A comprehensive review of big data analytics throughout product lifecycle to support sustainable smart manufacturing: A framework, challenges and future research directions

Abstract

Smart manufacturing has received increased attention from academia and industry in recent years, as it provides competitive advantage for manufacturing companies making industry more efficient and sustainable. As one of the most important technologies for smart manufacturing, big data analytics can uncover hidden knowledge and other useful information like relations between lifecycle decisions and process parameters helping industrial leaders to make more-informed business decisions in complex management environments. However, according to the literature, big data analytics and smart manufacturing were individually researched in academia and industry. To provide theoretical foundations for the research community to further develop scientific insights in applying big data analytics to smart manufacturing, it is necessary to summarize the existing research progress and weakness. In this paper, through combining the key technologies of smart manufacturing and the idea of ubiquitous servitization in the whole lifecycle, the term of sustainable smart manufacturing was coined. A comprehensive overview of big data in smart manufacturing was conducted, and a conceptual framework was proposed from the perspective of product lifecycle. The proposed framework allows analyzing potential applications and key advantages, and the discussion of current challenges and future research directions provides valuable insights for academia and industry.

Full text

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A comprehensive review of big data analytics throughout product lifecycles to support
sustainable smart manufacturing: a framework, challenges and future research directions
Shan Ren a, Yingfeng Zhang a, b *, Yang Liu c, d, **, Tomohiko Sakao c, Donald Huisingh e, Cecilia M. V. B. Almeidaf
a Key Laboratory of Contemporary Design and Integrated Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education,
Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shaanxi, P. R. China, 710072
b Research & Development Institute in Shenzhen, Northwestern Polytechnical University
c Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
d Department of Production, University of Vaasa, 65200 Vaasa, Finland
e Institute for a Secure and Sustainable Environment, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
f Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil
* Corresponding Author: zhangyf@nwpu.edu.cn (Y. Zhang), yang.liu@liu.se (Y. Liu)
Abstract: Smart manufacturing has received increased attention from academia and industry in recent years, as it
provides competitive advantage for manufacturing companies making industry more efficient and sustainable. As one of
the most important technologies for smart manufacturing, big data analytics can uncover hidden knowledge and other
useful information like relations between lifecycle decisions and process parameters helping industrial leaders to make
more-informed business decisions in complex management environments. However, according to the literature, big data
analytics and smart manufacturing were individually researched in academia and industry. To provide theoretical
foundations for the research community to further develop scientific insights in applying big data analytics to smart
manufacturing, it is necessary to summarize the existing research progress and weakness. In this paper, through
combining the key technologies of smart manufacturing and the idea of ubiquitous servitization in the whole lifecycle,
the term of sustainable smart manufacturing was coined. A comprehensive overview of big data in smart manufacturing
was conducted, and a conceptual framework was proposed from the perspective of product lifecycles. The proposed
framework allows analyzing potential applications and key advantages, and the discussion of current challenges and
future research directions provides valuable insights for academia and industry.
Keywords: Big data analytics, smart manufacturing, servitization, sustainable production, conceptual framework,
product lifecycle
Abbreviations
ABC
Artificial bee colony
IoT
Internet of things
ABS
Agent-based system
IT
Information technology
ACO
Ant colony optimization
JIT
Just-in-time
AD
Anomaly detection
KBV
Knowledge-based view
AGV
Automatic guided vehicles
KNN
K-nearest neighbor
Word count: 16396

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AHMS
Airplane health management system
KPI
Key performance indicator
AI
Artificial intelligence
LCA
Life cycle assessment
ANN
Artificial neural networks
MES
Manufacturing execution system
BDA
Big data analytics
MGI
McKinsey Global Institute
BI
Business intelligence
MOL
Middle of life
BOL
Beginning of life
NIST
National institute of standards and technology
BPNN
Back propagation neural networks
NN
Neural networks
CAD
Computer aided design
NSGA-II
Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II
CAE
Computer aided engineering
OEMs
Original equipment manufacturers
CAPP
Computer aided process planning
PCA
Principal component analysis
CC
Cloud computing
PDM
Product data management
CMfg
Cloud manufacturing
PLM
Product lifecycle management
CP
Cleaner production
PSOA
Particle swarm optimization algorithm
CPPS
Cyber-physical production systems
PSS
Product service system
CPS
Cyber-physical systems
QoS
Quality of service
CPSS
Cyber-physical sensor system
R&D
Research and development
DM
Data mining
RBFN
Radial basis function network
DSS
Decision support systems
RBV
Resource-based view
DT
Decision tree
RFID
Radio frequency identification
EISs
Enterprise information systems
RST
Rough set theory
EIU
Economist intelligence unit
SA
Simulated annealing
EM
Expectation maximization
SCA
Sustainable competitive advantage
EOL
End of life
SCM
Supply chain management
ERP
Enterprise resource planning
SCRU
Supply chain risks and uncertainties
GA
Genetic algorithm
SM
Smart manufacturing
GE
General electric
SOT
Service-oriented technologies
GSCM
Green supply chain management
SSM
Sustainable smart manufacturing
IBM
International business machine
SVM
Support vector machine
IDC
International data corporation
TS
Tabu search
IIoT
Industrial internet of things
VNS
Variable neighborhood search
IoMT
Internet of manufacturing things
WIP
Work in process
1. Introduction
Sustainable production and consumption is a competitive strategy for manufacturing enterprises as its implementation
can help manufacturers to achieve overall development plans, reduce resource use, degradation and pollution along the
whole lifecycle (Roy and Singh, 2017). This strategy can promote practices of resource and energy efficiency and reduce
future economic and social costs by offering basic services for all stakeholders. Therefore, servitization, as a high-level
term for service-oriented strategies, is gaining attention from many manufacturers. As a result, integration of services and
products into one PSS (Gao et al., 2011) to implement sustainable production and consumption strategies has become a
popular focus for researchers engaged with sustainability (Tukker, 2015).

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Within this context, it has become increasingly important for manufacturers to transform their business models to
effectively collaborate with business partners improving their SCA (ElMaraghy and ElMaraghy, 2014; Liu, 2013; Liu and
Liang, 2015; Tao et al., 2015). This requires the establishment of a collaborative infrastructure to continuously
understand and satisfy customer needs and to reduce environmental impacts (Ahn et al., 2017; Song et al., 2016, 2017b),
with seamless inter-connections and resource sharing among different manufacturers. Many advanced manufacturing
paradigms, such as lean manufacturing (Holweg, 2007), JIT manufacturing (Huson and Nanda, 1995), agile
manufacturing (Sanchez and Nagi, 2001), green manufacturing (Rusinko, 2007), and sustainable manufacturing (Jayal et
al., 2010) have been proposed ways to achieve these goals, but these approaches lack visibility and interoperability of
manufacturing resources and products.
The major challenges are: 1) Lack of dynamic network infrastructure to link physical and virtual objects; 2) Lack of
interoperable EISs to ensure effective integration and centralized management of the heterogeneous lifecycle data; 3)
Lack of advanced analytics technologies to perform in-depth analyses of lifecycle data and to provide knowledge support
for dynamic lifecycle decisions. The development of information technologies, such as IoT (Perera et al., 2015), SOT
(Demirkan et al., 2008), CC (Hamdaqa and Tahvildari, 2012), BDA (Frank Ohlhorst, 2013) are providing new
opportunities for manufacturers to solve these challenges. In this context, some new concepts and manufacturing
paradigms, such as IoMT (Zhang et al., 2015), service-oriented manufacturing (Gao et al., 2011), CMfg (Xu, 2012;
Zhang et al., 2017d), SM (Davis et al., 2015), and industrial BDA (Lee et al., 2015a) have been proposed and used by an
increasing number of industrial leaders.
SM is a new, networked and service-oriented manufacturing paradigm, which evolved from, but extends beyond, the
traditional manufacturing and service modes, and integrates many advanced technologies such as IoT, industrial internet,
CPS (Zhang et al., 2017), CC, DM, AI, and BDA (Xu et al., 2015; Kang et al., 2016; Mittal et al., 2016). SM integrates
data management with process expertise to enable flexibility in physical processes to interact within dynamic global
markets increasing the profitability of manufacturers (Davis et al., 2012; Thoben et al., 2017). In SM, all manufacturing
resources, products, processes and services are intelligent, with open and dynamic inter-connectivity and interactions
throughout the entire value chain. Therefore, large amounts of data for heterogeneous manufacturing resources and
products are produced along the whole lifecycle. The data can be collected and analyzed by manufacturers according to
their requirements for effective and dynamic lifecycle decisions, because realization of the goal of SM depends on
autonomous and analytics-based decisions (Davis et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2018a), which in turn relies on the effective
analyses of the massive volumes of data gathered from equipment and processes. Therefore, the BDA in SM becomes a
critical issue.

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In SM environment, manufacturers utilize advanced analytics technologies, such as BDA-based approaches to improve
their efficiency and productivity, and to convert data into useful, actionable information (Lee et al., 2013). BDA also
brings potential advantages for SM such as knowledge generation, KPI optimization, predication and feedback to product
and process design (Nagorny et al. 2017). According to Kusiak (2017), BDA can help manufacturers to interpret the
captured data at all stages of the product lifecycle, to improve their processes and products, and to make manufacturing
processes smarter. It has been found that BDA can help to solve the problems of load-unbalance and inefficiency during
deployment of a SM system (Li et al., 2017).
By using BDA to derive value from lifecycle big data and to execute the business strategy of servitization during the
whole lifecycle, is one of the possible future trends in creating new added-value and enhancing sustainability in a
manufacturing enterprise (Opresnik and Taisch, 2015; Tukker, 2015). Industrial leaders need insights on: how to utilize
BDA to exploit the real potential and value of lifecycle big data to make the whole lifecycle decision-making smarter;
and how to integrate and apply effectively the advanced technologies of SM and BDA to enhance competitiveness and
sustainability. Although, BDA and SM have been individually researched in academia and industry, research combining
BDA and SM is in its infancy. Lisbon University and Manchester University jointly organized an International
Conference on Sustainable Smart Manufacturing (S2 Manufacturing International Conference, 2016), and ASTM
international published a journal series named ‘Smart and Sustainable Manufacturing Systems’ (ASTM International,
2017). Articles related to similar themes were published in Procedia CIRP (Elsevier, 2012) and IFAC-PapersOnLine
(Elsevier, 2015). All these efforts aim to apply advanced sensor, information modeling, computing and data analytics
technologies (e.g. IoT, CPS, Cloud, AI) to foster transdisciplinary research focusing on how to make manufacturing
systems smarter and sustainable. Despite some progress achieved, limitations exist: 1) they did not address ‘sustainability’
in-depth using either business models or environmental perspectives. 2) they labeled ‘Sustainable Smart Manufacturing’
or ‘Smart and Sustainable Manufacturing’ without adequate definitions of these new terms. 3) they claimed to foster
transdisciplinary research and innovation, with the objective of making the manufacturing system smarter and sustainable,
but smart and sustainable aspects of other lifecycle stages were seldom addressed. In fact, SM and sustainability were
addressed separately.
High quality journal papers that investigated SM and sustainability in an integrated manner are rare. Therefore, a
comprehensive literature review is required to provide theoretical foundations that can be adopted to further develop
scientific insights in this area, and to help industrial leaders and policy makers make more ecologically and economically
sound decisions for the short and long-term.
The traditional SM paradigm mainly emphasizes the flexibility of physical processes, with the goal of optimizing the

