man-made global warming and extreme events. Seismic activity is magnifying these threats only at the sites in which that additional hazard applies. Based on the proposed combined threat index, for the worst-case scenario (RCP8.5) 35 monument sites fall within the “high hazard” and 12 sites fall under the category “extreme hazard”.
... Published analyses of the potential impacts of climate change on cultural heritage tend to use one, or a combination, of the following techniques: (Cassar, 2005), the National Trust's Shifting Shores reports (National Trust, 2005b, National Trust Northern Ireland, 2007 Examples are the use of Geographical Information systems (GIS) to create risk maps (Hunt, 2011, McNeary, 2010, or the use of simulation and modelling software to mimic future environmental response (Kincey et al., 2008, Huijbregts et al., 2012. ...
... This approach shares much in common with the above method but tends to be a more localised or site specific assessment and utilises theoretical perspectives rooted in the experience of stakeholders. The University College London scoping study commissioned by English Heritage is a good example of the concept, using a mixture of site based assessments, stakeholder workshops and questionnaires (Cassar, 2005). The questionnaire outlined possible impacts and predicted responses and was sent to scientific and heritage experts and site managers (Cassar and Pender, 2005). ...
... For example, rising temperatures may encourage microbial deterioration of organics (Chapman, 2002) as would exposure to oxygenated water due to heavy rainfall (Bjordal et al., 2006). Assessing the potential impacts of future climate change on the archaeological resource is complicated by the fact that the conditions and processes involved in burial preservation are poorly understood (Cassar, 2005, Van de Noort et al., 2001. ...
... The impact of CC has been addressed from natural sciences and social and political sciences [2]. However, there is less research on the implications of CC on cultural and natural heritage, being necessary to understand the risks related to climate change [3] in this area [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. ...
... In cluster 2 (yellow), planning for adaptability and climate change is address authors participate, of which Cassar, M. (TLS = 706), Seekamp, E. (237), Fatorić, S and Adger, W.N. (203) stand out. This group of authors points out the need to planning processes for the adaptation to climate change of different spaces such toric districts, buildings, coastal spaces, and archaeological sites on land or unde [15,25]. ...
... In cluster 2 (yellow), planning for adaptability and climate change is addressed; six authors participate, of which Cassar, M. (TLS = 706), Seekamp, E. (237), Fatorić, S. (218), and Adger, W.N. (203) stand out. This group of authors points out the need to initiate planning processes for the adaptation to climate change of different spaces such as: historic districts, buildings, coastal spaces, and archaeological sites on land or underwater [15,25]. ...
The world’s cultural and natural heritage has been gradually affected by climate change, and although the research agendas of many countries have included this reality since 2003, there is still an incipient approach to it, with analysis techniques used being limited. In addition, there are very few case studies that describe in detail the adaptation processes of spaces to these new conditions. The aim of this research is to identify the scientific production related to the impact of climate change on cultural and natural heritage indexed in the international databases Scopus and Web of Science (WoS), which will enable to establish maturity of the research on this subject. The methodology used for the analysis of the data obtained is bibliometric analysis; evaluative and relational measures are applied to a set of 78 articles (45 in Scopus and 33 in WoS) and to a joint base of 47 articles after deleting those articles that overlap in both databases. The result is a scientific mapping that enables observing of the evolution of knowledge generation in this field of study. The main findings show that research is incipient, with a large presence of transient authors with a single publication, the research is limited to the geographical scope of Europe and North America, neglecting many other areas, the impact which is measured by the citation of articles is very low, the relational measures corroborate that the thematic approach is new by identifying a high presence of isolated relationships among authors. The results obtained will be very useful for researchers working in this scientific area, as they can find a synthesis of scientific production in this document, allowing them to draw their own conclusions regarding the current gaps in research; constituting the starting point of their research, with the aim of filling these gaps.
... Past studies addressing the issue of climate change impacts on cultural sites have been largely concerned with risk assessment, while only a limited number considered adaptation options. We identified six studies with substantive consideration of adaptation options for cultural sites facing climate extremes, variability or change [7,[28][29][30][31][32] (see Table 2 in the Results section). A number of other studies considered options for cultural site adaptation but only in passing, and so were not included [33][34][35]. ...
... Rangers initiated and considered more options than any one of the other studies considering adaptation of cultural sites cited in Table 2 [7,[28][29][30][31][32]. Our study underscored, therefore, the value of locally controlled planning-direct experience of risks proved highly fertile ground for appraising practical measures. ...
... Our results highlight the importance of local adaptive capacity. Communicating the vulnerability of cultural sites to climate change was cited as an option by only two studies [31,32], but seen by rangers as one of the most critical. Indeed, distribution of the resulting documentary film elicited contact from science journalists and entrepreneurs inspired to cover 'the story' or support implementation of options such as 3D modelling of sites and augmented reality application development. ...
Cultural sites are particularly important to Indigenous peoples, their identity, cosmology and sociopolitical traditions. The benefits of local control, and a lack of professional resources, necessitate the development of planning tools that support independent Indigenous cultural site adaptation. We devised and tested a methodology for non-heritage professionals to analyse options that address site loss, build site resilience and build local adaptive capacity. Indigenous rangers from Kakadu National Park and the Djelk Indigenous Protected Area, Arnhem Land, Australia, were engaged as fellow researchers via a participatory action research methodology. Rangers rejected coastal defences and relocating sites, instead prioritising routine use of a risk field survey, documentation of vulnerable sites using new digital technologies and widely communicating the climate change vulnerability of sites via a video documentary. Results support the view that rigorous approaches to cultural site adaptation can be employed independently by local Indigenous stakeholders.
... Although maintenance of cultural heritage in the context of climate change may be a key concern among stakeholders (Hall et al. 2016), if there is little to no funding available for conservation projects, very little can be done to implement and safeguard cultural heritage against threats. In the report Climate Change and the Historic Environment, Cassar (2005) notes that coastal heritage sites are under the highest level of threat, but lack adequate management strategies, and that funding to monitor and record these sites is critical for conservation but is likely "unrealistic." As Hall et al. (2016) point out, adaptation and mitigation for historic resources can require large-scale investments; this is problematic for planning practitioners in coastal communities with small or limited financial budgets and large amounts of historic resources. ...
