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Kiwisaldula (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Saldidae) from the South Island of New Zealand: New species and identification key
Abstract
Kiwisaldula cranshawi new species, K. januszkiewiczi new species, K. ryani new species, and K. yangae new species are described from the South Island of New Zealand. Morphological descriptions are provided together with illustrations emphasising the most important diagnostic features of external morphology and male genitalia. Information is given on synonymy, type specimens, material examined, geographic distribution and biology.
... comm.; Abebe et al. 2006). Furthermore, there are numerous taxa that have only very recently been formally described (e.g. three new species of Saldidae [Larivière and Larochelle 2018]), as well as observations of taxa that were previously not even known to have aquatic life history phases (e.g. Lonchopteridae larvae from South Island streams [Winterbourn 2018]). ...
The 2018 conservation status assessment of freshwater invertebrate taxa was the most comprehensive to date. Of the Threatened and At Risk taxa in 2018 (177 taxa), 48 were listed as Nationally Critical, 14 as Nationally Endangered, 16 as Nationally Vulnerable, 10 as Declining, and 89 as Naturally Uncommon. Most taxa were listed as either Not Threatened (315 taxa) or required more information for assessment (Data Deficient; 178 taxa). Analyses of temporal changes in conservation status since 2002 revealed that the majority of changes were due to greater understanding of taxa distributions, rather than gains or losses in population sizes or area of occupancy. Insufficient data on taxa distributions, along with a lack of autecological information, are two of the major knowledge gaps facing freshwater invertebrate conservation in New Zealand. Further impediments to conservation include (i) a lack of systematics research, (ii) a large number of species remain undiscovered and undescribed, and (iii) the status and trend of populations is unknown for most taxa. We also provide an analysis of the habitats that harbour many of the rarer taxa. Finally, we conclude by recommending a number of actions that should, collectively, help fill these knowledge gaps and address these issues.
The subfamily Prosympiestinae (Heteroptera: Aradidae) is revised for New Zealand. Three genera and thirteen species are recognized.
Five species are described as new: Neadenocoris centralis Larivière and Larochelle new species, Neadenocoris hoarei Larivière and Larochelle new species, Neadenocoris northlandicus Larivière and Larochelle new species, Neadenocoris pseudovatus Larivière and Larochelle new species, Neadenocoris wellingtonensis
Larivière and Larochelle new species.
One new synonymy is established: Neadenocoris reflexus Usinger and Matsuda, 1959 becomes a junior synonym of Neadenocoris acutus Usinger and Matsuda, 1959.
A revision of all taxa is provided. Descriptions, identification keys, illustrations of male parandria, habitus photos, distributional data and maps are given. Extensive information on biology is included for each species.
The subfamily Carventinae (Heteroptera: Aradidae) is revised for New Zealand. Eight genera and fifteen species are recognized. One genus and six species are described as new: Carventaptera hallae Larivière and Larochelle new species, Lissaptera heissi Larivière and Larochelle new species, Modicarventus kirmani Larivière and Larochelle new species, Neocarventus montanus Larivière and Larochelle new species, Neocarventus northlandicus Larivière and Larochelle new species, Neocarventus potterae Larivière and Larochelle new species, Tuataraptera Larivière and Larochelle new genus. One new combination is established: Neocarventus uncus Kirman, 1989 = Tuataraptera unca (Kirman, 1989). One new synonymy is made: Leuraptera yakasi Heiss, 1990 = Leuraptera zealandica Usinger and Matsuda, 1959. A revision of all taxa is provided. Descriptions, identification keys, illustrations of male genitalia, habitus photos, distributional data and maps are given. Extensive information on biology is included for each species.
A supplement to the Saldidae section of the “Catalog and bibliography of the Leptopodomorpha (Heteroptera)” published by Schuh, Galil and Polhemus (1987: Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 323), is provided. A total of 30 genera and 307 species-group taxa (298 species, 9 subspecies) belonging to 3 tribes and 2 subfamilies of extant Saldidae, is recorded for the world. Changes to the 1987 catalogue are documented. The synonymy and type locality of taxa described between 1987 and 2018 are given. Under each genus, species, and subspecies, geographic distribution is broadly categorised following the terrestrial zoogeographic realms of Holt et al. (2013: Science 339). A summary of the geographic distribution of Saldidae genera is provided as well as faunistic lists of species-group taxa by zoogeographic realms.
Kiwisaldula waiho new species and K. hurunui new species, are described from the South Island of New Zealand. Kiwisaldula butleri (White, 1878) and K. laelaps (White, 1878), two taxonomically little-known taxa, are redescribed. Morphological descriptions are provided together with illustrations emphasising the most important diagnostic features of external morphology and male genitalia. Information is given on synonymy, type specimens, material examined, geographic distribution and biology.