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production processes and operations or maintenance processes of MOL, and responds to dynamic market (Davis et al.,
2012). However, other lifecycle stages (i.e. design stage and recovery stage) and the sustainability aspect of the whole
processes or systems was not taken into account. As a service-oriented business strategy, servitization has been widely
used by manufacturers to undergird their competitive advantage (Opresnik and Taisch, 2015), such as reducing
production costs and environmental impact and improving resource efficiency. The servitization of modern
manufacturing differs greatly from traditional approaches because of rapid developments in information and data
analytics technologies that support the creation and delivery of products and services.
This review investigates how manufacturers can exploit the opportunity arising from combining the key technologies
of SM with ubiquitous servitization at all stages of product lifecycles for intelligent and sustainable production. The term
SSM is used to encompass the processes. SSM is defined as “a new manufacturing paradigm that integrates and applies
the latest information and data analytics technologies in operations and decision-making processes of PLM, to transform
the traditional modes of production and operation activities of the whole lifecycle from product-driven mode to data and
service-driven mode, and to ultimately achieve an intelligent and sustainable production.” Such integration requires
merging the strategy of servitization with product design, manufacturing, operation and maintenance, remanufacturing,
recycling and recovery stages of PLM. The concept, not expressed in clear form in the literature, is crucial to advance
knowledge in this area. Implementation of SSM may help manufacturers to achieve a data and service-driven PLM, and
enable the ubiquitous connectivity, dynamic synchronization, and collaborative optimization of all lifecycle business
processes. SSM can help business managers to minimize resources/energy waste and to reduce or eliminate emissions
from industrial processing, thereby making progress towards the goals of intelligent, sustainable, cleaner production,
while fulfilling the diverse customer needs for the short and longer-term. Therefore, users of SSM have the objective of
promoting the creation and delivery of services, reducing resource usage, degradation and pollution, and improving
economic and environmental sustainability by utilizing information and data analytics technologies in the management
processes of the whole lifecycle to increase the level of intelligence in decision-making. The differences and connections
between the traditional SM and the proposed SSM are compared as presented in Fig. 1.
In comparison with the Industry 4.0 (Kagermann et al., 2013; Hermann et al., 2016) and the traditional SM, SSM
highlights servitization, throughout the product value chain by using advanced information, data analytics technologies,
and global optimization of the whole PLM to help industrialists to effectively build upon the insights derived from big
data usage. It also emphasizes the goal of improving the intelligent level of design, production, maintenance and recovery
through the feedback and sharing of lifecycle data among all stakeholders in the supply chain. Finally, the objectives of
minimizing resource inputs and energy wastage, as well as prevention or minimization of emissions can be achieved

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through sustainable and long-lasting product design, intelligent maintenance and repair, and optimized upgrading, reuse,
remanufacturing and recycling.
Fig. 1. Comparison of traditional SM and SSM.
A large variety of technologies are included in SM or SSM, and due to the significant role for BDA to help industrial
leaders to implement data-driven decisions, this paper focuses on the survey of BDA and its applications in SM or SSM
from a lifecycle perspective.
The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces the search and screen method of the literature. Section 3
reviews the selected literature. Section 4 presents the original framework of BDA in SSM and explores the potential
applications and key advantages of BDA in SSM. In Section 5, current challenges are discussed and suggestions for
future research are provided. Section 6 highlights the contributions of the paper.
2. Literature search
The focus of this literature review paper was based upon answering the following five questions:
1. What are the characteristics of big data in current industrial communities?
2. What types of big data are needed or relevant in various lifecycle stages, for whom and when?
Sustainable smart manufacturing
Beginning of lifecycle Middle of
lifecycle
End of
lifecycle
Latest information and data analytics technologies
Smart manufacturing
Recovery
Design Production Operation &
Maintenance
Optimizing and enabling flexibility in
physical processes
Response to dynamic market
Improving economic and
environmental aspects
Legend
Lifecycle
stage Goal for smart
manufacturing Goal for sustainable
smart manufacturing
Technology
application
Improving intelligence in decision-
making for the whole lifecycle
Product-driven mode
Reuse
Recycle
Remanufacturing
Redesign
Remanufacturing/Recycle
Reuse
Redesign
Data and service-driven mode

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3. How is it possible to efficiently integrate and utilize the latest technologies to make big data more useful?
4. Which technologies can be used to efficiently measure, manage, extract and interpret the big data for usage in
these evolving systems?
5. What benefits can be gained by the involved industrial communities through applying the extracted information?
Based upon these five questions, a comprehensive literature review was performed through an iterative process of
defining appropriate keywords, searching the literature and completing the analyses (Fahimnia et al., 2015). Nine search
strings (Table 1) were designed to: use a broad range of keywords for comprehensively identifying the relevant literature.
Then, the current state-of-art on corresponding topics was assessed to identify directions for future research, through
scanning the bibliographic database, analyzing the selected literature, and building the bibliography (Fahimnia et al.,
2015; Rowley and Slack, 2004). According to Tranfield et al. (2003) and Thürer et al. (2018), a systematic literature
searching and screening methodology was used as follows.
The Scopus database was used because of its broader coverage. To keep the number of articles manageable, the search
strings were limited to ‘Article title, Abstract, Keywords’ (Table 1), except for the first string – (“big data” AND (concept
OR definition)) – that was restricted to ‘Article title’ to specifically locate articles related to big data’s definitions. The
Scopus database was queried separately by two authors in April 26, 2018, and the search for the nine strings resulted in
identical results – a total of 3384 documents. To ensure the quality and the relevance of the documents, the search scope
was further limited to peer-reviewed ‘Article’ written in ‘English’, published in the ‘Engineering’. This refined the
number of document results to 604, then reduced to 552 by removing duplicates, and further to 204 by excluding articles
not referring to sustainability or smart manufacturing. Among the 204 articles, three were excluded since they had no
citations two years after publication (Garfield, 2007; Figueiró and Raufflet, 2015), and the full text of 201 articles was
downloaded and analyzed. In total, 76 articles were selected for detailed content analysis. The references of the 76
articles were checked, and 71 additional relevant documents were supplemented. This resulted in the final list of 147
documents that form the basis of this review paper. The searching methodologies and screening processes used in this
study were summarized in Table 1 and Fig.2, respectively.
Table 1
Summary of searching methodologies used for this literature review paper.
Literature search strings
Search
fields
Number of
document
results
Limit to
Number of
refined
document results
“big data” AND (concept OR definition)
Article title
91
Article,
English
28

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(lifecycle OR “product lifecycle”) AND (information OR data OR “information flow” OR “data
flow”) AND (classify OR classification)
Article title,
Abstract,
Keywords
369
Article,
Engineering,
English
46
(“big data” OR “big data analytics”) AND (architecture OR framework) AND (manufacturing
OR “smart manufacturing” OR lifecycle) AND (sustainable OR sustainability OR cleaner OR
environmental OR energy)
Article title,
Abstract,
Keywords
71
Article,
Engineering,
English
9
(“internet of things” OR IoT OR RFID OR “industrial internet of things” OR IIoT OR
“industrial internet”) AND (“green manufacturing” OR remanufacturing OR manufacturing OR
production) AND (cleaner OR sustainable OR sustainability OR energy OR resource) AND
(consumption OR efficiency OR efficient OR saving OR economy OR economical OR reuse
OR recycling OR productivity)
Article title,
Abstract,
Keywords
599
Article,
Engineering,
English
130
(“Cyber-physical” OR CPS OR “cyber-physical production systems” OR “cyber-physical
sensor systems”) AND (manufacturing OR production) AND (cleaner OR sustainable OR
sustainability OR energy OR resource OR “service-oriented”)
Article title,
Abstract,
Keywords
522
Article,
Engineering,
English
96
(“cloud-based” OR “industrial cloud” OR “Cloud computing” OR “Cloud manufacturing”)
AND (manufacturing OR production) AND (cleaner OR sustainable OR sustainability OR
“service-oriented”)
Article title,
Abstract,
Keywords
392
Article,
Engineering,
English
71
“data mining” AND (manufacturing OR production) AND (cleaner OR sustainable OR
sustainability OR “service-oriented”)
Article title,
Abstract,
Keywords
150
Article,
Engineering,
English
17
“artificial intelligence” AND (manufacturing) AND (cleaner OR sustainable OR sustainability
OR energy OR resource) AND (consumption OR efficiency OR efficient)
Article title,
Abstract,
Keywords
173
Article,
Engineering,
English
54
(“big data” OR “big data analytics”) AND (manufacturing OR (maintenance OR “supply
chain”) AND (cleaner OR sustainable OR sustainability OR service OR management)
Article title,
Abstract,
Keywords
1017
Article,
Engineering,
English
153
Total number of refined document results
604
Fig. 2. Summary of screening processes used for this literature review paper.
In the modern industrial environment, data are key resources for business decisions. In order to build data-driven
decision-support models to understand/interpret the insight of data, the methods of DM and AI as well as BDA were
explored and used. With the objective of identifying the most significant studies and to determine the relevant areas of
current research interest, the typical methods of DM/AI/BDA, and the application areas and shortcomings of these
methods in different lifecycle stages were outlined and summarized as documented in Appendix A.
Total
number
of refined
document
results:
604
Duplicates
eliminated
(remaining
/duplicate) :
552/52
Articles removed based
on citation counts and
publication year
(remaining/excluded):
201/3
After reading titles
and abstracts
irrelevant removed
(remaining/irrelevant):
204/348
Articles
selected
after full
reading:
76
Articles supplemented
through checking the
selected 76 articles’
references :
71
Hits
reviewed
in this
paper:
147
+

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3. Overview of big data in smart manufacturing
This section is sub-divided into six subsections that review the concepts of big data in addition to its data classification
criteria, architectures of big data in SM, key enabling technologies of SM and the applications of BDA in SM. In the final
subsection, the authors highlight the knowledge gaps. The logic of the literature review based upon five questions was
crucial to characterize the potential of lifecycle big data. The relationships among these questions, the literature review in
the subsections and the derived knowledge gaps are depicted in Fig.3.
Fig.3. Relationships among the five questions, the literature review in the subsections and the knowledge gaps addressed
in this literature review paper.
3.1 Concepts of big data
The most cited definition of big data includes the 3Vs (Volume, Variety, and Velocity) theory introduced by Laney
(2001), but organizations and researchers may have different concepts (Table 2). For instance, the IDC emphasized that
big data should include ‘Value’ (Gantz et al., 2011), and IBM claim that big data should also have ‘Veracity’ (Zikopoulos
et al., 2013). Two similar definitions were introduced by MGI (Manyika et al., 2011), Mashingaidze and Backhouse
(2017) and Daki et al. (2017).
Definitions, technologies, modeling approaches and research challenges of big data from both industry and academic
fields were discussed in the literature (Costa and Santos, 2017; Gandomi and Haider, 2015; Watson, 2014). In these
articles, the characteristics of big data were analyzed by using some business cases from leading technology companies.
The authors found that the popular concepts of big data were focused on predictive analytics and structured data. The
largest component of big data, which is unstructured and is available as audio, images, video, and unstructured text was
3. Overview of big data in smart manufacturing
Section 3.6: Knowledge gaps
Question 1: What are the characteristics of big
data in current industrial communities?
Question 2: What types of big data are needed or
relevant in various lifecycle stages, for whom and
when?
Question 3: How is it possible to efficiently
integrate and utilize the latest technologies to make
big data more useful?
Question 4: Which technologies can be used to
efficiently measure, manage, extract and interpret
the big data for usage in these evolving systems?
Question 5: What benefits can be gained by the
involved industrial communities through applying
the extracted information?
Section 3.1: Concepts of big data
Section 3.2: Classification of big data
from the perspective of product
lifecycle
Section 3.3: Architecture of big data
in smart manufacturing
Section 3.4: Key enabling
technologies of smart manufacturing
Section 3.5: Application of big data
analytics in smart manufacturing
The 1st knowledge gap
(System architecture)
The 2nd knowledge gap
(Integrated application of the
key technologies)
The 3rd knowledge gap
(Management strategies)
The 4th knowledge gap
(Operation strategies)
Focus on big data analytics
Questions Overview
Five progressive questions that are crucial to realize
the potential of lifecycle big data