... Secondly, disallowing for interventions such as modern, more efficient infrastructure, or alterations to adapt to climate change can do more harm to heritage assets than good. Noninvasive or invisible fixes may not always be a possible solution for adapting heritage to climate change threats (Hassler 2006;Cassar 2005); moderate to significant alterations may need to be implemented to ensure the conservation of heritage assets. If the appropriate interventions are not made to safeguard heritage, historic resources are left vulnerable; rising sea levels and extreme weather events are likely to cause more significant damages to the heritage asset than the interventions would. ...
... If the appropriate interventions are not made to safeguard heritage, historic resources are left vulnerable; rising sea levels and extreme weather events are likely to cause more significant damages to the heritage asset than the interventions would. This raises the question not only to local planning practitioners but to global practitioners of what elements must we forfeit in order to conserve the rest (Hassler 2006;Cassar 2005). ...
... Source: Field photograph by the researcher Therefore, human activities such as games and sports, bush burning, and agriculture have played a crucial role in creating avenues for the effect of climate change on Fort Patiko as discussed in the Anthropogenic Global Warming (AGW). Besides, the role of climate change through its extreme weather elements such as high temperatures, humidity, increased precipitation, wind and sunshine has critically changed the physical outlook of Fort Patiko as intricately displayed by the Human Forces (Cassar, 2009). ...
This study investigated the effect of climate change on Fort Patiko in Gulu District, in Northern Uganda from 1972 to 2023. Archaeological and historic sites are under threat of climate change, characterised by global warming, heavy rains and flooding, drought and extreme weather events. Fort Patiko may not be an exception. The study established that Fort Patiko's originality and physical appearance have been impacted by climate change. Due to rain and heat waves, the rock's colour and structures have changed over time. Wind, rain, and humidity agents of erosion are weakening the rock structures. There are fewer studies which have tried to explore the effect of climate change on Fort Patiko, therefore, this study will fill the gap. Qualitative and quantitative research methods were employed for this study to understand the diversity and intensity of the effect of climate change on the Fort Patiko historical site. The ethnohistorical research design was used to extract historical narratives and events pointing to the effects of climate change on Fort Patiko. Data was collected through, a review of documents and reports on climate change in the region; direct observation, and interviews with local community members to explore the nature and effects of climate change on Fort Patiko. A total of 55 participants were interviewed. Thematic analysis was used to identify key characteristics and effects of climate change on the Fort Patiko historical site
... In that context, efforts should be made to protect and shield these assets from possible climate-change-related risks as they are, by definition, nonrenewable resources. These dangers include potential structural damage or exacerbation of material decay due to severe pattern changes in rainfall and global temperatures [11,12]. ...
Coastal areas are currently exposed to numerous hazards exacerbated by climate change, including erosion, flooding, storm surges, and other sea level rise phenomena. Mediterranean countries, in particular, are facing a constant shrinking of coastal areas. This region also hosts significant cultural heritage assets, including several UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The present research demonstrates a methodological approach to assess the current and future exposure of Mediterranean coastal areas and heritage assets to Sea Level Rise using open access data regarding elevation, vertical ground motion, and Sea Level Change factors (e.g., ice sheets, glaciers, etc.). The future projections regard 2050 and 2100 and are based on RCP scenarios 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5. The datasets used include Copernicus GLO-30 DSM, the European Ground Motion Service’s dataset on Vertical Ground Motion, the Sea Level Change Projections’ Regional Dataset by NASA, and a hybrid coastline dataset created for the present research purposes to assist in delineating the study area. The research results demonstrate that Greece, Italy, and France’s mainland and cultural heritage assets already face SLR-related hazards but are expected to be further exposed in the future, always taking into consideration the high level of uncertainty regarding SLR projections and RCP scenarios’ hypotheses.
... In fact, early case studies analysed the hazard of flooding [49] and shoreline erosion [50] on archaeological sites based on cartographic visualization of the location of cultural resource and the evolution of hazard over time. More recently [51]) stressed the value and usefulness of overlapping maps of cultural resources and hazard risk as a simple and effective tool for the overall assessment of the hazard intensity on cultural resources. It is an understandable way of presenting complex hazard data to managers and the public. ...
The protection of cultural resources from natural and human–induced hazards has been an area of intense scientific interest over time. The literature highlights that, despite the intensive research efforts to date, there is a lack of a commonly accepted hazard assessment framework that supports decision–making to limit their negative effects and contribute to the protection of cultural heritage. In this paper, a general method for assessing the intensity of multiple hazards on cultural resources is developed and applied. The proposed method utilizes a) the capabilities of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), b) open geospatial hazard data and c) an original 7–step integrated method developed in this research. Key features of the proposed method are its ability to consider and synthesize intensities of quantitative hazards such as earthquakes, floods and hazards expressed on a qualitative scale, such as wildfire and landslide. The proposed method is applied to assess the exposure of 918 cultural resources of the Region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, Greece, to earthquake, flood, landslide, sea level rise, wildfire, soil erosion and industrial–technological accident and develop an aggregate multi–hazard intensity index (mhii) for each of the cultural resources in this region. The proposed method can be applied to hazard intensity assessment for resources other than cultural, such as a region's human capital, infrastructure, environment, and economic facilities. This provides researchers, scientists, and managers of cultural sites with a tool to set priorities for designing appropriate mitigation strategies to reduce the negative impacts of hazards.
... Bu amaçla, restorasyon süreci mutlaka kanıta dayalı, araştırmaya dayalı olmalı ve tarihi yapının sürdürülebilir bir şekilde korunmasını sağlamak için etik olmalıdır (Jokilehto, 1999). Ayrıca, çevreye duyarlı malzeme ve tekniklerin kullanılması, restorasyon prosedürünün ekolojik etkisini azaltmaya ve binanın ömrünü uzatmaya yardımcı olur (Cassar, 2005). Tarihi binaların başarılı bir şekilde restorasyonu ve korunması için teknik bilgi ile korumanın kültürel, sosyal ve ekolojik unsurlarını birleştiren bütüncül, kuşatıcı bir strateji esastır. ...
