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Intercultural communication effectiveness, cultural intelligence and knowledge sharing: Extending anxiety-uncertainty management theory
Abstract
We extend the conceptualization of Anxiety–Uncertainty Management theory to include an intercultural capability in the form of cultural intelligence (CQ) and by linking intercultural communication effectiveness to knowledge sharing. Specifically, we formulate a moderated- mediation model and test the model using survey data collected from employees working in intercultural contexts in Australia (n = 285). Results show that anxiety is significantly and negatively related to knowledge sharing. Similarly, results demonstrate that uncertainty is significantly and negatively related to knowledge sharing. Results of the moderated-mediation analysis using the PROCESS approach show that intercultural communication effectiveness mediates the abovementioned relationships and that the first stages of mediation (i.e., anxiety-intercultural communication effectiveness and uncertainty–intercultural communication effectiveness relationships) are moderated by CQ. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
... Some other researchers (e.g. Croucher et al., 2015;Duronto et al,, 2005;Gudykunst, 1998, Hammer et al., 1998, Presbitero & Attar, 2018 stress the fact that anxiety and uncertainty have a significant impact on cross-cultural communication. Thus, developing anxiety and uncertainty-reduction strategies is a key to effectively manage intercultural communication. ...
... Literature review (Croucher et al., 2015;Duronto et al., 2005;Gudykunst, 1998;Hammer et al., 1998;Presbitero & Attar, 2018) on intercultural communication management shows that Anxiety-Uncertainty Management theory by Gudykunst (1998) has strongly influenced research on interpersonal and intergroup communication effectiveness. Some authors (e.g. ...
... Some authors (e.g. Hammer et al, 1998;Presbitero & Attar, 2018) claim that individual-level attributes (i.e., anxiety and uncertainty) can relate to knowledge sharing. Duronto et al (2005) point out that uncertainty is a cognitive phenomenon, and they identify two types of uncertainty: predictive (the uncertainty about predicting others' attitudes, feelings, beliefs, values, and behaviours) and explanatory (the individual ability to explain the behaviour, attitudes, feelings, thoughts and beliefs of strangers). ...
The aim of the study is to examine strategies used in intercultural encounters by Polish and Turkish students of Foreign Languages (n1=50, n2=50, respectively) who have experienced intercultural communication. Intercultural encounters are viewed as ‘language-in-action’ situations because they provide a rich source of information about linguistic devices used during intercultural exchanges, sources of misunderstanding and miscommunication, and strategies implemented to transfer information or maintain conversational involvement of the interlocutors. This study offers some insights into the frequency and variety of the strategies used in intercultural encounters. It was conducted as a small-scale project, with the Critical Incident Technique and questionnaires administered to collect data. The research participants (C1/C2 levels of proficiency) were supposed to produce written narratives describing the most memorable intercultural encounters and report on intercultural communication strategies. Their narratives were later analysed to identify strategies applied to manage intercultural communication and achieve communicative goals (e.g. maintaining contact and/or conveying necessary information). Research findings show that Proactively seeking clarification and Building intercultural connection or relationship were the most frequent strategies used by these two groups. However, research results also suggest that the choice of strategies depends on such factors as the participants’ level of language proficiency, their cultural background or the quality and quantity of intercultural contacts. Cross-cultural analysis indicates that Turkish students are more socially- and culturally oriented, whereas Polish students display a tendency to focus more on cognitive and linguistic aspects of intercultural encounters. Findings from the study can be of help for educators and trainers involved in researching intercultural communication, strategic involvement and training.
... Additionally, high social skills in peers reflect a high level of trust and commitment among students with their peers (Ng, 2020;Tansley & Newell, 2007). In this regard, Moran (2005) and Presbitero and Attar (2018) showed that trust in peers enable people to share knowledge and skills with others. Moreover, it encourage students to freely and fearlessly share their ideas. ...
... In the same vein, Aquino and Serva (2005) believe that students' commitments to their peers will motivate them to do more work. According to literatures (Moran, 2005;Dokhtesmati & Bousari, 2013;Yassin et al., 2013;Tsai & Cheng, 2010;Kang, Kim, & Chang, 2008;Ramayah et al., 2013;Rodman & Trespalacios, 2018;Kwahk & Park, 2016;andPresbitero &Attar, 2018, Muhammed &Zaim, 2020 2020) the factors affecting KS in academic settings could generally be divided into two categories of factors: 1) Individual factors (as input), and 2) organizational factors (as context) ( Table 2). ...
... As mentioned previously, KS in academic settings is a function of various factors which have been categorized into two parts: 1) underlying factors related to university functions; and 2) inputs related to the specific characteristics of students. The most significant underlying factors influencing SE-related KS were as follows: a) ICT infrastructures in the university; b) university culture; c) sustainable development-related educational programs (Bavik et al., 2018;Calvo et al., 2019;Chen, Davison, et al., 2018;Kwahk & Park, 2016;Presbitero & Attar, 2018;Rodman & Trespalacios, 2018). ICT infrastructures influence the improvement of students' level of KS both directly and through the mediation of social relations. ...
The development of sustainable entrepreneurship competencies (SEC) among students as future business owners be a key factor in reducing the destructive effects of unsustainable production. Accordingly, the Knowledge-Sharing Process (KSP) related to sustainable entrepreneurship was recognized as an important mediating variable in providing SEC. This process has been affected by an interrelated set of contextual factors and student inputs. Using a Mix-Methods approaches in the study, we depict the way these factors influence the KSP and their relationships with each other and improve the level of SEC among students. For this purpose, PRISMA flowchart in qualitative part and Structural Equation Model (SEM) in quantitative part were used. Fifteen articles were analyzed in qualitative part using NVivo11 software and a total of seven factors affecting the KSP were identified. The findings from SME revealed that university culture and education, respectively, have the highest impact on KSP and SEC among students. The experimental research model help university administrators to plan effectively in order to strengthen SEC among students. Moreover, a process-oriented structure of the factors affecting KSP and SEC is provided, which can be a basis for future research in this field.
... To fill this gap, the SIT is used to conceptualize how expatriates' interaction adjustment relates to the social identification of HCNs. The literature suggests that interaction adjustment of expatriates leads to their gradual relationship development with HCNs (Presbitero and Attar, 2018;Varma et al., 2016a). Hence, the impact of interaction adjustment of expatriates on the development of a common social identity between expatriates and HCNs is examined. ...
... In line with the above, some literature in international business also suggests that successful interaction adjustment facilitates expatriates in becoming mindful of initiating conducive changes in host country organizations (Ang and Tan, 2016;Presbitero and Attar, 2018), particularly when they work at top management positions in a host unit (Sekiguchi et al., 2011;Tao et al., 2018), as one of their major responsibilities is to align HCNs goals in line with the HQs expectations (Pak et al., 2019). Thus, a conducive work environment is created through the development of mutual trust with HCNs (Ismail, 2015;Toh and Srinivas, 2012), working toward shared goals (Ang and Tan, 2016;Mahajan and Toh, 2014) and by engaging in intercultural communication with HCNs (Peltokorpi, 2010;Presbitero and Attar, 2018). ...
... In line with the above, some literature in international business also suggests that successful interaction adjustment facilitates expatriates in becoming mindful of initiating conducive changes in host country organizations (Ang and Tan, 2016;Presbitero and Attar, 2018), particularly when they work at top management positions in a host unit (Sekiguchi et al., 2011;Tao et al., 2018), as one of their major responsibilities is to align HCNs goals in line with the HQs expectations (Pak et al., 2019). Thus, a conducive work environment is created through the development of mutual trust with HCNs (Ismail, 2015;Toh and Srinivas, 2012), working toward shared goals (Ang and Tan, 2016;Mahajan and Toh, 2014) and by engaging in intercultural communication with HCNs (Peltokorpi, 2010;Presbitero and Attar, 2018). Positive evaluation of leaders' efforts, in turn, enhances socialization among expatriates and HCNs (Ang and Tan, 2016) and helps HCNs in embracing memberships of new groups (Bonache et al., 2016). ...
Purpose
This article examines the impact of expatriates' interaction adjustment and conducive work environment (i.e. trust, shared vision and intercultural communication) on the development of a common social identity between expatriates and host country nationals (HCNs) using the social identity theory (SIT). It also investigates whether increased trust, shared vision and intercultural communication mediate the relationship between expatriates' interaction adjustment and development of a common social identity.
Design/methodology/approach
Dyadic data were collected from 93 Chinese expatriates and 239 Pakistani HCNs using a three-wave time-lag design. A multilevel model was estimated using Bayesian estimation technique in the Mplus software.
Findings
Empirical evidence suggests an inverse relationship between expatriates' interaction adjustment and the development of a common social identity between expatriates and HCNs. Further, trust and intercultural communication led to a positive impact on the group memberships between expatriates and HCNs. However, no support was found regarding the mediating role of trust, shared vision and intercultural communication in this empirical research.
