Content uploaded by Juan Araujo
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Juan Araujo on Nov 02, 2018
Content may be subject to copyright.
Journal(of(Teacher(Action(Research((
!"#$%&'(")(*+&,-+$(.,/0"%(1+2+&$,-(- 3"'#4+(56(722#+(86(9:8;6(<=$&,/0,&'/+&,-+$$+2+&$,->,"4?6(7@@A(B(9CC9D99CC(E(!*.1>(.''(10F-/2(
57(
USING&ACTION&RESEARCH"IN#A#GRADUATE#
LITERACY)CLASS)TO)CONNECT%THEORY%TO%
PRACTICE:))A)REPLICATION%STUDY!
Juan!Araujo!!!!!!!Joel!Blaylock!
Texas!A&M!University—Commerce!!!!Bonham!ISD!!
Pearl!Garden!!!!!!!Sandra!Hogg!
Dallas!ISD!!!!!!!!A!Plus!Elementary!
Liza!Larue!!!!!!!!Deborah!Murillo!
Dallas!ISD!!!!!!!!Dallas!ISD!
Bonnie!Still!!!!!!!Angela!Venters!
Boles!Middle!School!!!!!!Region!7!ESC!
Leslie!Patterson!
Human!Systems!Dynamics!
!
!
Abstract!G+$+0%6(H+(#2+(&,/0"%($+2+&$,-(&2(&(4+&%2()"$(F$&I#&/+(2/#I+%/2(/"(I+J+'"=(&%I(F$"H(0%(/-+0$(
=$")+220"%&'(+K=+$/02+(&2('0/+$&,L(/+&,-+$2M,"&,-+2M2=+,0&'02/2>((7%(2-"$/6(/-02(4&%#2,$0=/(&042(/"(I",#4+%/(N$%0+(
@/$0%F+$O2(P""Q6(*-0%Q6(.,/($"#/0%+2(")(2+J+%(2/#I+%/2(&2(/-+L(0%R#0$+(&S"#/("%+(=&$/0,#'&$(20/#&/0"%(0%(/-+0$("H%(
2+//0%F26(/"(04=$"J+(/-+0$("H%(=$&,/0,+26(&%I(/-+("#/,"4+2(")(/-+0$(2/#I+%/2>((*-02(=$",+22(&''"H+I(2/#I+%/2(&%I(
/-+()&,#'/L('+&I0%F(/-02(+))"$/(/"(S+,"4+(&,/0J+(=&$/0,0=&%/2(&%I(/-"#F-/)#'(&2(/-+L(,"%20I+$+I(/-+(+I#,&/0"%&'(
/-+"$0+2(/-+L(H+$+('+&$%0%F(0%(,'&22>(
!
Keywords:!/+&,-+$(&,/0"%($+2+&$,-6(,"%%+,/0%F(/-+"$L(/"(=$&,/0,+6($+&I0%F(+I#,&/0"%6('""QD/-0%QD&,/(,L,'+!
!
Journal(of(Teacher(Action(Research((
!"#$%&'(")(*+&,-+$(.,/0"%(1+2+&$,-(- 3"'#4+(56(722#+(86(9:8;6(<=$&,/0,&'/+&,-+$$+2+&$,->,"4?6(7@@A(B(9CC9D99CC(E(!*.1>(.''(10F-/2(
58(
Introduction!
*-+$+(7(&'H&L2()+'/('0Q+(&(/$&=+T+(&$/02/(=+$)"$40%F(H0/-"#/(&(%+/(H-+%(7()0$2/(2/+==+I(0%(
)$"%/(")(&%(&#I0+%,+UP#,Q0'L6(7(4&%&F+I(/"(4&2Q(4L(/$+=0I&/0"%(0%()$"%/(")(&%(&#I0+%,+(
&2(&(,'&22$""4(/+&,-+$>>>(VW$#H+''6(9::X6(=>(9Y;Z((
7%(2=$0%F(9:8X6(&(I",/"$&'(,'&22(+4S&$Q+I("%(&(=$"[+,/(/"(=#/(0%/"(&,/0"%(H-&/(/-+L(H+$+(
'+&$%0%F(&S"#/('0/+$&,L(&%I(0/2(0%2/$#,/0"%>((*"F+/-+$(H+(I+,0I+I(/"(=#/(&''()+&$(&%I(/$+=0I&/0"%(
&20I+(&%I(0%2/+&I(/+&,-(H0/-("#$(-+&$/2(VW$#H+''6(9::XZ>((.2(I",/"$&'(2/#I+%/2(+%F&F+I(H0/-(/-+(
&%,-"$(/+K/(Theoretical+Models+and+Processes+of+Reading,+Sixth+Edition+V.'J+$4&%%6(\%$(](
1#II+''6(9:8CZ("%+(")(/-+0$(,-&$F+2(H&2(/"(=#/(/-+2+(0I+&2(0%(=$&,/0,+(0%(/-+0$(=$")+220"%&'(
2+//0%F2(&2(+'+4+%/&$L(,'&22$""4(/+&,-+$26(0%2/$#,/0"%&'(2=+,0&'02/26(0%2/$#,/0"%&'(2#=+$J02"$26(
,&4=#2(N%F'02-('&%F#&F+(&$/2(,""$I0%&/"$26(&%I(2,-""'(,"#%2+'"$2(#20%F(N$%0+(@/$0%F+$O2(P""Q6(
*-0%Q6(.,/(4"I+'(V^&//+$2"%(+/(&'6(9:8:_(@/$0%F+$6(8``a_(@/$0%F+$6(9::X_(@/$0%F+$(+/(&'6(9::`Z(
'0%Q0%F(/-+"$L(&%I(=$&,/0,+>((*"F+/-+$6(/-+(2/#I+%/2(&%I()&,#'/L($+&I6(2="Q+(&S"#/6(&%I(
I",#4+%/+I(H-&/(/-+L(H+$+('+&$%0%F()$"4(/-+(/+K/>((*-+(,"%J+$2&/0"%2('+I(/-+(2/#I+%/2(&%I(
)&,#'/L(/"(,"4+(/"(&%(&F$++4+%/(/"(I",#4+%/(&%I($+="$/(/-+0$(0%I0J0I#&'(+K=+$0+%,+2(#20%F(
&,/0"%($+2+&$,-(&2(/-+0$(=$04&$L(4+/-"I"'"F0,&'(&==$"&,->((
(
Literature!Review!
Action+Research.++.,/0"%(1+2+&$,-(VP+H0%6(8`YaZ(02(&(4+/-"I"'"F0,&'(&==$"&,-(#2+I(SL(/+&,-+$2(
&%I("/-+$(=$&,/0/0"%+$2(/"('""Q(H0/-0%6(,"''+,/(I&/&(&S"#/(&(=&$/0,#'&$(0%R#0$L6("$F&%0T+(&%I(
&%&'LT+(/-+(I&/&6(I+J+'"=(&(='&%(/"(&II$+22(&(=&$/0,#'&$(R#+2/0"%6(04='+4+%/(&(=&$/0,#'&$(='&%6(
+J&'#&/+(/-+($+2#'/2(")(/-+(0%R#0$L6(&%I(,"%/0%#+(/"($+=+&/(/-+(=$",+22(#%/0'(2&/02)&,/"$L($+2#'/2(
&$+(4+/>((.2(/+&,-+$2(&%I(2,-""'(&I40%02/$&/"$2(2++Q()"$(&%2H+$2(/"(/-+0$(0%R#0$L(R#+2/0"%2(/-+L(
")/+%()0%I(/-&/(4"$+(R#+2/0"%2(+4+$F+(/-&/('+&I(/"(2#S2+R#+%/($+2+&$,-(,L,'+2(2040'&$(/"(N$%0+(
@/$0%F+$O2('""Q6(/-0%Q6(&,/(,L,'+2(&2(2++%(0%(b0F#$+(8(Vc+$/'+$6(9::`6(=>(8CZ>(+
(
Figure+1:++Stringer’s+Look+Think+Act+Cycle+
(
(
Journal(of(Teacher(Action(Research((
!"#$%&'(")(*+&,-+$(.,/0"%(1+2+&$,-(- 3"'#4+(56(722#+(86(9:8;6(<=$&,/0,&'/+&,-+$$+2+&$,->,"4?6(7@@A(B(9CC9D99CC(E(!*.1>(.''(10F-/2(
59(
7%(@/$0%F+$O2(4"I+'6(/+&,-+$2M&,/0"%($+2+&$,-+$2(,"%/0%#"#2'L(dP""Q6(*-0%Q6(&%I(.,/e("%(&(
=&$/0,#'&$(&$+&("%(0%/+$+2/(0%(2+&$,-(")(/-+(04=$"J+4+%/(")(/-+0$("H%(/+&,-0%F6("$()0%I0%F(
2"'#/0"%2(/"(&(R#+2/0"%(/-+L(&$+()&,0%F6("$(/$L0%F(/"(&II$+22(/-+0$(2/#I+%/2O(%++I2>((c+$/'+$(
V9::`Z(2#FF+2/2(/-&/("%+(&,/0"%('+&I2(/"("/-+$(dP""Q6(*-0%Q6(.,/e(,L,'+2(&2(2++%(0%(b0F#$+(8(V=>(
8CZ>((*-02(d204='+6(L+/(="H+$)#'()$&4+H"$Q(V@/$0%F+$6(9::X6(=>(;Ze(0%J0/+2(/+&,-+$2(/"(2++6(/-0%Q6(
&%I(I"(2"4+/-0%F(/"(&II$+22(&(=&$/0,#'&$(0%R#0$L>((7%(/-02(2/#IL6(/-+()&,#'/L(&%I(/-+(2/#I+%/2(
,-"2+(/"(#2+(/-02(&==$"&,-(S+,+(0/(&''"H+I()"$(2/#I+%/2(/"(4"%0/"$(&(,#$$+%/(=$&,/0,+(/-+L(
H+$+(,"%,+$%+I(&S"#/6(,"''+,/(&%I(&%&'LT+(/-+(&==$"=$0&/+(I&/&6(&%I(/-+%(,"%20I+$M=#/(0%(
=$&,/0,+(&(='&%(")(&,/0"%(/"(&II$+22(/-+0$(0%R#0$L>((
(
Professional+Development.++f0&%+(1&J0/,-(V9:8:Z(2#FF+2/2(/-&/(H-&/(4&Q+2(2"4+(I02/$0,/2(&%I(
0%I+=+%I+%/(2,-""'(I02/$0,/2(2#,,+22)#'(02(&g+
dU$+'+%/'+22()",#2("%(0%2/$#,/0"%(&%I(=$")+220"%&'(I+J+'"=4+%/_(0/2(,#'/0J&/0"%(")(
/+&,-+$(&%I(=$0%,0=&'(2#=="$/_(0/2(+K=+$04+%/&/0"%(H0/-(%+H(&==$"&,-+2_(&%I(/-+(
,"%2,0"#2(")(d,"''+F0&'0/L6(,&$0%F(&%I($+2=+,/e(&4"%F(&''(2/&))(4+4S+$2>((74=$"J+4+%/(
$+'0+I("%(=$")+220"%&'2(H-"(H+$+(H0''0%F(/"(/&Q+(/-+(0%0/0&/0J+(/"(/&Q+($02Q26(&%I(/"(/&Q+(
$+2="%20S0'0/L()"$(/-+42+'J+26()"$(/-+0$(2/#I+%/26(&%I()"$(+&,-("/-+$(V=>(YCZ>e(((((
*-+(&S"J+(R#"/+(=$+,02+'L(&$/0,#'&/+2("#$(&04()"$(+%F&F0%F(0%(/-02(=$")+220"%&'(I+J+'"=4+%/(
&,/0J0/Lh/"()"$4(&(,"44#%0/L(")(=$&,/0,+(VP&J+(](i+%F+$6(8``8Z6(/"(/&Q+($02Q26(&%I(/"(S+(/-+$+(
)"$("%+(&%"/-+$(&2(H+(&//+4=/(/"(04='+4+%/(/-+2+(=$&,/0,+2(/"("#$(,'&22$""4($"#/0%+2>((((
!
Methodology(
Purpose.++*-02($+2+&$,-(02(/-+(=$"I#,/(")(/-"2+(+K=+$0+%,+2(&2(2/#I+%/2(&%I(/-+0$(=$")+22"$(
+%F&F+I(0%(&(2+4+2/+$('"%F(&,/0"%($+2+&$,-(=$"[+,/(/"(&II$+22(/-+(R#+2/0"%g(i-&/(-&==+%2(
H-+%(2+J+%(I",/"$&'(2/#I+%/2(/&Q+(&%(&,/0"%($+2+&$,-(2/&%,+(/"(=#/(0%/"(=$&,/0,+(H-&/(/-+L(&$+(
'+&$%0%F(0%(&(F$&I#&/+('0/+$&,L(,'&22j(+
(
7%(2#46(/-+(2+J+%(I",/"$&'(2/#I+%/2g(8Z(2/#I0+I(&%I(/-"#F-/(&S"#/(/-+0$(,'&22$""4(=$&,/0,+26(9Z(
I+J+'"=+I(&(S#$%0%F(R#+2/0"%(,"%%+,/+I(/"(&('0/+$&,L(/"=0,(/-+L(H+$+(2/#IL0%F6(CZ(,"%I#,/+I(
$+2+&$,-(=+$/&0%0%F(/"(/-+0$(0%R#0$L6(YZ(='&%%+I(&%I(04='+4+%/+I(="220S'+(2"'#/0"%26(&%I(5Z(
$+="$/+I(/-"2+(0%R#0$0+2(0%(&(,&2+(2/#IL()"$4&/>((
(
*-02(2/#IL()",#2+I("%(/-+(H&L2(2+J+%(F$&I#&/+(2/#I+%/2()"''"H+I(/-$"#F-(@/$0%F+$O2(+%/0$+(
&,/0"%($+2+&$,-(,L,'+(&2(/-+L(=#/(0%/"(=$&,/0,+(H-&/(/-+L(H+$+('+&$%0%F(0%(&(F$&I#&/+('0/+$&,L(
,'&22(/"(2"'J+(&(=$+220%F(022#+(/-+L(H+$+(+%,"#%/+$0%F(0%(/-+0$(=&$/0,#'&$(2+//0%F2>((
!