Aoteasalda new genus, is described with Saldula maculipennis Cobben, 1961, as type species, resulting in the following new combination Aoteasalda maculipennis (Cobben, 1961). Kiwisaldula new genus, is described with Saldula parvula Cobben, 1961, as type species. The following new combinations are made: Kiwisaldula parvula (Cobben, 1961); Kiwisaldula butleri (White, 1878); Kiwisaldula laelaps (White, 1878); Kiwisaldula stoneri (Drake & Hoberlandt, 1950). Two species are described as new: Kiwisaldula manawatawhi new species, Kiwisaldula porangahau new species. A lectotype is designated for Salda laelaps White, 1878. The holotype of Salda butleri White, 1878, and the type series of Saldula trivialis Cobben, 1961, and Saldula maculipennis Cobben, 1961, are documented. A new synonymy is established in the genus Zemacrosaldula (valid name listed after equal sign): Saldula trivialis Cobben, 1961 = Zemacrosaldula australis (White, 1876). A revision of the taxonomy of Aoteasalda and Kiwisaldula species occurring on New Zealand’s North Island and nearby offshore islands, is presented. Morphological descriptions are provided, with illustrations emphasising the most significant diagnostic features of the external morphology and male genitalia. Information is given on synonymy, type data, material examined, geographic distribution, and biology. Species of Kiwisaldula and genera of Saldidae recognised for New Zealand, are keyed.
Zemacrosaldula, new genus, is described with Salda australis White, 1876, as type species, resulting in the following new combination Zemacrosaldula australis (White, 1876). Three new species are described: Zemacrosaldula kapekape new species, Z. whakarunga new species, Z. pangare new species. A revision of the taxonomy of all taxa is presented. Species are keyed. Morphological descriptions are provided together with illustrations emphasising the most significant diagnostic features of external morphology and male genitalia. Information is given on synonymy, type specimens, material examined, geographic distribution and biology
For the New Zealand mainland, 29 previously published two‐letter codes defining collection areas are reviewed, with their boundary definitions. An additional eight area codes are here defined for the outer islands of the New Zealand subregion: Kermadec Islands (KE), Three Kings Islands (TH), Chatham Islands (CH), The Snares Islands (SN), Auckland Islands (AU), Campbell Island (CA), Antipodes Islands (AN), and Bounty Islands (BO). More general area codes are added for the North Island (NO), South Island (SO), New Zealand (NZ), and the Ross Dependency (RO) in Antarctica. The main purpose of the codes is to facilitate retrieval and documentation of specimens.
New Zealand is divided into 29 approximately equal‐sized arbitrary areas, and their boundaries are defined and mapped. A 2‐letter code is given for each area. The system is designed primarily for use on specimen labels of the New Zealand National Arthropod Collection, and introduces a more reliable basis for the sorting and documentation of specimens.
The genus Pseudosaldula Cobben, which is restricted to the Andean Subregion of South America, is revised. Fourteen valid species are recognized, nine of them being described as new and 10 previously published names are treated as junior synonyms based on the examination of approximately 3500 specimens from Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile. All taxa are described or redescribed. A key to the species is provided. Color habitus illustrations, distributional maps, and detailed measurements are provided for all species. Scanning electron micrographs of the vestiture, parameres, parandria, face, and pretarsus are provided for representative species, as are color views of the face and the nymphs. The concept of a postclypeus in the Saldidae is questioned and the term transverse swelling, as coined by Parsons, is applied in discussing distinctive aspects of facial morphology in Pseudosaldula. A previously unreported, presumably glandular, pore is documented on the parameres in the Saldinae in the form of a cavernous pit with internal digitiform processes. A phylogenetic analysis based on morphological character data documents the monophyly of Pseudosaldula. Characters treated as synapomorphic for Pseudosaldula are five cells in the membrane of the forewing, the incomplete connection of the transverse swelling across the posterior margin of the clypeus, and the straight connection across the posterior margin of the parandria; nymphal coloration is also distinctive, although treated as ambiguous because this character was not scored for all species. DNA sequence data from the 16S rDNA region of the mitochondrion and H3 nuclear region were acquired for 13 Pseudosaldula spp. and five outgroup taxa. The combined analysis of morphological and sequence data consistently treated Pseudosaldula as paraphyletic. These results are interpreted as the result of inadequate sampling of both taxa and gene regions, in light of the fact that the patterns of distribution become transpacific, as opposed to a monophyletic group in the Andean Region. Not unexpectedly, several morphological characters documenting the monophyly of Pseudosaldula show greater homoplasy in the combined analysis than when analyzing morphological data alone. Therefore, the results of the morphological cladistic analysis are further used to examine distributional patterns in the group. Five areas of endemism are recognized: northern Andes, northern Peru, Puna, central Chile, and subantarctic; the boundaries of these areas show substantial correspondence with those proposed for other groups of insects.
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