Originality/value
The existing literature focuses mainly on change experiences of expatriates during international assignments. However, the current study goes beyond this and investigates the individualized change experiences of HCNs. Further, empirical evidence in this research found a negative relationship between expatriates' interaction adjustment and the development of a common social identity between expatriates and HCNs, which needs to be examined further.
... Neuliep (2017) stated that when students engage in intercultural communication, they tend to face the highest degree of "strangeness" and the lowest degree of familiarity. The resultant feelings of discomfort and uneasiness lead to an unwillingness for and avoidance of intercultural communication (Presbitero & Attar, 2018). As high uncertainty will reduce student's IWTC, we hypothesize: ...
... Similarly, the finding of H3 revealed that uncertainty also has a significant negative relationship with IWTC. The finding that when uncertainty is high, IWTC will be low, supports the claim made in past studies that when uncertainty is high, individuals tend to feel uneasy and thus decide to avoid initiating intercultural communication (Ismail, 2015;Logan et al., 2015Logan et al., , 2016Logan et al., , 2017Presbitero & Attar, 2018;Redmond, 2015). When students have the opportunity to willingly communicate with culturally diverse students, they might be uncertain whether the other student is interested in communicating. ...
... This interpersonal dynamic between knowledge senders and receivers is consistent with Weick's (1979) theory of organizing. Providing empirical support for this, Presbitero and Attar (2018) found that interaction anxiety and uncertainty negatively relate to knowledge sharing for employees working in a cross-cultural context. Therefore, when expatriates and HCNs engage in knowledge transfer, we anticipate that receivers' interaction anxiety and uncertainty will play a critical, yet indirect, role on knowledge transfer. ...
... Because shared native language between expatriates and HCNs may facilitate their communication effectiveness and knowledge flows (Reiche et al., 2017), we controlled for whether expatriates and HCNs have a shared native language (0 ¼ No and 1 ¼ Yes). Last, we controlled for cultural differences between expatriates and HCNs because of the potential influence of cultural differences on perceptions of communication behaviors and adverse feelings (Presbitero and Attar, 2018). Cultural differences between expatriates and HCNs were measured using the absolute difference value between their Hofstede's individualism-collectivism scores (Beugelsdijk and Welzel, 2018 To examine both moderation and moderated mediation effects, we applied the actorpartner interdependence moderation model (APIMoM). ...
Purpose
Integrating anxiety and uncertainty management (AUM) theory and theory of organizing, this study aims to contribute to the knowledge management literature by examining the interdependent and bidirectional nature of knowledge transfer between expatriates and host country nationals (HCNs). Specifically, the authors investigate how receivers’ cognitive response to senders’ behaviors during their interactions becomes an important conduit between senders’ behaviors and the successful transfer of knowledge.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors used the actor partner interdependence model to analyze data from 107 expatriate-HCN dyads. The authors collected the responses of these expatriate-HCN dyads in Shanghai, Taipei, Hong Kong, Vietnam, South Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and India.
Findings
Receivers’ interaction anxiety and uncertainty, as a response to senders’ relationship building behaviors, mediate the relationship between senders’ relationship building behaviors and successful knowledge transfer. When senders are expatriates, senders’ communication patience and relationship building behaviors interact to reduce the direct and indirect effects of both receivers’ interaction anxiety and uncertainty. However, when senders are HCNs, the moderation and moderated mediation models are not supported.
Originality/value
The study contributes to the knowledge management literature by investigating knowledge transfer between expatriates and HCNs using an interpersonal cross-cultural communication lens. The authors make refinements to AUM theory by going beyond the sender role to highlighting the interdependence between senders and receivers in the management of anxiety and uncertainty which, in turn, influences the effectiveness of cross-cultural communication. The study is also unique in that the authors underscore an important yet understudied construct, communication patience, in the successful transfer of knowledge.
... Research also shows that cultural intelligence is an important direct indicator for successful IC (e.g., Ang et al., 2007;Coşkun Erçelik et al., 2022;Earley et al., 2006;Petrović, 2011;Presbitero & Attar, 2018;Popescu, 2023;Sharma & Hussain, 2017;Triandis, 1995;Yeke & Semerciöz, 2016). Therefore, statistically, improved cultural intelligence might be safely interpreted as improved ICC. ...
... Validity evidence, including the internal structure and reliability have been established by previous research (Neto et al., 2021;Thomas et al., 2015aThomas et al., , 2015b. As has been discussed in the literature review section, research has shown that employees' cultural intelligence can significantly predict their ICC (e.g., Ang et al., 2007;Presbitero & Attar, 2018;Sharma & Hussain, 2017), and cultural intelligence is a more stable attribute and can be probably transferred to different contexts. We would argue that the indirect measurement of cultural intelligence can be used to examine the effectiveness of our intervention of IC training. ...
This study combined the use of a simulated group project, self-assessments, and reflective essays and investigated their effectiveness in improving the intercultural communicative competence of Master of Business Administration students. The self-assessment data reveal that the knowledge dimension of cultural intelligence, which serves as an indirect measurement of intercultural communicative competence, exhibited greater improvement compared to the skill and metacognitive dimensions. The interviews and reflective essays not only corroborate with the quantitative findings in terms of the improvement in the knowledge dimension, but also suggest students’ perceived value of this course in arousing the awareness and interests and strengthening the motivation for intercultural communication. It also reveals that the lack of work experience causes students’ difficulty in relating what they learn in class to business practice. Based on these results, we argue that our approach can be effective in arousing students’ awareness of intercultural communication and imparting necessary knowledge, and it can be more effective if teachers can guide students to transfer their learning to the real-world business scenarios.
... Numerous studies have examined intercultural competence issues among individuals over the previous three decades (Deardorff, 2006;Portera, 2020;Portera & Milani, 2021). Many other studies have been conducted to assess the intercultural competence of individuals in different disciplines, such as military force (Miller & Tucker, 2015), education (Duvivier, 2017;Gong et al., 2018;Jackson, 2015;Odağ et al., 2016;Streitwieser & Light, 2018;Peng & Wu, 2016), business (Feng, 2016;Nair-Venugopal, 2015), management (Presbitero & Attar, 2018) and other multidisciplinary fields (Lieberman & Gamst, 2015). Recently, there have been considerable academic and student exchanges across the globe for further education (Portera, 2020;Portera & Milani, 2021;Vögtle & Windzio, 2023). ...
... It is unfortunate that, of all the reviewed studies (e.g., Deardorff, 2006;Duvivier, 2017;Feng, 2016;Gong et al., 2018;Jackson, 2015;Lieberman & Gamst, 2015;Miller & Tucker, 2015;Nair-Venugopal, 2015;Odağ et al., 2016;Peng & Wu, 2016;Portera & Milani, 2021;Presbitero & Attar, 2018;Streitwieser & Light, 2018;Vižintin, 2022), no studies have focused on intercultural competence of teacher educators in an African context, specifically Tanzania. Many of the relevant and accessible literature were from outside Africa and Tanzania in particular. ...
Recently, teacher educators have been required to possess strong academic credentials and intercultural competencies to teach successfully. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the extent to which teacher educators possess the skills of intercultural competence. Also, the study examines the factors that influence the intercultural competence of teacher educators. A sample of 300 teacher educators selected from two Tanzanian university colleges is used. The results indicate that teacher educators had higher mean scores in the dimensions of attitude, external outcomes, internal outcomes, and skills but significantly lower mean scores in the dimension of knowledge. Furthermore, factors such as living abroad, duration of staying abroad, level of education, academics’ teaching experience, and the faculty from where the academics come are significantly related to at least one dimension of intercultural competence. For instance, academics’ level of education is significantly related to the attitude, knowledge, and skills dimensions of intercultural competence. Therefore, the results have far-reaching implications for policy and future research.
... A sample of 217 expatriates from 26 countries living in Brazil revealed a positive association between cultural intelligence and cross-cultural adaptation (Nunes et al., 2017). Uncertainty for domestic or international adjustment is alike and cultural intelligence can alleviate the unresolved feelings (Presbitero & Attar, 2018). Confirmation of a positive relationship between cultural intelligence and general, work and interactional adjustment of 134 expatriates in Malaysia was supported by Malek and Budhwar (2013). ...
... The literature review advocated the idea that cultural intelligence can impact expatriates' cross-cultural adjustment (Chen et al., 2014;Nunes et al., 2017;Presbitero & Attar, 2018;Hong et al., 2021;Kadam, et al., 2021). In the present study, sociocultural and psychological adjustment was regarded as conceptually separate outcomes of adaptation as suggested by Searle and Ward (1990). ...
