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Evaluation of mitigation effects on air pollutants for electric scooters in Taiwan with the energy flow analysis and system dynamics approach

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This research establishes a localized dynamic system model to explore changes of air pollution emission in the transition of electric scooters (ES) considering energy transformation. The calculation of emission factors (EF) of criteria air pollutants and greenhouse gases for Heavy-duty Gasoline-powered Scooters (GSH) and Heavy-duty ES (ESH) is performed with energy flow analysis. Compared with the GSH, the EF of TSP, NOx, VOCs, and CO2e for ESH reduce by, respectively, 14.8%, 97.4%, 100%, and 76.8% per kilometer travelled in 2016; although the SOx EF for ESH is 2.4 times higher than that for GSH, the increment is down to 22.2% in 2025. If the SOx emissions intensity of electricity reduce to 100 mg/kWh, the SOx EF for ESH will be lower than that for GSH. System dynamics and energy flow analysis can provide effective analysis about mitigation scenarios and these findings are helpful to local authorities for air quality management.
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... Some studies have included the motorcycle industry in the analysis of other related problems (mainly environmental ones). For example, Hsieh et al. [34] explored the changes in air pollution in Taiwan similarly to how Trappey et al. did [35]. Peraphan et Motorcycle-dominated cities are reported to have a more stable traffic flow and higher road capacity utilization compared to those with an equal number of four-and twowheelers [5]. ...
... Some studies have included the motorcycle industry in the analysis of other related problems (mainly environmental ones). For example, Hsieh et al. [34] explored the changes in air pollution in Taiwan similarly to how Trappey et al. did [35]. Peraphan et al. [21] found that the use of motorcycles can affect the sustainable development of territories unless parking policies are implemented, which is in line with the results of Cheng et al. [36]. ...
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