Journal(of(Teacher(Action(Research((
!"#$%&'(")(*+&,-+$(.,/0"%(1+2+&$,-(- 3"'#4+(56(722#+(86(9:8;6(<=$&,/0,&'/+&,-+$$+2+&$,->,"4?6(7@@A(B(9CC9D99CC(E(!*.1>(.''(10F-/2(
60(
Case+Study.++i+(#2+(,&2+(2/#I0+2(/"(2L%/-+20T+(&%I($+="$/(/-+(dP""Q6(*-0%Q6(.,/e(,L,'+2(")(/-+(
=&$/0,0=&%/2(S+,+(/-02(4+/-"I"'"FL(-+'=2(/"(&%2H+$(/-+(R#+2/0"%(/-&/(&$+(/&$F+/+I(/"(&(
'040/+I(%#4S+$(")(+J+%/26(/+%("$('+226(&%I(-"H(/-+L($+'&/+(/"(+&,-("/-+$>((k0%(V8``YZ(2&L2(d,&2+(
2/#IL(I+20F%(02(+))+,/0J+(H-+%(0/(02(#2+I(/"(0%J+2/0F&/+(&(,"%/+4="$&$L(=-+%"4+%"%(H0/-0%(0/2(
$+&'D'0)+(,"%/+K/6(H-+%(/-+(S"#%I&$L(S+/H++%(/-+(=-+%"4+%"%(S+0%F(2/#I0+I(&%I(/-+(,"%/+K/(
&$+(%"/(,'+&$'L(I+)0%+I6(&%I(H-+%(4#'/0='+2(2"#$,+2(")(+J0I+%,+(&$+(#2+I(/"(2/#IL(/-+(
=-+%"4+%"%(&/(-&%I(V=>(;YZ>e+
!
Setting.++*-+(#%0J+$20/L(02('",&/+I(0%(/-+($#$&'(2"#/-H+2/(")(/-+(\%0/+I(@/&/+2>((7/(+%$"''2(8C6:::(
#%I+$F$&I#&/+(&%I(F$&I#&/+(2/#I+%/26(&%I(02(,"%20I+$+I(&(-0F-+$($+2+&$,-(&,/0J0/L(I",/"$&'(
F$&%/0%F(#%0J+$20/L(SL(/-+(l&$%+F0+(l'&220)0,&/0"%(")(7%2/0/#/0"%2(")(G0F-+$(NI#,&/0"%(V9:8CZ>(+
(
*-+(=#$="2+(")(/-+(,"#$2+(H&2()"$(F$&I#&/+(2/#I+%/2(=#$2#0%F(&(I",/"$&'(I+F$++(0%(,#$$0,#'#4(
&%I(0%2/$#,/0"%(H0/-(&(,"%,+%/$&/0"%(0%($+&I0%F(/"(+%F&F+(0%(&%(0%DI+=/-(&%&'L202(")(J&$0+I(
I+)0%0/0"%2(&%I(/-+"$0+2(")($+&I0%F(0%,'#I0%F(/-+(+K&40%&/0"%(")(04='0,&/0"%2()"$($+&I0%F(
0%2/$#,/0"%>((f#$0%F(/-+(2+4+2/+$(/-+(F$&I#&/+(2/#I+%/2(0I+%/0)0+I(&%I(&%&'LT+I(-02/"$0,&'(
,-&%F+2(0%(/-+(,"%,+=/0"%(")($+&I0%F(&%I('0/+$&,L_(/-+L(0I+%/0)0+I6(&%&'LT+I6(&%I(,"4=&$+I(
J&$0"#2(=$",+22+2(")($+&I0%F_(/-+L(0I+%/0)0+I6(&%&'LT+I6(&%I(,"4=&$+I(J&$0"#2(/-+"$+/0,&'(
4"I+'2(")($+&I0%F_(&%I()0%&''L6(/-+L(S+,&4+(0%I+=+%I+%/($+2+&$,-+$2(&2(/-+L(=#/(0%/"(&,/0"%6(
/-+(dP""Q6(*-0%Q6(.,/e($+2+&$,-(,L,'+()"$("%+(")(/-+(/"=0,2(/-+L('+&$%+I(&S"#/(0%(/-+(,"#$2+(0%(
/-+0$(=$")+220"%&'(2+//0%F2(V0>+>6(,'&22$""46(/+&,-+$(=$")+220"%&'(I+J+'"=4+%/6(/$&0%0%F(2+220"%26(
"$($+&I0%F(2=+,0&'02/Z>((*-02(d204='+e(L+/(,"4='+K()$&4+H"$Q(2++4+I(4+/-"I"'"F0,&''L(
&==$"=$0&/+(F0J+%(/-+(=#$="2+(")(/-+(&220F%4+%/6(/-+(I+20$+I("#/,"4+26(&%I(/04+(,"%2/$&0%/2>((
!
Participants.++*-+$+(H+$+(2+J+%(2/#I+%/2(&%I("%+()&,#'/L(4+4S+$(0%(/-02(2/#IL>((*H"(2/#I+%/2(
H+$+(&/(/-+(S+F0%%0%F(")(/-+0$(I",/"$&'(,"#$2+H"$Q6("%+(2/#I+%/(H&2(&/(/-+(+%I(")(-+$(
,"#$2+H"$Q6(&%I()"#$(2/#I+%/2(H+$+(0%(/-+(40II'+(")(/-+0$(=$"F$&4>((.''(2+J+%(2/#I+%/2(
0%/+%I+I(/"(+&$%(&(I",/"$(")(+I#,&/0"%(H0/-(&(,"%,+%/$&/0"%(0%($+&I0%F(+I#,&/0"%>((*-+()&,#'/L(
4+4S+$(H&2(0%(-02(/+%/-(L+&$(")(#%0J+$20/L(/+&,-0%F>((@0K(2/#I+%/2(/&#F-/("$(H"$Q+I()"$(#$S&%(
2,-""'26(&%I("%+(2/#I+%/(/&#F-/(0%(&(24&''D/"H%($#$&'(2,-""'>((+
!
Data+Collection.++.2(/-+2+(2/#I+%/2(/$&%2&,/+I(H0/-(/-+(/+K/(V1"2+%S'&//6(8`X;Z(/-+L(2="Q+(
&S"#/(/-+(I0))+$+%/(,-&''+%F+2(/-+L(H+$+()&,0%F(H0/-(/-+0$(2/#I+%/26(/+&,-+$26(&%I(,"''+&F#+2>((
c#'/0='+(2"#$,+2(")(I&/&(H+$+(,"''+,/+I(/"(2/#IL(/-+(dP""Q6(*-0%Q6(.,/e(,L,'+>((*-+(2"#$,+2(
,"''+,/+I(0%,'#I+I(,'&22(%"/+26(,'&22('+,/#$+26(,'&22(I02,#220"%6(0%)"$4&'(,"%J+$2&/0"%26('+22"%(
='&%26(&%I("/-+$(0%2/$#,/0"%&'(&$/0)&,/2>(*-+L('""Q+I(H0/-0%(/"(0I+%/0)L(&('0/+$&,L(/"=0,(/-&/(
%++I+I(044+I0&/+(&//+%/0"%>(((
!
Data+Analysis.++G&')H&L(/-$"#F-(/-+(2+4+2/+$(/-+(2/#I+%/2(S+F&%(/"(I+J+'"=(&%I(04='+4+%/(&(
='&%(")(&,/0"%(#20%F(/-+(4#'/0='+(2"#$,+2(")(I&/&(H0/-(0%=#/()$"4(/-+0$(,$0/0,&'()$0+%I2(V^0%+6(
Journal(of(Teacher(Action(Research((
!"#$%&'(")(*+&,-+$(.,/0"%(1+2+&$,-(- 3"'#4+(56(722#+(86(9:8;6(<=$&,/0,&'/+&,-+$$+2+&$,->,"4?6(7@@A(B(9CC9D99CC(E(!*.1>(.''(10F-/2(
61(
9::`Z(0%,'#I0%F("/-+$(2/#I+%/2(&%I()&,#'/L(0%(&II0/0"%(/"(/-+(4#'/0='+(2"#$,+2(")(I&/&(/-+L(-&I(
,"''+,/+I(&'"%F(/-+(H&L>((b$"4(/-&/(="0%/()"$H&$I6(/-+(F$"#=(2=+%/(2"4+(/04+(&/(/-+(S+F0%%0%F(
")(+&,-(,'&22(I02,#220%F(/-+(,-&''+%F+2(/-+L()&,+I(&2(/-+L(04='+4+%/+I(/-+0$(='&%(=&L0%F(,'"2+(
&//+%/0"%(&%I(4&Q0%F(,"%%+,/0"%2(/"(/-+('0/+$&/#$+(/-+L(H+$+($+&I0%F>+
(
*-+(2+J+%(2/#I+%/2(/-+%(#2+I(["#$%&'0%F(/"(I",#4+%/(/-+0$(&,/0"%2(&2(/-+L(='&%6(&%I(I+'0J+$+I(
0%2/$#,/0"%>((@-&$0%F(&%I(,"44#%0,&/0%F(/-+($+2#'/2(H&2(&(,-&''+%F+(&/()0$2/(S+,+()"$(4&%L(")(
/-+(2/#I+%/2(/-02(H&2(/-+()0$2/(/04+(/-+L(H+$+(/&2Q+I(/"('""Q(H0/-0%6($+="$/(/-+0$()0%I0%F2(/"(
"/-+$(2/#I+%/26(&%I(H$0/+(0/(#=(/-+0$(+K=+$0+%,+()"$(=#S'0,&/0"%>((7%I0J0I#&''L6(H+(,"I+I(/-+(
+4+$F0%F(%"/+26(/-+%(H+(2+/(&20I+(/04+(0%(,'&22(/"(I02,#22("#$(,"I+2(&2(&(,'&22(S+,+("#$(
,"-"$/(H&2(24&''6(&)/+$(,"I0%F(H+(I0J0I+I("#$()0%I0%F2(0%/"(/-$++(F$"#=2(V0>+>6('""Q6(/-0%Q6(&,/Z>((
N&,-(&#/-"$(/-+%(,$&)/+I(&(I$&)/(")(/-+0$(%&$$&/0J+(&%I(S$"#F-/(0/(H0/-(/-+4(/-+(%+K/(,'&22>(
P#,Q0'L6(/-+(="220S0'0/L(")(I022+40%&/0"%(/"(&('&$F+$(&#I0+%,+(/-$"#F-(&(%&/0"%&'(=$+2+%/&/0"%6("$(
&(="220S'+(=#S'0,&/0"%(4&I+(/-+(/&2Q(&==+&'0%F>((*"H&$I(/-+(+%I(")(/-+(2+4+2/+$6(/-+(F$"#=(
=$+2+%/+I(/-+0$(I&/&(/"(+&,-("/-+$(0%(&%("=+%()"$#46(/-+L(I02,#22+I(/-+0$()0%I0%F26(&%I(/-+%(
H"$Q+I(/"F+/-+$(#20%F(&(H$0/0%F(H"$Q2-"=(&==$"&,-(/"(=$"J0I+(,"%2/$#,/0J+()++IS&,Q(&2(/-+L(
H$"/+(/-+0$(dP""Q6(*-0%Q6(.,/e(,L,'+2(H-0,-()"''"H>((
!
Results(
Seven+Cases.++*-+()"''"H0%F(2+J+%(,&2+2(&04(/"(I+4"%2/$&/+(-"H(/+&,-+$2M'0/+$&,L(
'+&I+$2M'0/+$&,L(&I40%02/$&/"$2(#2+(/-+('""Q6(/-0%Q6(&,/(,L,'+(0%(/-+0$(=&$/0,#'&$(20/#&/0"%2(/"(=#/(
0%(=$&,/0,+(H-&/(/-+L(&$+('+&$%0%F(0%(F$&I#&/+($+&I0%F(,'&22>(+
!
m"%%0+(
.2(&()0)/-(F$&I+(NP.1(/+&,-+$6(7()"#%I(0/(04="$/&%/(/"(#%I+$2/&%I(/-+(4"2/(=$"I#,/0J+(H&L2(/"(
&==$"&,-(J",&S#'&$L(0%2/$#,/0"%>((7(Q%+H(4L(2/#I+%/2(H+$+('&,Q0%F(0%($0,-(J",&S#'&$L(&%I()+'/(
/-&/(=#//0%F(0%/"(=$&,/0,+(/-+(dP""Q6(*-0%Q6(.,/e(,L,'+(H"#'I(S+(/-+(=+$)+,/("=="$/#%0/L(/"(H"$Q(
/"H&$I(S#0'I0%F(/-"2+(2Q0''2>((A&FL(&%I(@,"//(V9:8CZ(2&L6(d3",&S#'&$L(Q%"H'+IF+(2/$"%F'L(
0%)'#+%,+2($+&I0%F(,"4=$+-+%20"%e(V=>(Y5;Z6(2"(&2(&($+&I0%F(/+&,-+$(/-02(0I+&(02(J+$L(04="$/&%/(
/"(4+>((cL(F#0I0%F(R#+2/0"%(H&26(di-&/(,&%(7(,-&%F+("$(&II(/"(4L(J",&S#'&$L(0%2/$#,/0"%(/"(
,$+&/+(&%(&/4"2=-+$+($0,-(0%(J",&S#'&$L(H-+$+(2/#I+%/2(&$+(+%F&F+I(0%(/-+(=$",+22(")(
+%-&%,0%F(J",&S#'&$L(Q%"H'+IF+(&%I(2Q0''2je(
(
Look.!!.)/+$($+&I0%F(&S"#/(J",&S#'&$L(=$",+22+2(0%("#$(/+K/6(7(S+F&%(/"(#%I+$2/&%I(/-+(
04="$/&%,+(")(/+&,-0%F(J",&S#'&$L(0%(I0))+$+%/(H&L26("))+$0%F(4#'/0='+("=="$/#%0/0+26(&%I(
0%J"'J0%F(2/#I+%/2(0%(/-+(=$",+22>((A&FL(&%I(@,"//(V9:8CZ(2&L6(d/-+$+(2-"#'I(S+(&%(+4=-&202("%(
0%2/$#,/0"%(/-&/(02(&#/-+%/0,6(4+&%0%F)#'6(&%I(0%/+F$&/+Ie(V=>(Y5;Z>((i0/-(/-02(0%(40%I6(7(4&I+(
/-+(I+,020"%(/"(0%J"'J+(2/#I+%/2(4"$+(SL(-&J0%F(/-+4(2+&$,-("#/(&%I(0I+%/0)L(#%)&40'0&$(H"$I2(
/"(I02,#22(&%I($+2+&$,-(0%(,'&22(&2(H+''(&2("))+$(,-"0,+2(")(I0))+$+%/(F&4+2(&%I(&,/0J0/0+2(/"(-+'=(
/-+4(S+,"4+(4"$+(&,R#&0%/+I(&%I(,"4)"$/&S'+(H0/-(/-+(H"$I2(/-+L(-&I(,-"2+%>((
Journal(of(Teacher(Action(Research((
!"#$%&'(")(*+&,-+$(.,/0"%(1+2+&$,-(- 3"'#4+(56(722#+(86(9:8;6(<=$&,/0,&'/+&,-+$$+2+&$,->,"4?6(7@@A(B(9CC9D99CC(E(!*.1>(.''(10F-/2(
62(
Think.((W0J0%F(2/#I+%/2(4#'/0='+("=="$/#%0/0+2(/"(4&Q+(0%2/$#,/0"%&'(I+,020"%2(F&J+(/-+4(
"H%+$2-0=(")(/-+(%+H(J",&S#'&$L(H"$I2(&%I(&,/0J0/0+2(S+,+(/-+L()+'/(&(I++=(2+%2+(")(
"H%+$2-0=>((b"2/+$0%F(/-+0$(0%J"'J+4+%/(0%(/-+(='&%%0%F6('+22"%(I+'0J+$L6(&%I(0%2/$#,/0"%(
+%-&%,+I(/-+(2/#I+%/2O(0%/+$+2/26(2"(H-+%(/-+(&,/0J0/0+2(/""Q(='&,+(/-+L()+'/(4"$+(+&F+$(/"(
+%F&F+(H0/-(/-+4>((@/#I+%/2(2-"H+I(4"$+(+K,0/+4+%/(I#$0%F(,'&22(I02,#220"%26(F$"#=(&,/0J0/0+26(
&%I(F&4+2>(!