Cultural diversity in the 21st century makes it imperative for managers to examine the multidimensional construct of cultural intelligence, aiming to solve cross-cultural problems, mitigate culture shock and promote a harmonious work environment. Using the quota sampling technique, this quantitative paper gathered data from three subgroups in Bangkok: Thai, Chinese and ASEAN employees from two organizations settings, consisting of heterogeneous and homogeneous employees. The relationship between the four dimensions of cultural intelligence proposed by Earley and Ang (2003), to sociocultural adaptation developed by Wilson (2013), and psychological adjustment developed by Demes and Geeraert (2014), was hypothesized. Results of Structural Equation Modeling, Multiple Group Analysis and ANOVA, fully or partially supported the predictions hypothesized, indicating differences on the dimensions of cultural intelligence and cultural adaptation across different sub-groups of expatriates, within a single national culture. The assumption of these findings is that expatriates exposed to a host culture, in contrast to their own, can be coached prior to an international assignment with cross-cultural capabilities, so as to avoid depersonalization while simultaneously mastering diverse skills in a cultural context in order to excel with job accomplishments and integration within a culture. The dual dimensions of sociocultural and psychological adjustment can be conceptualized independently, to procure an in-depth picture of expatriates from diverse cultural backgrounds.
... Cultural intelligence is also able to reduce the anxiety that may arise in the process. knowledge exchange in cross-cultural contexts (Presbitero & Attar, 2018). ...
... Chew et al. (2019), expands on previous research on the mediating role of cross-cultural adaptability, both conceptually and empirically, in relation to cultural intelligence and its influence in multicultural organizations. Adaptability in cross-cultural contexts determines an individual's ability to communicate with other individuals from different cultural backgrounds, Presbitero & Attar (2018), confirmed this in their study of 285 expatriates working in Australia. The ability to adapt across cultures is determined by the cultural intelligence of each individual. ...
This study aims to determine the role of cross cultural adaptability in mediating the influence of cultural intelligence on knowledge sharing of expatriate workers in Bali. This research was conducted on a sample of 167 respondents who are expatriate workers who work in the province of Bali. Determination of the sample is done by using non-probability sampling with incidental sampling technique. Data analysis was performed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using the Partial Least Square (PLS) approach. The results showed that cultural intelligence and cross cultural adaptability had a positive and significant effect on knowledge sharing and cross cultural adaptability was able to partially mediate the influence of cultural intelligence on knowledge sharing. These results illustrate that the knowledge sharing displayed by expatriate workers will be better, if the cultural intelligence they have is high. High cultural intelligence will support good adaptability to new environments, and good adaptability will help expatriate workers to communicate and share knowledge with local workers better. Expatriate workers who have high cultural intelligence will have better cross-cultural adaptability, which will have an impact on the ability to share knowledge that is getting better.
... Besides metacognitive cultural intelligence, the other dimensions of cultural intelligence were not measured by these authors. Limited, but other recent empirical research (Isichei 2017;Presbitero & Attar 2018) also implies that cultural intelligence has a positive effect on individuals' knowledge-sharing behaviour. ...
... The results of this study are in congruence with previous empirical studies (e.g. Li et al. 2021;Presbitero & Attar 2018;Stoica et al. 2020) that reported a positive relationship between cultural intelligence and knowledge sharing. The findings of this study imply that individuals' cultural alertness during social relations with other members from different cultures has a positive influence on their knowledge-sharing behaviour with members of their team. ...
Background: Although knowledge sharing among members of knowledge-intensive teams can enhance an organisation’s competitive advantage, individuals are often reluctant to share their knowledge. Inadequate cultural intelligence could explain this reluctance in knowledge sharing. Empirical research on cultural intelligence and knowledge sharing in a culturally diverse team context is scant, and existing research is rather outdated. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of cultural intelligence on the intra-team knowledge-sharing behaviour of individual members of knowledge-intensive teams in South African organisations.Objective: This study aimed to address the gap in the knowledge-sharing literature concerning the relationship between cultural intelligence and intra-team knowledge-sharing behaviour, especially in a culturally diverse context such as South Africa. Understanding and successfully managing cultural intelligence in diverse knowledge-intensive teams can increase intra-team knowledge-sharing behaviour and, subsequently, an organisation’s overall competitive advantage.Method: Positivism, which is associated with quantitative research, and a deductive approach were adopted to empirically test the relationship between intra-team knowledge-sharing behaviour and cultural intelligence. The data were collected through an online survey from 384 respondents who participated in knowledge-intensive teams in South African organisations. Structural equation modelling was conducted to assess the relationship between the variables.Results: The results of the study revealed that cultural intelligence is significantly and positively related to intra-team knowledge-sharing behaviour.Conclusion: Team leaders can enhance cultural intelligence and, subsequently, intra-team knowledge-sharing behaviour and an organisation’s competitive advantage through practical recommendations proposed by this study.
... Uncertainty literature can help reduce product uncertainty and foster trust for consumers with similar physical properties and values (Lu & Chen, 2021). Uncertainty is significantly and negatively associated with knowledge sharing (Presbitero & Attar, 2018). Cognitive factors are more effective than affective factors in reducing uncertainty (Wang et al., 2021). ...
... Qualitative research produces and processes descriptive data, such as interview transcriptions and observations. Qualitative research as a way to make direct observations on individuals and relate to these people to extract the data (Moleong, 2017). Phenomenological research seeks to uncover and explain the meaning of phenomena experienced by a group of individuals consciously. ...
This study aims to determine how users respond to the use of social media during online learning after the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of uncertainty reduction theory. This study uses a phenomenological research method, where data collection is carried out by means of Focus Group Discussion (FGD), which was conducted twice on 15 users of online learning applications. Through this research, it is known that the user's response from the compulsion in using the online learning model is that the subject tends to feel mostly bored, difficult to discipline, tendency to be lazy, and has the proclivity to be dishonest. In addition, in terms of emotional connection, teachers and students do not have a good bond, which is far different when using the offline learning modality. The majority of users prefer to utilize the offline learning system when the pandemic ends. One person prefers to use a hybrid system which is a combination of online and offline learning method.
... 2009). Researches on ICC have been conducted to analyze the effective communication and behaviors of groups from different cultural backgrounds [for example international students (Saini and Ardhy, 2023;Vromans et al., 2023;Zhang and Zeng, 2023), multinational company employees (Presbitero and Attar, 2018), immigrants (Samovar et al., 2013;Dalib et al., 2023), workers (Martin and Nakayama, 2015), businessman (Jiao et al., 2020), university supervisors (Anuar et al., 2025)], in intercultural situations. However, there are few studies on ICC of government leading officials. ...
Introduction
In the context of the Belt and Road Initiative, inland China city such as Xi’an, is in a situation where native and foreign cultures are intertwined. Government leading officials are crucial to the effectiveness of intercultural communication in the region, but little attention has been paid to the government leading officials’ intercultural communication competence (ICC) and its factors.
Methods
In this investigation, the factors of ICC were expanded to psychological factors (attitude and awareness of intercultural communication), knowledge factors (native and foreign cultural knowledge), and skill factors (resilience and pragmatic skills for intercultural communication). A structured questionnaire was administered to 578 government leading officials in Xi’an. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, factor analysis, difference analysis, and regression analysis.
Results
The study revealed that among the factors of ICC, intercultural communication awareness exerted the strongest influence on resilience skills. Additionally, the highest foreign language score, participation in training, education status, and frequency of contact with foreigners significantly impacted ICC.
Conclusion
This study expanded existing intercultural communication models. Based on the results of the analysis, possible measures to promote ICC of government leading officials were proposed, including the enhancement of foreign language skills, participation in professional training, intercultural situational education, and study abroad.
... Furthermore, obstacles may arise from perfectionism, a fear of making mistakes or a fear of looking foolish (Tsui et al., 2009). Results from a study on the efficiency of cross-cultural communication, cultural acuity and information exchange by Presbitero and Attar (2018) indicate that anxiety is strongly and adversely associated with knowledge sharing. Team arousal, where team members' anxiety levels are high, together with stress, has been isolated as a determinant in the withholding of knowledge within organisations (Wang & Chang, 2018). ...
Purpose: This study explores the effect of affective commitment on knowledge-sharing behaviour (KSB), highlighting the role of positive and negative affect (emotions) in shaping this relationship in higher educational institutions. A robust knowledge-sharing environment fosters decent work encouraging institutional members to collaborate and share knowledge for mutual success.Design/methodology/approach: The study employed a cross-sectional design, with cluster sampling encompassing five universities in Zimbabwe. Data were collected via an electronic questionnaire distributed to academic staff, ensuring convenience and minimising response bias. A cover page provided a debriefing on the study’s purpose.Findings/results: Statistical findings show a significant relationship between affect and knowledge sharing. They also affirm a positive correlation between high affective commitment and elevated KSB.Practical implications: The study advises practitioners and managers of higher educational institutions to foster KSB through sustainable decent work, which encompasses worker rights, better working conditions and increased skill development. Encouraging emotional bonds, staff welfare and recognition of knowledge as intellectual capital are crucial for organisational success.Originality/value: The study seeks to enhance KSB literature by adding affect and affective commitment as new variables. Additionally, it explores the impact of affective commitment on knowledge sharing within higher educational institutions, particularly in the context of Zimbabwe, a non-Western, sub-Saharan country, thereby laying a foundation for future research that examines cultural differences in similar variables.