Ülkelerde bulunan tarihi yapılar yalnızca turizm açısından değil, yerel halkın kültürü açısından da önemlidir. Bu sebeple tarihi
yapıların restorasyonu kişilerde olumlu duygular oluşturabileceği gibi sonucun olumsuz olması ihtimaline karşı insanlarda endişeye
sebep olabilmektedir. Çalışma bu endişeler kapsamında insanların tepkilerini daha çok hangi yönde verdiklerini ölçmeyi ve buna
dair çözüm önerileri getirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma sonuçları incelendiğinde insanların daha çok restorasyon
tamamlandığında Kız Kulesi’nin bir beton yığınına dönüşeceğine dair düşünceleri olduğu görülmektedir. Bu sebeple endişeler daha
çok betonarmeye yönelik gelişmiş ve tarihi eserin yok olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Çalışma sonuçları doğrultusunda ortaya çıkan
endişelerin giderilmesi açısından tüm paydaşlara öneri getirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda kamu otoriteleri ve karar alıcıların tüm toplumu
ilgilendiren konularda önemli kararlar almadan önce kamuoyu araştırmaları yapmaları önerilmektedir.
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Historical buildings in countries are important not only in terms of tourism, but also in terms of the culture of the local people. For this reason, the restoration of historical buildings can create positive emotions in people, as well as cause anxiety in people in case the result is negative. The study aims to measure in which direction people give their reactions within the scope of these concerns and to offer solutions for this. When the results of the research are examined, it is seen that people have thoughts that the Maiden's Tower will turn into a concrete pile when the restoration is completed. For this reason, it is thought that the concerns have developed more towards reinforced concrete and the historical artifact may be destroyed. In line with the results of the study, suggestions were made to all stakeholders in order to eliminate the concerns. In this context, it is recommended that public authorities and decision makers conduct public opinion surveys before making big decisions on issues that concern the whole society.
... In fact, early case studies analysed the hazard of flooding [49] and shoreline erosion [50] on archaeological sites based on cartographic visualization of the location of cultural resource and the evolution of hazard over time. More recently [51]) stressed the 5 "1-low", "2-moderate", "3-high". 6 "1-very low", "2-low", "3-moderate", "4-high" and "5-very high" or "extreme". ...
... However, there is a need for a local, and even microscale [13], understanding of climate to improve the relevance of environmental observations to heritage management [14]. At the local scale, people responsible for heritage protection have worried about climate change impacts and have seen changes in precipitation and atmospheric moisture as a particular problem [15]. It is important to be able to transfer globalscale heritage climate assessments to a local level. ...
Timber heritage sites are vulnerable to damage from moisture. Simple meteorological descriptions of climate need to be tuned to capture drivers that threaten heritage, including dimensional change, insect attack and mould growth. Global climate models often provide projections through to the end of the 21st century but need to be translated to a local level to reveal processes of deterioration at specific sites. Translation to a local level can be challenging and requires the use of local information from a range of sources. This translation is explored over a range of sites facing different climate pressures, including fungal and insect risk at Harmondsworth Great Barn, England; changes in humidity range, salt risk and algal growth in rural timber buildings in the Midwestern states, USA; wind-driven rain impacts on board houses in Freetown, Sierra Leone; and rainfall and humidity range on timber buildings among the tropical rainforests of the Amazon, Congo Basin and Southeast Asia. Evidence-based narratives provide a tool to incorporate a multiplicity of local information to enrich projections and the interpretation of the model output. These could build trust and aid decision-making based on future projections, which are inherently uncertain.
... The integrity of the architectural and monumental heritage is naturally subject to the passing of time, but in recent decades various deterioration phenomena have been accelerated and exacerbated by high levels of pollutants (Grossi and Brimblecombe, 2007). Climate change has also greatly increased the risks due to extreme weather phenomena and hydrogeological hazards and also includes a general rise in temperatures and the consequent rise of sea level (Cassar, 2005;Fatorić and Seekamp, 2017;Grossi and Brimblecombe, 2007). The risks are quite evident for tangible heritage, but they also applies to the intangible (Fatorić and Seekamp, 2017), which is transmitted thanks to the social cohesion of the communities to which it belongs. ...
Cities resulted more vulnerable to major global challenges, such as climate change and the pandemic. Historical districts are even more fragile due to the compactness of the urban structure and the high concentration of cultural heritage. Considering the urgency of these issues, urban resilience strategies has been a key topic in research for several decades. However, these strategies are often based on standardised actions, easily applicable to peripheral or recent areas, but not suitable for historical centres. Overcoming these limitations requires a change of perspective and the re-placing of cultural specificities at the very centre. A culture-base methodological approach is presented in this contribution. To further explore the topic, the case study of Milan (Italy) was investigated. In this study, we analyse the specific urban and architectural features of the historical centre and we focus on the role of residential courtyards.
... Although the socio-economic significance of climate change is widely recognised, its potential to affect our cultural heritage and natural history collections is not explicitly mentioned in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports. The need for knowledge in this area has initiated various European research projects, such as Noah's Ark [22], Engineering Historic Futures [23], Climate Change and the Historic Environment [24], and Climate for Culture [25][26][27]. Recent studies by Camuffo et al. [28][29][30][31][32][33] and other authors [34][35][36][37] are of particular relevance because of their focus on the indoor environment within historic buildings, both in European and national contexts. ...
Climate change not only affects the biodiversity of natural habitats, but also the flora and fauna within cities. An increase in average temperature and changing precipitation, but additionally extreme weather events with heat waves and flooding, are forecast. The climate in our cities and, thus, also inside buildings is influenced by the changing outdoor climate and urban heat islands. A further challenge to ecosystems is the introduction of new species (neobiota). If these species are pests, they can cause damage to stored products and materials. Much cultural heritage is within buildings, so changes in the indoor climate also affect pests (insect and fungi) within the museums, storage depositories, libraries, and historic properties. This paper reviews the literature and presents an overview of these complex interactions between the outdoor climate, indoor climate, and pests in museums. Recent studies have examined the direct impact of climate on buildings and collections. The warming of indoor climates and an increased frequency or intensity of extreme weather events are two important drivers affecting indoor pests such as insects and fungi, which can severely damage collections. Increases in activity and new species are found, e.g., the tropical grey silverfish Ctenolepisma longicaudatum has been present in many museums in recent years benefitting from increased indoor temperatures.
... This scenario has been reinforced by the recent pandemic crisis of COVID-19 (Boeri, 2020;Istituto di Architettura Montana, 2020;Koolhaas, 2020). Together with climate change issues in cities (Cassar & Pender, 2003;Mercalli, 2020;Rosenzweig et al., 2011), the pandemic has temporarily led to a trend of city dwellers moving to rural areas. Moreover, many people have adopted a new thought of "slow living". ...