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ignored by the leading technology companies. Finally, focused on the data in unstructured format, analytical methods and
tools were discussed and recommended. Typical definitions of big data are presented in Table 2.
Table 2
Six representative definitions of big data.
Authors/organizations
Definitions or characteristics
Laney (2001)
Characterized by 3Vs theory, namely volume, variety, and velocity. Volume: with the generation and collection of masses
of data, data scale becomes increasingly big; Velocity: timeliness of big data, specifically, data collection and analysis must
be rapidly and timely conducted; Variety: the various types of data, which include semi-structured and unstructured data as
well as traditional structured data.
Gantz et al. (2011)
Describes a new generation of technologies and architectures, designed to economically extract value from very large
volumes of a wide variety of data, by enabling the high-velocity capture, discovery, and/or analysis.
Manyika et al. ( 2011)
Refers to datasets whose size is beyond the ability of typical database software tools to capture, store, manage, and
analyze.
Mashingaidze and Backhouse
(2017); Daki et al. (2017)
Includes data sets with sizes beyond the ability of commonly used software tools to capture, curate, manage, and process
data within a tolerable elapsed time.
NIST (2012)
Means the data of which the data volume, acquisition speed, or data representation limits the capacity of using traditional
relational methods to conduct effective analysis or the data which may be effectively processed with important horizontal
zoom technologies.
Zikopoulos et al. (2013)
Big data contains four dimensions, namely volume, variety, velocity and veracity. Veracity: the unreliability and
uncertainty inherent in some sources of data.
3.2 Classification of big data from the perspective of product lifecycle
Classification criteria of big data can highlight its attributes of interest and value to manufacturers. For example, what
types of data are needed or relevant in various lifecycle stages, for whom and when? Data classification criteria can be
applied as data preprocessing facets, because they can support the identification of required product-related data for
lifecycle data tracking and feedback (Xu et al., 2009). They can be used to help industrialists to make decisions during
different lifecycle stages (Li et al., 2015).
To clarify the multiple roles of data standards in PLM support systems and SCM, Liao et al. (2015) and Madenas et al.
(2014) classified product-related data into spatial data, functional data and lifecycle data. A general model of data
exchange between producers and consumers was developed to determine when to incorporate the available data, and to
identify a suite of standards needed for supporting the exchange of product, process, operations and supply chain data. To
facilitate appropriate data exchange and integration among OEMs and associated suppliers, Yang and Eastman (2007)
categorized the lifecycle data as exchanging and interoperable data, and proposed a rule-based subset generation method
for product data modeling. The product lifecycle-related data were classified into generic types by Bouikni et al. (2008),
including, product definition, product history, and best practice. Based on these researchers’ findings, a three-dimensional
data classification model was proposed by Xu et al. (2009). They were data changeability (static and dynamic), data

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characteristics (structured, semi-structured and unstructured), and product lifecycle stages (i.e. BOL, MOL and EOL).
The authors recommended that the data classification standard to be firstly used to information structure modeling, and
secondly to confirm which information can be acquired via wireless technology in different lifecycle stages. In order to
integrate heterogeneous information systems in creating innovative products, the data classification standards of product
data and product meta-data were discussed by Zehtaban et al. (2016). To achieve sustainable production,
Kurilova-Palisaitiene et al. (2015) classified the product lifecycle data into six types, which included, product design
specifications, manufacturing specifications, service specifications, original product quality assurance, core quality
assurance, remanufactured product quality assurance.
3.3 Architecture of big data in smart manufacturing
The system architecture can be used to describe the layout of the whole system and the relationships among all
components (Vikhorev et al., 2013). It can also be used to simplify the complex system management environment and to
describe the complex procedures of lifecycle data sharing and knowledge interaction, and to ensure the validity of the
entire system.
With the objective to explore the capacity of big data in product service, a framework of big data strategy in
servitization for manufacturing enterprises was proposed (Opresnik and Taisch, 2015). Its impact on enterprises’ SCA
and value-creating were analyzed. By combining the design structure matrix and cladistics analysis, an architecture for
minimizing energy consumption of a manufacturing system was synthesized (AlGeddawy and ElMaraghy, 2016). Results
showed that energy consumption of the manufacturing system can be minimized throughout the production planning by
system design. Dubey et al. (2016) performed an extensive literature review to identify different factors that enable the
achievement of world-class sustainable manufacturing through big data. On this basis, a conceptual framework of
sustainable manufacturing was proposed and tested by using a big data scenario. The factors that can facilitate the
realization of sustainable manufacturing for academia and practice were emphasized. Based on data from service parts
managers, a framework for application of big data in smart management of service parts was constructed and tested
(Boone et al., 2017). By using that framework, the upstream challenges related to acquisition of service parts along with
the downstream challenges related to service parts forecasting were analyzed. In view of existing research on the
architecture of big data in manufacturing only focusing on one stage of the lifecycle (e.g. production stage of BOL and
operation or maintenance stage of MOL), making difficult to effectively promote the improvement of lifecycle
decision-making and the implementation of the CP strategy, Zhang et al. (2017b, 2017c) proposed an architecture of
BDA for PLM to aid manufacturers to make better lifecycle and CP decisions. In this architecture, product servitization

26
and BDA were effectively integrated. The effectiveness of the proposed architecture was tested via the analysis of
processes of a turbo machinery manufacturer. Four managerial implications derived from the proposed architecture for
the marketing department, the R&D department, the production department and the service department, were
recommended to guide manufacturers to make better CP- related decisions in the whole lifecycle. To minimize energy
and material usage while maximize sustainability of SM system, a big data driven sustainable manufacturing framework
for condition-based maintenance prediction was developed (Kumar et al., 2017). In the framework, the condition-based
maintenance optimization method was used to optimize the maintenance schedule and the backward feature elimination
approach was used to eliminate the uncertainty of the remaining life predictions. In order to integrate IoT-based energy
management data and company's existing information systems, a big data framework that including data collection, data
management and data analytics layer was proposed (Bevilacqua et al., 2017). The proposed framework was applied in an
Italian manufacturing company to assess its impact on improving energy efficiency. A framework of digital twin-driven
product design, manufacturing and service with big data was investigated by Tao et al. (2017b) and Zhuang et al. (2018)
to help industry leaders to enhance the level of efficiency, intelligence, sustainability in product design, manufacturing,
and service phases.
3.4 Key enabling technologies of smart manufacturing
Key enabling technologies of SM were developed to address data acquisition, transmission, storage, processing,
analysis, knowledge and pattern discovery, which are major concerns in application of big data in SM. These enabling
technologies can be used for maintaining the efficiency and sustainability of the SM system by providing reliable data
and valuable insights for industrial leaders.
3.4.1. Internet of things and industrial internet
The IoT technologies have been widely applied in modern manufacturing, especially, in industrial emission and energy
consumption monitoring (Hu et al., 2017; Martillano et al., 2017; Tao et al., 2014b). Due to the potential on data sensing,
IoT was used to track the lifecycle data to improve recycling efficiency (Luttropp and Johansson, 2010; Tao et al., 2016)
and to enhance product reuse rates (Ness et al., 2015). Ferrer et al. (2011) and Zhang et al. (2018a) found that the
implementation of IoT technologies can improve the operation efficiency of remanufacturing by at least 30%. In
conjunction with sustainable production and green manufacturing, the IoT technologies were deployed at the machine
and production-line level to collect the real-time energy consumption data of production processes. Subsequently, the
IoT-based energy management system was developed and tested to improve energy-aware decisions of manufacturing

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companies (Li et al., 2017; Shrouf and Miragliotta, 2015). The results showed that energy managers of a manufacturing
company can utilize the IoT in a benefit-driven manner. Meanwhile, the method can also be used to address
manufacturing company’s energy management and sustainable production practices. Jensen and Remmen (2017)
analyzed how IoT technology can help OEMs (e.g. automobile, aircraft and ship manufacturers) to stimulate and
implement high quality EOL product management strategies, and to support circular economy. The role of IoT in
ensuring flexibility and resource efficiency for smart production system was investigated by Waibel et al. (2017). The
potential smart innovations of IoT in technical, economic, social and environmental elements were discussed. Zhang et al.
(2018b) explored the problems of multi-objective flexible job shop scheduling based on real-time IoT manufacturing data,
and found that the usage of real-time IoT data for job shop scheduling can reduce the makespan, the total workload of
machines and the energy consumption of the manufacturing system. The authors recommended that the IoT technology
can contribute to sustainable CP of the manufacturing industry. Zuo et al. (2018) proposed a novel approach for product
energy consumption evaluation and analysis based on IoT and Cloud technologies, and tested its effectiveness by using a
case of a product’s design and manufacturing processes. The results showed that the proposed approach can be used to
enhance the intelligence of energy consumption evaluation and analysis, and to reduce energy consumption in product’s
design and manufacturing processes. An IoT-enabled real-time energy efficiency optimization method for
energy-intensive manufacturing enterprises was explore by Wang et al. (2018). Through a case study, the authors found
that the IoT-enabled solution can be used to enhance energy efficiency and reduce environmental impacts.
As a highly integrated technology of advanced computing and analytics and sensors, the industrial internet was
introduced by GE in 2012 to describe new efforts where industrial equipment such as wind turbines and jet engines were
connected via networks designed to develop and share data and data processing for energy and transportation-based
industries (Evans and Annunziata, 2012; Kelly, 2013). This approach aims achieving unification of industrial machines
and software highlighting the similarity toward IoT and CPS as a technology focused framework (Li et al., 2017). For
example, through industrial internet, GE collects sensor readings from aircraft engines to optimize fuel consumption
under diverse conditions (General Electric, 2014). Based on industrial internet, a new web-based system for real-time
collaborations in adaptive manufacturing was developed by Wang (2015). An assembly cell was used to verify and test
the feasibility and the performance of the developed system. The results showed that the new system consumed less than
1% of network bandwidth than traditional camera-based methods, while the system can enhance the sustainability of
manufacturing operations in decentralized dynamic environments.
Some industrial developers focused on connecting the physical and virtual world through the industrial internet and
IoT to facilitate communication among connected entities (Gubbi et al., 2013). In this scenario, the term IIoT (Beier et al.,

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2018; Xu et al., 2014) was coined aiming to achieve the interconnectivity of industrial assets, such as machines, tools,
and logistical operations. With the increased organizational complexity, communications among different production
workers significantly impact the productivity of manufacturing organizations, especially for SM environments. To
determine the most economical communication technologies that can enhance productivity and sustainability in industry,
Kareem and Adekiigbe (2017) examined traditional and modern communication technologies and their comparative
advantages over one another in their adoption in manufacturing organizations. The findings suggested that the
enhancement of productivity and the reduction of costs could be fully achieved by modern communication technologies
(e.g. mobile-internet and industrial internet). One objective for adopting IIoT was to reduce resource consumption and
fossil-carbon emissions of industrial systems. For this objective, a green IIoT architecture was proposed and tested by
Wang et al. (2016) to achieve energy-saving and to prolong the lifetime of the whole system. The authors designed a
sleep scheduling and wake-up protocol to predict sleep intervals. Based on the predicted sleep interval, a simulation
experiment for an activity scheduling mechanism to switch nodes to sleep/wake modes when required was developed to
ensure the usage of the entire system resources in an energy-efficient way. The results documented significant advantages
of the IIoT architecture in resource and energy consumption.
3.4.2. Cyber-Physical System
The term CPS refers to the tight conjoining of and coordination between computational and physical resources with
adaptability, autonomy and usability (Watanabe et al., 2016). In addition to CPS, there are several similar concepts, such
as, CPPS (Miranda et al., 2017; Monostori, 2014; Wright, 2013), and CPSS (Berger et al., 2016).
In the context of industrial big data, the problems of modeling and virtualization for CPS were discussed by
(Babiceanu and Seker, 2016). Lee et al. (2015b) proposed and tested guidelines for implementation of a CPS architecture
in Industry 4.0 environment for integrating CPS in SM. The architecture was applied to machine tools in a production
line, and the data and information flow were analyzed in detail. The authors provided viable guidelines for manufacturers
to implement CPS to enhance product quality and system reliability with intelligent manufacturing equipment. The
authors found that the CPS architecture not only can guarantee near zero downtime production, but also provide
optimized production planning and inventory management plans. Additionally, focused on the trends of development of
industrial big data, the impacts of CPS on maintenance and service innovation, and on the service-oriented manufacturing
paradigm were investigated (Herterich et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2015a). To provide insights into addressing water resource
sustainability challenges for industrial activities (e.g. manufacturing and energy production areas), an overview of water
resource CPS for sustainability from four critical aspects (sensing and instrumentation, communications and networking,