... Work engagement refers to a sustained positive workrelated state of mind [29]. Employees with high uncertainty avoidance feel anxious and uneasy about the uncertainty in the environment [30]. In order to reduce this psychological unease, they will try to control the environment, increase their work input, actively and deeply think about the problems faced by the organization's development, consider various possible solutions [31], and actively put forward promotive voices to make the organization develop in the direction of its conception. ...
Individual traits may have an important impact on employee voice behavior. Considering the different purposes and potential risk exposure of promotive/prohibitive voice, this study constructs a two-path model of the effect of uncertainty avoidance on employee promotive/prohibitive voice based on the Uncertainty Management Theory, examining the mediating roles of work engagement and psychological security, as well as the moderating role of empowering leadership. Through a survey of 417 Chinese employees, the results show that (1) Uncertainty avoidance positively affects promotive voice through work engagement; (2) Uncertainty avoidance negatively affects prohibitive voice through psychological security; (3) Empowering leadership moderates the mediating role of work engagement in the relationship between uncertainty avoidance and promotive voice, and high-level empowering leadership significantly enhances the indirect effect of work engagement and strengthens the relationship between uncertainty avoidance and promotive voice; (4) Empowering leadership fails to moderate the relationship between uncertainty avoidance and psychological security. The findings have practical implications for clarifying the mechanisms of uncertainty avoidance on employee voice behavior and promoting employee voice behavior in multiple ways.
... Addressing these challenges requires individuals to possess the ability to navigate and adapt within a culturally diverse environment. Presbitero and Attar (2018) posit that cultural intelligence (CQ) plays an instrumental role in ensuring effective communication, indicating that higher CQ levels can influence the frequency and quality of interactions within the group. ...
Purpose
This study investigates how the maximum cultural intelligence (Max CQ) within a team – defined as the highest cultural intelligence level of an individual member – affects intra-team communication, conflict dynamics and, ultimately, team satisfaction and performance in global virtual teams (GVTs).
Design/methodology/approach
Utilizing quantitative research methods, this investigation draws on a dataset comprising 3,385 participants, which forms a total of 686 GVTs.
Findings
The study reveals that MaxCQ significantly enhances team communication, which in turn mitigates conflict, increases satisfaction and improves performance. It is noteworthy that the influence of MaxCQ on GVT success is more significant than the average cultural intelligence (CQ) of team members, providing critical insights for effective GVT management strategies.
Practical implications
The findings suggest that managers may optimize team dynamics not by uniformly increasing each member’s CQ but by concentrating on maximizing the CQ of one individual who can act as an influencer within the team. Strategically placing individuals with high CQ in GVTs can enhance overall team function.
Originality/value
While existing literature primarily examines the individual effects of CQ on communication and conflict management, this study sheds light on the collective interplay between MaxCQ, communication and conflict. It highlights the importance of MaxCQ, along with the frequency of team communication and conflict, in influencing team satisfaction and performance in GVTs.
... Different educational and sociocultural tensions and challenges have arisen in the social sphere [7,8], resulting in inequalities, stigmatization, racism, and marginalization [2,[9][10][11]. These tensions are partly due to the difficulties that arise in the communication process between people from diverse cultures, which is affected by each culture's worldviews and cultural patterns, resulting in misinterpretations and misunderstandings of the messages delivered [12,13]. ...
Intercultural effectiveness is a relevant construct for improving the training of future teachers and promoting culturally diverse educational environments. This study aimed to adapt and validate the intercultural effectiveness scale (IES) in a sample of pre-service teachers in Chile. A cross-sectional design study was conducted, in which 584 Chilean university students participated (male = 37.8%; female = 61.6%; other = 0.5%), with a mean age of 20.56 years (SD = 3.37) and 21.9% identifying themselves as belonging to an ethnic group. The results obtained from structural equation modelling confirmed the structure of six correlated factors. The scores of the six factors of the IES presented positive and statistically significant correlations with the intercultural sensitivity scale (ISS). In addition, the factors presented adequate levels of reliability. The results of this research are discussed based on current theoretical and empirical evidence.
... Studies have demonstrated that higher levels of uncertainty and anxiety negatively affect an individual's ability to adapt to new cultural environments, leading to prolonged adjustment periods and increased stress (Hsu & Chen, 2021). For instance, when individuals struggle to predict the cultural norms and behaviors of others, they may find it difficult to engage fully in intercultural interactions, impeding their overall communication competence (Presbitero & Attar, 2018). Beyond individual effects, uncertainty and anxiety also have broader implications for societal and organizational contexts. ...
This study investigates the role of uncertainty tolerance in enhancing intercultural communication competence among high school students in Morocco, drawing on W. Gudykunst’s anxiety/uncertainty management theory. Although previous studies have confirmed the theory's core principles through correlational analysis, there remains a lack of empirical research on how uncertainty tolerance impacts the perceived effectiveness of intercultural communication, particularly within the context of Moroccan educational settings. The study employed a quantitative approach with a sample of 104 English as a foreign language (EFL) high school students learning. The sample included 60 female and 44 male students. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the overall level of uncertainty tolerance, while differences between these two categories of students were examined using an independent samples t-test .Additionally, to explore the relationship between uncertainty tolerance and intercultural communication competence, Pearson’s correlation analysis was performed .The results indicate that the students exhibit a moderate level of uncertainty tolerance. This was reflected in the mean score of 48.2. Whereas, the t-test revealed no significant difference between male and female students in terms of uncertainty tolerance (p-value = 0.20). However, the study found a positive correlation between uncertainty tolerance and intercultural communication competence (r = 0.35), suggesting that students with higher uncertainty tolerance tend to have better intercultural communication skills.
... Addressing these challenges requires individuals to possess the ability to navigate and adapt within a culturally diverse environment. Presbitero and Attar (2018) posit that cultural intelligence (CQ) plays an instrumental role in ensuring effective communication, indicating that higher CQ levels can influence the frequency and quality of interactions within the group. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to test whether equity theory (ET) – which posits that individuals compare their outcome/input ratio to the ratio of a “comparison other” and classify individuals as Benevolent, Equity Sensity, and Entitled – applies to the modern workplace of global virtual teams (GVT), where work is mostly intellectual, geographically dispersed and online, making individual effort nearly impossible to observe directly.
Design/methodology/approach
Using a sample of 1,343 GVTs comprised 6,347 individuals from 137 countries, this study tests three ET’s predictions in the GVT context: a negative, linear relationship between Benevolents’ perceptions of equity and job satisfaction in GVTs; an inverted U-shaped relationship between Equity Sensitives’ perceptions of equity and job satisfaction in GVTs; and a positive, linear relationship between Entitleds’ perceptions of equity and job satisfaction in GVTs.
Findings
Although the second prediction of ET is supported, the first and third have statistically significant opposite signs.
Practical implications
The research has important ramifications for management studies in explaining differences in organizational behavior in GVTs as opposed to traditional work settings.
Originality/value
The authors conclude that the main novelty with ET in GVTs is that GVTs are an environment stingy with satisfaction for “takers” (Entitleds) and generous in satisfaction for “givers” (Benevolents).
... English teachers in colleges and universities should cultivate intercultural communication ability as an important teaching content to expand students' international vision and promote healthy development [5][6]. The situation needs to be reviewed by universities, and students' intercultural communication skills should be developed effectively [7][8][9][10]. English teachers in colleges and universities have the responsibility to help students understand the differences between Chinese and Western cultures and the different speech acts between the two cultures [11][12]. ...
This paper firstly analyzes the development needs of intercultural communicative competence of college students and constructs an integrated model of English teaching development based on the theory of intercultural communicative competence. Secondly, the evaluation index system is constructed for the model, and the subjective and objective weights are determined by using fuzzy triangular theory and entropy weighting method under an intelligent assisted algorithm the combination of weighting is assigned based on game theory to enhance the accuracy evaluation of the indexes. Finally, the TOPSIS evaluation was used to complete a comprehensive evaluation of the integrated model of English teaching development. The results show that the weights of teaching methods and contents are 0.3382 and 0.2818, respectively, thus indicating that the model given in this paper is conducive to the correct evaluation of the innovation of teaching English as a foreign language with intercultural communication.
... In earlier studies, researchers have considered the role of IC in the business domain, multinational companies, and international experience. Presbitero and Attar (2018) assessed employees working Frontiers in Psychology 03 frontiersin.org in multinational companies within intercultural contexts in Australia. Leung et al. (2014) evaluated the current measurement of intercultural competences and provided deep insight into distinguishing features, attitudes, and capabilities which predict success in intercultural contexts. ...