The main topic of this work focuses on the semantic, historical and spatial documentation of Minor Historical Centres (MHC) with a focus on (semi-abandoned alpine) hamlets. The key point is the possibility to standardise spatial information in the domain of MHC and their related cultural, architectural, built and landscape heritage. This work analyses the notions of historical centre and ancient area, which took different meanings and evolved over the centuries. MHC are historical part of cities, villages and hamlets (urban, rural, minor or abandoned) with cultural, social and economic values. Thus, MHC need to be preserved, documented and safeguarded. The spatial and semantic documentation is a fundamental tool for increasing their knowledge. In these places, many actors and stakeholders are involved in different activities, and for this reason, they need to share common knowledge and use a unique language. In this regard, spatial ontology is of relevant interest and usability. Ontologies are conceptual structures that formalise specific knowledge and create a unique and standard thesaurus that ensures semantic interoperability. This paper is part of a PhD research targeted at developing an ontology containing helpful information to manage, share and collect data on MHC due to the lack of an interoperable structure to formalise such knowledge. The main aim is to populate and enrich the already developed ontological structure with data of a mountain semi-abandoned hamlet: Pomieri. The methodological workflow is validated, enriching and populating the ontology, adding classes and instances with information and unstructured data of a real data case study.
... The potential effects and impacts of climate change on tangible heritage are multiple, and include for instance: corrosion of materials such as limestone due to unusual weather patterns and intensification of rainfall; structural damage and collapse of heritage buildings due to the increase of extreme weather events such as heavy wind; destruction of cultural sites situated on a seaside environment due to coastal erosion; deterioration of building facades due to thermal stress such as thaw and frost, or due to atmospheric pollution; deterioration of surfaces (e.g., paintings, frescos) due to exposure to wetting and drying that results in the crystallisation and dissolution of salts; and for some materials, such as wood, climate change and rise in temperature are likely to lead to a more frequent proliferation and to the migration of new parasites [7,23,24]. ...
The intensifying effects of climate change are becoming one of the main threats to cultural heritage, posing risks of degradation or destruction. Climate change is bringing complexity and uncertainty to ensuring the resilience of cultural heritage, and among risk mitigation measures digitalisation is regarded as a promising tool. However, the infrastructure required for the digitalisation process exerts significant pressures on the environment contributing to climate deterioration. To address these issues, this contribution developed a strong sustainability framework for the preservation of cultural heritage through digitalisation, for minimising environmental impacts and maximising the potential of preservation. To construct the framework, a literature review was conducted on efficiency and sufficiency concepts and existing approaches to sustainability of digitalisation in cultural heritage. To test the potential application and feasibility of the framework in driving environmental sustainability efforts within cultural heritage organisations, the case study of the Finnish Heritage Agency was analysed. The results showed that the understanding of the sustainability of digitalisation is not fully developed. Strong sustainability is hardly applied in practice, even though an inherent tendency for sufficiency especially in the appraisal stage was identified. It was highlighted that extensive stakeholder networks are required for advancing the sustainability of digital preservation. Ultimately, re-examining current practices and realigning stakeholders would be required for addressing the current challenges.
... • Pioneering research and innovation: leading the science on understanding climate impacts, adaptation and risk The heritage sector has been engaging in research and innovation for the last 20 years, identifying the potential risks and impacts from climate change. Since the publication of the seminal 'Climate Change and the Historic Environment' report (Cassar 2005), climate change study has expanded rapidly, with the academic sector working increasingly with international partners to understand the scale of impacts and change across different heritage assets. Heritage scientists map and analyse climate change, risk and hazard across the UK, from historic coastal landscapes to heritage sites at risk of storm surges, soil movement, flooding and rising sea levels. ...
Our heritage now faces unprecedented challenges from climate change. However, heritage can also be part of the solution. This article is drawn from the 'Heritage Responds' report issued by the Historic Environment Forum in England in November 2021, just ahead of the United Nations COP26 Conference in Glasgow. The purpose of the report was to highlight the positive actions already being taken by the heritage sector in England, and their partners in academia, ecology, development and the commercial sector, to address a broad range of climate factors. The key message is that while we recognise the very real risks that climate change presents to our tangible heritage, we also recognise there are solutions we can bring to the table that help not only to protect heritage but also bring wider benefits to local, and wider, communities.
The full report - 'Heritage Responds – Taking Positive Action on Climate Change' – is available on the Historic Environment Forum webpage: Heritage Responds - Historic Environment Forum. It is accompanied by an online repository of case studies demonstrating actions across research, technology, innovation, advocacy, carbon and energy reduction, adaptive reuse, nature-based solutions, community engagement and skills development.
... Climate change and shifts in visitation may also put further strain on park systems' ability to manage visitors and impacts, with health repercussions. Many state and national parks face maintenance backlogs that create potentially hazardous conditions (Beamish, 2018), exacerbated by climate-change threats such as flooding and storms (Cassar & Pender, 2003;IPCC, 2014). Jones and Scott (2006) warn that projected increases in warm-weather park visitation could "significantly stress natural resources or lead to the escalation of conflicts among user groups" (p. ...
... Material, morphological and microclimatic characteristics of each building are identified, then an analysis is made of the interventions performed on them over time, by assessing their compatibility. This leads to the classification of the case studies in categories based on the possible actions that can be envisaged on them: -interventions on opaque envelope, window and door frames, and technical installations; -interventions on outdoor and surrounding spaces, such as courtyards, green areas and terraces; -actions of preventive conservation, monitoring and maintenance planning, with an assessment of the impact on climate change (Cassar, 2005). The further step concerns the skills mapping of the professional profiles to train. ...
The issues of energy efficiency and climate change belong to a complex scenario to which contemporaneity is called upon to answer. Architecture can contribute by promoting practices that look at the environment with a view to building the future. As an architectural activity, restoration of heritage buildings can actively participate in this fundamental challenge within the perspective of a circular economy proposing a globally sustainable model. Starting from a state-of-the-art investigation, this paper aims to enucleate the BECK project’s contribution in this field, as well as to underline how careful strategies of conservation and contemporary use can have positive effects on sustainable future scenarios.