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computing and control) was conducted by Wang et al. (2015). Recently, the sustainability of CPS-based production
system (Song and Moon, 2017; Watanabe and Silva, 2017), CPS-based self-adaptive intelligent shop-floor (Zhang et al.,
2017a), and CPS and big data enabled energy efficient machining optimization methods (Liang et al., 2018), were
assessed and investigated. The authors found that the CPS-based approaches and technologies can be used to achieve
improved, concerted function of collaborating systems, with enhanced adaptivity and autonomy of automation systems.
Based on real-time manufacturing data, a framework of smart injection molding CPS was proposed (Lee et al., 2017).
The framework integrated different types of data acquisition methods and decision-making rules. As a result, the authors
suggested that the proposed framework can be used to enhance the competitiveness, sustainability and production
performance of injection molding industry, and to support the construction of a smart factory.
3.4.3. Cloud-based technologies
Cloud computing was defined as ‘‘a model for enabling ubiquitous, on-demand network access to a shared pool of
configurable computing resources that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or
service provider interaction’’ (Mell and Grance, 2009). Cloud manufacturing as the manufacturing version of CC extends
the philosophy of ‘everything is a service’ by adding new concepts as ‘manufacturing resources as a service’ (Tao et al.,
2014a; Xu, 2012). Additional applications of cloud-based technologies in manufacturing have been developed by many
researchers: the cloud-based approach for remanufacturing (Wang et al., 2014; Wang and Wang, 2014), cloud-based
design and manufacturing (Liu and Xu, 2016; Wu et al., 2015), and cloud-based energy-aware resource allocation
approach and sustainable energy selection model (Peng and Wang, 2017; Zheng et al., 2017).
Effective management of the knowledge acquired during historical product design and development processes is one
of the challenges facing many manufacturing enterprises. To address this challenge, a cloud-based product design
knowledge integration framework was proposed by Bohlouli et al. (2011). The knowledge integration services can be
provided for the collaborative product design procedure, and as a result, the sustainable and innovative product design
and development pattern can be achieved. To address the challenges for managing the distributed manufacturing
resources in supply chains, a cloud-based and service-oriented MES was developed (Valilai and Houshmand, 2013; Helo
et al., 2014) showing that collaboration and data integration inside distributed manufacturing were essential for success
of supply chain solutions. Yue et al. (2015) developed a service-oriented industrial cloud-based CPS model, which
integrated cloud technologies and CPS to improve the business services in Industry 4.0. With the support of the cloud and
infrastructure platform as well as service application, industrial cloud-based CPS can improve manufacturing efficiency
and enable a sustainable industrial system and more environmentally friendly businesses. The term of industrial cloud

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robotics was proposed to integrate the industrial robots resources worldwide and to provide manufacturing services for
the end-users based upon a combination of cloud-based technologies and robotics (Liu et al., 2016). Energy consumption
optimization for industrial cloud robotics was investigated, and a framework and its enabling methodologies of industrial
cloud robotics towards sustainable manufacturing were developed. The authors suggested that the framework can be used
to support energy-efficient services of industrial cloud robotics, and to realize sustainable manufacturing worldwide. On
this basis, focused on the unified description of sustainable manufacturing capability of industrial cloud robots, a hybrid
logic description method and an interval-state description method were proposed to jointly present the energy
consumption during the industrial robots’ processing (Zhao et al., 2017).
3.4.4. Data mining
Due to the important role of knowledge acquisition from manufacturing databases, DM is being increasingly widely
used in industry. A comprehensive analysis of DM applications in manufacturing and product quality improvement was
conducted by Choudhary et al. (2009) and Köksal et al. (2011). Recently, the applications of DM in different lifecycle
stages, such as product design (Kusiak and Smith, 2007), production (Cheng et al., 2018), maintenance (Bennane and
Yacout, 2012), fault diagnosis (Sim et al., 2014), service (Karimi-Majd and Mahootchi, 2015), and recycling (Wang et al.,
2016) were implemented.
DM has also been attractive to many researchers on implementation of sustainable production and consumption
strategies in manufacturing. Marwah et al. (2011) proposed an automated LCA approach based on DM to help the
development of sustainable products. The authors recommended that manufacturers can use this approach to assess their
design’s sustainability in comparison with other designs. A supply chain quality sustainability DSS based on the
association rule mining method was explored to support managers in food manufacturing firms to formulate logistical
plans, and to maintain the quality and sustainability of the food supply chain (Ting et al., 2014). During the production
stage, a DM method combining a SVM with a GA was developed by Li et al. (2017) to quantitatively evaluate the
effectiveness of CP. The proposed method was verified through a comparison in application, and the results showed that
the GA-SVM method is more accurate and efficient than the back-propagation ANN. This study also suggested an
effective assessment method for small samples of CP and provided a guideline for enterprise management on the
implementation of CP for vanadium extraction from stone coal. Lieber et al. (2013) developed a systematic framework
based on DM for predicting the quality of products in interlinked manufacturing processes using a rolling mill case study.
The supervised and unsupervised DM methods were conjointly applied to identify the quality-related features and
production parameters. The authors found that the proposed method contributed to achieve sustainable and

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energy-efficient manufacturing processes. Pang (2015) designed and tested an early warning system for the quality of
complex products based on DM and NN theory aiming to reduce resource waste and increase productivity. The author
suggested that the designed warning system could provide decision information that would not only help to improve
existing products quality, but also aid in new product design. During the maintenance stages, the NN algorithms were
applied to identify bearing faults in wind turbines (Kusiak and Verma, 2012), and an AD approach was tested to provide
early failure warnings in rotating machinery (Purarjomandlangrudi et al., 2014). To enhance efficiency and reduce energy
consumption of industrial robots in product disassembly processes, the industrial robot’s disassembly capability was
dynamically modeled by using the association rules mining algorithm (Zheng et al., 2017).
3.4.5. Artificial intelligence
In recent years, diverse applications of AI have helped managers to make more effective decisions in manufacturing
due to their capability to intelligently recognize and learn business models (Simeone et al., 2016). An AI-based CP
evaluation system was developed to simplify the evaluation process of water consumption and environmental impacts of
surface treatment facilities (Telukdarie et al., 2006). The potential benefits of AI for hybrid flow shop floor scheduling
and energy consumption optimization were explored by Luo et al. (2013) and Ilsen et al. (2017), and a review of AI
applications for supplier selection was conducted by Chai et al. (2013). Findings from these papers showed that most of
the applications were focused on testing the algorithm for benchmarking or solving problems. Laalaoui and Bouguila
(2014) and Çaliş and Bulkan (2015) assessed the AI application to pre-run-time scheduling in real-time systems and
NP-hard job shop scheduling. Orji and Wei (2015) investigated a novel modeling approach that integrates fuzzy supplier
behavior information with system dynamics simulation technique to help manufacturers to select the best possible
sustainable supplier and to enhance the manufacturers’ sustainability. The results of a simulation experiment showed that
an increase in the rate of investment in sustainability by different suppliers causes an exponential increase in their total
sustainability performance. Suganthi et al. (2015) applied fuzzy logic for modeling renewable energy systems to
precisely map and optimize the energy systems. From the perspective of energy conservation, a new AI model, the
multi-gene genetic programming, based on orthogonal basis functions was proposed to identify the hidden relationships
between the energy consumption of the milling process and the input process parameters (Garg et al., 2015). Sensitivity
and parametric analyses were conducted to validate the robustness of the model by revealing the potential relationships
of energy consumption with respect to a set of input variables. The authors emphasized that, from these discovered
relationships an optimum set of input settings for milling process can be obtained (e.g. cutting speed, feed rate and depth
of cut). An AI-based DSS was developed by Shin et al. (2015) to improve the sustainability performance of

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manufacturing processes. Two case studies were used to show how to allocate resources at the production level and how
to select process parameters at the unit-process level to achieve minimal energy consumption. Uncertainties in both the
machine and the operating environments made the physics-based energy prediction models difficult to predict the energy
consumption of the target machine reliably. To address this issue, Bhinge et al. (2016) and Oses et al. (2016) explored a
modeling method based on the nonparametric machine-learning technique to optimize the energy-efficiency of a
machining process. Commercial applications of AI were explored by Jacques et al., (2017) and McKinsey & Company
(2017) to deliver new values such as smarter R&D and real-time forecasting, targeted sales and marketing, optimized
production and maintenance to companies.
3.4.6. Big data analytics
BDA is the process of examining large and varied data sets to uncover hidden patterns, unknown correlations, market
trends, customer preferences and other useful information that can help organizations make more-informed business
decisions (Abell et al., 2017; TechTarget, 2012), to improve sustainability and to drive the society towards the circular
economy (Soroka et al., 2017). Applications of BDA have attracted attention from industry and academy due to the
capability to provide valuable patterns and knowledge to increase BI, explore potential markets and improve operational
efficiency (Lamba and Singh, 2017; Zhong et al., 2016). By deploying the BDA in the Cloud, conceptual frameworks of
service-oriented DSS (Demirkan and Delen, 2013) were explored to improve QoS of the cloud. A BDA model was
presented by Shin et al. (2014) to predict the sustainability performance, especially for power consumption of the metal
cutting SM system. Furthermore, focused on the environmental concerns and the energy efficiency of modern industrial
sector, a framework of energy monitoring and energy-aware analytics information system based on BDA was designed
and tested (Zampou et al., 2014).
To fully utilize the big data from production and energy management database to achieve a higher level of
sustainability, manufacturers need methodologies for analyzing, evaluating, and optimizing sustainability performance
metrics of manufacturing processes and systems. In this context, Shao et al. (2017) introduced a systematic
decision-guidance methodology that used sustainable process analytics formalism and provided an step-by-step guidance
for users to carry out sustainability performance analysis. The state-of-the-art and application landscape of BDA, as well
as the impact of BDA on sustainable and green SCM and organizational performance were thoroughly investigated
(Gunasekaran et al., 2017; Kaleel Ahmed et al., 2018). In these articles, research questions such as: In what areas of SCM
was BDA utilized? At what level of BDA was used in SCM? What types of BDA models were used? were investigated in
detail. Recently, focused on improving resource usage efficiency , the potentials of BDA in natural resource management

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and CP were investigated (Song et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2017c).
These key technologies of SM can be used for maintaining the efficiency and sustainability of SM systems. They can
also be integrated and applied to facilitate the implementation of sustainable production and consumption strategies
(Kusiak, 2017; Thoben et al., 2017). However, few studies have been done regarding effective integration and application
of various key technologies of SM to implement these two strategies, not to mention even the use of these technologies
for supporting the SSM paradigm.
3.5 Application of BDA in smart manufacturing
Manufacturers are being flooded by huge amounts of data, since various sensors, electronic devices, and digital
machines are used in production lines and shop-floors (Zhong et al., 2015). According to MGI, companies embracing
BDA are able to outperform their peers (Manyika et al., 2011). A survey from the EIU reported that many new
opportunities and advantages can be created and gained through harnessing big data, in which the most compelling is
increased operational efficiency (Fig.4). It has been estimated that the combination of BDA and lean management could
be worth tens of billions of dollars, in improved profits for large manufacturers (Dhawan et al., 2014; Ge and Jackson,
2014).
Fig. 4. New opportunities that BDA provides for commercial organizations to improve efficiency and effectively. Data
source from (EIU, 2011; Tankard, 2012).