!
Act.!!A&FL(&%I(@,"//(V9:8CZ(2&L(/-&/(J",&S#'&$L(0%2/$#,/0"%(2-"#'I(=$"J0I+(4#'/0='+(&%I(J&$0+I(
+%,"#%/+$26('+&I(/"(/-+(&S0'0/L(/"(+K='&0%(4+&%0%F6(&%I(=$"4"/+(/-+(#2+(")(/-+(H"$I(V=>(Ya9D
YaCZ>((n%,+(2/#I+%/2(-&I(+&,-(,-"2+%(&(H"$I(/"(,"%/$0S#/+(/"(/-+('02/6(/-+L(I02,#22+I(/-+0$(
H"$I2(&%I(="220S'+(4+&%0%F2(H0/-("%+(&%"/-+$(&)/+$($+&I0%F(&'"#I(/-+(="$/0"%(")(/-+(/+K/(0%(
H-0,-(/-+L(-&I()"#%I(/-+4>((A+K/6(2/#I+%/2(H+$+(F0J+%(,-"0,+2(")(-"H(/"(+K='&0%(&%I(=$+2+%/(
/-+0$(H"$I(&%I(0/2(/$#+(4+&%0%F(/"(/-+(,'&22(2#,-(&2(I0))+$+%/()"$4&/2(")(b$&L+$(4"I+'26(
)'0=,-&$/26("$(="2/+$2>((b"$(+K&4='+6("%+(2/#I+%/(,-"2+(/"(,$+&/+(&(="2/+$(S"&$I(I02='&L0%F(-+$(
H"$I6(I+)0%0/0"%6(+K&4='+26(&%I(0''#2/$&/0"%2>((*-02(2/#I+%/(H&2(2"(+K,0/+I(/"(2-&$+(-+$(=$"[+,/(
H0/-(/-+(,'&22(2-+()0%02-+I(0/(+&$'L>((*-+(="2/+$(H&2(0%)"$4&/0J+6(I+2,$0=/0J+6(&%I(J02#&''L(
&==+&'0%F>((.)/+$(/-+(=$+2+%/&/0"%6(7("S2+$J+I("/-+$(2/#I+%/2(,-&%F0%F(&%I(&II0%F(
04=$"J+4+%/2(/"(/-+0$(H"$Q(S+)"$+(2-&$0%F>((@/#I+%/2(H+$+(&'2"(F0J+%(,-"0,+2(")(F&4+2(/"(F0J+(
/-+4()#$/-+$(=$&,/0,+(H0/-(/-+(H"$I2>((@"4+(+K&4='+2()$"4(/-+0$(,-"0,+('02/(H+$+(
,"%,+%/$&/0"%(,&$I26(S"&$I(F&4+26(&%I(I0,+(F&4+2>((G"H+J+$6(/-+0$()&J"$0/+(H&2(J",&S#'&$L(
4#20,&'(,-&0$2>((
(
*-$"#F-"#/(/-02(=$",+226(H-&/(7()"#%I(4"2/(+%,"#$&F0%F()"$(4+(H&2(/-&/(2/#I+%/2()"#%I(/-02(
H"$Q(+%["L&S'+(&%I(0/(2-"H+I(I#$0%F(/-+('+&$%0%F(=$",+22(&%I(0%(/-+(,"44+%/2(/-+L(4&I+(/"(
4+(&%I(/"(+&,-("/-+$(&2(/-+L(H+$+(+%F&F0%F(H0/-(/-+(H"$I2>((@/#I+%/2(S+F&%(4&Q0%F(/-+0$("H%(
)'&2-,&$I2(/"(S+,"4+(4"$+()&40'0&$(H0/-(/-+(H"$I26()0%I0%F(/-+4(0%(I0))+$+%/(2+//0%F2("#/20I+(")(
/-+(,'&22$""4(&%I($+="$/0%F(0/(/"(/-+(,'&226(&%I(4&%L(I0I(+K/$&(&,/0J0/0+2($&/-+$(/-&%([#2/(=0,Q0%F(
"%+(")(/-+(,-"0,+2(=$"J0I+I>((*-+(&/4"2=-+$+(02(2"(4#,-(4"$+(0%J0/0%F(&%I(+K,0/0%F(H-+%(
2/#I+%/2(&,/0J+'L(/&Q+(=&$/(0%(/-+(0%2/$#,/0"%>((7()++'(,"%)0I+%/(/-+(,'&22(H0''(+K,+'("%(/-+0$(
#=,"40%F(J",&S#'&$L(&22+224+%/(I#+(/"(0%J"'J+4+%/6(+%F&F+4+%/6(&%I(+'+J&/+I(0%/+$+2/(
'+J+'2>((*-+2+('+22"%2(&%I(&,/0J0/0+2(-&J+(,-&%F+I(4L(=$&,/0,+(&%I("J+$&''("#/'""Q("%(
0%2/$#,/0"%>((cL()#/#$+(=$&,/0,+2(H0''(0%J"'J+(2/#I+%/2(0%(='&%%0%F6(0%2/$#,/0"%6(&%I("))+$(
2/#I+%/2(,-"0,+2>(
!
.%F+'&(
7(&4(&%(N'+4+%/&$L(N%F'02-(P&%F#&F+(.$/2(@=+,0&'02/(&%I(fL2'+K0&(+K=+$/(&/(&($+F0"%&'(2+$J0,+(
,+%/+$(0%(%"$/-(*+K&2>((7(&4(,-&$F+I(H0/-(2#=="$/0%F(/+&,-+$2(0%(F$&I+2(Q0%I+$F&$/+%(/-$"#F-(
)0)/-(F$&I+2(0%(8:a(2,-""'2>((
!
Look.!!.(,&4=#2(&I40%02/$&/"$(,"%/&,/+I(4+(&/(/-+(40II'+(")(/-+(L+&$(&S"#/(-+'=0%F(,'&22$""4(
/+&,-+$2(#/0'0T+($#%%0%F($+,"$I2(&2(&(4+&%2(")(I+/+$40%0%F('0/+$&,L('+J+'2(V0>+>6()$#2/$&/0"%6(
Journal(of(Teacher(Action(Research((
!"#$%&'(")(*+&,-+$(.,/0"%(1+2+&$,-(- 3"'#4+(56(722#+(86(9:8;6(<=$&,/0,&'/+&,-+$$+2+&$,->,"4?6(7@@A(B(9CC9D99CC(E(!*.1>(.''(10F-/2(
63(
0%I+=+%I+%/6(0%2/$#,/0"%&'('+J+'2Z(&%I(/-+%(-+'=0%F(/-+4(0I+%/0)L(&%I(I+J+'"=(2/$&/+F0+2(/"(
/&$F+/(/-"2+(%++I2(I#$0%F(24&''(F$"#=(0%2/$#,/0"%>((*-+(&I40%02/$&/"$($+="$/+I(/-&/(/-+(
/+&,-+$2(4+/(H0/-(2/#I+%/2(0%(24&''DF#0I+I($+&I0%F(F$"#=26(S#/(/-+L(H+$+(%"/(4&Q0%F(
20F%0)0,&%/(=$"F$+22(0%(/-+($+&I0%F(&S0'0/0+2(")(/-+(2/#I+%/2(&%I(H"%I+$+I(0)(/-+$+(H&2(&%L/-0%F(7(
,"#'I(I"(/"(-+'=>((*-+(&I40%02/$&/"$(H&%/+I(/"(4&Q+(2#$+(/-&/(/-+L(Q%+H(-"H(/"(/&Q+($#%%0%F(
$+,"$I26(S#/(4"2/(04="$/&%/'L6(&%&'LT+($#%%0%F($+,"$I2(2"(/-&/(/-+L(,"#'I(='&%(/&$F+/+I(
0%2/$#,/0"%>((.)/+$(2=+&Q0%F(H0/-(/-+(,&4=#2(&I40%02/$&/"$6(H+(I+,0I+I(/"(2,-+I#'+(&(,&4=#2(
2/&))(I+J+'"=4+%/(&S"#/($#%%0%F($+,"$I2(&%I(/-+0$(#2+()"$(='&%%0%F('0/+$&,L(0%2/$#,/0"%>(
!
Think.!!7%(/-0%Q0%F(&S"#/(/-02(,-&''+%F+(&%I(/-+(='&%%0%F(")(/-02(=$")+220"%&'(I+J+'"=4+%/6(7(
H&%/+I(/"(&II$+22(/-+(%++I2(/-&/(-&I(S++%(+K=$+22+I(/"(4+(SL(/-+(,&4=#2(&I40%02/$&/"$>(7(
/-"#F-/(S&,Q(/"(H-+%(7(H&2(0%(/-+(,'&22$""46(&%I(H-&/(4&I+(/-+(I0))+$+%,+()"$(4+(&2(&(
=$04&$L(/+&,-+$>((cL(,&4=#2(+4=-&20T+I(F#0I+I($+&I0%F(&2(/-+()"#%I&/0"%()"$($+&I0%F(
0%2/$#,/0"%6(&%I(/-+(#2+(")($#%%0%F($+,"$I2(/"(F#0I+(4L(I+,020"%2(&S"#/(H-+%(/"(4"I0)L(/-+(
F#0I+I($+&I0%F(F$"#=2>((*-+(04=&,/(")(/-+2+(/H"(0%2/$#,/0"%&'(,"4="%+%/2(4&I+(&(H"$'I(")(
I0))+$+%,+()"$(4+(&2(&(/+&,-+$(2"(7(Q%+H(0/(H"#'I(S+(&%(&22+/()"$(/-"2+(/+&,-+$2(&2(H+''>((
b"#%/&2(&%I(^0%%+''(V9:89Z(2/&/+(/-&/(/-+$+(02(&%(04="$/&%/(I0))+$+%,+(S+/H++%(04='+4+%/0%F(
=&$/2(")(&(F#0I+I($+&I0%F('+22"%(&%I(#20%F(F#0I+I($+&I0%F(/"(S$0%F($+&I+$2()$"4(H-+$+(/-+L(&$+6(
/"(&2()&$(&2(/-+(/+&,-0%F(,&%(/&Q+(/-+4(0%(&(F0J+%(2,-""'(L+&$>((7)(/+&,-+$2(&$+("%'L(F"0%F(
/-$"#F-(/-+(4"/0"%2(")(F#0I+I($+&I0%F6(/-+L(&$+(/$#'L(40220%F("#/("%(/-+(0%/+%I+I(=#$="2+>((
W$"#%I+I(0%()"#%I&/0"%&'($+2+&$,-()$"4(c&$0+(l'&L(V8`;9Z6(F#0I+I($+&I0%F(02("%'L(+))+,/0J+(
H-+%(/-+(/+&,-+$(Q%"H2(-"H(/"(I0$+,/(2/#I+%/2O(0%(/-+0$($+&I0%F(I+J+'"=4+%/>((f#$0%F(F#0I+I(
$+&I0%F6(/-+(/+&,-+$O2($"'+(02(/"(Q%"H(H-+%(&%I(-"H(/"(/+&,-6(=$"4=/6(&%I($+0%)"$,+(/-+(
=$",+220%F(2/$&/+F0+2()"$(/-+0$(2/#I+%/2(0%(0%,$+&20%F'L(,-&''+%F0%F(/+K/2>((b"#%/&2(&%I(^0%%+''(
V9:89Z(2/&/+(/-&/(/+&,-+$2(&$+('+&$%0%F(/-&/(&,,#$&/+(H"$I($+&I0%F(02(%"/(/-+("%'L(F"&'_(+))0,0+%/6(
0%I+=+%I+%/(2+')D4"%0/"$0%F(S+-&J0"$(&%I(/-+(&S0'0/L(/"(2+&$,-()"$(&%I(#2+(&(J&$0+/L(")(2"#$,+2(
")(0%)"$4&/0"%(0%(/-+(/+K/(02(Q+L(/"(=$")0,0+%,L>((*-02(=$")0,0+%,L(,&%("%'L(S+,"4+(&($+&'0/L(H-+%(
/+&,-+$2(#/0'0T+(F#0I+I($+&I0%F(/-+(H&L(/-&/(0/(H&2(/$#'L(4+&%/(/"(S+(#2+I(0%(/-+(,'&22$""46(&2(&(
2#=="$/0J+()$&4+H"$Q(&2(2/#I+%/2(S+,"4+(4"$+(=$")0,0+%/(H0/-(,"%/0%#"#2(/+K/>(((
(
7(&'2"(,-"2+($#%%0%F($+,"$I2(S+,+(/-+L(,"4='+4+%/(F#0I+I($+&I0%F>((7(&2Q+I(4L2+')6(0)(
/+&,-+$2(I"(%"/(/&Q+($#%%0%F($+,"$I2("%(/-+0$(2/#I+%/26(-"H(H0''(/-+L(Q%"H(H-&/(/-+0$(2/#I+%/2(
%++Ij(*-02(,&4=#2(H&2("%'L(/&Q0%F($#%%0%F($+,"$I2(/-$++(/04+2(&(L+&$6(2"(/-+$+)"$+(/-+L(I0I(
%"/(Q%"H(H-&/(/-+0$(2/#I+%/2(%++I+I("%(&(4"$+(,"%202/+%/(S&202>((o+%(&%I(k+//&(W""I4&%(
#2+I(/-+(/+$4(402,#+(&%&'L202(0%(='&,+(")(+$$"$g(/-02(H&2(S+,+(")(/-+(%+F&/0J0/L(&22",0&/+I(
H0/-(/-+(H"$I(+$$"$>((.,,"$I0%F(/"(W""I4&%(](W""I4&%(V9:8CZ6(402,#+($+)+$2(/"(/-+(
#%+K=+,/+I($+2="%2+2(/-&/($+&I+$2(4&Q+(I#$0%F("$&'($+&I0%F>((*-+2+(402,#+2(,&%(&2202/(
/+&,-+$2(&2(/-+L(&$+(&%&'LT0%F($#%%0%F($+,"$I2>!!*+&,-+$2(4#2/(-&J+(&%(0%(I+=/-(#%I+$2/&%I0%F(
")(/-+(4+&%0%F(VcZ6(2/$#,/#$+(V@Z6(&%I(J02#&'(V3Z(,#+0%F(2L2/+42(H-+%(/-+L(&%&'LT+(/-+($#%%0%F(
$+,"$I2>((W""I4&%(](W""I4&%(V9:8CZ(&'2"(2/&/+(/-&/(402,#+(&%&'L202(=$"J0I+2(+J0I+%,+(/-&/(
$+&I+$2(0%/+F$&/+(,#+0%F(2L2/+42()$"4(/-+(+&$'0+2/(0%0/0&'(&//+4=/2(&/($+&I0%F>((.(/+&,-+$(,&%(
'+&$%(&('"/()$"4(/&Q0%F(&($#%%0%F($+,"$I6(S#/("%'L(0)(-+("$(2-+(-&2(S++%(/$&0%+I(0%(-"H(/"(2+&$,-(
Journal(of(Teacher(Action(Research((
!"#$%&'(")(*+&,-+$(.,/0"%(1+2+&$,-(- 3"'#4+(56(722#+(86(9:8;6(<=$&,/0,&'/+&,-+$$+2+&$,->,"4?6(7@@A(B(9CC9D99CC(E(!*.1>(.''(10F-/2(
64(
&%I(0I+%/0)L(=&//+$%2(H0/-0%(/-+0$(2/#I+%/2O($+&I0%F(S+,+("%'L(/-+%(,&%(&,/0"%(S+(&=='0+I(/"(
-+'=(I0$+,/(/-+(2/#I+%/(&2(/-+L(=$"F$+22(0%(/-+0$($+&I0%F(I+J+'"=4+%/>(
!