... Those included strategies for both physical adaptation and adjusting management practices. Cassar [6] investigated the impacts of climate change in archaeological sites and suggested adopting solutions that are sensibly designed to the specific conditions of the site after a long-term program of monitoring and maintenance. Additionally, Cassar [7] summarized the adaptation measures suggested by the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and by the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), who recommend increasing research, knowledge, education and engagement and also the upgrading of management plans including risk assessments and monitoring procedures to increase the resilience of the sites. ...
Aiming to address climate change, management plans for monuments and archaeological sites should be upgraded. Adaptation of cultural heritage to climate change is necessary to mitigate climate change impacts and to increase the resilience of historical sites. Proper protection of heritage structures against climate change may be achieved by adjusting the microclimatic conditions on the site by using shelters which perform as regulators. Artificially created environments depend on the construction of shells. These shells will be capable to perform as intermediate barriers between the outer climate and the interior, which has different temperature and humidity conditions. The shelter determines the interior climate and also interacts with the surrounding environment.
... In line with this, practitioners have not been very interested in predictive cost analysis. Similarly, decision-makers tend to avoid risk management regarding big hazards, even if the effects of climate change have already been pointed out as factors which make these issues more and more dramatic (Cassar 2005). Even if there is a consensus about the convenience of preventive attitudes, behaviours are generally described as unresponsive. ...
... Given the nature of coasts and the marine environment, CMCH is under particular threat from climate-change related events and conditions such as changes in precipitation, humidity, flooding, increasing storm surges and coastal erosion (Daire et al., 2012;Fatorić and Seekamp, 2017b;Köpsel and Walsh, 2018;Sesana et al., 2018). Climate change is identified as the greatest agent of (environmental) change facing built heritage (Cassar, 2005). Climate change impacts tangible culture (Daire et al., 2012) coastal landscapes (Fatorić and Seekamp, 2017a), and intangible heritage e.g. ...
Coastal zones are historically rich with unique land/seascapes, tangible artifacts, and intangible cultural heritage. Coastal and maritime cultural heritage (CMCH) contends with various constraining conditions of the sea and shore—both geophysical and socially constructed—which we delineate to identify risks and threats to its sustainable management. In response to calls for the greater incorporation of CMCH in the name of regional development and blue growth, we propose a conceptual framework as a means to identify risks and sustainably manage CMCH. We develop the concepts of communities of meaning and communities of participation to address how CMCH is created and contested and identify key considerations for its management. Building on theories of space, place, and identity, the paper constructs communities of meaning in order to elaborate the various opportunities but also tensions in preserving CH and cultivating reliant enterprises as a part of wider regional development strategies. Working from this understanding of place and identity in degrees of inclusivity/exclusivity, the paper draws upon literature on deliberative and participatory governance, framed as communities of participation. These two concepts provide a vocabulary for managers to address calls for the promotion of CMCH and determine appropriate management strategies and governance based on policy objectives and the will of potentially multiple communities of meaning.
... Cultural heritage, which has been skillfully handed down to us through the centuries, today is dealing with an unprecedented and constantly changing climate [1][2][3][4][5]. Its effects are making the protection, management, and use of cultural heritage more challenging [6][7][8][9]. ...
As increasingly recognized by scholars, climate change is posing new challenges in the field of disaster risk management and urban planning. Even though cultural heritage has passed through decades and centuries, it has never experienced such unexpected and variable events as those forecasted by climate change for the foreseeable future, making it a sensitive element of the living environment. By selecting the city of Ravenna and the cultural heritage site of the Santa Croce Church and archaeological area as a case study, the paper aims at providing an insight into the role that urban planning tools have when it comes to improving the resilience of historical areas, coping with climate change through improvements to the disaster risk management of cultural heritage. Starting from a deep analysis of the existing spatial and urban planning tools that operate at different scales on the Ravenna territory, the adaptive capacity of the historical area toward the identified risks was assessed. The results may lead, on the one hand, to improving the integration of cultural heritage risk management into urban planning tools; on the other hand, they contribute to improving the scope and the governance of the heritage management plans in order to cope with climate change risks and their effects.
... Given the nature of coasts and the marine environment, CMCH is under particular threat from climatechange related events and conditions such as changes in precipitation, humidity, flooding, increasing storm surges and coastal erosion (Daire et al. 2012;Fatorić and Seekamp 2017a;Köpsel and Walsh 2018;Sesana et al. 2018). Indeed climate change is identified as the greatest agent of (natural) change facing built heritage (Cassar 2005). Climate change impacts tangible culture (Daire et al. 2012) coastal landscapes (Fatorić and Seekamp 2017b), and intangible heritage e.g. ...
This deliverable is an output of the synthesis of our work in WP2, “Eliciting a Deep Understanding of Maritime and Coastal CH,” in particular from the following tasks:
Task 2.1: A global review of current understanding of maritime and coastal CH
Task 2.3 CH through a literature review of “Space, Place, and Identity” and how they inform CH perspectives.
Task 2.4 Review of how processes of resilience and adaptation can impact and preserve CH and its relation with land/sea-scapes; and
Task 2.5 Overview of deliberative and participatory governance for sustainable management and conservation of European coastal and maritime CH and landscapes.
Once we had a grasp of main themes found in coastal and maritime CH (CMCH) found through these tasks, we worked to summarise and make a coherent understanding of how we can connect CH and sustainable governance. In the end, building on theoretical understandings of space, place, and identity, we chose to elaborate CMCH understood as communities of meaning in order to elaborate the various opportunities but also tensions in preserving CH and cultivating reliant enterprises as a part of wider regional development strategies. Working from this understanding of place and identity in degrees of inclusivity/exclusivity, we then drew upon literature on deliberative and participatory governance, framed as communities of participation, which is essential to the sustainable exploitation and management of CMCH.
This understanding was worked into a publishable-quality journal manuscript, which forms the rest of this deliverable. The manuscript will be submitted in month 13 to Ocean & Coastal Management once it is re-formatted to fit the needs of the journal’s author guidelines.
... In the context of historical and archaeological resources, work on climate change adaptation is often focused on assessing the observed or projected physical impacts of climate change on artefacts and sites and on the capacity of the management system to monitor, fund or staff different adaptation options, such as excavating in situ artefacts, constructing physical barriers along shorelines or allowing resources to succumb to the sea (Morgan et al. 2016;Daly 2014;Glick et al. 2011;Sabbioni et al. 2010). In this adaptation response, the information from vulnerability assessments is integrated with values, goals or priorities to inform managers' decisions (Sabbioni et al. 2010;Cassar 2005). ...