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3.5.1. Illustrative examples
From the perspective of illustrative examples, Komatsu Ltd., a Japanese construction equipment manufacturer, has
used BDA to assess the health status of the diesel engine component, and to provide remote fault prognostics services for
its end-users (Lee et al., 2014). Every day, Siemens uses big data from 100,000 measurements in power plants around the
world to implement remote diagnostic services to analyze the operational behaviors (Siemens, 2014). Similarly, Ramco
Cements Limited, an Indian flagship manufacturer, leveraged BDA to make intelligent business decisions on product
development and logistics management (Dutta and Bose, 2015). The SPEC, a leading eyeglasses manufacturer in China,
analyzed the big data that were derived from customer feedback to provide ideas for new product innovations (Tan et al.,
2015). Shaanxi Blower Group, a specialized turbo machinery manufacturer in China, established a product health
management center that used sensor collected lifecycle big data to improve their service quality (Zhang et al., 2017c).
Boeing’s AHMS has been used to collect and analyze real-time big data of in air airplane operations and to notify ground
crews of potential maintenance issues before landing (Boeing, 2017). To improve the sustainability of their supply chain,
a Taiwanese light-emitting diode industry and a sanitary appliances manufacturer in China, used BDA to identify decisive
attributes of SCRU, and to enhance their capability of GSCM (Wu et al., 2017; Zhao et al., 2017).
3.5.2. Theoretical research
From the perspective of theoretical research, Hofmann (2015) reported how BDA levers can reduce the bullwhip effect
of supply chains, and which of them has the highest potential to do so. BDA was utilized to address the challenges in
industrial automation domain due to its capability of handling large volume of quickly generated data (Leitão et al.,
2016). Hazen et al. (2016) and Papadopoulos et al. (2017) explored the role of BDA for supply chain sustainability, and
Batra et al. (2016) and Jacobson and Santhanam (2016) highlighted its role on speeding up delivery time and improving
R&D for semiconductor industry. To fulfill the potential of energy big data and to obtain insights to achieve smart energy
management, a process model of BDA-based for smart energy management was proposed by Zhou et al. (2016).
Furthermore, the impact of BDA on world-class sustainable manufacturing involving green product design and green
production was explored by Dubey et al. (2016). In the SM environment, a smart spare parts inventory management
system was proposed to establish transparency between manufacturers and suppliers and to reduce the inventory costs
(Zheng and Wu, 2017). Through BDA, manufacturers can prepare spare parts for the right machine at the right time with
the right quantity, and also optimizing the fuel use efficiency and the real-time route of spare parts transportation for
suppliers.

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3.6 Knowledge gaps
With a focus on SSM and the previously highlighted literature, the following knowledge gaps for SSM are identified
and described:
⚫ Firstly, from the perspective of system architecture of big data in SM (Section 3.3), many researchers only
focused upon one stage of the lifecycle (e.g. production stage of BOL and operation or maintenance stage of
MOL). According to this analysis, to fulfill the SSM paradigm, a system architecture that covers the whole
lifecycle stages is imperative. There is a lack of a holistic architecture for SSM paradigm that can be used to
describe the complex procedures of the whole lifecycle data sharing and knowledge interaction, and the relations
among various lifecycle stages.
⚫ Secondly, there are various key technologies of SM, but as mentioned in the definition of SSM, to achieve the
SSM paradigm, all these technologies should be integrated and applied in the operations and decision-making
process of the whole lifecycle. However, almost all research was focused on applying one or two of the latest
technologies to improve and optimize the decision-making processes of specified lifecycle stages (Section 3.4).
The research on effective integration and application of various key technologies of SM in the whole lifecycle
decision-making processes to implement sustainable production and consumption strategies, and further to
support the SSM paradigm was seldom conducted (Section 3.4.6).
⚫ Thirdly, large amounts of process control and product performance data is generated in SM environment. As
highlighted by Kusiak (2017), it is important to extract useful and valuable information from big data, and one
of the most important methods in SM is BDA (Section 1). The BDA is also a promising method that can
effectively facilitate the realization of the SSM paradigm, through deriving value from lifecycle big data, by
implementing servitization strategies during the whole lifecycle, and by creating new added-value enhancing
sustainability in manufacturing enterprises (Section 1). However, most research on BDA-enabled smart
decision-making only involved limited lifecycle stages (e.g. production, maintenance, service stages), and do not
focus upon usage of BDA in decision-making processes of the whole lifecycle to support the SSM paradigm
(Section 3.5). Therefore, the third knowledge gap is that, in terms of management strategies, the research to
effectively utilize the power of BDA for smarter decision-making processes of the whole lifecycle was rarely
performed.
⚫ Fourthly, the term SSM was derived from the traditional concept of SM. Because of its infancy, SSM does not
yet provide manufacturers with concrete operations strategies to enhance the visibility of their operations and the

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performance of all lifecycle business processes (Wamba et al., 2015). The insight into how to control and
optimize the operations of the whole lifecycle management processes and service provision based on SSM is
unavailable. However, this insight is required for implementation in industry and may have significant impact on
the whole lifecycle’ smarter decision-making and sustainability. Therefore, the insight related to how to control
and optimize the operations of the whole lifecycle management processes and service provision, was identified
as the fourth gap of SSM that is derived from the first three gaps (that will ultimately affect the effective
implementation of SSM) and focuses on the operations strategies for SSM.
4. The framework of BDA in SSM
The overview presented in Section 3 was the basis for the conceptual framework, which was designed to help
optimizing the lifecycle processes for sustainable production and CP. The framework is the first step to fill in all the
knowledge gaps identified and presented in Section 3.6. This framework can be used as a guideline to select the most
relevant lifecycle stages that affect the sustainable production of products of a specific enterprise, based on analysis of
the available lifecycle big data. In this section, firstly, the framework of BDA in SSM is described. Then, using the
proposed framework, potential applications and their key advantages were analyzed.
4.1 The conceptual framework of BDA in SSM
The goals of SSM for using the emerging information technologies and advanced analytics are: (a) to reduce resource
waste; (b) to decrease environmental impacts; (c) to increase digitization level; (d) to achieve global intellectualization in
manufacturing and service. To achieve these objectives in PLM, a conceptual framework of BDA in SSM was tested as
presented in Fig. 5. This framework consists of four components from the perspective of product lifecycle stages: (a)
intelligent design; (b) intelligent production; (c) intelligent maintenance & service; (d) intelligent recovery. For each
component, the important elements (e.g. data flows, knowledge flows, main lifecycle stages, data sources and key
lifecycle data) are described and analyzed in detail. The potential applications that will affect the realization of SSM are
also involved in the framework. In subsections 4.1.1 to 4.1.4, the relationships among the key elements and the potential
applications are briefly presented and analyzed.
What needs to be emphasized is that, within this framework, the sharing and feedback of lifecycle data not only can be
achieved in their own interiors, but also can be realized among all lifecycle stages. The potential applications of this
framework can only be achieved in every stage, when data sharing and feedback from other stages are realized. It is
evident that as a result of sharing and feedback of data among all lifecycle stages, industrial leaders will be able to make

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more accurate and reliable lifecycle decisions, improving and optimizing the manufacture’ production and management
processes and facilitating the effective implementation of improvement options.
Fig. 5. Conceptual framework of BDA in SSM.
4.1.1. Intelligent design
The intelligent design component comprises market analysis, product and service design. In the market analysis stage,
product demand data provided by customers through Internet can be collected and analyzed. During product and service
design stage, the RFID technology can be used for the management of technical documents (Jun et al., 2009). For
example, the passive RFID tags attached to all technical documents enable technicians to manage huge numbers of
technical documents in a systematic way. In addition, existing EISs such as CAD, CAE, and CAPP can provide valuable
data support for product and service design. Therefore, the main data sources for this component are the Internet, IoT and
EISs, while the key lifecycle data involves product performance indexes, historical product design and customer
demands.

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4.1.2. Intelligent production
The intelligent production component involves procurement, product production, and equipment management. In
product production stage, all kinds of manufacturing resources (e.g. machines, operators, trolleys, etc.) are deployed with
smart devices (e.g. RFID tags and readers, smart sensors and meters, etc.) to achieve a given degree of intelligence. The
key parts are also equipped with smart devices that serve as mobile memory for the smart products, playing important
roles throughout the assembly process and retained for subsequent processes of the lifecycle (e.g. logistic, maintenance,
recycle, etc.). For equipment management, equipment fault diagnosis will influence the product precision and quality
directly. The ERP, MES, PDM system, and fault diagnosis system can provide large amounts of data for intelligent
production. These data are derived from EISs, IoT and sensors. In addition, the product quality, historical fault records,
material delivery and energy consumption data can enhance effectiveness of sustainable production.
4.1.3. Intelligent maintenance & service
The intelligent maintenance & service component consists of product operation and maintenance stages. Based on the
deployment of the smart devices for products, real-time operation status data of smart products can be sensed and
captured while used by the customers. For some products, not suitable for embedding smart devices, external smart
devices are installed during the installation and debugging stages. The product operation stage mainly involves customer
service (e.g. online consultation and personnel training) and product support (e.g. product quality monitoring and regular
inspection), including corrective and predictive maintenance in product maintenance stage. Therefore, the real-time
operation status data, product quality monitoring data, historical fault data and customer evaluation data that come from
IoT, sensors, customer feedback and monitoring system present high potential for customer service, product support, and
maintenance.
4.1.4. Intelligent recovery
In the intelligent recovery component, the only focus is how to make product recovery decisions. Owing to the
configuration of the smart devices, the data related to product lifecycle history (e.g. remaining lifetime, degradation
status and environmental factors) can be accurately gathered at the recycle stage. These data can play an important role in
product recovery decision-making (e.g. reuse, remanufacturing, repair, recycle and disposal) and in reverse logistics
planning. For example, based on the data of historical degradation status of a product, the identity information of RFID
tags and smart sensors can provide unique identification code for subsequent classification of defective parts, which are
separately sent to different take-back centers for further inspection and analysis. These historical IoT and sensor records

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can help inspectors to estimate costs and benefits of the various recovery operations within some constraints such as
environmental regulations and product residual lifetime.
The following four steps can be used as a reference framework to select relevant lifecycle stages that impact the
sustainable production of a given enterprise providing the enterprise manager the possibility to implement the framework.
For clarification, no obligatory usage of the framework as a standard in industry is meant in this article.
1) According to different application requirements, the relationships presented in the framework will assist the
managers to identify the main lifecycle stages that have significant effects on SSM.
2) Based on the identified lifecycle stages, the key indices and parameters that may impact the performance of a
specified lifecycle’s business processes can be identified.
3) According to the key indices and parameters that need to be improved and optimized, suitable lifecycle data,
model and the appropriate algorithms can be selected and used to conduct the BDA.
4) Following the knowledge flow, including rules discovered through BDA, can provide important insights for
managers to meet the application requirements to achieve SSM.
The major stages and potential applications of BDA in SSM are described in Fig.5.
4.2 Potential applications and key advantages of BDA in SSM
Due to the increasing usage of leading-edge technologies in the modern manufacturing environment, data such as
metrics for production processes, product operation and maintenance, etc., can be collected throughout the whole
lifecycle. Through combining and applying BDA to all these lifecycle data, manufacturers can derive benefits, which are
described in the following sections. What needs to be emphasized is that, all these advantages already are occurring for
SM, which also can be framed by SSM.
4.2.1. Perceiving and predicting market demands
With the transformation of the production mode from mass to customized production, discovering customer
preferences and demands has grown increasingly important for manufacturers. Accurately perceiving and predicting
customers’ preferences and demands are effective means for manufacturers to make their products better fit the needs of
customers, and to earn higher loyalty and profit (Bae and Kim, 2011; Fang et al., 2016). By applying BDA, the massive
volumes of data related to customer demands (e.g. online reviews and sentiments, customer behaviors and evaluations,
and user experiences and feedback, etc.) can be collected and integrated from several sources for extracting actionable
insights. These insights can be used to predict market demands in a timely mode, and the potential market size, margin,