This paper aims to survey language teaching MOOCs that promote intercultural competence (IC). Specifically, the survey aims to identify the keywords most relevant to MOOCs with IC components, the languages taught, the offering countries, and the embedded soft skills. The selection of keywords is important because they can indicate connection between different disciplines. After trialing a broader set of keywords in several rounds of initial search, we identified five keywords that are the most relevant to language education with IC components on MOOCs: culture, intercultural, cross culture, multi culture, and society. Then courses with these five keywords on language learning are selected for further analysis. The results are summarized as follows: (1) Most language teaching MOOCs are found under the keyword “culture,” indicating a strong connection between language education and intercultural communication; (2) In terms of the target languages and the offering countries, it is found that English, Chinese, and Spanish are the major languages widely taught in the context of intercultural competence; China, United States, and Ireland are the three countries which offer the highest numbers of MOOCs in this respect; United States, United Kingdom, and Australia are the three countries which offer the highest numbers of MOOCs of different languages. The results indicate that a limited number of languages and offering countries dominate the language learning MOOCs. The study calls for a plurality of languages and cultures to be taught through MOOCs, making more diversified knowledge systems accessible to global audiences. (3) The language teaching MOOCs not only focus on language but also aim to foster five types of soft skills (language learning skills, communication skills, business and entrepreneurship skills, career development skills, and cultural development skills), suggesting that intercultural competence and its related soft skills are usually important components embedded in such MOOCs courses.
... From a cross-cultural perspective, cultural background differences influence social anxiety disorders and identity construct [60]. Existing empirical studies have demonstrated that cultural intelligence, as a moderator, reduces the impacts of interpersonal anxiety on intercultural communication effectiveness [61], which positively facilitates ego-identity [62]. ...
Background
University students’ ego-identity, an essential component of their psychological development and mental health, has widely attracted the attention of policymakers, schools, and parents.
Method
A total of 298 Chinese vocational pathway undergraduates were recruited, and a conditional process analysis model was adopted to explore the interaction mechanism of ego-identity.
Results
The results suggest that the ego-identity of Chinese vocational pathway undergraduates is significantly affected by interaction anxiousness, academic resilience, and cultural intelligence. (1) Interaction anxiousness significantly and positively predicts ego-identity. (2) Academic resilience positively and partially mediates the effect of interaction anxiousness on ego-identity. (3) Cultural intelligence significantly and positively moderates the relationship between interaction anxiousness and ego-identity. However, a similar moderating effect was not found between interaction anxiousness and academic resilience. (4) As cultural intelligence increases, the negative influence of interaction anxiousness on ego-identity gradually diminishes, whatever the cultural intelligence level.
Conclusions
Interaction anxiousness, academic resilience, and cultural intelligence are essential determinants of ego-identity among Chinese vocational pathway undergraduates. Strategic interventions should be utilized to enhance their abilities to alleviate interpersonal tensions, promote their resilience in facing academic difficulties, cope with diverse cultures, and boost their sense of self-confirmation.
... Considering all these situations, it will be an expected result that individuals who have social anxiety in interactions in elearning environments will have less knowledge sharing behaviors in the same environments. In addition, there are studies supporting the result obtained in this study (Bordia et al., 2006;Presbitero & Attar, 2018). ...
Ostracized individuals face a series of negative situations and feel social anxiety during their interactions with others. However, individuals with social anxiety may not share their knowledge because of the discomfort they experience in interactions. The aim of this study is to examine the mediating role of social anxiety in learner–learner interaction in terms of the relationship between cyberostracism and knowledge sharing in e-learning environments. A total of 268 pre-service teachers participated in the study. The study determined the relationship between the variables with Pearson’s correlation coefficients and used a regression-based mediation test to examine the mediator model. It found that cyberostracism was positively related to social anxiety in learner–learner interactions in e-learning environments and negatively associated with knowledge sharing. There was also a negative relationship between social anxiety and knowledge sharing. Moreover, cyberostracism predicted knowledge sharing in e-learning environments. Finally, we determined that social anxiety in learner–learner interactions was the full mediator in the relationship between cyberostracism and knowledge sharing. Therefore, it can be argued that cyberostracism is not a direct predictor of pre-service teachers’ knowledge sharing behavior in e-learning environments and pre-service teachers avoid knowledge sharing due to social anxiety caused by cyberostracism. The research results also led to suggestions for practice and research.
... Given the salient features common to emerging and non-central regions-the scarcity of resources, structural gaps, and institutional gaps [19,[27][28][29][30]-an in-depth study on entrepreneurial ecosystems is fundamental to see them in their entirety. Perceived as an intrinsic part of the entrepreneurial ecosystem, start-ups play a fundamental role in the progress of nations. ...
Entrepreneurial ecosystems remain under-theorised and conceptually fragmented, making it challenging to comprehend their disposition and performance in the business process. Accordingly, in this research, we explored how knowledge sharing flows through entrepreneurial ecosystems to make analyses and trials to assess new ventures' creation, continuity, and development opportunities. We carried out a systematic literature review on the Web of Science database. The analysis was carried out in two stages: (i) content analysis using NVivo software and (ii) statistical processing and clustering with the support of VOSviewer and Bibliometrix software. Moreover, we reviewed entrepreneurial literature and proposed conceptual model mapping relations through all main actors and knowledge flow in ecosystems. Our findings suggest the knowledge path in the near field sharing mechanisms resulting in a new conception of traditional structures and relations used to judge and decide how to assess opportunities for new ventures' opening, maintenance, and growth. This study contributes to entrepreneurial literature, demonstrating knowledge sharing flow through entrepreneurial ecosystems, considering an embracing, dynamic, and multilevel approach. Furthermore, it highlights political and social contributions to include new emergent perspectives: resource scarcity and structural and institutional gaps. This representation is the first knowledge management model applied to different economies and areas, respecting their singularities.
... To deal with such adversity, individuals need to have the ability to relate and adapt to a culturally diverse environment. Presbitero and Attar (2018) found that cultural intelligence (CQ) plays a critical role to achieve communication effectiveness. As such, the CQ level may affect communication frequency and quality, becoming one important indicator to improve the interaction within the group. ...
... Despite the presence of correlation studies confirming the basic provisions of the AUMT (Gudykunst & Nishida, 2001;Gudykunst & Shapiro, 1996;Hubbert, Gudykunst, & Guerrero, 1999;Nadeem & Koschmann, 2021;Neuliep, 2012;Presbitero & Attar, 2018), there is a lack of experimental evidence regarding its causal connections. In the 2010s a series of experiments was carried out showing the contribution of anxiety and uncertainty to the desire to interact with people of a different culture. ...
Introduction. This article presents the results of an experimental study of the contribution of anxiety and uncertainty to intercultural interaction, considered in the context of W. Gudykunst's anxiety/ uncertainty management theory. Despite the correlation studies confirming its basic provisions, only the prerequisites for the desire to interact with representatives of a different culture, which is one of the characteristics of effective intercultural interaction, have been experimentally studied. To date there is no empirical support for the perceived effectiveness of intercultural communication, which is a more representative criterion of the effectiveness of intercultural communication in the anxiety/uncertainty management theory. The experiment was aimed both at testing the hypothesis about the existence of a direct effect of situations of uncertainty and anxiety on the perceived effectiveness of intercultural interaction, and at studying the mediation of this influence by the perceived predictability of intercultural communication and perceived intergroup anxiety. Methods. The study used an experimental design of 2 (uncertainty manipulation) × 2 (anxiety manipulation). The dependent variables were the perceived predictability of intercultural communication, intergroup anxiety, and the perceived effectiveness of intercultural interaction in prospective communication with a Colombian partner. In total, 92 participants took part in the experiment, aged 18 to 44 years, 78 % of whom were women. The experiment took place online, on the ZOOM video conferencing platform. Results. Hypothesis testing was performed using mediation analysis based on regression. The parallelism of the effects of the situation of uncertainty and anxiety on the perceived effectiveness of intercultural communication has been experimentally demonstrated. These effects are indirect and mediated by perceived predictability and perceived intergroup anxiety. Discussion. The results of the study are consistent with the data obtained earlier in the study of W. Gudykunst's anxiety/uncertainty management theory and are its first experimental confirmation. Moreover, we found that anxiety and uncertainty are different ways to ensure the effectiveness of intercultural communication.
... In this approach the concept of mindfulness is understood as the metacognitive strategy that links meta-thinking, knowledge, and behavioral flexibility, and is considered as a key component of Cultural Intelligence (CQ). Moreover, CQ is negatively correlated with intergroup anxiety (Presbitero and Attar, 2018) and CQ level among managers in multinational companies was negatively associated with the level of anxiety experienced in cross-cultural interactions (Bücker et al., 2014). ...
In modern psychology, mindfulness is an important resource for psychological well-being and intergroup relations, but its role in intercultural communication effectiveness has not been sufficiently studied. This research aims to identify the interrelationship between interpersonal mindfulness, intergroup anxiety, and intercultural communication effectiveness among international students. The sample includes 337 (Mage = 22.93, SD = 3.11) international students (41.5% of females) from different countries studying in Russian Universities. Interpersonal mindfulness was measured using the Interpersonal Mindfulness Scale, Intergroup anxiety using ten items adapted from Stephan and Stephan and used in Gudykunst and Nishida, and Intercultural communication effectiveness using the eight items adapted from Gudykunst’s Perceived Effectiveness of Communication measure. Descriptive analysis, correlations, and mediation analyses were used to process the data. The research findings showed that interpersonal mindfulness has both a direct effect on intercultural communication effectiveness and a mediation effect on intercultural communication effectiveness through intergroup anxiety among the international students.