In this unique edited collection, social scientists reflect upon and openly share insights gathered from researching people and the sea.
Understanding how people use, relate to and interact with coastal and marine environments has never been more important, with social scientists having an increasingly vital contribution to make. Yet practical experiences in deploying social science approaches in this field are typically hidden away in field notes and unpublished doctoral manuscripts, with the opportunity for shared learning that comes from doing research often missed. There is a need for reflection on how social science knowledge is produced.
This collection presents experiences from the field, its necessary reflexivity and innovation in methods, and the challenges and opportunities of translating across disciplines and policy. It brings to light the tacit expertise needed to study people and the sea and offers lessons which readers could employ in their own research. With a focus on the future direction of marine social sciences, the volume is highly relevant to masters and doctoral students and more experienced researchers engaged in studying people and the sea, as well as policy makers, practitioners and scientists wishing to understand the social dimension of marine and coastal environments.
... The most important and widespread factors affecting cultural and environmental heritage have been investigated by scientists in order to identify initiatives that should be undertaken to safeguard these vestiges (Cassar 2005;Sabbioni et al. 2008Sabbioni et al. , 2009). Among these factors, hydrogeological conditions, climate change, and the abandonment of terraced landscapes, which is widespread throughout the world (Agnoletti et al. 2019), are the most relevant. ...
The phenomenon of the abandonment of terraced landscapes compromises environmental well-being and is a preamble to hydrological instability and, consequently, the collapse of terrace retaining walls, soil erosion, and loss of agricultural lands. These problems will escalate in the coming years because of climate change (CC), especially in areas in which a rise in rainfall events is expected, such as the coastline of the Campania region, which is exposed to extreme rainfall events. This study identifies a landscape management guideline for Crapolla Fiord on the Amalfi coast (Campania region), a typical cultural landscape characterized by the presence of archaeological ruins. Potential hazards were evaluated and quantified, taking into account the flow rate and the rain intensity both at the mountainside and microbasin scale. This study shows that potential hazards have increased because of the loss of terraces and may further increase due to the abandonment of agriculture. This paper points out that supporting measures are necessary in areas in which agricultural land use is still present and that the introduction of small interventions designed to raise the infiltration capacity of the soil and/or to regenerate vegetation in areas in which terraces have been lost is a best practice.
... The parameter of most concern to those managing historic buildings and archaeological monuments is rainfall. Increased frequency of wind-driven rain may result in an increase in abrasion and dissolution rates (Cassar, 2005). Higher rainfall and rising water levels will increase the moisture content of soils and potentially lead to weakened building foundations, subsidence, erosion and even landslide. ...
Climate Change adaptation plan for the built and archaeological heritage of Ireland.
... The majority of the work in the field having been produced by and for those involved in the heritage field (e.g. Cassar 2005;Colette 2007;Hunt 2011). In the same year ICOMOS were commissioned by the Irish government to recommend solutions for monitoring climate change impacts on two high profile National Monuments, Brú na Bóinne and Clonmacnoise (Daly et al. 2010). ...
Please note that in the public text version provided some of the figures are incorrectly labelled / missing.
... Κάποιες χώρες προετοιμάζονται και ήδη ενημερώνουν τις τοπικές κοινωνίες, τις επιχειρήσεις του δημόσιου και του ιδιωτικού τομέα για το πώς οι κλιματικές αναμένεται να τους επηρεάσουν και για τα μέτρα πρόληψης και προσαρμογής που πρέπει να ληφθούν για την αντιμετώπιση των νέων συνθηκών (Adaptation Scotland, 2015). Αλλού, βρίσκουμε και ήδη σχεδιασμένες στρατηγικές αντιμετώπισης των κινδύνων που θα αντιμετωπίσουν ειδικά τα μνημεία (Cassar, 2005). ...
Βιβλιογραφική έρευνα στο πλαίσιο της Ειδικής Άδειας Συντηρητών για το 2015 -Literature review concerning cultural heritage monuments and climate change (in greek).
... This approach encompasses four-step: connecting impacts and information; understanding scope; integrating practice; and learning and sharing [49]. Climate change often highlights long-standing preservation issues, rather than discovering new problems, but the save all approach to the historic environment needs to be re-evaluated [50]. Applying such a territorial vision also helps to manage priorities and regional decision-making in response to climate change, when in its traditional and conservative way of thinking cultural heritage becomes a heavy burden on the government or local community, as it needs significant funds for maintenance or restoration, funds that are never adequately or continuously available [51]. ...
Climate change affects, directly and indirectly, the tangible and intangible features of heritage sites. Conservation studies often examine the impacts of climate change on heritage sites by assuming it as an isolated and static concept. This study aims to debate cultural heritage concept as the primary and neglected factor for wise development of climate-resilience policies. We first adopt the qualitative Meta-synthesis method to analyze the impacts of climate change on world heritage sites, through a systematic review of reports published by the UNESCO and its advisory bodies. Then, it is explained why the sustainability of cultural heritage requires a fundamental reconsideration of the concept and promotion of its evaluation framework. The findings suggest that protection of cultural heritage and developing the climate-resilience policies for the sustainability of landscape requires at the early stages a reflection on how heritage is defined as a useful resource and acceptable characteristic of territory.
... Another potential use is related to the assessment of the impact of climate change on the indoor climate. This is important since any change in the heat and moisture exchange between indoor and outdoor has a direct influence not only on the energy performance of the building but also on the conservation of artwork (Cassar and Pender 2003). Indeed, indoor climate and its fluctuations, directly and indirectly, activate and control the aging of an artifact and the alteration of its chemical-physical properties (Camuffo 2014). ...
This paper proposes a multidisciplinary method to provide improved conservation strategy and thermal comfort for visitors in historical buildings. The method combines microclimate observations along with the dynamic simulation of the building and an empirical evaluation of the degradation of hygrosocopic artifacts. It was applied to a historic building in Priverno (Italy) where cracks along the tangential direction in valuable wooden ceilings were observed. The method produced an identification strategy for temperature control that, if applied, would reduce the total size of cracks from 0.25 mm to 0.10 mm.