40
the number of competitors and the level of differentiation among products can also be predicted.
Although there are many factors that help to predict market demands, some factors are more important predictors than
others. The use of BDA presents opportunities to identify the most important predictors of market demands, while
manufacturers can closely monitor and analyze features, pricing strategies, and customer feedback of their competitors'
products. This information can help manufacturers to develop appropriate new product strategies.
4.2.2. Improving product and service design
The traditional product and service design methods scarcely consider the voices of other lifecycle stakeholders into the
decision-making process systematically (Zhang and Chu, 2009). In the context of SSM, the isolated lifecycle data that
influence the product and service design can be integrated and analyzed to generate important insights about product
improvements and innovations. For example, based on the data gathered during the production, operation, maintenance
and recovery stages (e.g. assembly requirements, product performances, customer evaluations, environment impacts,
etc.), BDA can be used to discover relationships between lifecycle data and product innovation, and used to refine
existing designs helping to guide the development of specifications for new products. These relationships can also assist
designers to improve product design, such as design for maintenance/remanufacturing/environment (Dombrowski et al.,
2014).
With the increasing competition and environmental pressures, manufacturers are striving to re-position themselves as
solution providers by offering high value-added PSS (Song and Sakao, 2017). However, the design of PSS faces many
challenges. For instance, design requirements and constraints at the schematic design stage are always imprecise, and
alternative selection and matching at the decision stage are usually uncertain (Li et al., 2015). Manufacturers have found
that BDA is an efficient tool for identifying the hidden requirements and improving the effectiveness of selection about
multiple design alternatives. BDA helps to find the relationships among requirements, attributes and alternatives as
exactly as possible to give comprehensive guidance for new PSS developments. Some manufacturers are inviting
external stakeholders to submit ideas for innovations or to collaborate on PSS development. By applying BDA, the
valuable ideas from a large number of submitted ideas can be extracted and thereby, the open innovation of PSS
development can be achieved (Manyika et al., 2011).
4.2.3. Improving product quality and yield
Based on the configuration of smart devices, the real-time data of manufacturing resources (e.g. operators, materials,
and WIP, etc.) can be tracked (Zhang et al., 2015). From the moment raw materials are delivered to the shop-floor to the
moment the final products are packaged, there are dozens of quality control points deployed along the production line,

41
and large quantities of data are produced. During operation and maintenance stages, the operation status and fault data
can be used by manufacturers through BDA, to dramatically improve production and product quality.
Manufacturers can use BDA to find additional ways to reduce process flaws and to increase yields. For example,
manufacturers can apply various data analysis models and algorithms to the production processes via usage of big data to
determine interdependencies among process parameters, and their impacts on yields. The interdependencies can help
manufacturers make better decisions in resetting parameters and in making targeted process changes that were found to
have the highest impacts on yields. Additionally, BDA can be used to link equipment and process level data to inspection
and metrology data to make more accurate predictions about yield failures. By identifying the factors responsible for
failure, the BDA can help to reduce yield losses early in the production processes (Batra et al., 2016). Table 3 shows
examples of applications of BDA in different industries for yield improvement.
Table 3
Examples of applications of big data in different industries for yield improvements.
No.
Industry
Current movements
Findings/solutions
Economic benefit/ yield
1
Biopharmaceuticals
Monitoring more than 200 variables
in the vaccines’ production flow to
ensure the purity of ingredients as
well as the vaccines being made.
Nine parameters were documented to
influence yield.
Made targeted process optimization to take
advantage of the nine parameters.
Increasing yield by more than
50%, and worth between $5
million and $10 million in
yearly.
2
Chemical
Using BDA to measure and
compare the relative impacts of
different production inputs on yield.
The levels of variability in carbon dioxide
flow prompted significant reductions in yield.
Reset the parameters of carbon dioxide flow.
Reduced waste of raw
materials by 20%, and reduced
energy costs by 15%.
Improving the overall yield.
3
Mining of precious
metals
Examined the production process
data of mining precious metals on a
number of process parameters.
The best yield at the mine occurred on days
in which oxygen levels were highest.
Changed the leaching process, without
making additional capital investments.
Increased yield by 3.7% and
maintained a $10 million to
$20 million in annual profits.
Data source summarized from MGI (Auschitzky et al., 2014).
4.2.4. Optimizing shop-floor logistics
In SSM, IoT technologies are widely used to support the logistics management of warehouse and shop-floor, due to its
capacity for real-time tracking the movements of manufacturing resources. In this context, large quantities of logistics
data are generated from AGV, which can be used by internal and external logistics operators for improving logistics
operations. In fact, for IoT-based SM, logistics planning and scheduling heavily rely on the arrival of materials, thus, the
decisions on logistics trajectories (including crew and vehicle routing) are critical. The logistics big data of shop-floors
can be harnessed to develop improvements in logistics planning. Through analyzing the historical and real-time logistics
data, the frequent trajectories that have significant impacts on productivity and delivery time can be identified. This

42
knowledge can be used to make more targeted logistics planning decisions. For example, the frequent trajectories
knowledge can be used to determine the layout of distribution facilities (e.g. the distances between each pair of machines
and tolerable traffic volume of shop-floor), the optimal routing of the vehicles (e.g. adjust the sequence of visited
machines in shop-floor), as well as the best delivery and pickup time windows (Vidal et al., 2013). These can result in
improvements of many manufacturing dimensions in the shop-floor, including yields, equipment availability, operating
costs, delivery time, and energy consumption.
4.2.5. Controlling and reducing energy consumption
In today's manufacturing scenarios, energy conservation and emissions reduction are two important tasks for
manufacturing enterprise. With the continuous application of smart sensors and smart meters during the whole lifecycle,
large amounts of real-time energy consumption data from production and operation process can be collected (Wang et al.,
2018). The energy consumption data provide great potential to improve the decisions of energy efficiency management
and to reduce energy consumption (Shrouf and Miragliotta, 2015). For example, based on the large quantity of energy
consumption data gathered from inside and outside the shop-floor, and the correlation analysis among data, materials and
energy flows, the decisions of collaborative optimization for energy consumption can be generated. By analyzing the data
on a number of process parameters, those which have significant impacts upon energy consumption can be identified to
establish a predictive model for the reduction of energy consumption. That model can be used to define strategies for
optimizing the day-to-day energy consumption of manufacturing enterprises (Moreno et al., 2016). Because energy
waste problems (e.g. water, electric and gas leakage) in manufacturing enterprises are usually unobservable, dangerous
and costly, big data inputs can help managers to identify and quantify the wastage points and to reduce or eliminate them
in real-time.
4.2.6. Providing predictive maintenance service and intelligent spare part prediction services
The IIoT paradigm promises to increase the visibility and availability of lifecycle data (Jeschke et al., 2017). Via IIoT,
real-time data of the whole lifecycle can be gathered and analyzed, to improve maintenance and service decisions.
The product operation status data are gathered and transmitted to the manufacturer in real-time is an important asset
for maintenance decisions. For example, by analyzing the product operation status data, manufacturers can evaluate
indicators to determine whether equipment performance is decreasing. These analyses can help manufacturers to
accurately predict when the products will fail, and early fault warning and predictive maintenance can be achieved.
Operations and maintenance costs and equipment downtime can be reduced. A survey from MGI suggests that analyses
of operation field data and provision of predictive maintenance services can reduce operational costs by 10% to 25%

43
while potentially boosting production by 5% or more (Manyika et al., 2011).
Through analyzing the data of the spare parts inventory, the consumption of spare parts can be dynamically predicted.
Usage of BDA can significantly enhance the ability to predict failures for key spare parts, optimize transportation fuel
efficiency, and suggest real-time route optimization (Boone et al., 2017). Therefore, intelligent spare part prediction
services can be implemented and excessive production or excessive inventories can be avoided. These services can help
manufacturers to transition to more sustainable production. For instance, by applying predictive maintenance service, the
reliability of products can be increased and empty load energy consumption due to stopping and restarting of equipment
and downtime can be reduced. By using the spare part prediction service, the inventory cost and material consumption
can also be reduced.
4.2.7. Accurately predicting the remaining lifetime
It is clear that IoT technology can accurately gather data related to product lifecycle history (e.g. product design index,
maintenance history, and operation status, etc.). Through analyses of the lifecycle data, the degradation status and
remaining lifetime of products or parts can be predicted in real-time helping to make timely recovery decisions of EOL.
Although a complex product may not be useable any longer, that does not mean that every part of it is useless (Jun et
al., 2009; Li et al., 2015). To prevent premature product obsolescence, it is important to predict the remaining value of
parts. This issue highlights the need for BDA-based decision support. The predicted degradation status and remaining
lifetime knowledge may benefit customers, manufacturers, and reduce environmental impacts. For customers, based on
the discovered knowledge, sudden breakdowns of equipment can be effectively avoided contributing to enhance
productivity and to reduce maintenance costs. For manufacturers, through providing accurate remaining lifetime
information for its customers, the satisfaction and loyalty can be increased, more potential customers may be nurtured,
and more profits can be created. Because manufacturers can be enabled to make better reuse and remanufacturing
decisions, landfilling can be minimized, and negative impacts on the environment and humans can be reduced.
4.2.8. Optimizing recovery decisions and reducing environment impacts
Optimization of recovery decisions is regarded as a sustainable, environmentally friendly, and proven profitable
practice in many developed countries (Abdulrahman et al., 2015). However, the optimizing process is not easy since a
large amount of lifecycle data and historical lifecycle knowledge are needed and must be properly evaluated.
By analyzing the historical lifecycle data, the remaining lifetime of each part can be predicted. Consequently, optimal
decisions of EOL product recovery can be made with the objective of maximizing values of EOL products (Jun et al.,
2007). In this process, BDA-based decision-support mechanism provides opportunities for making good EOL recovery

44
decisions. For instance, in order to help planning the remanufacturing processes, early identification and classification of
defective components and their related data are essential (Zhang et al., 2018b). By BDA, it may be possible to presort
and prioritize components based on their historical lifecycle status, because some components may not need to be
disassembled, and some may not be suitable for remanufacturing and hence must be replaced.
One of the major objectives of EOL product recovery is to reduce the environmental impact (Dat et al., 2012). Thus, it
is necessary to ensure that the recovery process is energy saving and environmentally friendly. To achieve this goal, BDA
should be applied to improve resource saving and recovery activities associated with minimizing resource consumption
and reduction of risk to the workers engaged in the recovery processes.
5. Current challenges and future research directions
As highlighted by Koetsier (2014), by leveraging BDA across the value chain, more industrial dimensions can be
systematically integrated, and the enterprise managers can be enabled to gather, store, process, visualize data to support
intelligent and timely decisions. It is envisioned that future BDA applications will be able to assist enterprise managers to
learn everything about what they did today and to predict what they will do tomorrow (Zhong et al., 2016). Although
BDA has been broadly accepted by many organizations, as a new concept, the research on BDA in SSM is still in its
early stages due to several key challenges.
To ensure that the current challenges are relevant to the previous literature review section and to guarantee the
effectiveness of future research directions, two points need to be emphasized.
Firstly, the statements for the current challenges in this section were built upon the existing literature (Section 3). As a
new scientific issue, the application of BDA in SSM, discussion and analysis of the challenges on its system architecture
is critical and necessary (Section 5.1). In other words, a holistic architecture for capturing the business value in a
systematic manner is the foundation to ensure the effective realization of SSM. Within a holistic architecture, the key
technologies that have significant effects on SSM, mentioned in the previous literature review section, can be involved to
ensure the effective implementation of SSM. Therefore, from Section 5.2 to Section 5.8, the challenges on these key
technologies were discussed. These key technologies can be considered as two main sub-processes: data management
(Section 5.2 to Section 5.5) and data analytics (Section 5.6 to Section 5.8). This conforms to the typical processes of
extracting insights from big data, which are supported by Jagadish et al. (2014) and Gandomi and Haider (2015).
Secondly, all the statements for future research directions in this section were derived from the existing research and
involved the authors’ hypotheses. In addition to achieve the goals of SM, SSM is also promising to carry out sustainable
production and CP, through fusion of the strategy of servitization within all stages of product lifecycles. As highlighted

