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Bagus Andika Fitroh et al. Performance and Carcass Production of Hybrid Ducks
Doi: 10.21059/buletinpeternak.v42i3.31998
The Use 3 of Banana Peel Meal (Musa paradisiaca) as Substitution of
Corn in the Diets on Performance and Carcass Production of Hybrid
Ducks
Bagus Andika Fitroh1*, Wihandoyo1, and Supadmo3
1Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
3Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta,
55281, Indonesia
Article history
Submitted: 4 January 2018
Accepted: 1 August 2018
* Corresponding author:
Telp. +62 85707424404
E-mail: bandikafitroh@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
This study was aimed to evaluate the utilization of banana peel meal as
alternatives to substitution of corn in the diets based on the performance, carcass
production, intestinal villi, the best type and utilization level of banana peel meal as
corn substitution. A total of 105 male day old duck used in a completely randomized
design (CRD), i.e. half of it (25%) and all of it (50%) replacing corn with banana peel
meal PB= basal feed without banana peel meal; K25 and K50 = basal feed with Kepok
banana peel meal; T25 dan T50 = basal feed with Tanduk banana peel meal; R25 dan
R50 = basal feed with Raja banana pel meal. each treatment was done through 3
replications, with each replication consisted of 5 hybrid ducks. The data with significant
differences were analyzed using orthogonal contrast. The paramater collected include
performance (feed consumption, body weight gain, final weight, and feed conversion),
carcass and abdominal percentage (carcass weight and carcass percentage). The results
of the study showed that the utilization of banana peel meal on ducks had lower yields
(P<0.05) in body weight gain, body weight, carcass weight, abdominal fat weight, but
had higher feed conversion rather than basal feed treatment. It could be concluded that
banana peel meal can not be used as substitution of corn in diets, because it can
decrease the performance and carcass production of ducks, banana peel meal Kepok and
Tanduk with level of 25% gives best performance and carcass weight when used as
substitution of corn.
Keywords: Banana peel meal, Local hybrid ducks, Performance, Production of carcass
Introduction
Hybrid duck is one of the local poultry
that’s important as a producer of meat, eggs, and
fur. Hybrid ducks and various local domestic
ducks has contribute to national meat production
in 2015 by 31,000 tons (1.09%) and egg
production by 272,000 tons (15.84%) (Anonimus,
2010). The ducks population in 2016 and 2017
were 47,42 millions and 49,70 millons ducks,
respectively (Statistik Peternakan dan Kesehatan
Hewan, 2017).
The duck breeders in Indonesia have
developed broiler type of ducks that have
relatively faster growth rates, the raising of ducks
which is relatively faster demands a given the feed
should be of high quality contain and balanced
nutrients to obtain the expected performance and
production of carcass.
High quality feed is relatively more
expensive. Feed ingredients at certain seasons
are difficult to obtain, because there are obstacles
in the planting period, example is corn. Corn
production is generally seasonal, so the supply of
corn used as animal feed is very limited.The
solution that can be done is to utilize the
availability of other feed as an alternative to corn
substitution. Banana peel meal is the wasted of
food processing which is rarely used to its full
potential, it will be increase, so that it can make
problems for the environment. Further research on
the use of unused banana peels needs to be done
so that the banana peel can be increased the
value (Damat, 2013). Shah et al. (2012) reported
that banana peels had 59.09% carbohydrate,
0.9% crude protein, 1.70% crude fat, 31.70%
crude fiber, and 19.20 mg/g calcium. Banana peel
can be used up to 15% as a substitute for corn in
domestic chicken feed, because it has a high
metabolic energy content, and a higher crude fiber
content than corn, so it can be used as an
alternative to substitute of corn in feed (Koni,
2013).
Buletin Peternakan 42 (3): 222-231, August 2018
Bulletin of Animal Science
ISSN-0126-4400/E-ISSN-2407-876X Accredited: 36a/E/KPT/2016
http://buletinpeternakan.fapet.ugm.ac.id/
222
Bagus Andika Fitroh et al. Performance and Carcass Production of Hybrid Ducks
Materials and Methods
This research was carried out at the
Laboratory of Nutrition and Animal Feed Science
in Animal science Faculty UGM for proximate
analysis, Laboratory of Biochemistry Pusat Antar
Universitas UGM for GE (Gross Energy) analysis,
Ca (calcium), and P (phosphor), hencoop of
poultry Laboratory Animal science Faculty UGM
for maintenance and treatment in ducks. The
research was carried out in 05 Maret 2017 – 29
April 2017.