... This is not the case, however, and recent studies have started to demonstrate the widespread impacts of climate fluctuations such as floods, droughts, and humidity cycles (http://noahsark.isac .cnr.it/) (Cassar 2005;Sabbioni et al. 2006). For example, concern has been expressed that an increase in biodeterioration of stone in Scotland can be expected due to higher temperatures and rainfall (Duthie et al. 2008). ...
The article addresses the challenges of sustainable collections management, beginning with a transdisciplinary survey of existing research and drawing on evidence from global museum practice. Culture is largely considered a fourth pillar of sustainable development, but it can also be understood as a transversal element, intertwined with economic, social and environmental understandings of sustainability. Although socio-cultural sustainability lies at the core of museum praxis, there are other sustainability-related challenges that have yet to be substantively addressed. Collections are becoming a burden for heritage organisations from financial and logistical standpoints, and in spite of museums’ efforts to maximise access to their collections, only a small percentage of objects are being exploited. When it comes to the collections management process – irrespective of the differences in museum type, size, procedures and other circumstances – there is, on the one hand, an influx of objects, and on the other the critical issue of collections’ disposal. In spite of the seeming discrepancy between the collections’ management and waste management, this research shows how circular-based waste management models can lead the way in achieving a balance between collections growth, use and preservation. We have conceptualised a circular model of museum collections management, focusing on the recycling phase of such a process and introducing re-use in education as its central component. Our principal aim is to provide a novel view of sustainable collections management options, as well as offering initial steps towards further research into the advantages of circular economy models for the museum sector.
Keywords: sustainable development, cultural heritage, museum collections, circular economy, education, adaptive re-use.
The main object of Human Resource Management using machine learning is to analyze employees' interest in their respective companies and make predictions about who will stay or leave the organization. The data is extracted using data scraping techniques and stored in CSV format. Data collected through this technique contains different features, and with the help of ML algorithms, it leads to predictions. This analysis helps the manager to make conclusions about who will stay or leave the organization; with this, the manager can approach a way to let stay a worthy employee in the organization. In our study, we used different techniques like feature scaling and SMOTE. According to the results, the suggested methods like random forest and XG boost classifier. The accuracy rate(%) values for the outcomes produced by the suggested methods will lead us to the conclusion
Climate change is not new, but the acceleration is. Through the decades, people have had to adapt to changes in climatic conditions, which are visible in our built heritage. Despite ongoing discussions regarding historic climate adaptation, this is seldom connected to the management of cultural heritage. Relevant literature and a review of three projects form the background for presenting a work model for developing knowledge-based adaptation strategies at municipality level with a retrospective approach. This is followed by examples of the kinds of data that can be retrieved by incorporating historic adaptation measures. The results show that one can collect specific local information on areas of settlement, preferable materials and adapted building structures but cannot deem them as measures for climate related issues. This is an additional interpretation. However, this article clarifies positive outcomes if historical adaptation measures are included in cultural heritage management. Increased knowledge related to specific localities may benefit the local authorities and enhance the quality of cultural heritage management and urban planning.
This thesis critically examines the impact of climate change on the heritage work of Historic England (HE) and the Riksantikvarieämbetet (‘Swedish National Heritage Board’ – RAÄ). The research is based on the understanding of climate change as a hyperobject (Morton, 2013), a term coined to describe the ways in which climate change does not only operate through its physical impact but also shifts social and material relations between humans, nonhumans and inanimate agents. By applying an ethnographic methodology, this thesis critically reflects on the responses of HE and the RAÄ to the climate crisis by questioning what understandings of climate change and heritage inform these and, subsequently, what this means for climate action and the creation of (alternative) futures. The research develops around three themes representing both organisations' primary climate change engagements: adaptation, mitigation, and participation. The thesis argues that the first two responses are informed by understanding climate change as an environmental impact and a carbon problem. The third theme considers how both organisations aim to be included in the climate change discourse as it takes place in other sectors, particularly in the natural environment sector and how they attempt to challenge these existing nature/culture dichotomies. However, I will argue that they do not overcome this dualism on the ontological level. Throughout, it argues that both organisations uphold an anthropocentric approach that aims to demonstrate heritage's relevance and positive impact by emphasising the benefits of its conservation to its human custodians, while climate change remains framed as an external impact. The latter prevents a critical reflection of the existing heritage discourse, the socio-environmental and political drivers of the climate crisis and the role heritage plays in these. Therefore, in conclusion, this thesis briefly reflects on what role heritage could play in futures that challenge the current status quo.
“Bioremediation of Soil Contaminated with pesticides by using microorganisms from Fruit and Vegetable waste: An Eco Friendly and novel Approach”
Humanity has always dealt with the issue of maintaining, repairing, restoring and/or adapting historic buildings to new uses to respond to the continuously changing needs.KeywordsClimate changeHeritage conservationRegenerative heritageResilient communities
The negative effects of rapid urbanization on the climate change are evermore increasing and novel approaches of sustainable urbanization are becoming critically important for the future planning of urban areas. Such radical changes in urban spaces seem necessary with an emphasis on planning policies and practice for adapting to climate change. In this context, the problem arises from the effective conservation and transformation of deteriorating historic city centers as revitalized urban areas. Today, the concept of sustainable urban conservation concerning the climate responsive and risk-reductive conservation of historic urban texture is becoming more important in the agenda of developed countries. However, the conservation praxis and policies here in Turkey can be argued as they have little concern on the aforementioned factors of sustainability. Although, upper scale decisions, regulations and codes legislate or impose the “sustainable urban prevention regarding risks and climate” context, lower scale implementations fail to realize due to incorporative management system.
In this context, this thesis is aimed to provide a conceptual model based on the conducted research study in Eyüp regarding Haliç historical vicinity; where, sustainability based conceptual framework and evaluation is essential. In this study; collected data from these two domains are analyzed through qualitative research techniques and synthesized in a theoretical model proposal.