Act.!!i-+%(7(H+%/(S&,Q(/"(/-+(,&4=#26(&()+H(I&L2('&/+$(7(H&2(4+/(SL(&(/+&,-+$(H-"(2&0I6(d7(-&J+(
/&Q+%(&($#%%0%F($+,"$I("%(&()+H(")(4L(2/#I+%/2>e((@-+(&%&'LT+I(/-+($+,"$I6(&%I(H&2(&S'+(/"(2++(
/-+(2/$+%F/-2(&%I(%++I2(")(/-+(2/#I+%/2>((@-+(%"/0,+I(/-&/("%+(2/#I+%/(H&2(2"'+'L($+'L0%F("%(
J02#&'(0%)"$4&/0"%6(%&4+'L(/-+(S+F0%%0%F(2"#%I(")(H"$I2>((G+(H&2(%"/(&//+%I0%F(/"(4+&%0%F_(
/-+$+)"$+6([#2/(,&''0%F(&(H"$I(/-&/(-&I(/-+(2&4+(S+F0%%0%F(2"#%I>((.2(&($+2#'/(")(/-+(/+&,-+$(
%"/0,0%F(/-+(=&//+$%6(2-+(H&2(&S'+(/"(/&$F+/(/-02(H+&Q%+22(0%(-+$(F#0I+I($+&I0%F(F$"#=>((@-+(
=$"J0I+I(&(40%0(/+&,-(="0%/(&/(/-+(S+F0%%0%F(")(/-+('+22"%(/-&/(4"I+'+I()"$(2/#I+%/2(-"H(/"(
'""Q(&,$"22(&(H"$I(/"(,"%)0$4(H-&/(0/(026(H-0'+(&2Q0%F("%+2+')6(df"+2(0/('""Q($0F-/je(&%I(df"+2(0/(
4&Q+(2+%2+je((*-+(2/#I+%/2(/-+%(H+%/(0%/"(/-+(/+K/(&%I(&2(/-+(/+&,-+$('02/+%+I(0%("%(/-+4(
$+&I0%F6(2-+(=$"J0I+I(=$"4=/0%F(&%I($+0%)"$,+4+%/>((./(/-+(,"%,'#20"%(")(/-+('+22"%6(2-+(
R#+2/0"%+I(/-+(2/#I+%/2(0%(/-+(F$"#=(&S"#/(=&$/0,#'&$(%"/+2(/-&/(2-+(-&I(/&Q+%(0%($+)+$+%,+(/"(
/-+4(#20%F(/-+(2/$&/+FL(&%I(-"H(0/(-+'=+I(/-+4>((*-+(2/#I+%/2(2++4+I(/"(S+(4"$+(&H&$+6(S#/(
/-+(/+&,-+$(H0''(,"%/0%#+(/"($+0%)"$,+(&2(/-+L(S+,"4+(4"$+(0%I+=+%I+%/(H0/-(/-02(2/$&/+FL>(((
(
*-+(,&4=#2(&I40%02/$&/"$(02(%"H(=+$)"$40%F(H&'Q(/-$"#F-(S&2+I("%(/-+(/$&0%0%F(&%I(-"'I0%F(&''(
/+&,-+$2(/"(/-+(2&4+(2/&%I&$I2>((b"''"H(#=(02(Q+L(0%(=$")+220"%&'(I+J+'"=4+%/>((*-+(%+K/(2/+=(
)"$(/-02(,&4=#2(02()"$(4+(/"(=$"J0I+(2040'&$(/$&0%0%F2(/"(%+H(/+&,-+$2>(((
!
P0T&((
7(/+&,-(2+,"%I(F$&I+$2(0%(&($#$&'(,"44#%0/L(0%(A"$/-(*+K&2>((c&%L(")(/-+(2/#I+%/2(0%(4L(
,'&22$""4(&$+(/$&%20/0"%&'($+&I+$2>((*"(-+'=(/-+4(4"J+(/"()'#+%/($+&I+$2(7(/$L(/"()0%I(,$+&/0J+(
H&L2(/"(0%,"$="$&/+()'#+%,L(&,/0J0/0+2(/-$"#F-"#/(/-+(I&L(0%(4L(,'&22$""4>((@"6(H-+%("%+(")(/-+(
/"=0,2(0%(/-+(,"#$2+(&II$+22+I()'#+%,L6(7(H&2(+&F+$(/"($+2+&$,-(/-+(/"=0,>((.2(7(S+F&%(/"($+2+&$,-(
4L(/"=0,6(7()"#%I(/-&/(1&20%2Q0(V9:8:Z(,"%I#,/+I(&('"/(")($+2+&$,-("%(/-+(/"=0,>((*+&,-0%F(
,-0'I$+%(/"($+&I(02(&(,"4='+K(#%I+$/&Q0%F>((1+&I0%F(0%J"'J+2(J&$0"#2(=$",+22+2(/"(S+,"4+()'#+%/(
$+&I+$2(V1"2+%S'&//6(8`X;_(.'J+$4&%%6(\%$(](1#I+''6(9:8C_(1#44+'-&$/6(8``YZ(b'#+%,L(02(
H-+%(&($+&I+$(-&2(4&2/+$+I(/-+(/+K/(H0/-(&#/"4&/0,0/L(H0/-(H"$I($+,"F%0/0"%(&%I(I+,"I0%F(
2Q0''26(&2(H+''(&2($+&I0%F(H0/-(=$"2"IL(V1&20%2Q06(9:8:Z>((7%("$I+$()"$(&(2/#I+%/(/"(S+,"4+()'#+%/6(
/-+L(-&J+(/"(=$&,/0,+>(
!
Look.!!7(#2+(4#20,(0%(4L(,'&22$""4(/"(/$&%20/0"%(2/#I+%/2()$"4("%+(&,/0J0/L(/"(&%"/-+$>((.2(/-+(
2/#I+%/2(H+$+(/$&%20/0"%0%F("%+(I&L6(7($+&'0T+I(/-&/(/-+(J0I+"2(7(H&2(#20%F("%(k"#*#S+(H+$+(
,'"2+ID,&=/0"%+I>((7(I+,0I+I(/"(="2/(/-+(J0I+"2(I#$0%F(/$&%20/0"%2(&%I(+%,"#$&F+(/-+(2/#I+%/2(/"(
$+&I(/-+('L$0,2(/"(04=$"J+()'#+%,L>((7/(H&2(&(204='+(&,/0J0/L(/-&/(,"#'I(S+(+&20'L(0%/+F$&/+I(
/-$"#F-"#/(/-+(I&L>((7("S2+$J+I(/-+0$($+&,/0"%2(/"(/-+('L$0,2(&%I(-"H(/-+L(0%/+$&,/+I(H0/-(/-+(
/+K/2>((7/(H&2(0%/+$+2/0%F()"$(4+(/"(2++(/-+0$(+%F&F+4+%/(0%($+&I0%F>((*"(#%I+$2/&%I(4"$+(&S"#/(
/-02(=$&,/0,+6(7($+&I(&$/0,'+2(&%I(S""Q2(H$0//+%(SL(1&20%2Q0(V9:8:_(9:89Z>((7(&'2"(S+F&%(/"('02/+%(/"(
2+J+$&'(")(1&20%2Q0O2(="I,&2/2(&%I(J0I+"(,'0=2("%(k"#*#S+(/"('+&$%(4"$+(&S"#/(-02($+2+&$,->((
Journal(of(Teacher(Action(Research((
!"#$%&'(")(*+&,-+$(.,/0"%(1+2+&$,-(- 3"'#4+(56(722#+(86(9:8;6(<=$&,/0,&'/+&,-+$$+2+&$,->,"4?6(7@@A(B(9CC9D99CC(E(!*.1>(.''(10F-/2(
65(
i-0'+('02/+%0%F(/"("%+(")(-02(=$+2+%/&/0"%2("%(k"#*#S+6(-+(I02,#22+I(/-+(H&L2(4#20,&'('L$0,2(
-+'=(2/#I+%/2(H0/-()'#+%,L>((
+
Think.++7(I+,0I+I(/"(0%/$"I#,+()0J+(2"%F2(I#$0%F(/-+()0$2/(H++Q>(*-+(2"%F2(H+$+()$"4(/-+(o0IT(
m"=(,"''+,/0"%>((7(Q%+H(7(-&I(/"(p-""QO(/-+(2/#I+%/2(H0/-(2"%F2(/-&/(/-+L(H"#'I(+%["L>((.2(
2/#I+%/2(F"/(4"$+()&40'0&$(H0/-(/-+('L$0,26(7(H"#'I(&II(&(%+H(2"%F>((7/(H&2(0%/+$+2/0%F(/"(2++(/-+(
2/#I+%/2(&,/0J+'L(+%F&F+I(H-+%(7(H"#'I(="2/(/-+('L$0,2("%(/-+(S"&$I>(c&%L(2/#I+%/2(H"#'I(
,"$$+,/(/-+42+'J+2(H-+%('""Q0%F(&/(/-+(H"$I2>((.%(&I40%02/$&/"$(-&I("S2+$J+I(/-+(0%/+$&,/0"%(
/-+(2/#I+%/2(-&I(H0/-(/-+(/+K/>((@-+(2/&/+I6(d7(H&2(2#$=$02+I(-"H(/-+(2/#I+%/2(H"#'I(,-+,Q(/"(
2++(0)(/-+L(-&I(F"//+%(/-+('L$0,2($0F-/(H-+%(/-+L(H+$+%O/(%+,+22&$0'L('""Q0%F(&/(/-+(/+K/>e((.2(/-+(
L+&$(=$"F$+22+I6(7(&II+I(4"$+(2"%F2>((7(0%,'#I+I(2"%F2(/-&/(-&I('L$0,2(&%I(=+$/&0%+I(/"(I0))+$+%/(
,"%/+%/(&$+&2>((A"H6(/-&/(/-+(2,-""'(L+&$(02(&'4"2/("J+$6(7(-&J+(%"/0,+I(&%(0%,$+&2+(0%(2/#I+%/O2(
)'#+%,L(/-&%(7(-&J+(0%(=$+J0"#2(L+&$2>((b"$(+K&4='+6(7(-&J+(&(2/#I+%/(0%(4L(,'&22(/-&/(H&2(
H"$Q0%F(2'0F-/'L(S+'"H(F$&I+('+J+'>((@-+(2/$#FF'+I(H0/-()'#+%,L(&%I(,"4=$+-+%20"%>((f#$0%F("#$(
+%I(")(L+&$(&22+224+%/26(/-+(2/#I+%/2(2-"H+I(F&0%2(0%()'#+%,L(&%I(,"4=$+-+%20"%(2Q0''2>(@-+(02(
%"H($+&I0%F(&S"J+(F$&I+>((
+
Act.!!^$"J0I0%F(2/#I+%/2(&%("=="$/#%0/L(/"(=$&,/0,+()'#+%,L(H0/-(/-+(#2+(")(4#20,&'('L$0,2(,&%(S+(
+%F&F0%F(/"(2/#I+%/2>((nS2+$J0%F(2/#I+%/2(/$L0%F(/"(F+/(/-+(H"$I2(&,,#$&/+'L(H-0'+(20%F0%F(
&''"H+I(/-+4(/"(/&Q+("H%+$2-0=(")(/-+0$('+&$%0%F>((*-+L(H&%/+I(/"(F+/(/-+(H"$I2($0F-/>((mL(
0%,'#I0%F(2"%F2(H0/-('L$0,2(H&2(&(204='+(H&L(/"(F+/(2/#I+%/2(/"(=$&,/0,+(/-+0$()'#+%,L(H0/-('0//'+(
='&%%0%F("%(4L(=&$/>((7(I0I(%"/(-&J+(/"(,$+&/+(2=+,0&'(&,/0J0/0+2(+J+$LI&L(/"(=$&,/0,+()'#+%,L>((7(
#2+I(/+,-%"'"FL6(2/#I+%/2O(0%/+$+2/6(&%I(&%("=="$/#%+(/04+(0%(4L(I&L(/"(=$"J0I+(&()#%(H&L(/"(
=$&,/0,+(/-+0$()'#+%,L>((.''(0/(/""Q(H&2(&('0//'+(,$+&/0J0/Lq((
(
c"J0%F()"$H&$I6(7(H0''(0%,"$="$&/+(J0I+"2(H0/-(4#20,&'('L$0,2(0%("/-+$(,"%/+%/(&$+&2(4"$+(")/+%6(
+2=+,0&''L(H0/-(4&/-(,"%/+%/>((7(I0I(#2+('L$0,&'(4#20,(0%(2,0+%,+(&%I(2",0&'(2/#I+%/26(S#/(7(/-0%Q(
4"$+(#2+(0%(4&/-(H0''(-"=+)#''L(I+J+'"=(2/#I+%/2O(J",&S#'&$L(2Q0''2>((*-+$+(&$+(&(J&$0+/L(")(
$+&2"%2(/-02(2/$&/+FL(,&%(-+'=(2/#I+%/2(0%(/-+(,'&22$""4>((
!