The equipment used in this research is trial
cages, digital scales, thermometers, farm
equipment, cleaning tools, and stationery. The
research material was 105 male day old hybrid
ducks, the feed ingredients used consisted of:
corn, rice bran, soybean meal (SBM), meat bone
meal (MBM), banana peel meal (Kepok, Tanduk,
Raja). Banana peels are obtained from various
fried food sellers and some food factories in
Banyuwangi, based on their type. Banana peel
that has been distinguished by its type, then
chopped into small pieces with a size of 3 cm
using a knife, then dried under the sun for 5 days.
After drying, the banana peel is ground until it
becomes crumbs, and ground with a grinding
machine until it becomes flour.
The design used was an experiment using
a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) one-
way pattern consisting of 7 treatments using 3
different types of banana peels, each treatment
consisted of 3 replications and each replication
consisted of 5 hybrid ducks. All data with
significant differences of less than 5% were
tested further using Ortogonal contrast: K1 = PB
vs K25, K50, T25, T50, R25, R50; K2 = K25, K50
vs T25, T50; K3 = K25, K50 vs R25, R50; K4 =
T25, T50 vs R25, R50; K5 = K25 vs T25, R25; K6
= K50 vs T50, R50.
The parameters analysis in this research are
growth performance (feed consumption, body
weight gain, final body weight, and feed
conversion), carcass production (carcass weight
and carcass percentage), abdominal fat
(abdominal fat weight and abdominal fat
percentage).
Result and Discussion
Performance of Hibrid ducks
The results of performance, carcass and
abdominal fat production, are presented in Table
3.
Feed consumption
Feed consumption showed that the use of
Kepok, Tanduk, Raja (KTR) banana peel meal
with levels of 25 and 50% did not affect the feed
consumption of 56 day old ducks. This is because
the use of banana peel meal does not affect the
energy and crude protein in feed. Feed banana
peel of Raja also contains chemical compounds
that are antioxidants, namely flavonoids that
function as antibiotics and antimicrobials. The
energy content of banana peel are 2,624 kcal/kg,
Table 1. Contrast analysis
Contrast
Set contrast
PB
K25
K50
T25
T50
R25
R50
1
6
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
2
0
2
-1
-1
0
0
0
3
0
2
-1
0
0
-1
0
4
0
0
0
3
-1
-1
-1
5
0
2
0
-1
0
-1
0
6
0
0
2
0
-1
0
-1
Tabel 2. Performance, carcass production, and abdominal fat percentage of 56 day old Hybrid ducks
Treatment
Parameter
Feed consumption
(g/ekor)
Weight gain
(g/ekor)
Body weight
(g/ekor)
Feed
conversion
Carcass weight
(g)
Abdominal
percentage
(%)
PB
4,249
1,455c
1,596c
2.66a
1,087.00c
5.93c
K25
4,407
1,318bc
1,457bc
3.04abc
1,018.33abc
5.48bc
K50
4,253
1,028a
1,163a
3.67c
932.00a
4.38a
T25
4,217
1,331bc
1,462bc
2.90ab
1,036.00bc
5.31bc
T50
4,249
1,093ab
1,233ab
3.48bc
938.00a
4.38a
R25
4,210
1,267bc
1,139abc
3.06abc
982.33ab
5.02ab
R50
4,176
1,103ab
1,243ab
3.37bc
931.67a
4.72ab
SEM
48.48
27.53
28.98
0.18
10.11
0.19
P-Value
0.908
0.009
0.014
0.048
0.006
0.003
Kontras orthogonal1
K1
-
**
*
**
**
**
K2
-
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
K3
-
**
**
**
**
**
K4
-
**
NS
NS
*
*
K5
-
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
K6
-
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS= non significant (P>0.05); *= signifikant in (P<0.05); **= significant in (P<0.01)
a,b,c Values within a column show significant differences (P<0.05)
1Comparison of orthogonal kontras; K1= PB: K25, K50, T25, T50, R25, R50; K2= K25, K50 : T25, T50; K3= K25, K50 : R25, R50; K4=
T25,T50 : R25, R50; K5= K25 : T25, R25; K6= K50 : T50, R50.
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Bagus Andika Fitroh et al. Performance and Carcass Production of Hybrid Ducks
Table 3. Nutrient content
Diet composition
Kandungan Nutrien
EM
(kcal/kg)
CP
(%)
C fat
(%)
CF
(%)
Ca
(%)
P
(%)
Lys (%)
Met
(%)
Trp
(%)
Corn1)
3,350
8.50
3.80
2.20
1.39
0.10
1.00
0.26
0.06
Rice bran 1)
Soybean meal1)
2,950
2,230
9.30
50.52
13.00
0.80
11.40
7.00
0.53
2.06
0.29
0.08
0.59
2.69
0.26
0.62
0.12
0.74
Meat bone meal1)
2,150
51.60
10.00
2.80
10.30
5.10
2.61
0.62
0.27
Premix2)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sand
Palm oil
0
8,800
0
0
0
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Banana peel meal
of Raja3)
2,672
7.22
13.70
9.94
0.42
0.32
-
-
-
Banana peel meal
of Kepok3)
2,864
5.21
18.64
8.48
0.27
0.26
-
-
-
Banana peel meal
of Tanduk3)
2,862
6.30
11.18
8.29
0.18
0.42
-
-
-
Source: 1. (NRC, 1994)
2. multivitamin, micromineral, multienzim, choline
3. EM : based on the calculation of 70% GE (gross energy) (Patrick Schable, 2004)
CP, CF, C fat: analysis of animal feed technology laboratory of Fapet UGM (2016)
Ca, P : analysis of pusat antar universitas laboratory (PAU) of UGM (2016).