Detergents are the parts of a large group of chemical compounds, collectively referred as surface-active agents or surfactants because they act upon surfaces. Studies indicated that detergents have toxic effects on all types of aquatic life. Fish being highest at tropic level of aquatic food chain is maximally affected with dyes, detergents this in turn poses a threat to humans on consumption. In the present study, short term (96hrs) toxicity of different detergent solutions to fresh water teleost fish Labeo rohita has been investigated using static bioassay. Data on mortality (%) were analysed using Grafpad software method. Concentration dependent percent mortality was observed at different concentration of detergent solutions with respect to control. The histopathological studies of sectioned gills and liver of rohu fish species showed marked histological alterations. The observed gill pathological observations revealed clumping of cells, destruction of mucosal cells, proliferations, shortening and fusion of gill lamellae. The liver showed changes and damage to the hepatic cells due to detergent solutions toxicity. All the fishes held in the control stock showed inappreciable or no histological degradation. The degree of all recorded and anomalies in liver and gill tissues were concentration and time dependent. There is a need of developing “eco-friendly” detergents and soaps to conserve our aquatic environment from the consequences of pollution. If the present rate at which they are introduced into water bodies is not monitored, existences of aquatic organisms in water bodies are in serious threat
Research focusing on climate change and cultural heritage informs heritage management and policy. Fatorić and Seekamp assessed this field up to 2015, highlighting the need for periodic reassessment of the field given the observed growth and research that documents how cultural heritage contributes to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Five years on, this systematic review reflects on the state of the art by evaluating 165 publications (2016-2020) about cultural heritage and climate change. We find the field continues to grow, and remains rich in disciplinary and methodological diversity, but predominantly represents research in and about Europe. The number of publications about integrating cultural heritage into adaptation and mitigation are increasing but remain relatively few compared to those about physical impacts on individual buildings or sites. The impact of climate change on intangible heritage has rarely been the sole focus of recent research. Although researchers are increasingly situating their research in a wider context of opportunities and barriers, vague timescales, and unspecific references to changes in the natural environment are additional limitations. This review also identified a lack of international collaboration, highlighting the urgent need for global cooperation and knowledge exchange on climate change and cultural heritage.
Pakistan is among the 10 countries that will be most affected by climate change. While the country contributes less than 1 percent of the world's greenhouse gases responsible for causing global warming, its 200 million people are among the world's most vulnerable victims of the growing consequences of climate change. The nation is facing ever-rising temperatures, drought, and flooding that present serious threats to the country’s rich built heritage. This research explores the traditional passive climate-control strategies that have been used in Pakistan’s traditional brick masonry buildings to mitigate its hot arid climate and considers how these design solutions can be preserved and adapted in the rehabilitation of these historic masonry structures. The research further investigates the capacity and resiliency of these age-old strategies to perform under changing climate conditions and recommends methods to improve their performance. The Sheesh Mahal Complex in Lahore Fort provides an excellent case study to analyze this traditional regional form of passive cooling and the impacts of climate change on its performance efficacy. The Complex was built as a royal residence during the Mughal Period in the 16th century and incorporates hydraulic engineering, architectural design, and urban planning all together as an integrated whole. The research further examines how its current restoration can incorporate the existing passive environmental systems as part of a more sustainable conservation and management plan.
Climate change, as revealed by gradual changes in temperature, precipitation, atmospheric moisture, and wind intensity, as well as sea level rise and changes in the occurrence of extreme events, is already affecting cultural heritage sites. Accordingly, there is a rapidly increasing body of research reporting on the impacts of climatic stressors on cultural heritage and on the assessment of climate change impacts on cultural heritage assets. This review synthesizes the international literature on climate change impacts on tangible cultural heritage by developing hazard‐impact diagrams focusing on the impacts of gradual changes in climate on: (1) the cultural heritage exposed to the outside environment, (2) the interiors of historical buildings and their collections, and (3) a third diagram associated with climate change and the impacts due to sudden changes in the natural physical environment (e.g., storm surges, floods and landslides, wildfire) in addition to sea level rise, permafrost thawing, desertification and changes in the properties of the oceans. These diagrams, which depict the relationships between various stressors and their impacts on cultural heritage, will allow other researchers, stakeholders, and potentially decision makers to determine the potential impacts of climate change on a specific cultural heritage asset without a separate examination of the literature. This review thus provides the current state‐of‐the‐art on the impacts of climate change on the tangible, built heritage, that is, monuments, archeological sites, historical buildings, as well as their interiors and the collections they hold, highlights the limitations of previous research, and provides recommendations for further studies.
This article is categorized under: Assessing Impacts of Climate Change > Evaluating Future Impacts of Climate Change
Drawing on disciplinary approaches from environmental history and coastal landscape studies, this chapter outlines the approach taken to a study that employed archival research, key informant interviews and multiple historical case studies. This combination of methods was used to analyse the driving factors of environmental management as it relates to climate change adaptation in three U.S. coastal public park spaces. The chapter reflects on productive archival research strategies, key challenges in considering archival documentation alongside key informant interviews and the research outcomes of comparative historical case studies.
This book mainly talks about various terminologies related to conventional and non conventional energy/sources/devices and calorific values of biomass.
Climate change has strong impact on edifices. According to actual understanding of climate change, climate extremes are bigger and appear more frequently than in the past. Even small annual changes in e.g. humidity or temperature can have significant consequences on heritage edifices. Impact of climate change is visible on materials and their structural characteristics, and it may even cause collapse of the entire building and its permanent loss. Vernacular architecture is particularly sensitive to the change of climate. Its biggest advantages, proper adjustment to environment and connection with the ground, become disadvantages, carrying higher risk for the future of the heritage. In this paper, we analyze climate change on vernacular architecture in Serbia, with focus on traditional materials as wood, stone and earth. Therefore, the conclusions have a value for the built heritage of the same materials in the territories worldwide. New construction materials, with improved characteristics designed to resist emerging challenges, used for contemporary buildings, constantly emerge. However, in case of heritage buildings, the use of new materials and technologies, although necessary, can sometimes change the building into something else, possibly with new values, but also without authenticity or even essential values of the heritage asset. The overall effect of climate change should be calculated as emerging risk for cultural heritage, and must be considered in built heritage management. Profound management is highly required for preserving valuable built heritage for future generations. Research of climate change impacts is valuable and it is needed for rising preparedness for further protection of unique built heritage.
This chapter presents the international modern conservation principles and approaches. The principles were shipped to the eastern world in the end of the nineteenth century by the western colonic influence.
The impact of climate change will result in catastrophic human consequences if action is not taken to address these concerns. Strategic urban planning can aid with the expected impacts of the climate changes moving forward. According to NASA reports, the formation of warm ocean currents will lead to accelerated melting of the Arctic ice resulting in sea-level rise. This, in turn, affects human populations in the coastal cities for many of the world’s regions for the past and current centuries. This chapter describes the reality of environmental research and standards in Syria and the current challenges.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.