45
by Opresnik and Taisch (2015), servitization has become a pervasive business strategy among manufacturers, because it
can enable the manufacturers to reduce production costs and to achieve sustainable production. When analyzing the
servitization practices of manufacturing enterprises and deriving more value from the servitization, some researchers
found that data plays an important role (Sakao and Shimomura, 2007; Welbourne et al., 2009). In this regard, data
management (Section 5.2 to Section 5.5) and data analytics (Section 5.6 to Section 5.8) are key technologies for SSM
and important elements and enablers for servitization. As a result, the research directions related to these key
technologies were considered as relevant research directions of SSM and were discussed in this paper.
5.1. Architecture of BDA for SSM
An optimal enterprise information IT architecture should be constructed to deal with historical and real-time lifecycle
data at the same time, to benefit systematically from the business values that can be derived. Although there are many
reference architectures for BDA, such as Hadoop (Borthakur, 2007) and Storm (Iqbal and Soomro, 2015), several
challenges exist in the SSM field. Firstly, the isolated lifecycle data cannot be effectively collected and integrated into
traditional IT architectures, and the management of unstructured data is often beyond traditional IT capabilities (Gandomi
and Haider, 2015). Secondly, much architecture was built to deliver and analyze data in batches, so provision of the
continuous flow of data for real-time data analysis and real-time lifecycle decisions is a challenge. Thirdly, according to
different applications, only the observed and specific functional components, analysis methods and technologies were
designed and included in existing architecture.
Therefore, the future of the BDA architecture in SSM needs:
⚫ Various data and software interfaces, as well as related technologies (e.g. acquisition, preprocessing, management
and storage) and functional components should be designed to acquire and integrate the whole lifecycle big data.
⚫ Full analyses of the whole lifecycle data are not likely to be feasible in real-time decisions. One effective means
is to find elements in large datasets that meet specified criteria (Jagadish et al., 2014). Therefore, new data index
structures and data analysis methods should be created in the architecture to quickly and effectively find a variety
of qualifying elements, and to provide reliable data support for accurate and almost real-time lifecycle decisions.
⚫ A robust and scalable IT architecture to support various application requirements and optimization tasks for all
lifecycle stakeholders (Hu et al., 2014). If the architecture is extended, in the future, based on other BDA
applications, it should be designed to be scalable with new functional components or relevant technologies.
5.2. Data quality management for SSM
Monitoring and controlling of data quality during all lifecycle processes are important for manufacturers to perform

46
BDA, and to make better SSM and servitization related decisions. As emphasized by Wamba et al. (2015), the availability
of good quality of big data is crucial to add value to the organization. Poor quality data have little potential to assist
managers to make correct decisions, wasting organizational resources and adding data storage costs (Beath et al., 2012).
As the quality and quantity of lifecycle data are enhanced, they can be used to improve business models and decisions as
well as servitization processes. However, there is the risk of inconsistent and incomplete data, which may undermine
service delivery and decision-making processes. Therefore, poor data quality and ineffective data management in the
whole lifecycle are key challenges to be solved for effectively applying BDA in SSM.
Future perspectives of the data quality management in SSM should focus on the following aspects:
⚫ With the goal of improving data quality and the decisions based upon the data, the theories of RBV and KBV
(Hazen et al., 2014) should be investigated to enable continuous monitoring mechanisms and ensure that future
lifecycle data acquisitions are properly managed.
⚫ The tools of data quality management such as process capability analyses (Veldman and Gaalman, 2014), and
statistical process control chats (Jones-Farmer et al., 2014) should be investigated and used to improve data
quality during the lifecycle of data acquisition, storage and usage.
⚫ The theories of managing and querying probabilistic and conflicting data (Jagadish et al., 2014) should be further
explored to manage and correct the incompleteness and inconsistency in the lifecycle data.
5.3. Data acquisition
All decisions related to SSM are based on whole lifecycle data. In spite of the fact that there are multiple data
acquisition methods such as Auto-ID technologies and smart sensors, accurate and complete acquisition of the whole
lifecycle data in a timely fashion continues to present large challenges for SSM field (Zhong et al., 2013, 2016b). Firstly,
manually-based data acquisition approaches are still widely used in some lifecycle stages, especially in the design,
maintenance and recovery stages. The data acquired from these approaches are usually inaccurate and untimely, thus,
decisions based on such data are usually ineffective. Secondly, for the majority of traditional products, such as machine
tools, the data flow usually breaks down after the delivery of products to customers and the products are always used in
different conditions. Therefore, the real-time, accurate, and complete data acquisition for MOL and EOL stages is a
challenge that must be addressed.
To address these challenges, further research on data acquisition in the whole lifecycle should be conducted as follows:
⚫ The RFID must be utilized more effectively in the management of technical documents in the design stage. For
example, the passive RFID tags can be attached to all technical documents to manage large quantities of technical

47
documents in a systematic way and thereby, reduce unnecessary errors. In addition, the RFID device can be used
as a mobile memory to record and update the real-time degeneration status and lifetime data of components in the
EOL stage (Jun et al., 2009).
⚫ To use moveable smart devices to collect the real-time field data. For example, IoT technologies can be
embedded into the physical products with the functionalities for gathering the lifecycle data. In addition, the
multi-functional, wireless or contactless, as well as much smarter data acquisition devices, such as wearable
devices with intelligence (Wang, 2015), should be designed to capture product-related data under extreme
environments, such as high temperatures, high pressures, toxic, and high nuclear radiation environments.
5.4. Data integration and aggregation
An effective decision of SSM requires the collection of heterogeneous lifecycle data from multiple sources. In SSM,
software tools and systems used by all departments and lifecycle stages should be integrated so that the whole lifecycle
data can be shared promptly and correctly among all stakeholders (Zhang et al., 2017c). However, diverse data
acquisition devices, software tools and systems have their own specific data formats, which are commonly heterogeneous,
unstructured, and incompatible. Integration and aggregation of the whole lifecycle data for effective SSM
decision-making, urgently needs in-depth research, development and testing.
Future data integration and aggregation must be performed in two dimensions related to the data meta-models and
middleware technologies:
⚫ An unified data modeling method can be used to construct the multi-granularity and multi-level data models
(Petrochenkov et al., 2015), and to integrate the data of various lifecycle stages. The concept of the meta-model
must be developed and integrated to build the unified data models. From the perspective of product lifecycles,
design, production, maintenance and recovery data meta-models should be developed and utilized (Zhang et al.,
2017b).
⚫ In the future, much smarter middleware technologies and methods, such as IoT middleware (Ngu et al., 2017)
must be developed to transform raw lifecycle data into a standardized format and meaningful information for all
lifecycle stakeholders to use. The smart middleware must provide functions for data cleaning, semantic data
filtering, data aggregation and active data tracking.
5.5 Application of cloud-based techniques in SSM
Besides having the capability of large-scale computing, the cloud-based techniques can provide the storage capability
for the whole lifecycle big data (Tao et al., 2017a). However, there are several challenges involved in applying cloud

48
storage in SSM. Firstly, security and privacy. For example, the lifecycle data may contain sensitive data of customers,
suppliers and manufacturers, and the tools to make use of these data may give rise to unauthorized access. Secondly,
query optimization is needed to harvest the knowledge hidden in the lifecycle big data. Improved methods of optimized
query pertaining to energy consumption and fast processing time are essential.
Therefore, future application of cloud-based techniques in storage of lifecycle big data for SSM should be focused
upon the following aspects:
⚫ New safety tools should be developed and implemented to improve the security of cloud-based storage
mechanisms. This may be achieved by leveraging conventional security mechanisms in combinations with new
technologies, such as Apache Accumulo (Zareian et al., 2016). In addition, the development of human-computer
interaction techniques (Xu, 2012) should attract researchers’ attention, to help security analysts to convey
information to customers’ formats, that are easier to utilize.
⚫ In the future, the criteria to support partial query optimization must be refined so that a small amount of
incremental computation with new data can be used to facilitate quick and effective decision-making processes.
Therefore, seeking to develop systems with suitable interactive response times (Jagadish et al., 2014) in querying
complex, high-volume lifecycle data is urgently needed. Additionally, parallel computing mechanisms (Boja et
al., 2012) should be developed to provide effective methods for query processing in cloud-based storage
environments.
5.6 Models and algorithms of BDA-based decisions for SSM
The decisions in SSM require relevant knowledge that could be discovered from the whole lifecycle big data.
Currently, the traditional DM and AI models and algorithms are being updated by many researchers, and are called
BDA-based decision approaches (Zhong et al., 2016). However, many existing models and algorithms cannot meet the
challenges in applying of BDA to SSM. Firstly, the decision models of SSM may need large amounts of data for mining
knowledge for various lifecycle applications in real-time (e.g. such as shop-floor scheduling and predictive maintenance).
However, many algorithms are not suitable for analyzing large numbers of data sets, in a timely mode. Secondly, current
decision-support models always operate in isolation to analyze the given data of a specific lifecycle phase, to solve
specific lifecycle problems. Generic models that can analyze the whole lifecycle data for solving multi-objective
problems have been seldom considered.
New methods can provide answers to these challenges by developing BDA-based decision models and algorithms for
SSM in two directions:

49
⚫ The self-adaptive and self-learning models that have the capability of learning from massive data for evolving in
timely and continuous processes should be developed (Zhang et al., 2017a; Zhu et al., 2017). The deep learning
theories should be integrated into decision-support models so that real-time and automated analyses can be
achieved.
⚫ The mixed-initiative learning models, based on the idea of collaborative decisions (Stefanovic, 2015) are
required. New decision-support mechanisms must be designed to work collaboratively with various lifecycle
experts to jointly analyze massive quantities of data, based upon diverse knowledge to make more informed
lifecycle decisions.
5.7 Application of complex network theory in SSM
Applications of complex network theory in SSM can provide a more effective way to solve complicated lifecycle
management problems due to the increasingly ubiquitous connections of manufacturing resources and products. For
example, in the product design stage, complex network theory can be used to reveal the complicated relationships
between products and parts (Li et al., 2017), products and services, as well as the data and knowledge flow in/among
enterprises, to achieve collaborative innovation and design. Such complex networks are being used to explore the
relations between and among workstations, to manage manufacturing services and supply chains (Qin et al., 2011; Kim et
al., 2015; Cheng et al., 2017). Despite its theoretical successes, complex network theory remains young with many
challenges. Firstly, although complex networks can analyze diversified network structures, networks intertwined in
complex SMM environments, continue to be key challenges. Secondly, the applications of complex networks in
manufacturing, mostly focus on the exploration phase. The integration of phases such as the feedback and collaboration
mechanisms among different lifecycle stages in real-time have not yet been solved.
Future directions for research on complex networks in SSM include:
⚫ New approaches that effectively integrate collaboration of complex networks built by different lifecycle
stakeholders. These may include more appropriate network models, such as hyper-networks (Cheng et al., 2016)
designed to monitor the interactions and influences among multi-layer networks.
⚫ Development of network models for real-world usage to obtain solutions for desired objectives in SSM. More
advanced algorithms based on BDA for network construction should be designed. To achieve the objective of
dynamic optimization of supply and demand matching of manufacturing resources and allocation of
manufacturing services (Zhang et al., 2017), dynamic network evolution models based on the real-time lifecycle
data are needed.