... Несмотря на наличие корреляционных исследований, подтверждающих базовые положения ТУБН (Gudykunst & Nishida, 2001;Gudykunst & Shapiro, 1996;Hubbert, Gudykunst, & Guerrero, 1999;Nadeem & Koschmann, 2021;Neuliep, 2012;Presbitero & Attar, 2018), экспериментальные подтверждения ее каузальных связей немногочисленны. В 2010-х гг. ...
Введение. В статье представлены результаты экспериментального исследования вклада тревоги и неопределенности в межкультурное взаимодействие, рассмотренного в контексте теории управления беспокойством/неопределенностью У. Гудиканста. Несмотря на наличие корреляционных исследований, подтверждающих базовые положения теории, экспериментально изучены только предпосылки желания взаимодействовать с представителями людьми иной культуры, которое является одной из характеристик эффективного межкультурного взаимодействия. Более представленным в теории управления беспокойством/неопределенностью критерием эффективности межкультурного общения является воспринимаемая эффективность межкультурного общения, ранее экспериментально не изученная. Эксперимент был нацелен как на проверку гипотезы о существовании прямого эффекта ситуаций неопределенности и тревоги на воспринимаемую эффективность межкультурного взаимодействия, так и на изучение опосредования данного влияния воспринимаемой предсказуемостью межкультурного общения и воспринимаемой межгрупповой тревогой. Методы. В исследовании использован экспериментальный дизайн 2 (манипуляция неопределенностью) × 2 (манипуляция тревогой). В качестве зависимых переменных выступали воспринимаемая предсказуемость межкультурного общения, межгрупповая тревога и воспринимаемая эффективность межкультурного взаимодействия в предполагаемом общении с партнером из Колумбии. Всего в эксперименте приняло участие 92 человека, возраст от 18 до 44 лет, 78 % из которых составляли женщины. Эксперимент проходил онлайн, на платформе для видеоконференций Zoom. Результаты. Проверка гипотез была осуществлена с помощью медиационного анализа, основанного на регрессиях. Экспериментально продемонстрированы непрямые эффекты ситуации неопределенности и тревоги на воспринимаемую эффективность межкультурной коммуникации. При этом данная связь опосредована воспринимаемой предсказуемостью и воспринимаемой межгрупповой тревогой. Обсуждение результатов. Результаты исследования соответствуют предположениям теории управления беспокойством/неопределенностью У. Гудиканста и выступают ее первым экспериментальным подтверждением. При этом показано, что тревога и неопределенность являются разными путями обеспечения эффективности межкультурного общения.
... Moreover, employees also start to show loyalty for the firm, as well as a high level of commitment towards their work. As a result, the performance of the whole organisation is enhanced (Presbitero and Attar, 2018). ...
The aim of this research is to examine the effect of organisational culture on organisational performance in the context of the hospitality industry in the UK. Organisational culture was studied based on the Denison model. The study was conducted based on a quantitative research method and primary data was collected, with questionnaires, from 440 employees in the hospitality industry. The study reveals that organisational culture significantly affects organisational performance. Moreover, it is found that adaptability and mission are two key elements of organisational culture that significantly affect organisational performance. Furthermore, intrapreneurship fully mediates the relationship between adaptability and organisational performance. In addition, intrapreneurship fully mediates the relationship between mission and organisational performance. Hence, managers working in the hospitality industry are required to give considerable attention to adaptability and mission as two important elements of organisational culture in order to achieve intrapreneurship, and to ultimately improve the performance of an organisation.
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of cultural intelligence on leadership effectiveness through knowledge sharing behaviour of pharmaceutical leaders, particularly in Malaysia. Methodology: This study was conducted among the pharmaceutical leaders, who are from nine (9) pharmaceutical companies located in Klang Valley in Malaysia. A questionnaire with 53 items with a Likert scale was distributed among the target populations of pharmaceutical leaders. Data was collected from an effective sample size of 502 respondents. The collected data was analysed using SEM-SMART-PLS via SMART-PLS 3.0. Findings: The study found that knowledge sharing behaviour has significantly positive mediating influence on the relationship between all the dimensions of cultural intelligence and leadership effectiveness, except behavioural cultural intelligence and leadership effectiveness. Furthermore, the finding indicated that knowledge sharing behaviour is a full mediator between cognitive cultural intelligence and leadership effectiveness, while acts as partial mediator between metacognitive and leadership effectiveness as well as motivational cultural intelligence and leadership effectiveness. Moreover, the study found that metacognitive, cognitive and motivational cultural intelligence has significantly positive influence on knowledge sharing behaviour, while metacognitive and motivational cultural intelligence has significantly positive influence on leadership effectiveness. In addition, knowledge sharing behaviour has significantly positive influence on leadership effectiveness. Implications for theory and practice: This study has contributed to establish the link between cultural intelligence and leadership effectiveness through knowledge sharing behaviour. Also, this study contributed to establish the relevance of cultural intelligence in predicting leadership effectiveness and knowledge sharing behaviour among the pharmaceutical leaders. Therefore, managers should focus on developing and designing effective training programs to cultivate and build capacity among the leaders through cultural intelligence to improve leadership effectiveness. Originality and value: The novelty of this research is that this research was carried out among the pharmaceutical leaders in Malaysia as first empirical research that examined the influence of mediating effect of knowledge sharing behaviour among the relationship between cultural intelligence and leadership effectiveness. This research contributed to close the research gap by establishing the fact that only metacognitive and cognitive cultural intelligence influences leadership effectiveness.
Indigenous women in Canada face a severe lack of access to health care. These women often experience anti-Indigenous racism in healthcare facilities, a lack of cultural safety, and the non-recognition of Indigenous healing and health methods. Language hurdles, gender differences, and privacy concerns over medical records all contribute to intercultural communication problems between Indigenous women and health professionals. Intercultural Communication refers to the study and practice of communication across different cultural contexts. It involves understanding how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them. It also requires awareness of one’s own cultural background, values and beliefs and how they may affect the communication process. This study explores how intercultural communication could be used as a tool to improve information on access to healthcare to Indigenous women in Canada within Ottawa. This research investigated the challenges in health communication and in maternal healthcare access among Native Canadian mothers and mothers-to-be when seeking medical attention. Various previous studies have demonstrated that there are intercultural obstacles to Indigenous Maternal healthcare in Canada, which makes treating different disorders and disseminating health information difficult. The present research uses a mixed method, which combines quantitative (survey questionnaires) and qualitative methods (systematic literature review) to collect data. The final part of the thesis will provide in-depth findings and analysis to the research. Keywords: Health Communication; Intercultural Communication Competence; Mixed Methods; Indigenous Canadian; Maternal Healthcare, Cultural Competence. Officially published by University of Ottawa Research and can be assessed via: https://doi.org/10.20381/ruor-31169
Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) refers to the actions of individuals within an organization who support each other in the work context. As explained in social exchange theory, reciprocal actions that a person performs without expecting anything in return are related to the quality of work life involving voluntary behavior, which is rooted in assumptions of reciprocity and fairness. Employees who have high competence tend to have high organizational commitment and display OCB, because they feel more capable and confident. Knowledge sharing between employees in an organization, also encourages organizational commitment and OCB, because employees who share knowledge feel more capable and confident in carrying out their duties. Organizational commitment makes Employees feel bound by their obligations and responsibilities to contribute to the organization. The respondents in this research were employees at Udayana University. The number of respondents in this study was 1,296 respondents, the sample size was set at 306 Udayana University employees determined using the Slovin formula. Determination of sample size which taken using Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling. This research uses Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis using SmartPLS 3.0 software. The results of this research show that competence and knowledge sharing positive and significant effect on organizational commitment. Competence, knowledge sharing, and organizational commitment positive and significant effect on OCB. Commitment organization capable mediate influence No direct competence and knowledge sharing towards OCB. Effect mediation variable commitment organization on influence not direct competence and knowledge sharing towards OCB in nature partially mediated.
This chapter provides an overview of cultural factors that contribute to the understanding of workplace bullying and cyberbullying including gender, race, ethnicity, disability, and sexual orientation. Each of these cultural factors explain the dynamics that occur among cyberbullies, cybervictims, and cyberbystanders. Additionally, because there has been a lack of theoretical incorporation in the workplace bullying and workplace cyberbullying literature, this chapter provides an overview of three intercultural communication theories including conflict face negotiation theory, intercultural workgroup communication theory, and anxiety uncertainty management theory. Recommendations and future directions are also offered to encourage the application of intercultural communication theories in explaining and predicting workplace cyberbullying behavior.
Objective
This study seeks to explore factors that have shaped the intercultural communication effectiveness (ICE) of international students (IS) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Theoretical predictions of anxiety uncertainty management (AUM) are considered to assess the ICE of IS who stayed in China throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. The prime causal factors of AUM theory (anxiety, uncertainty, and mindfulness) are included with empathy and sensation, seeking to examine their impact on ICE among IS in China.