@&%I$&(
*-+(I+20$+(/"($+&,-(2/#I+%/2(H0/-($+&I0%F(I0))0,#'/0+2(-&2(S++%(4L(F"&'(20%,+(7(2/&$/+I(/+&,-0%F(
8X(L+&$2(&F">((7(-&J+(H"$Q+I(H0/-(#%I+$(=$0J0'+F+I(2/#I+%/2()$"4(&''(H&'Q2(")('0)+(&%I(2/$+22(/"(
/-+4(/-+(04="$/&%,+(")($+&I0%F(&%I(/-+(Q%"H'+IF+(0/($+J+&'2(H-+%(/-+L("=+%(/-+(=&F+2(")(
"=="$/#%0/L>(((
!
!
Look.!(b"$(4L(&,/0"%($+2+&$,-(=$"[+,/6(7(I+,0I+I(/"(H"$Q(H0/-(2/#I+%/2(H-"(H+$+($+&I0%F(H+''(
S+'"H(/-+(%&/0"%&'(&J+$&F+()"$(Y/-(F$&I+$2>((*-+2+(2/#I+%/2(H+$+(#%&S'+(/"(I+,"I+(H"$I26(
2"#%I("#/(H"$I26("$(,"%%+,/(,"$$+2="%I0%F('+//+$(2L4S"'2(/"(2"#%I2>((.)/+$($+&I0%F(/-+(
Journal(of(Teacher(Action(Research((
!"#$%&'(")(*+&,-+$(.,/0"%(1+2+&$,-(- 3"'#4+(56(722#+(86(9:8;6(<=$&,/0,&'/+&,-+$$+2+&$,->,"4?6(7@@A(B(9CC9D99CC(E(!*.1>(.''(10F-/2(
66(
Theoretical+Models(V.'J+$4&%%6(\%$(](1#I+''6(9:8CZ(/+K/(7(H&2(0%/+$+2/+I(0%(0%0/0&/0%F(&(
'0/+$&,L()$&4+H"$Q(/-&/(H0''(&''"H(/-+4(/"(&%&'L/0,&''L(&==$"&,-(&(H"$I(&%I(4&Q+(&('+//+$D
2"#%I(,"%%+,/0"%>((.,,"$I0%F(/"(l'&LO2(V8`;9Z('0/+$&,L(=$",+220%F(/-+"$L6(2-+()"#%I(d*-&/(/-+(
S+F0%%0%F6(=$")0,0+%/($+&I+$(#2+2('&%F#&F+(&%I(J02#&'(&%I(4"/"$(0%)"$4&/0"%(2"(H-&/("%(/-+(
2#$)&,+('""Q2('0Q+(204='+(H"$IDSLDH"$I($+&I0%F6(S#/(0%J"'J+2(,-0'I$+%('0%Q0%F(4&%L(/-0%F2(/-+L(
Q%"H()$"4(I0))+$+%/(2"#$,+2(VJ02#&'6(&#I0/"$L6(=-"%"'"F0,&'6(4"J+4+%/6(2=+&Q0%FM&$/0,#'&/0%F6(
&%I(Q%"H'+IF+(")(/-+('&%F#&F+(V=>(9;Z>e(
!
Think.!(7/(H&2(4L(0%0/0&'(&22+224+%/(/-&/(/-+2+(2/#I+%/2(-&I(0%&I+R#&/+(I+,"I0%F(2Q0''2(&%I(-&I(
4022+I(/-+()"#%I&/0"%&'(2Q0''2(%++I+I(/"($+&I(/+K/2>((.)/+$('""Q0%F(&/(/-+0$(,#4#'&/0J+()"'I+$2(7(
)"#%I(/-&/(/H"(")(/-+(2/#I+%/2(-&I(S++%(I0&F%"2+I(H0/-(IL2'+K0&6(&%I("%+(-&I(S++%(0I+%/0)0+I(
H0/-(&('+&$%0%F(I02&S0'0/L>((.''(/-$++(2/#I+%/2(-&I(F""I(J+$S&'(,"44#%0,&/0"%(2Q0''2>((7%0/0&''L6(7(
-&I(+&,-(2/#I+%/(/&Q+(&(=$+D&22+224+%/(=+$)"$4+I("%(/-+(2,-""'(&I"=/+I($+&I0%F(4"%0/"$0%F(
=$"F$&4(V7@7^Z>((*-02(4"%0/"$0%F(/""'(I0&F%"2+I(/-+($+&I0%F(2Q0''2(/-+(2/#I+%/2(-&I(4&2/+$+I(
&%I(/-"2+(/-&/(%++I+I()#$/-+$(I+J+'"=4+%/>((*-+()0%I0%F2()$"4(/-+(&22+224+%/(&''"H+I(4+(/"(
&I[#2/(/-+(=-"%0,2(0%2/$#,/0"%(7(04='+4+%/+I(H0/-(/-+2+(2/#I+%/2>(7(I+,0I+I(/"(F"("J+$(2"#%I2(
=&//+$%26(H"$I(=&//+$%26(&%I("/-+$(=-"%+40,(&H&$+%+22(2Q0''2()"$(9:(40%#/+2(I&0'L>((.)/+$(I0$+,/(
+K='0,0/(=-"%0,2(0%2/$#,/0"%6(2/#I+%/2(,"4='+/+I(&%(0%I+=+%I+%/(&220F%4+%/(/-&/()",#2+2("%(&(
F#0I+I(0%/+$&,/0J+('+22"%>((i-+%(2/#I+%/2(4&2/+$+I(/-"2+(2Q0''26(&%(&IJ&%,+I('+22"%(=$"J0I+I(
&II0/0"%&'(0%2/$#,/0"%2("$("/-+$(2Q0''2(/-+(2/#I+%/('&,Q>((!
!
Act.((NJ+%(/-"#F-('0/+$&,L(+%,"4=&22+2(4&%L(&$+&2(")(I+J+'"=4+%/6(4&2/+$0%F(/-+(
)"#%I&/0"%&'(2Q0''26(&''"H2(/-+($+&I+$(/"(F&0%(/-+(&S0'0/L(/"(,"F%0/0J+'L(=$",+22(&(H"$I(H0/-('0//'+(
+))"$/(0%(&(H"$Q0%F(2L2/+4(/-&/(,"%%+,/2(/-+($+&I+$(&%I(/-+(/+K/(Vl'&L6(9::8Z>((.,,"$I0%F(/"(
@0%F+$(V8``YZ6(d1+&I+$2(H-"(-&J+(&,R#0$+I(/-+(%+,+22&$L(H"$Q0%F(2L2/+42(&$+(&S'+(/"(4"S0'0T+(
$&=0I'L(&%I()'+K0S'L(&(-0+$&$,-0,&'("$F&%0T&/0"%(")(2#S2L2/+42(0%(H-0,-(&(40%04#4(")(4+%/&'(
+%+$FL(&%I(&//+%/0"%(&$+(I+J"/+I(/"(/-+(0%=#/(2L2/+42>e((7(='&%(/"(,"%/0%#+(H"$Q0%F(H0/-(/-+2+(
2/#I+%/2(#20%F(/-+('0/+$&,L(=$",+220%F(/-+"$L(0%(H-0,-(J02#&'26(=-"%"'"F0,&'(/+&,-0%F6(&%I(H"$I(
&//&,Q(2Q0''2(&$+(/-+()",#2>((1+&I0%F(4"J0%F()"$H&$I(-&2(S+,"4+(&%(&,-0+J&S'+(F"&'()"$(/-+4(
&%I(=$0%/(02(4"$+(/-&%(&%("S[+,/("%(=&=+$>((7(&4(2#$+(/-&/(H0/-(,"%/0%#+I(+K='0,0/(2#=="$/(&%I(
=$&,/0,+6($+&I0%F(H0''(S+(&('0)+D'"%F(2Q0''(/-&/(H0''("=+%(#=(4&%L(I""$2(")("=="$/#%0/0+2()"$(/-+4>(
!
!"+'((
7(&4(&%(0%/+$4+I0&/+(2,-""'(,"#%2+'"$(0%($#$&'(I02/$0,/(0%(/-+(@"#/-H+2/>(.2(&(/+&,-+$6(7(-+'=(
2/#I+%/2(4&Q+(2+%2+(")(,-&''+%F0%F(H"$I(=$"S'+42(&2(/-+L(=$+=&$+(/"(/&Q+(2/&%I&$I0T+I(/+2/2>((
@"4+(")(4L(,"H"$Q+$2(2&L(/-&/(4L(["S(0%,'#I+2(-+'=0%F(2/#I+%/2('+&$%(+))+,/0J+(/+2/(/&Q0%F(
2/$&/+F0+2>(
!
Look.!!b"$(/-02(=$"[+,/6(7('""Q(&/(/-+(H"$Q(")(*&%S+6(&(2/#I+%/(H-"(-&2(I0))0,#'/L(&=='L0%F(
S&,QF$"#%I(4&/-(Q%"H'+IF+(/"(/-+(=&22&F+2(2-+($+&I2(&%I(/-+$+)"$+(")/+%/04+2(-&2(I0))0,#'/L(
&%2H+$0%F(,"4=$+-+%20"%(R#+2/0"%2>(7%(4L(+K=+$0+%,+6(/-02(I0))0,#'/L(,+2(2/#I+%/2('0Q+(
Journal(of(Teacher(Action(Research((
!"#$%&'(")(*+&,-+$(.,/0"%(1+2+&$,-(- 3"'#4+(56(722#+(86(9:8;6(<=$&,/0,&'/+&,-+$$+2+&$,->,"4?6(7@@A(B(9CC9D99CC(E(!*.1>(.''(10F-/2(
67(
*&%S+(/"(I"(%"/(I"(H+''("%(2/&/+(2/&%I&$I0T+I(/+2/2(S+,+(/-+L($#2-(,%F(
402#%I+$2/&%I0%F2(S+/H++%(/-+(/+K/(&%I(/-+($+&I+$>((m+'"H(0%(b0F#$+(96()0%I(&%(0%/+$&,/0"%(
S+/H++%(*&%S+(&%I(4L2+')(H-+$+(2-+(,"%)#2+2(&(4&/-+4&/0,&'()0F#$+>((
(
Figure+2:++A+Conversation+with+Tanbe+
(
(
Think.((.2(&(,"#%2+'"$6(7(S+'0+J+(/-&/(2/$&/+FL(0%2/$#,/0"%(=$"="2+I(SL(^&'0%+2&$(&%I(m$"H%(
V8`;YZ6(&%I6(H0''(F0J+(2/#I+%/2(0%,$+&2+I(/+K/(,"4=$+-+%20"%(&%I(S+//+$(=+$)"$4&%,+("%(
2/&%I&$I0T+I(/+2/2(SL(&''"H0%F(/-+4(/04+(/"($+$+&I(&%I(S#0'I(2+')D4"%0/"$0%F(2Q0''2>((@"6(0%(/-+(
,&2+(")(*&%S+(7(2#FF+2/+I(&(2/$&/+FL(/"(&II$+22(/-+(402,#+2(2-+(+%,"#%/+$+I(H-+%(2-+()&,+I(
4#'/0='+(2L''&S'+(H"$I2>((b0$2/6(7(/"'I(-+$(/"(2/"=(H-+%+J+$(2-+(+%,"#%/+$2(I0))0,#'/(J",&S#'&$L>((
@+,"%I6(7(/"'I(-+$(/"(H$0/+(H-&/(2-+(/-0%Q2(/-+(H"$I(4+&%2(I0$+,/'L(&S"J+(/-+(H"$I>((*-0$I6(7(
/"'I(-+$(/"(2++(0)(/-+(S&,QF$"#%I(H"$I()0/(0%/"(/-+(+K02/0%F(=&//+$%>(^&$0S&Q-/(&%I(i+2,-+(
V8``XZ(2&L(/-&/(/-02(2/$&/+FL(-+'=2(2/#I+%/2(I+/+$40%+(="220S'+(H"$I(4+&%0%F()$"4(/-+(,"%/+K/(
/-&/(,&%(S+(&=='0+I(/"(/-+(/+K/>(
!
Act.!!*-02(4+/-"I(&''"H2(2/#I+%/2(/"(#2+(I+,"I0%F(2Q0''2(&%I(0%,$+&2+(,"4=$+-+%20"%(SL(
+K&40%0%F(&%I(+K='&0%0%F(/-+(H"$I2(#20%F(H-&/(/-+L(&'$+&IL(Q%"H(&S"#/(/-+(H"$I(&2(&(
2,&))"'I0%F(/""'>((c"J0%F()"$H&$I6(7(='&%(/"(&2Q(2/#I+%/2(/"(H$0/+(H-&/(/-+L(Q%"H(&S"#/(
#%)&40'0&$(H"$I2(I0$+,/'L(&S"J+(/-+(I0))0,#'/(H"$I2(/-+L(+%,"#%/+$(/-+%(#2+(/-+0$(S&,QF$"#%I(
Q%"H'+IF+(&2(&(/+4="$&$L(2,&))"'I0%F(/""'>(((
Journal(of(Teacher(Action(Research((
!"#$%&'(")(*+&,-+$(.,/0"%(1+2+&$,-(- 3"'#4+(56(722#+(86(9:8;6(<=$&,/0,&'/+&,-+$$+2+&$,->,"4?6(7@@A(B(9CC9D99CC(E(!*.1>(.''(10F-/2(
68(
(
f+S"$&-(
!7(&4(&%(0%2/$#,/0"%&'(2=+,0&'02/(4&%&F+$(V^oD9Z()"$(&%(#$S&%(I02/$0,/>((cL($"'+(02(/"(-+'=(=$+=&$+(
2=+,0&'02/2(/"(2#=="$/(/+&,-+$2O('0/+$&,L(=$&,/0,+2>((*"(I"(2"6(/-+(2=+,0&'02/2(&//+%I(H++Q'L(
/$&0%0%F2(/"(2/&L(&S$+&2/(")(S+2/(=$&,/0,+2>(f#$0%F(/-02(2+4+2/+$6(7(-&J+(,"4+(/"(/-+($+&'0T&/0"%(
/-&/($+&I0%F(&%I(0/2(0%2/$#,/0"%(02(,"4='+K(&%I($+R#0$+2(&(2L2/+4&/0,(&==$"&,-(/"(/-+(H&L(7(
=$+=&$+(4L($+&I0%F(2=+,0&'02/2>((7%(2-"$/6(/-+(R#+2/0"%(S+,"4+26(-"H(I"(7(,$+&/+(&(2/$#,/#$+I(
2#=="$/(2L2/+4(/"(=$+=&$+('0/+$&,L(2=+,0&'02/2(/"(I+'0J+$(-0F-(R#&'0/L(=$")+220"%&'(I+J+'"=4+%/(
/"(/-+(/+&,-+$2(0%(/-+0$(=&$/0,#'&$(2,-""'2j(!