50
5.8 Energy-consumption analysis and optimization of SSM
Green, energy saving, and sustainable production and consumption of renewable energy are major objectives of the
SSM. Energy-consumption analysis and optimization of the whole lifecycle is a key issue for realizing green and
sustainable production and consumption (Santos et al., 2011). To realize energy-consumption optimization in SSM,
several challenges must be addressed. First, with the help of lifecycle big data, models or algorithms of
energy-consumption analysis and optimization for various lifecycle stages must be established. However, the data-driven
models do not have evaluation criteria and indices to assess efficiency and effectiveness (Zhong et al., 2016). Then, in
SSM environments, the availability of energy-consumption related data can be greatly enhanced due to continuous
energy usage monitoring and tracking. This has highlighted the need for establishing an intelligent energy-consumption
management system for SSM.
To address these challenges, two research directions are recommended:
⚫ Energy-consumption evaluation criteria and index systems should be developed for diverse lifecycle stages.
Multi-objective energy-consumption evaluation index systems with flexibility and variability of
material/energy/data flow (Hou et al., 2016) in the whole lifecycle should be developed and tested in real-time
systems.
⚫ To achieve intelligent energy-consumption decision-making, an energy cyber-physical ecosystem (Palensky et al.,
2014) should be developed to monitor and manage the interactions and influences of energy usage among various
lifecycle stages. Data on these interactions can be delivered to cyberspaces to achieve real-time monitoring and
dynamic optimization of energy efficiency.
The current challenges for SSM from the perspective of product lifecycle were briefly summarized and are listed in
Table 4.
Table 4
Current challenges for SSM from the perspective of product lifecycle.
Current challenges
Product lifecycle
Design
Production
Maintenance/ service
Recovery
Architecture of BDA for SSM
√
√
√
√
Data quality management for SSM
√
√
√
√
Data acquisition
√
√
√
√
Data integration and aggregation
√
√
√
√
Application of cloud-based techniques in SSM
√
√
√
√
Models and algorithms of BDA-based decisions for SSM
√
√
√
√
Application of complex network theory in SSM
√
√
Energy-consumption analysis and optimization of SSM
√
√
√
√

51
6. Conclusions
As a new networked and service-oriented manufacturing paradigm, SM has experienced rapid development in recent
years. The objective of developers of SM is to help managers to make more efficient, profitable and sustainable decisions.
Within the SM environment, the emerging technologies such as IoT, sensors and wireless technologies are being
increasingly used by industrial leaders to capture and utilize data in all stages of the product lifecycle. Consequently, a
large amount of multi-source and heterogeneous datasets are being collected and used for supporting lifecycle
decision-making. Among a large variety of key technologies for SM, BDA was considered as one of the most important
technologies, due to its capacity to explore large and varied datasets to uncover hidden patterns and knowledge as well as
other useful information. The discovered patterns and knowledge can help industrial leaders to make more-informed
business decisions, and to achieve the whole lifecycle optimization and more sustainable production.
The literature review revealed that BDA and SM have been individually researched in academia and industry, but the
research into simultaneously applying BDA to SM is still in its infancy. To address these limitations, the authors provide
insights for future research in this field. The following significant contributions were made by the authors of this review:
⚫ Firstly, by combining the key technologies of SM with the concept of ubiquitous servitization at all lifecycle
stages for intelligent and sustainable production, the term SSM was coined and used throughout this paper. This
concept did not exist in a clear form before but it is crucial to advance knowledge in this area, Therefore, the
definition of SSM was given, and the differences between this definition and Industry 4.0 and SM were
highlighted.
⚫ Secondly, a comprehensive review of big data in SM was conducted. The concepts of big data and data
classification criteria, system architectures, key technologies of SM, and applications of BDA in SM were
characterized in detail. Four knowledge gaps were identified, and the insights from the literature on typical DM,
AI and BDA methods in different lifecycle stages were summarized.
⚫ Thirdly, from the perspective of product lifecycle, a conceptual framework of BDA in SSM was proposed. The
framework can be used as a guideline to select the relevant lifecycle stages that impact the sustainable production
of a given enterprise. The potential applications and key advantages of BDA in SSM were discussed.
⚫ Finally, current challenges and future research directions, which should identify relevant future research
directions in academia and in industry were discussed.
Both academics and industrial leaders will obtain insights from m the summary of the major lines of research in the
field. Future work should be focused upon ways to improve the proposed framework by considering a wider range of

52
applications of BDA in product lifecycle for sustainable production and CP. In addition, other key technologies related to
SM should also be investigated. The authors solicit reader’s feedback and suggestions for cooperation and collaboration
in this rapidly evolving array of approaches to help making quantitative and qualitative improvements in all societies.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial supports of National Science Foundation of China (51675441),
the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (3102017jc04001) and the 111 Project Grant (B13044).
This research was also supported in part by the Circularis (Circular Economy through Innovating Design) project funded
by Vinnova - Sweden's innovation agency (2016-03267) and the Simon (New Application of AI for Services in
Maintenance towards a Circular Economy) project funded by Vinnova - Sweden's innovation agency (2017-01649).
Appendix A. The research of typical data mining, artificial intelligence, and big data analytics
methods in product lifecycle management.
Lifecycle
stages
Lifecycle
sub-stages
Typical methods
Applications
Shortcomings
Data mining
Artificial intelligence
Big data analytics
Design
Customer
requirements
identification
Fuzzy clustering, fuzzy
association rule mining (Jiao
and Zhang, 2005; Li et al.,
2013); Apriori, C5.0 DT
(Bae and Kim, 2011; Ma et
al., 2014)
ANN, back
propagation
(Efendigil et al.,
2009; Lee et al.,
2011); bootstrap
aggregating, PCA
(Liu et al., 2013)
Autoregressive
integrated moving
average model (Jun et
al., 2014); web
crawling and NN
(Chong et al., 2017);
Kalman filter and
Bayesian (Jin et al.,
2016); hierarchical
multiple regression
(Li et al., 2016)
Consumer
electronics,
furniture/jewelry/
hybrid car
industry
Many researches
focused on
e-commerce.
Fewer studies
involved in industrial
products field.
Design scheme
configuration
and optimization
C4.5, association rule
mining, NSGA-II (Fung et
al., 2012; Geng et al., 2012);
fuzzy clustering, RST (Hong
et al., 2010); K-means and
AdaBoost classification (Lei
and Moon, 2015)
Hybrid PSOA
(Tsafarakis et al.,
2013); ABC (Chen
and Xiao, 2014);
BPNN, fuzzy
regression (Kwong et
al., 2016)
ABS and ANN
(Afshari and Peng,
2015;
Kutschenreiter-Praszk
iewicz, 2013)
Automobile,
hybrid rocket
engine, gear box,
electrical bicycle,
printed circuit
board, steel and
chemical
industry
The methods of BDA
were seldom
investigated. Many
researches were based
on the traditional AI
methods.

53
Production
Shop floor
scheduling
Attribute induction algorithm
(Koonce and Tsai, 2000);
C-fuzzy and DT (Shahzad
and Mebarki, 2012)
SA, TS, VNS, ACO
(Lee, 2007; Çaliş and
Bulkan, 2015); ANN
and RBFN (Mehrsai
et al., 2013)
Max percentages,
Min-Min and
Sufferage algorithm
(Li et al., 2016); GA,
NSGA-II and
MapReduce (Lu et
al., 2016);
RapidMiner
platform and DT (Ji
and Wang, 2017)
Automotive
industry, rotary
injection
molding industry
Most literatures were
theoretical and
simulated studies, the
industrial applications
were fewer involved.
Quality control
K-means clustering, fuzzy
C-means clustering,
association rule mining,
SVM (Da Cunha et al., 2006;
Köksal et al., 2011); PCA,
EM (Zhang and Luk, 2007);
regression DT, KNN
(Ferreiro et al., 2011)
Grey relational
analysis, GA (Sibalija
et al., 2011);
role-based
context-specific
Q-learning algorithm
(Mahdavi et al.,
2013); case-based
reasoning and fuzzy
logic (Choy et al.,
2016)
Multilevel stratified
spatial sampling (Xie
et al., 2015);
MapReduce
framework and radial
basis function-based
SVM (Kumar et al.,
2016)
Automotive,
plastic injection
molding, printed
circuit board,
steel/chemical/ce
ment industry
New methods
relevant to BDA were
fewer.
Most researches
focused on process
manufacturing, the
discrete
manufacturing was
fewer considered.
Maintenance
& service
Fault
identification and
diagnosis
NN, boosting tree algorithm
(Kusiak and Verma, 2012);
AD and SVM
(Purarjomandlangrudi et al.,
2014); k-medoids algorithms
(Demetgul et al., 2014);
associated frequency pattern
tree (Rashid et al., 2016)
PSOA, extended
Kalman filter
(Nyanteh et al.,
2013); random forest
fusion, SVM (Jia et
al., 2016; Li et al.,
2015); SVM
regression
(Gururajapathy et al.,
2017)
Classification and
regression tree (Chien
and Chuang, 2014);
sparse filtering of
NN, softmax
regression (Lei et al.,
2016); Storm, Spark
platform and SVM
(Wang, 2017)
Automotive,
semiconductor
manufacturing,
gearbox, rotating
machinery, motor
bearing
Lacking of the
combination of BDA
and other intelligent
algorithms in current
researches.
Predictive
maintenance
Apriori, C5.0, Boosting
(Raheja et al., 2006; Unal et
al., 2016); clustering and
RST (Magro and Pinceti,
2009); EM, linear regression
(Onanena et al., 2010)
SVM, KNN
(Nadakatti et al.,
2008; Susto et al.,
2015); NN auto
regression,
feed-forward back
propagation ANN
(Lam and Oshodi,
2016; Wu et al., 2017)
PCA, DT, clustering
(Li et al., 2014; Lee et
al., 2015a);
roughness-induced
pavement vehicle
interaction model,
deflection-induced
model (Louhghalam
et al., 2017)
Fuel cell,
bearings,
semiconductor
device, milling
tool, rail and
road network
The methods of BDA
in this stage were
scarce.
Most literatures were
theoretical and
experimental studies,
industrial applications
were fewer involved.
Improve the QoS
DT, association rules mining
(Huang and Hsueh, 2010);
Multilayer perceptron
ANN, fuzzy inference
Logistic regression,
SVM, and Hadoop
Airport, tourist,
computer and
Many researches
focused on tourist,

54
dominance-based rough set
and DOMLEM algorithm
(Liou et al., 2011);
classification and regression
trees (De Oña et al., 2012)
(Hsieh, 2011)
platform (Li et al.,
2015); PageRank,
AuthorRank and
MapReduce
framework (Sun et
al., 2015)
social networks,
traffic, telecom
traffic and telecom
industry, the QoS for
industrial products
field was concerned
rarely.
Spare part
service
K-means clustering,
association rule mining
(Kargari and Sepehri, 2012;
Moharana and Sarmah,
2016)
Fuzzy logic, grey
theory (Zeng and
Wang, 2010); ANN,
multiple regression
(Kumru and Kumru,
2014)
BI semantic model,
clustering, NN, DT
(Stefanovic, 2015)
Automotive,
nuclear power
plant, metal
industry
The methods for this
stage were seldom
developed.
Studies of BDA on
this topic were just
theoretical researches,
the engineering
applications were
almost vacant.
Recovery
Remanufacturing
and recycling
C4.5, preference trend
mining algorithm (Ma et al.,
2014); text mining,
clustering, regression
(Mashhadi et al., 2016;
Mashhadi and Behdad, 2017)
GA and inverted tree
(Smith et al., 2012);
PSOA, GA (Guo and
Ya, 2015); KNN,
fuzzy RBFN (Roh
and Oh, 2016)
Game theoretic,
Bertrand model,
Stackelberg model
(Niu and Zou, 2017)
Electronic
products, gear
reducer, chemical
industry
All three methods
have rarely
researched at EOL
stage, especially for
BDA. The methods
for BDA in this stage
were almost vacant.
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