Methods
A quantitative research design was designed to survey IS via convenience samples from across China with a total of 261 IS from 42 different cultural backgrounds responding to invitations to participate in a Chinese–English survey. Well-established measurement tools were adopted to measure empathy (Cultural Empathy scale), sensation seeking (Brief Sensation Seeking Scale), anxiety (Intercultural Anxiety scale), uncertainty (Intercultural Uncertainty scale), mindfulness (Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised), and ICE (Perceived Effectiveness of Communication scale).
Findings
The findings revealed that anxiety (t = −3.61, p < 0.05) and uncertainty (t = −2.51, p < 0.05) had a negative impact on ICE. However, mindfulness (t = 3.93, p < 0.05), empathy (t = 3.60, p < 0.05), and sensation seeking (t = 7.93, p < 0.05) had a positive influence on ICE. Furthermore, the moderating effect of mindfulness is affirmed in this study.
Conclusion
This study has reconfirmed the theoretical reasonings and applicability of AUM theory with the addition of empathy and sensation seeking by IS in the cultural context of China during the COVID-19 pandemic.
This study aims to determine: The effect of young marriage on household harmony in Medan Sinembah Village, Tanjung Morawa District on the perspectives on Family Communication. The type of research is quantitative research. The population of this study was adolescents who married at a young age in 2019-2020 whose marriage age was 19-20 years, totalling 52 people. Sampling used a total sampling technique, with a sample of 52 people. The data collection instrument used a questionnaire with a Likert scale totalling 15 statements of young marriage variables, including 12 valid items and 3 invalid items. Then 32 statements of household harmony variables including 28 valid items and 4 invalid items. The data analysis technique used descriptive tests, normality and linearity test, and hypothesis testing. The results of this study indicate that there is an influence between the young marriage variable and the household harmony variable with a t count of 3,794 l> 2,008, so it can be concluded that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, which means that "there is an effect of young marriage on household harmony". The value of t count is 3,794> t table 2,008 in simple linear regression analysis. The significance is 0.000 <0.05 probability, so it can be concluded that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, which means that "There is an effect of young marriage on household harmony in the context of Family Communication".
The cultural clash between customers and salespeople in online marketing is observed as a barrier to promoting sales performance.The capability of handling cultural difference, or cultural intelligence (CQ), is therefore essential for salespeople. With data collected through questionnaires from a Chinese digital insurance brokerage firm, the impact of salespeople’s CQ on sales performance is examined with the partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) method. It is identified that CQ serves as a positive moderating variable in the relationship between customer orientation and sales performance, as well as a partial mediating variable in the relationship between perceived organizational support and sales performance of the online insurance salespeople.
Globalization processes erase political, ideological and cultural borders, hence promoting constant intercultural cooperation. However, there is currently a practical problem to deal with as on the one hand, there is a clear awareness of an unsatisfactory level of readiness for intercultural communication in university graduates, and on the other hand, higher education has proven to be rather ineffective in providing such training. Thus, the present study was initiated to address the issue of ability for intercultural interaction in students learning German as their second foreign language. The study implemented theoretical methods in the form of an analysis of literature on psychology and education, synthesis, compilation of findings and definition of objectives, and empirical methods in the form of testing: a Psychological Readiness for Intercultural Communication questionnaire by V.I. Dolgova, E.A. Vasilenko and A.S. Baronenko, and a Self-Evaluation of Mental Conditions test by G.Yu. Ayzenk. Statistical methods were also applied. The study was conducted at the South Ural State Humanitarian Pedagogical University in Chelyabinsk. In total, 27 fourth-year full-time students of the German and Teaching of German Department of the Foreign Language Faculty participated in the study. The ascertaining experiment showed a rather low level of readiness for intercultural communication in students learning German as their second foreign language.
With China’s intercultural communication research constantly going deeper, it is necessary to gain a global perspective with regard to the development of this field. Based on Delphi method, this paper identifies eight prestigious intercultural communication journals overseas, reviews 495 articles published in 2018-2020, and analyzes them from the aspects of their question awareness, research methods, findings and innovative points. Several major trends have been highlighted as follows: the inherent interplay between cultural identity and inter-group communication from the academic perspective; the attention to colonialist and collective memories during intercultural contacts; the role of language in communicating cultural values and enhancing cultural belonging; discussions of the disciplinary boundaries; testing and extending existing theories to facilitate the production of new knowledge; the intercultural perspective of media uses; research on the function of social media in intercultural integration; the importance of intercultural competence and cross-cultural training in relevant areas; research on cultural security and its effects on intercultural relations in a multicultural context; intercultural reflections based on identity politics and cultural awareness.
The construct of cultural intelligence (“CQ”) consists of four facets (metacognitive, cognitive, motivational, and behavioural). The objective of this study is to identify the CQ facet best able to predict overall intercultural adjustment. Twenty independent hierarchical multiple regression models were performed on a sample of 189 international students studying at Czech universities in a foreign language. The results showed that the CQ facet that best predicts intercultural adjustment, when controlling for demographic variables and preparedness for study abroad, is the motivational CQ facet. However, a significant relationship was also discovered for all remaining CQ facets and intercultural adjustment.
With science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics (STEAM) education in full swing worldwide, several science competitions based on STEAM have sprung up. One is Maker-Highlight-STEM&A, a competition sponsored by the Department of Education of the Taipei City Government, which involves STEAM learning and creativity through hands-on skills. In Maker- Highlight-STEM&A project making, knowledge sharing is crucial for seeking approaches to solve problems. Participants must know how to collaborate with each other and have a positive collective attitude to knowledge sharing to achieve the team’s goals. In particular, in the competition, the project topic is given on the spot, which encourages participants to share their knowledge and discover new ideas while creating project functions and improving their project quality, thereby helping them win the competition. Extending Kahneman’s (2003) dual process system, which states that automatic and reflective responses exist in knowledge sharing, we divided reflective responses into rational and emotional responses based on the cognition-affection model. To analyze the role of the three types of knowledge sharing, this study explored cooperative attitude as their antecedent and continuous intention as their predictor. In the highly competitive environment of Maker-Highlight-STEM&A, knowledge sharing in teamwork is crucial to win the competition; however, few studies have examined the correlation among cooperative attitude, knowledge sharing, and continuous intention to share knowledge. Because self-identity can foster attitudes toward a behavior in relation to the intention to perform that behavior, the present study considered the self-identity of participants in three types of knowledge sharing to predict their continuous intention to share knowledge in the competition. Group interactions can affect people’s motivation to share their knowledge. Thus, this research built a research model extended from trait activation theory and social sharing motivation theory. With cooperative attitude as an independent variable, knowledge sharing as an intervening variable, and continuous sharing intention as a dependent variable, we proposed the following six research hypotheses: H1: Cooperative attitude is positively associated with autonomous response. H2: Cooperative attitude is positively associated with rational reflection. H3: Cooperative attitude is positively associated with emotional reflection. H4: Autonomous response is positively associated with continuous sharing intention. H5: Rational reflection is positively associated with continuous intention to share knowledge. H6: Emotional reflection is negatively associated with continuous sharing intention. The purposive sampling technique was used in this research wherein all participants in the 2018 Maker-Highlight- STEM&A were invited to fill out a questionnaire survey. A total of 219 questionnaires were collected, of which 50 invalid questionnaires (with incomplete data) were excluded, leaving 169 effective samples for an effective rate of 77.2% and including 102 male (60.4%) and 67 female (39.6%) respondents. By performing the first-order confirmatory factor analysis, questionnaire items with lower factor loadings were deleted. Then, the reliability and validity of the questionnaire constructs were tested to ensure they met the thresholds of statistical standards. Model fit and path analyses were performed to verify the research model. When performing the first-order confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate the internal validity of items in each construct, items with residual values over 0.5 should be removed from the original questionnaire (Hair et al., 2018). In the original questionnaire, there were 11 items for cooperative attitude; five each for autonomous response, rational reflection, and emotional reflection; and five for the continuous sharing intention construct. Of the remaining items, those for cooperative attitude were reduced from 11 to six; those for autonomous response, rational reflection, and emotional reflection were reduced from five to four each; and those for continuous sharing intention were reduced from five to four. Exemplary items included “If my teammates have trouble shooting, I will help him or her right away” for measuring the cooperative attitude construct, with CR =.89 and Cronbach’s α =.90; “If any idea comes to my mind, I speak out right away” for measuring the automatic response construct, with CR =.84 and Cronbach’s α =.83; “If any idea comes to my mind, I determine whether it is rational before speaking out” for measuring the rational reflection response construct, with CR =.89 and Cronbach’s α =.89; “If any idea comes to my mind, I think about whether it will be rejected before I speak out” for measuring emotional reflection, with CR =.86 and Cronbach’s α =.86; and “I would like to continuously share knowledge in this type of contest in the future” for measuring continuous sharing intention, with CR =.94 and Cronbach’s α =.94. The CR and Cronbach’s α values were above the threshold suggested by Hair et al. (2018), indicating that the composite reliability and internal consistency of the questionnaire were acceptable. In this research, having a cooperative attitude was the independent variable, the three different types of knowledge sharing were mediating variables, and continuous sharing intention was the dependent variable. Data were analyzed and tested using structural equation modeling with AMOS 20.0. The results of the data analysis revealed that cooperative attitude was positively associated with autonomous response, rational reflection, and emotional reflection. Moreover, autonomous response was negatively associated with continuous sharing intention; rational reflection was positively associated with continuous sharing intention; and emotional reflection was negatively associated with continuous sharing intention. Throughout the competition, there were numerous benefits for participants apart from the purpose of the competition itself, including teamwork and knowledge sharing. Despite the fact that it is important to know how to effectively improve students’ knowledge sharing through such events, it has seldom been mentioned in research related to science competitions; hence, we conducted an empirical study targeting the 2018 science competition. The research results revealed that all three knowledge sharing types, namely autonomous response, rational reflection, and emotional reflection, played a positive predictive role in cooperative attitude. Emotional response and automatic reaction played a negative antecedent role in continuous intention to share knowledge. In line with the Chinese saying “thinking three times before taking action,” we should focus on knowledge sharing from rational reflection and deactivate knowledge sharing from emotional reflection and automatic response to improve knowledge transmission effects for participants to experience a more meaningful STEAM process. Remarkably little research has been conducted on learners’ knowledge sharing behavior in school and even less on such behavior in competitions. This research revealed that a competition involving teamwork, the behavioral model of knowledge sharing, and the intention of continuous sharing can be expanded to understand cooperative learning in any other STEAM-related contests. In addition, this study proposed three different types of knowledge sharing (i.e., autonomous response, rational reflection, and emotional reflection) extended from Kahneman’s dual-process theory (intuitive feedback and reflective feedback) to review continuous sharing intention. These three knowledge sharing types could be a reference for future research teams to improve knowledge-sharing effects in other cooperative settings. Onsite team competitions promote cooperative opportunities for participants to develop their attitude to collaborative work and knowledge sharing in rational reflection. Cooperative attitude development is essential for meeting the requirement of new 108 curricula. In line with this, other types of science or STEAM contests can integrate onsite activities to ensure that participants must work collaboratively to win the contest. In particular, National Science Fair or Science Olympic contests can be implemented with trouble shooting onsite, in which effective knowledge sharing can be embedded along with project making. © 2020, National Taiwan Normal University. All rights reserved.