!
Look.!!*-02(2=$0%F6(7(-&J+($+)'+,/+I(&S"#/(/-+(,"&,-0%F(,L,'+(H+(#2+(/"(/$&0%(2=+,0&'02/2(&%I(/-+(
2#=="$/(/-+2+(2=+,0&'02/2(F0J+(/"(/+&,-+$2>((b$"4(4L(="0%/(")(J0+H6("#$(2=+,0&'02/2(-&J+(/"(H+&$(
4&%L(-&/2(&%I(2+$J0,+(&%(&$$&L(")(%++I2>((m+,+(")(/-026(7(,"%,'#I+(/-&/(4L(2=+,0&'02/2(%++I(
&%(+K/$&('&L+$(")(2#=="$/(&%I(&(%&$$"H+$(/&$F+/(")(4+&2#$&S'+("S[+,/0J+2>(7/(02(4L(S+'0+)(/-&/(
4&Q0%F(/-02(,-&%F+(H0''(+%-&%,+(/-+(=$+=&$+I%+22(")(/-+(2=+,0&'02/2(/-&/(H0''(0%(/#$%(&0I(0%(/-+(
I+'0J+$L(")(=$")+220"%&'(I+J+'"=4+%/()"$(/+&,-+$2>((
(
Think.++@"6(/-02(2=$0%F(7(S+F&%(/"(&II(&('&L+$(")(2#=="$/(H0/-(/-+(,$+&/0"%(")(&(I",#4+%/(/"(&0I(0%(
/-+(/$&,Q0%F(&%I(4"%0/"$0%F(")(0%I0J0I#&'(2=+,0&'02/2(/$&0%0%F(&%I(/-+(=$")+220"%&'(I+J+'"=4+%/(
/-+L(I+'0J+$+I(S&2+I("%(/-02(/$&0%0%F>(f#$0%F(/-+(&%&'L2026(7($+&'0T+I(/-&/(/-+('+&$%0%F(-&==+%0%F(
)"$(/-+('0/+$&,L(2=+,0&'02/2(H&2(H0I+(0%2/+&I(")(I++=>((*-&/(02(/"(2&L6(/-+L(Q%+H(&('0//'+(&S"#/(
4&%L(/"=0,2(S#/("%'L(&()+H(H+$+(+K=+$/2(0%(/-+(=&$/0,#'&$(/"=0,2(/-+L(/&#F-/>(7%(2#46(&)/+$(
$+&I0%F(V.'J+$4&%%6(\%$(](1#I+''6(9:8CZ(&%I(,"%2#'/0%F(H0/-(4L(/+&4(4+4S+$2(&%I(
2=+,0&'02/2(7(I+,0I+I(/"()",#2("#$(/$&0%0%F2(4"J0%F()"$H&$I("%(/-+(S&'&%,+I('0/+$&,L(&==$"&,-(
&%I(&220F%+I('+&I(2=+,0&'02/2(/"(H$0/+(/-+(,#$$0,#'#4(&%I(I+20F%(/$&0%0%F2()"$(/-+(2=+,0&'02/2(/"(
4++/(/-"2+(=#$="2+2>((
! !
Act.!!.(,"44"%(F"&'(0%("#$(I02/$0,/(02(/"(-&J+(&''(2/#I+%/2($+&I0%F("%(F$&I+('+J+'(SL(/-0$I(F$&I+>((
^&$/(")(/-&/(,&%(S+(&,,"4='02-+I(SL(-&J0%F(-0F-'L(/$&0%+I(0%2/$#,/0"%&'(2=+,0&'02/2(H-"(&$+(
Q%"H'+IF+&S'+(")(S&2+I(S&'&%,+I('0/+$&,L(&==$"&,-+2(/-&/(0%,"$="$&/+(H-"'+('&%F#&F+(&%I(
=-"%0,2(VW""I4&%(](W""I4&%6(9:8CZ>((7%(4L(J0+H6(2=+,0&'02/2(%++I(&(2/$"%F()"#%I&/0"%(")(
S&'&%,+I('0/+$&,L(&==$"&,-+2(&'"%F(H0/-(&(,"44&%I(")(/-+(,"&,-0%F(,L,'+>((cL($"'+(4"J0%F(
)"$H&$I(02(/"(,$+&/+(&(4&%&F+I(&==$"&,-()"$('+&I2(&%I(2=+,0&'02/2(2"(/-&/(/-+L(,&%(S+//+$(
=$+=&$+(/+&,-+$2(/"(04=$"J+(/-+('0/+$&,L(2Q0''2(")(/-+0$(2/#I+%/2()$"4(F$&I+2(oD89>(b"$(%"H6(
-"H+J+$(7(H0''(,-&$F+(4L('0/+$&,L(2=+,0&'02/2(/"()",#2(/-+0$(0%2/$#,/0"%(")(F$&I+2(Q0%I+$F&$/+%(
/-$"#F-(2+,"%I(F$&I+2(&2(&(H&L(/"($+4&0%(24&''>(((
(
*-+('&L+$+I(2#=="$/(2L2/+4(&'"%F(H0/-(/&$F+/+I(=$")+220"%&'(I+J+'"=4+%/(H0''(-+'=(2=+,0&'02/2(
-&J+(&(,'+&$(#%I+$2/&%I0%F(")(/-+0$($"'+(&%I($+2="%20S0'0/0+2>((*-+(H"$Q(4"J0%F()"$H&$I(H0''(
Journal(of(Teacher(Action(Research((
!"#$%&'(")(*+&,-+$(.,/0"%(1+2+&$,-(- 3"'#4+(56(722#+(86(9:8;6(<=$&,/0,&'/+&,-+$$+2+&$,->,"4?6(7@@A(B(9CC9D99CC(E(!*.1>(.''(10F-/2(
69(
+R#0=(/-+(I02/$0,/(H0/-(2#=="$/(2L2/+42(/-&/(&$+(2/$#,/#$+I(&$"#%I(,"44"%('0/+$&,L(=$&,/0,+2>((
7%(/-+()#/#$+6("/-+$(,"%20I+$&/0"%2(H0''(%++I(/"(S+(4&I+(/"(+%2#$+(=$"F$&4()0I+'0/L>(!
!
^+&$'(
7(&4(&(Q0%I+$F&$/+%(r(2+,"%I(F$&I+(7%2/$#,/0"%&'(@=+,0&'02/()"$(&('&$F+(#$S&%(I02/$0,/(&%I(H"$Q(
)"$(f+SS0+>((7(H"$Q(H0/-(/+&,-+$2(&/(C('"H(=+$)"$40%F(+'+4+%/&$L(2,-""'2>((cL($"'+(&2(&(
2=+,0&'02/(02(/"(,"&,-6(4+%/"$6(&%I(/$&0%(/-+(QD9(/+&,-+$2(&/(/-"2+(,&4=#2+2>(7(&4(&(,+$/0)0+I(
$+&I0%F(2=+,0&'02/(S#/(7(&'2"(H"$Q(H0/-(,"$+(2#S[+,/2>((7(-&J+(S++%(0%(+I#,&/0"%()"$(8`(L+&$2(&%I(
-&J+(/&#F-/(2=+,0&'(+I#,&/0"%(&%I(NlD5>((7(-&J+(S++%(0%(4L(,#$$+%/($"'+(&2(&%(0%2/$#,/0"%&'(
2=+,0&'02/()"$(9(L+&$2>(!
!
Look.!!.2(&%(0%2/$#,/0"%&'(2=+,0&'02/6(7(/$&0%+I(#%I+$(=$")+220"%&'2(H-"(H+$+(&(=&$/(")(/-+(
1+&I0%F(b0$2/(4"J+4+%/>((.2($+2#'/(")(/-&/(/$&0%0%F(4L('"J+()"$(/-+(#2+(")(/-+($+&ID&'"#I(H&2(
$+J0J+I>((7%(4L(H"$Q(H0/-(/+&,-+$26(7(-&J+(%"/0,+I(/-&/(/-+L(2+'I"4(#2+(/-+($+&ID&'"#I6(+J+%(
)"$(/-+(204='+(+%["L4+%/(")($+&I0%F>((f#$0%F(/-02(2+4+2/+$6(7(H&2($+40%I+I(&S"#/(/-+(="H+$(")(
$+&I(&'"#I(&%I(0/2(04='0,&/0"%2()"$()#/#$+('0/+$&,L(2#,,+22>((7(H&%/(/"($+0%/$"I#,+(/-+(#2+(")(/-+(
$+&ID&'"#I(/"(/+&,-+$2>((.2(&(,'&22$""4(/+&,-+$6(7(#2+I(/-+($+&ID&'"#I(S+,+(0/(02(&(H0I+'L(
&,,+=/+I(&2(&(4+&%2(")(I+J+'"=0%F(J",&S#'&$L(VA+H/"%6(^&I&Q6(](1&20%2Q06(9::;Z>(7%(/-02(,'&226(7(
-&J+(S++%($+&I0%F(&%I(2/#IL0%F(/-+(H"$Q(")(A&FL(&%I(@,"//(V9:8CZ(&%I(-&J+(&'2"($+&I(o0%I'+O2(
V9::`Z(2/#IL("%(,-0'I$+%O2(J",&S#'&$L(F$"H/-(/"(0%)"$4(4+("%(H&L2(7(,&%(&IJ",&/+()"$($+&I(
&'"#I>(7%(2#46(7(H&%/(/"(/$&0%(/+&,-+$2("%(J",&S#'&$L(=$",+22+2(#20%F($+&ID&'"#I(&2(&(/""'(/"(
0%/$"I#,+(&%I(4"I+'(/-02(J+$L(,$0/0,&'(,"4=$+-+%20"%(2Q0''>((
!
Think.!!7(-&J+(,$+&/+I(2"4+(40%0('+22"%2(/-&/(7(#2+(/"(4"I+'(H&L2(/-&/(/+&,-+$2(,&%(/+&,-(
J",&S#'&$L(2Q0''2(/"(/-+0$(2/#I+%/2>(7(-&J+(&'2"(F&/-+$+I($+2"#$,+2('0Q+(F$&=-0,("$F&%0T+$26(
&%,-"$(,-&$/26(&%I($+&I0%F(2/$&/+F0+2(F#0I+2(/-&/(/+&,-+$2(,&%(#2+(/"(='&%(/-+0$("H%(40%0('+22"%(
#20%F(&(S""Q(")(/-+0$(,-"0,+>((7(H&%/(/"(2-"H(/-+4(/-&/(/-+$+(&$+(J&$0"#2(H&L2(/-+L(,&%(-+'=(
2/#I+%/2(0%,$+&2+(/-+0$(H"$I(Q%"H'+IF+>((7(&4(I"0%F(=$&,/0/0"%+$($+2+&$,-("%(/-+(/"=0,(")(#20%F(
$+&ID&'"#I(/"(/+&,-(J",&S#'&$L(&,R#020/0"%>(7(#%I+$2/&%I(/-&/(/-+(=$",+22+2(/-&/(2/#I+%/2(%++I(
/"($+,"F%0T+(/-+(,"4='+K0/L(")(H"$I(Q%"H'+IF+(&$+(04="$/&%/(0%(/-+0$(J",&S#'&$L(&,R#020/0"%(
2"6(H-&/(7(H&%/(/"(I"(02(H"$Q(H0/-(4L(/+&,-+$2(/"(4"I+'(&%I(/$&0%(/-+4("%(H&L2(/-+L(,&%(
4&K040T+(/-+0$(#2+(")(/-+($+&ID&'"#I(&2(&(S+2/(=$&,/0,+(0%($+&I0%F(0%2/$#,/0"%(&%I(J",&S#'&$L(
&,R#020/0"%>((7(H&%/(/"(I"(&(2/#IL(/-&/(&%2H+$2(/-+(R#+2/0"%g(df"+2(#20%F(/-+($+&ID&'"#I(/"(
0%/$"I#,+6(4"I+'6(&%I(/+&,-+$(J",&S#'&$L(-+'=(2/#I+%/2(0%,$+&2+(H"$I(Q%"H'+IF+j((7(H"#'I('0Q+(
/"(#2+(/+&,-+$2(/-&/(&$+(H0''0%F(&%I(H-"(&$+(&'$+&IL(#20%F(/-02(=$&,/0,+(&%I(,"4=&$+(/-+4(/"(
/+&,-+$2(H-"(&$+(%"/(V)"$(H-&/+J+$($+&2"%Z>(7(S+'0+J+(/-&/(#20%F(/-+($+&ID&'"#I(H0''(-+'=(
2/#I+%/2(0%,$+&2+(/-+0$(H"$I(Q%"H'+IF+(&/(&($&/+(/-&/(02()&2/+$(/-&%(/-+(2/#I+%/(H-"2+(/+&,-+$2(
&$+(%"/(&'$+&IL(#20%F(/-02(=$&,/0,+>(
!
Act.!!.(=&$/(")(4L($"'+(")(7%2/$#,/0"%&'(@=+,0&'02/6(7(&4($+2="%20S'+()"$(,$+&/0%F(&%I(=$+2+%/0%F(
=$")+220"%&'(I+J+'"=4+%/>((7(-&J+(&'$+&IL(,$+&/+I(&(=$")+220"%&'(I+J+'"=4+%/(2+220"%(/-&/(
Journal(of(Teacher(Action(Research((
!"#$%&'(")(*+&,-+$(.,/0"%(1+2+&$,-(- 3"'#4+(56(722#+(86(9:8;6(<=$&,/0,&'/+&,-+$$+2+&$,->,"4?6(7@@A(B(9CC9D99CC(E(!*.1>(.''(10F-/2(
70(
I+/&0'2(H&L2(/-&/(/+&,-+$2(,&%(#2+(/-+($+&ID&'"#I(/"(/+&,-(S&20,($+&I0%F(2Q0''2>((7(H0''(,$+&/+(&(
=$")+220"%&'(I+J+'"=4+%/(/-&/(/$&0%2(/+&,-+$2("%(+K='0,0/(J",&S#'&$L(0%2/$#,/0"%6(H-0,-(02(2"(
,$0/0,&'()"$(/-+(2/#I+%/2(H+(2+$J+>((d@/#I+%/2(H-"(%++I(-+'=(4"2/(0%(/-+(&$+&(")(J",&S#'&$L(h(
/-"2+(H-"2+(-"4+(+K=+$0+%,+(-&2(%"/(F0J+%(/-+4(&(2#S2/&%/0&'()"#%I&/0"%(0%(/-+(J",&S#'&$L(")(
'0/+$&/+(&%I(&,&I+40,(N%F'02-(h(%++I(/"(&,R#0$+(H"$I2(&/(&(=&,+(+J+%()&2/+$(/-&%(/-&/(")(/-+0$(
=++$2e(VA&FL(](@,"//(9:8CZ>((7(H0''(&'2"(,"%/0%#+(/"(,"&,-6(4+%/"$6(&%I(='&%(H0/-(/-+(/+&,-+$2(
/-&/(7(2+$J+(/"(04='+4+%/(/-+(2/$&/+F0+2(&%I(2Q0''2(0%(J",&S#'&$L(&,R#020/0"%(/-&/(7(-&J+(/$&0%+I(
/-+4("%(/-$"#F-"#/(/-+(%+K/(2,-""'(L+&$>((*-+(#'/04&/+(F"&'(02($+&I0%F(,"4=$+-+%20"%(H-0,-(
$+2+&$,-(I+4"%2/$&/+2(VA&FL(](@,"//6(9:8CZ(02(2/$"%F'L(0%)'#+%,+I(SL(J",&S#'&$L(Q%"H'+IF+>((
(
Discussion!
m"%%0+6(&()0)/-DF$&I+(/+&,-+$6($+="$/+I(/-&/(-+$(2/#I+%/2(-&I('040/+I(J",&S#'&$L>((.%F+'&6(&(
$+&I0%F(2=+,0&'02/6(2&0I(/-&/(/-+(/+&,-+$2(2-+(H&2(H"$Q0%F(H0/-(0%(-+$(,+%/+$(%++I+I(-+'=(H0/-(
0%)"$4&'($+&I0%F(0%J+%/"$0+2(&%I(F#0I+I($+&I0%F>((P0T&6(&(2+,"%IDF$&I+(/+&,-+$6($+="$/+I(/-&/(
2-+(H"%I+$+I(&S"#/(0%,$+&20%F(/-+()'#+%,L('+J+'2(")(-+$(2+,"%I(F$&I+$2>((@&%I$&6(&%(NP.(
,""$I0%&/"$6()"#%I(/-&/(2"4+(")(-+$()"#$/-D(F$&I+(2/#I+%/2(H+$+(#%)&40'0&$(H0/-(=-"%0,2(&%I(
2/0''(2/$#FF'+I(/"(4&Q+(,"%%+,/0"%2(S+/H++%('+//+$2(&%I(2"#%I2>((!"+'6(&%(+'+4+%/&$L(,"#%2+'"$6(
%"/0,+I(/-&/(-02(2/#I+%/2(-&I(/$"#S'+(=&220%F(2/&%I&$I0T+I(/+2/2>((f+SS0+6(&%(0%2/$#,/0"%&'(
2#=+$J02"$6(2&0I(/-&/(2-+(H&%/+I(/-+($+&I0%F(2=+,0&'02/2(/"(S+(+K=+$/2>((^+&$'6(&(Q0%I+$F&$/+%(
/-$"#F-(2+,"%I(F$&I+(0%2/$#,/0"%&'(2=+,0&'02/6()"#%I(/-&/(-+$(/+&,-+$2(%++I+I(4"$+(0%2/$#,/0"%(
&S"#/(/-+(S+%+)0/2(")($+&I(&'"#I>((.'/"F+/-+$6(/-+2+(,L,'+2(2#FF+2/(/-&/(H+(I+J+'"=+I(S+,+(
H+(H+$+(&S'+(/"(=#/(0%/"(=$&,/0,+(H-&/(H+('+&$%+I(&S"#/($+&I0%F(&%I(0/2(0%2/$#,/0"%(&%I(&'2"(/"(
)0%I(H&L2(/"(=#/(H-&/(H+(&$+('+&$%0%F(0%(/-+('&$F+$(,"%/+K/(")(/-+('0/+$&,L(=$")+220"%>((
(
c"$+"J+$6(/-02("=="$/#%0/L(/"(I+J+'"=(&2(&(,"44#%0/L(")(2,-"'&$2(=$"J0I+I(#2(H0/-(&(S+//+$(
H&L(/"(,"%%+,/(H-&/(H+(&$+('+&$%0%F(0%(/-+(F$&I#&/+(,'&22(/"("#$(=+$2"%&'6(=$")+220"%&'(
&2=0$&/0"%2(&%I(H"$Q(,"440/4+%/2(H0/-($+2=+,/(/"('0/+$&,L>((*-&/(02(/"(2&L6('+&$%0%F('0/+$&,L(
/-+"$L(I#$0%F("#$(,"#$2+(")(2/#IL(H&2(&%(04="$/&%/(&2=+,/(/"(H-&/(H+(I0I6(S#/(&I&=/0%F(/-+(
dP""Q6(*-0%Q6(.,/e($+2+&$,-(,L,'+(/"("#$("H%(0%I0J0I#&'(20/#&/0"%2(&''"H+I(#2(/"(S$0%F(/-+2+(
&S2/$&,/(0I+&2(0%/"("#$(real+20/#&/0"%2>((m"L+$(V8``:6(==>(XXDX;Z(&=/'L(2/&/+26(d*-+(&04(")(
+I#,&/0"%(02(%"/(/"("%'L(=$+=&$+(2/#I+%/2()"$(=$"I#,/0J+(V-0F-+$(+I#,&/0"%Z(,&$++$26(S#/(&'2"(/"(
+%&S'+(/-+4(/"('0J+('0J+2(")(I0F%0/L(&%I(=#$="2+_(%"/("%'L(/"(F+%+$&/+(%+H(Q%"H'+IF+6(S#/(/"(
,-&%%+'(/-&/(Q%"H'+IF+(/"(-#4&%+(+%I2>e(*&Q0%F("%(&(=$&,/0/0"%+$D2,-"'&$(V9::XZ($"'+(H&2(/-+(
I0))+$+%,+(/-&/(4&I+(/-+(I0))+$+%,+(/"(-"H(H+(2&H("#$(20/#&/0"%6(/-+(H&L2(H+(/-"#F-/(&S"#/(
/-+46(&%I(H-&/(H+(I0I(&S"#/(0/>(((
(
Conclusion!(
n#$(0/+$&/0"%(")(/-+(dP""Q6(*-0%Q6(.,/e(,L,'+(0%("#$(F$&I#&/+(,'&22($+40%I+I(#2(/-&/(/+&,-+$(
I+,020"%2(&$+(0%)"$4+I(SL(&(4#'/0/#I+(")()&,/"$2(0%,'#I0%Fg(,#$$0,#'&$(4&%I&/+2(0%(/-+0$('",&'(
Journal(of(Teacher(Action(Research((
!"#$%&'(")(*+&,-+$(.,/0"%(1+2+&$,-(- 3"'#4+(56(722#+(86(9:8;6(<=$&,/0,&'/+&,-+$$+2+&$,->,"4?6(7@@A(B(9CC9D99CC(E(!*.1>(.''(10F-/2(
71(
20/#&/0"%26(="'0/0,&'(,'04&/+(&%I(&))0'0&/0"%2(")(/-+(/04+6(2/#I+%/2O(&%I(/+&,-+$2O(%++I26(&%I(/-+(
=$")+220"%&'(I+J+'"=4+%/(+K=+$0+%,+2(")(/-"2+(H-"(&$+(+%F&F+I(0%(/-+(I+,020"%2(V.$&#["6(
9:88Z>(((*-&/(02(/"(2&L6(/-&/(/-+(I+,020"%2(/+&,-+$2(4&Q+(&S"#/(H-&/(H+(/+&,-(&%I(-"H(H+(/+&,-(
0/(02(&(,"4='+K(#%I+$/&Q0%F(&%I($+R#0$+(#2(/"(4&Q+(0/(&(-&S0/(/"(&'H&L2('""Q6(/-0%Q6(&%I(&,/(/"(
+%2#$+(/-&/(H+(&$+(=$"J0I0%F(&I+R#&/+(0%2/$#,/0"%(/"("#$(2/#I+%/2(/-&/(02(2+%20/0J+(/"(/-+0$(
044+I0&/+(%++I2>((\'/04&/+'L6(/-+(2/#I+%/2($+="$/+I(/-&/(/&Q0%F(=&$/(0%(/-02(&,/0"%($+2+&$,-(
,L,'+($+0%J0F"$&/+I(/-+0$(S+'0+)2(&S"#/(/-+(&S0'0/L(/"(,"%%+,/(/-+"$L(/"(=$&,/0,+(&%I(/-+0$(=#$2#0/(
")(&(I",/"$&/+(0%($+&I0%F(+I#,&/0"%>(((
(
i0''0&4(m"H+%6(2&0I6(2,-"'&$'L($+2+&$,-(d$+)'+,/2("#$(=$+220%F6(0$$+=$+220S'+(%++I(&2(-#4&%(
S+0%F2(/"(,"%)$"%/(/-+(#%Q%"H%(&%I(/"(2++Q(#%I+$2/&%I0%F()"$(0/2("H%(2&Q+>((7/(02(/0+I(
0%+K/$0,&S'L(/"(/-+()$++I"4(/"(/-0%Q()$+2-'L6(/"(2++(=$"="20/0"%2(")(+J+$L(Q0%I(0%(+J+$L(,-&%F0%F(
'0F-/>((.%I(0/(,+'+S$&/+2(/-+(2=+,0&'(+K-0'&$&/0"%(/-&/(,"4+2()$"4(+J+$L(%+H(0I+&(Vm"L+$6(8``:6(
=>(8XZ>e((7/(H&2(/-+(0%/+%/(/"(I"([#2/(/-&/(H0/-("#$(dP""Q6(*-0%Q6(.,/e(,L,'+2hH+(Q%"H("#$(
)0%I0%F2(H0/-(/-+2+(0%0/0&'(&//+4=/2(H0''('+&I(#2(/"()#/#$+(H"$Q(&%I(I02,"J+$0+2>((((
(
.2(&,/0"%($+2+&$,-+$26(H+(+K=+$0+%,+I()0$2/D-&%I(/-&/(0/(02(="220S'+(/"(0%%"J&/+("%(/-+($#%h/"(
=&$&''+'(=$")+220"%&'(I+J+'"=4+%/(](,#$$0,#'#4(I+J+'"=4+%/(&2(H+(/$0+I(/"(4++/(/-+(%++I2(")(
/-+(2/#I+%/2>(( ((
(
(
(
!
About!the!Authors!!
!
Juan!Araujo(02(&%(.22",0&/+(^$")+22"$(&%I(.2202/&%/(f+=&$/4+%/(G+&I(H0/-(l#$$0,#'#4(&%I(
7%2/$#,/0"%(&/(*+K&2(.]c(\%0J+$20/L(l"44+$,+>((G+(/+&,-+2(,"#$2+2(&/(/-+(#%I+$F$&I#&/+(&%I(
F$&I#&/+('+J+'(=+$/&0%0%F(/"('&%F#&F+(&%I('0/+$&,L>((G02($+2+&$,-(0%/+$+2/2(I+'J+(0%/"(=$+2+$J0,+(
/+&,-+$(=$+=&$&/0"%6(0%2+$J0,+(=$")+220"%&'(I+J+'"=4+%/6(&%I(H$0/0%F(&%I(0/2(0%2/$#,/0"%>((N4&0'g((
[#&%>&$&#["s/&4#,>+I#>(
(
Joel!Blaylock!02(&%(#==+$(+'+4+%/&$L(,"#%2+'"$(&/(m"%-&4(7@f>((G+(02(R#0,Q'L(&==$"&,-0%F(/-+(
+%I(")(-02(I",/"$&'(,"#$2+H"$Q>((G02($+2+&$,-(0%/+$+2/2(0%,'#I+(/-+(2/#IL(")(2/$#FF'0%F($+&I+$2(
H0/-('+&$%0%F(,-&''+%F+2>((!N4&0'g(!S'&L'",Qs'+"4&0'>/&4#,>+I#>(
!
Journal(of(Teacher(Action(Research((
!"#$%&'(")(*+&,-+$(.,/0"%(1+2+&$,-(- 3"'#4+(56(722#+(86(9:8;6(<=$&,/0,&'/+&,-+$$+2+&$,->,"4?6(7@@A(B(9CC9D99CC(E(!*.1>(.''(10F-/2(
72(
Pearl!Garden!02(&(oD9(7%2/$#,/0"%&'(@=+,0&'02/(0%(f&''&2(7@f>(@-+(-&2(S++%(&%(+I#,&/"$()"$(9:(
L+&$2>(^+&$'(02(&(C$I(L+&$(I",/"$&'(2/#I+%/(&/(*+K&2(.]c(\%0J+$20/L(l"44+$,+>(N4&0'g((
=F&$I+%s'+"4&0'>/&4#,>+I#>(
!
Sandra!Hogg!02(&(%&/0J+(")(*+K&2(H0/-(8;(L+&$2(")(+I#,&/0"%&'(+K=+$0+%,+>((@-+(02(/-+(f+&%(")(
7%2/$#,/0"%()"$(&(,-&$/+$(2,-""'('",&/+I(0%(2"#/-+&2/(f&''&2>((@-+(-&2(S++%(&(/+&,-+$6('0/+$&,L(
0%/+$J+%/0"%02/(&%I(,"&,->((@-+(02(,#$$+%/'L(&(I",/"$&'(2/#I+%/(&/(*+K&2(.]chl"44+$,+(
H-+$+(2-+(02(=#$2#0%F(&(I+F$++(0%(l#$$0,#'#4(&%I(7%2/$#,/0"%>((@-+(02(4&$$0+I(&%I(&(4"/-+$(")(C(
H"%I+$)#'(L"#%F(&I#'/2>((G+$(CDL+&$D"'I(F$&%I2"%(02(/-+('0F-/(")(-+$('0)+(&%I(+%["L2(2=+%I0%F(
/04+(H0/-()&40'L(&%I()$0+%I2>(N4&0'g((2-"FFs'+"4&0'>/&4#,>+I#>(
!