Purpose
This study aimed to examine the effects of curiosity on expatriates' innovative work behaviour and job satisfaction in a cross-cultural setting, with the sequential mediating effects of cultural intelligence (CQ) and knowledge-sharing behaviour.
Design/methodology/approach
Data were collected by distributing an online survey to 465 Taiwanese expatriates living and working abroad. Structural equation modelling was used to test the hypotheses via AMOS v.22.
Findings
The results indicate that curiosity is an antecedent of an individual's CQ and both CQ and knowledge-sharing behaviour are sequential mediators in the relationships between curiosity and innovative work behaviour and between curiosity and job satisfaction.
Originality/value
The study expands the existing body of research to analyse personal traits as meaningful factors that enhance CQ and the mechanisms of CQ and knowledge sharing behaviour in the relationship between curiosity and innovative work behaviour and between curiosity and job satisfaction. It offers novel empirical evidence for the important role of curiosity, CQ and knowledge-sharing behaviour in enhancing an individual's innovative work behaviour and job satisfaction in a cross-cultural setting.
Guided by the anxiety/uncertainty management theory, two studies were conducted among domestic students (majority; Study 1) and international students (minority; Study 2) in China. The main goals were to determine across the two samples: (a) whether intergroup anxiety and uncertainty can mediate the relationships of both offline contact (OFF-CON: direct face-to-face contact) and online contact (ON-CON: online contact through social networking sites) with perceived communication effectiveness; (b) whether OFF-CON can moderate the relationships of ON-CON with anxiety, uncertainty, and effectiveness. Results from the two studies showed that OFF-CON had indirect relationships with effectiveness via uncertainty and that OFF-CON acted as a moderator that modified the relationship between ON-CON and effectiveness. The key difference between the two studies was that Study 1 revealed anxiety as a negative predictor of effectiveness, while Study 2 revealed non-significance between the two constructs.
El propósito de la investigación es analizar el grado de relación e influencia de la inteligencia emocional, la inteligencia cultural y el compromiso académico con la satisfacción profesional de estudiantes universitarios de movilidad académica internacional del Estado de Guanajuato, México. El diseño metodológico fue cuantitativo, explicativo, observacional, correlacional y transversal. Se empleó una muestra de 212 estudiantes de 22 universidades públicas y privadas del estado de Guanajuato, México. Para la comprobación de hipótesis, se desarrolló un modelo de ecuación estructural (SEM) bajo el software estadístico Amos v. 21 y el SPSS v.21 para el análisis de la información. En cuanto a los índices de bondad y ajuste del SEM (χ2=239.27, gl=99; CFI=0.909 y TLI=0.890; RMSEA=.08) fueron absolutamente aceptables. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos a través del SEM, se demuestra que la inteligencia cultural influye positiva y significativamente sobre la inteligencia emocional (β1=0.55; p<0.001) y el compromiso académico (β2=0.54; p<0.001). Asimismo, la inteligencia emocional (β3=0.49; p<0.001) ejerce una influencia positiva y significativa sobre la satisfacción profesional. De la misma manera, el compromiso académico (β4=0.41; p<0.001) influye positiva y significativa sobre la satisfacción profesional de los estudiantes de grado del estado de Guanajuato. Los hallazgos son relevantes y de gran valor ya que actualmente no hay suficientes investigaciones que estén enfocadas en las variables analizadas dentro del contexto mexicano. En especial para tomar acciones dentro de las universidades para mejorar la movilidad estudiantil.
This article aims to describe the behaviour, feelings and emotions of hospitality professionals regarding the phenomenon of handelingsverlegenheid (which we translate as “awkwardness to act”) in intercultural professional settings. The overall purpose of this study is to understand how middle management employees of the rooms division department of a small-scale commercial learning hotel in Leeuwarden in the Netherlands lead their team in a cross-cultural working environment. Handelingsverlegenheid is strongly related to anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM) theory and implies a professional’s lack of proficiency in responding to a multicultural situation at work. This article describes how hospitality professionals experience this phenomenon. Seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with middle managers who were asked to share their feelings, thoughts and emotions about topics such as cross-cultural communication and leading a diverse team to provide an insight into handelingsverlegenheid and their personal experiences of it. The results suggest that low levels of cultural proficiency and lack of experiences communicating with others from a different culture are the main causes of the manifestation of handelingsverlegenheid in the workplace. Implementation of training to increase cultural sensitivity is important to develop required skills and capabilities of the employees. For further research, it is recommended to broaden the focus on handelingsverlegenheid in staff and guest interactions from one small-scale hotel to different types of hospitality organisations. For management practices, it is recommended to support operational staff and the experiences they have dealing with awkward situations stemming from cross-cultural situations at work.
This study examined how individuals’ emotional and cognitive responses to different shades of truth embedded in health crisis (mis)information (i.e., full falsity vs. partial falsity vs. full truth) might predict their information vetting and sharing intentions on social media. In the context of COVID-19 and based on an online survey of 725 UK WhatsApp users, the key findings of our study include: 1) Various shades of truth in provided COVID-19 information directly triggered participants’ sense of hope and influenced their intentions to vet and share the (mis)information they read; 2) Hope, confusion, and misinformation belief functioned as affective and cognitive predictors for whether and how individuals intended to share the (mis)information with immediate family members and strangers in their social networks. Multi-group mediation models further revealed the critical role hope played in evoking other emotions (i.e., confusion and anxiety) and forming misinformation belief, which in turn, led to varied (mis)information vetting and sharing behavioral intentions.
Professional communication is often understood as just an ability to read scientific texts and to have terminology knowledge. However, scientists of different nationalities have a different mentality. In order to interact successfully in a professional sphere, it is necessary not only to have the above-mentioned knowledge and skills, but also to be able to communicate with another culture representatives. Understanding the business partner’s mentality, as well as presenting your own identity in an accessible way is the key to fruitful cooperation. This is possible only if a Russian partner is creative and able to go beyond traditional ideas, patterns, relationships and create new meaningful ways and interaction techniques. In other words, this can be called creative thinking. The purpose of the study is to determine the levels of students’ cultural self-identity, offer the author’s approach, principles and assignments for designing a second language course. The leading research method was an experimental training conducted in both the intervention and the control group. The questionnaire method, methods of mathematical statistics and graphical results representation were used as well. Nizhny Novgorod State Linguistics University was the study experimental basis. The experimental training results showed an increase in the level of students’ cultural self-identity. The correlation between a sufficient level of cultural self-identity and professional success was proved. Thus, the intercultural dialogue implementation is a factor in the success of second-language professional communication.
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