Liza!Larue!02(&(oD9(7%2/$#,/0"%&'(@=+,0&'02/()"$(f&''&2(7@f>((@-+(H&2(&(,'&22$""4(+'+4+%/&$L(
/+&,-+$()"$(89(L+&$2>(P0T&(02(,#$$+%/'L(&(I",/"$&'(2/#I+%/(&/(*+K&2(.]c(l"44+$,+>((G+$(
$+2+&$,-(0%/+$+2/2(0%,'#I+(/-+(04='+4+%/&/0"%(")('0/+$&,L(=$&,/0,+2(&%I(/-+(2/#IL(")(4#'/0D
'0/+$&,0+2(0%(+'+4+%/&$L(,'&22$""42>((N4&0'g((Q'Q[$9C98sF4&0'>,"4>(
!
Deborah!Murillo!02(&%(7%2/$#,/0"%&'(@=+,0&'02/(c&%&F+$(V^oD9Z()"$(f&''&2(7%I+=+%I+%/(@,-""'(
f02/$0,/>((@-+(02(&(C$I(L+&$(I",/"$&'(2/#I+%/(&/(*+K&2(.]c(\%0J+$20/L(l"44+$,+>((N4&0'g(
I4#$0''"8s'+"4&0'>/&4#,>+I#>(
!
Bonnie!Still!02(,#$$+%/'L(&(5/-(&%I(a/-(F$&I+(NP.(&%I(@",0&'(@/#I0+2(/+&,-+$(&/(m"'+2(c0II'+(
@,-""'>((*-02(02(-+$(8C/-(L+&$(0%(+I#,&/0"%>((c2>(@/0''(-&2(/&#F-/(9%I6(5/-6(&%I(a/-(F$&I+("J+$(/-+(
L+&$2>((m"%%0+t2(=-0'"2"=-L(")(+I#,&/0"%(0%,'#I+2(/-+(04="$/&%,+(0%(F$"H0%F(/-$"#F-($+2+&$,-(
&%I(+K=+$0+%,+(&2(H+''(&2(S#0'I0%F($+'&/0"%2-0=2(H0/-(2/#I+%/2(&%I()&40'0+2>(N4&0'g((
S2/0''s'+"4&0'>/&4#,>+I#>(
!
Angela!Venters(02(&(oD5(N'+4+%/&$L(NP.(&%I(fL2'+K0&(@=+,0&'02/(0%(N&2/(*+K&2>((.%F+'&(02(&(Y/-D
L+&$(I",/"$&'(2/#I+%/(&/(*+K&2(.]chl"44+$,+>((G+$($+2+&$,-(0%/+$+2/(02(2/$#FF'0%F($+&I+$26(
=&$/0,#'&$'L(/-"2+(/-&/(&$+(0I+%/0)0+I(&2(IL2'+K0,>(.%F+'&(-&2(S++%(0%(+I#,&/0"%()"$(8;(L+&$26(
2+$J0%F(0%(4#'/0='+(,&=&,0/0+2>((N4&0'g((4$+2J+%/+$2sF4&0'>,"4>(
!
Leslie!Patterson!/&#F-/(N%F'02-(&%I('&%F#&F+(&$/2(0%(*+K&2(40II'+(&%I(-0F-(2,-""'2()"$(/+%(L+&$2(
S+)"$+(S+,"40%F(&(/+&,-+$(+I#,&/"$>((A"H($+/0$+I()$"4(#%0J+$20/L(H"$Q6(2-+(02(&(l"Df0$+,/"$(")(
/-+(A"$/-(@/&$(")(*+K&2(i$0/0%F(^$"[+,/6(&(A&/0"%&'(i$0/0%F(^$"[+,/(20/+6(&%I(&(,"%2#'/&%/(H0/-(
G#4&%(@L2/+42(fL%&40,2(7%2/0/#/+6(H-0,-()",#2+2("%(F+%+$&/0J+(H"$Q(0%(,"4='+K(
2L2/+42>((N4&0'g(('+2'0+>=&//+$2"%s#%/>+I#>(
!
!
Journal(of(Teacher(Action(Research((
!"#$%&'(")(*+&,-+$(.,/0"%(1+2+&$,-(- 3"'#4+(56(722#+(86(9:8;6(<=$&,/0,&'/+&,-+$$+2+&$,->,"4?6(7@@A(B(9CC9D99CC(E(!*.1>(.''(10F-/2(
73(
References(
(
.'J+$4&%%6(f>(N>6(\%$(A>(!>6(](1#II+''6(1>(VNI2Z>(V9:8CZ>(Theoretical+models+and+processes+of+reading(Va/-(
(+I0/0"%Z>(A+H&$Q>(fNg(7%/+$%&/0"%&'(1+&I0%F(.22",0&/0"%>((
(
.$&#["6(!>(!>(V9:88Z>(*+&,-+$(I+,020"%D4&Q0%Fg(l#'/#$&'(4+I0&/0"%(0%(/H"(-0F-(2,-""'(N%F'02-('&%F#&F+(&$/2(
(,'&22$""42>(\%=#S'02-+I(f022+$/&/0"%>(f+%/"%6(*ug(\%0J+$20/L(")(A"$/-(*+K&2>(((
(
.22",0&/0"%6(.4+$0,&%(V9::XZ>(Getting+in>(i&2-0%F/"%g(.4+$0,&%(^2L,-"'"F0,&'(.22",0&/0"%>(
m"L+$6(N>(P>(V9::`Z>(Scholarship+reconsidered:+Priorities+of+the+professorate>(@&%(b$&%,02,"6(l.g(*-+(l&$%+F0+(
(b"#%I&/0"%()"$(/-+(.IJ&%,+4+%/(")(*+&,-0%F>((
(
l&$%+F0+(b"#%I&/0"%(V9:8CZ>((*-+(l&$%+F0+(b"#%I&/0"%(")(0%2/0/#/0"%2(")(-0F-+$(+I#,&/0"%>((f"H%'"&I+I("%(
(c&L(C86(9:8X()$"4(
(-//=gMM,&$%+F0+,'&220)0,&/0"%2>0#>+I#M'""Q#=MJ0+Hv0%2/0/#/0"%>=-=j#%0/v0Iw99Y55Y]2/&$/v=&F+w'""Q#
(=>=-=],'RwxXmx99)0$2/v'+//+$x99xC.x99*x99xXf(
(
l'&L6(c>(V8`;9Z>(Observing+young+readers:+Selected+papers>(NK+/+$6(AGg(G+0%+4&%%>((
(
l'&L6(c>(V9::8Z>(Change+over+time+in+children’s+literacy+development>(^"$/24"#/-6(AGg(G+0%+4&%%>(
(
b"#%/&26(7>(l>6(](^0%%+''6(W>(@>(V9:89Z>(W#0I+I($+&I0%Fg(*-+($"4&%,+(&%I(/-+($+&'0/L>(The+Reading+Teacher6(66VYZ6(
(9a;D9;Y>(I"0g8:>8::9M/$/$>:889C(
(
W""I4&%6(k>(c>6(](W""I4&%6(o>(@>(V9:8CZ>(*"(+$$(02(-#4&%g(P+&$%0%F(&S"#/('&%F#&F+(=$",+22+2(SL(&%&'LT0%F(
(402,#+2>(7%(Theoretical+models+and+processes+of+reading(Va/-(+I>6(==>(595D5YCZ>(A+H&$Q6(fNg(
(7%/+$%&/0"%&'(1+&I0%F(.22",0&/0"%>((
(
W$#H+''6(N>(V9::XZ>(Teach+with+your+heart:+Lessons+I+learned+from+the+freedom+writers>(Akg(m$"&IH&L(m""Q2>((
(
o0%I'+6(o>(!>(V9::`6(A"J+4S+$Z>(3",&S#'&$L(I+J+'"=4+%/(I#$0%F($+&ID&'"#I2g(=$04&$L(=$&,/0,+2>(The+Reading+
+Teacher,+63VCZ6(9:9D988>(
(
P&J+6(!>6(](i+%F+$6(N>(V8``8Z>(@0/#&/+I('+&$%0%Fg(P+F0/04&/+(=+$0=-+$&'(=&$/0,0=&/0"%>((l&4S$0IF+6(\og(
(l&4S$0IF+(\%0J+$20/L(^$+22>(
(
P+H0%6(o>(V8`YaZ>(.,/0"%($+2+&$,-(&%I(40%"$0/L(=$"S'+42>(7%(W>(i>(P+H0%(VNI>Z(Resolving+social+conflicts.(A+H(
(k"$Q6(Akg(G&$=+$(&%I(1"H>((
(
c+$/'+$6(l>(.>(V9::`Z>(Action+research:+Teachers+as+researchers+in+the+classroom+(2nd+edition).+P"2(.%F+'+26(l.g(
(@&F+(^#S'0,&/0"%2>((
(
A&FL6(i>(N>6(](@,"//6(!>(V9:8CZ>(3",&S#'&$L(=$",+22+2>(7%(f>(N>(.'J+$4&%%6(A>(!>(\%$(](1>(m>(1#II+''(VNI2>Z(
(Theoretical+models+and+processes+of+reading(V5/-(+I>6(==>(Y5;DYXCZ>(A+H&$Q6(fNg(7%/+$%&/0"%&'(1+&I0%F(
(.22",0&/0"%>(
(
^&'0%,2&$6(.>6(](m$"H%6(.>(V8`;YZ>(1+,0=$",&'(/+&,-0%F(")(,"4=$+-+%20"%D)"2/+$0%F(&%I(,"4=$+-+%20"%D4"%0/"$0%F(
&,/0J0/0+2>(Cognition+and+Instruction,+16(88XD8X5>(
Journal(of(Teacher(Action(Research((
!"#$%&'(")(*+&,-+$(.,/0"%(1+2+&$,-(- 3"'#4+(56(722#+(86(9:8;6(<=$&,/0,&'/+&,-+$$+2+&$,->,"4?6(7@@A(B(9CC9D99CC(E(!*.1>(.''(10F-/2(
74(
^&$0S&Q-/6(*>(@>6(](i+2,-+6(c>(V8``XZ>(3",&S#'&$L(+%-&%,+4+%/(&,/0J0/0+2(&%I($+&I0%F()"$(4+&%0%F(0%(2+,"%I(
('&%F#&F+(J",&S#'&$L(&,R#020/0"%>(Second+language+vocabulary+acquisition:+A+rationale+for+pedagogy6(
(55VYZ6(8XYD9::>(
(
^&//+$2"%6(P>6(m&'IH0%6(@>6(.$&#["6(!>6(@-+&$+$6(1>6(](@/+H&$/6(c>(V9:8:Z>(P""Q6(/-0%Q6(&,/g(\20%F(,$0/0,&'(&,/0"%(
($+2+&$,-(/"(2#2/&0%($+)"$4(0%(,"4='+K(/+&,-0%FM'+&$%0%F(+,"'"F0+2>(Journal+of+Inquiry+and+Action+in+
+Education,+3(3),(8C`D85X>(
(
^0%+6(W>(V9::`Z>(Teacher+action+research:+Building+knowledge+democracies>(*-"#2&%I(n&Q26(l.g(@&F+(
(^#S'0,&/0"%2>((
(
1&20%2Q06(*>(V9:8:Z>(The+fluent+reader:+Oral+and+silent+reading+strategies+for+building+fluency,+word+recognition,+
+and+comprehension>(Akg(@,-"'&2/0,(l"$="$&/0"%>((
(
1&20%2Q06(*>(3>6(](^&I&Q6(A>(f>(V9:89Z>(From+phonics+to+fluency:+Effective+teaching+of+decoding+and+reading++fluency+
+in+the+elementary+school>(^+&$2"%(^#S'0,&/0"%2>((
(
1&J0/,-6(f>(V9:8:Z>(The+death+and+life+of+the+great+American+school+system:+How+testing+and+choice+are+
+undermining+education>(Akg(m&20,(m""Q2>(((
(
1"2+%S'&//6(P>(c>(V8`X;Z>(The+reader,+the+text,+and+the+poem:+The+transactional+theory+of+literacy+work>(
(l&$S"%I&'+6(7Pg(@"#/-+$%(7''0%"02(^$+22>((
(
1#44+'-&$/6(f>(N>(V8``YZ>(*"H&$I(&%(0%/+$&,/0J+(4"I+'(")($+&I0%F>(7%(1>(m>(1#II+''6(c>(1>(1#II+''6(](m>(@0%F+$(VNI2>Z(
Theoretical+models+and+processes+of+reading(VY/-(+I>6(==(;aYD;;YZ>(A+H&$Q6(fNg(7%/+$%&/0"%&'(1+&I0%F(
.22",0&/0"%>(
(
@0%F+$6(G>(V8``YZ>(*-+(2#S2/$&/&D)&,/"$(/-+"$L(")($+&I0%F>((7%(1>(m>(1#II+''6(c>(1>(1#II+''6(](G>(@0%F+$(VNI2>Z+
Theoretical+models+and+processes+of+reading+VY/-(+I>6(==>(;`5D`9XZ>(A+H&$Q6(fNg(7%/+$%&/0"%&'(1+&I0%F(
.22",0&/0"%>((
(
@/$0%F+$6(N>(*>(V8``aZ>(Action+research:+A+handbook+for+practitioners>(*-"#2&%I(n&Q26(l.g(@&F+(^#S'0,&/0"%2>(
(
@/$0%F+$6(N>(*>(V9::XZ>(Action+research>(VC$I(+I0/0"%Z>(P"2(.%F+'+26(l.g(@&F+>(
(
@/$0%F+$6(N>(*>6(l-$02/+%2+%6(P>(c>(](m&'IH0%6(@>(l>(V9::`Z>(Integrating+teaching,+learning,+and+action+research:+
+ Enhancing+instruction+in+the+K-12+classroom>(*-"#2&%I(n&Q26(l.g((@&F+>(
(
k0%6(1>(V8`;YZ>(Case+study+research:+Design+and+methods(V9%I(NI>Z>(m+J+$'L(G0''26(l.g(@&F+(^#S'0,&/0"%2>(((
!!
(
(
!
( (