so it can be used as a mixture in poultry feed
(Atapattu dan Senevirathne, 2013). Pary et al.
(2016) reported that the energy contained in
banana peel are 2,864 kcal/kg, so that banana
peels can be used as feed ingredients for poultry.
Banana peel also contains different levels of
starch, because each type of banana that is
different will have different levels of starch
(Musita, 2009).
Body weight gain
Body weight gain showed that the use of
Kepok, Tanduk, Raja (KTR) banana meal with
levels of 25 and 50% caused ducks given banana
peel meal have lower body weight gain (P<0.01)
compared body weight gain given basal feed (PB).
Body weight gain (Table 3) showed that the duck
in group treated with basal feed had higher body
weight gain (P<0.01) than the duck in group
treated with banana peel meal on contrast
orthogonal test 1 (PB vs K25, K50, T25, T50, R25,
R50). This is because of differences in the content
of crude fiber and crude fat. The higher level of
Kepok, Tanduk, Raja (KTR) banana peel meal,
then duck growth decreases, although feed
consumption is not different, it is suspected that
banana peel meal can increase crude fiber to
8.10%, so that the treatment feed which has
higher crude fiber content causes digestibility in
ducks to be lower, in treatment K25 to R50 than
PB treatment.
Mangisah et al. (2009) reported that giving
feed containing crude fiber up to 15%, can still be
tolerated by Tegal ducks, because ducks are able
to digest fiber in sufficiently high amounts. The
process of absorption that occurs in the body of
the livestock is influenced by the age, so that the
feed given to livestock should be adjusted to the
age of the livestock. The use of different feed
ingredients with certain treatments causes
differences in body weight gain in broiler chickens
(Shaddel-Tili et al., 2016).
Body weight gain (Table 3) showed that
the duck in group treated with Kepok banana peel
meal had higher body weight gain (P<0.01) than
the duck in group treated with banana peel meal
of Raja on contrast orthogonal test 3 (K25, K50 vs
R25, R50). This showed that banana peel meal of
Kepok is better when compared to banana peel
meal of Raja as substitution of corn. This is due to
the energy content, crude protein, crude fiber,
crude fat, and minerals in Kepok banana peel
meal can meet the nutrient requirements in ducks.
Tillman et al. (2005) reported that digestion of
crude fiber depends on each content of crude fiber
in the feed, if the duck consumes too much crude
fiber, it can interferes with the digestive process.
Digestion of crude fiber is influenced by several
factors, including crude fiber, composition of feed,
and activity of microorganisms in the body of
poultry (Maynard et al., 2005). The use of different
banana peels can change the balance of nutrient
feed (Fanimo dan Oduronbi, 2006).
On the contrast orthogonal test 2 (K25,
K50 vs T25, T50), 4 (T25, T50 vs R25, R50), 5
(K25 vs T25, R25), and 6 (K50 vs T50, R50) have
no difference. Body weight gain (Table 3) showed
that the duck in group treated with banana peel
meal of Kepok had the same body weight gain,
with the duck in group treated with banana peel
meal of Tanduk, on contrast orthogonal test 2
(K25, K50 vs T25, T50). This is because banana
peel meal of Kepok and Tanduk contains crude
fiber which is not much different. Feed which has
different crude fiber that is 30 and 40%, does not
affect body weight gain in geese, this is because
have no difference in feed consumption, so that
the resulting body weight gain is also the same.
The content of different crude fibers in feed can
affect the amount of feed consumption, so that
nutrients obtained by livestock for growth in the
same amount, resulting in the same weight gain
(Hsu et al., 2000).
Body weight gain (Table 3) showed that
the duck in group treated with banana peel meal
of Tanduk had the same body weight gain as the
duck group in treated with banana peel meal of
Raja on contrast orthogonal test 4 (T25, T50 vs
R25, R50). This is because banana peel of
Tanduk and Raja in the feed have crude fiber
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Bagus Andika Fitroh et al. Performance and Carcass Production of Hybrid Ducks
Table 4. Composition of feed
Diet composistion
PB
K25
K50
T25
T50
R25
R50
Corn
50
25
0
25
0
25
0
Rice bran
15
15
13
15
13
14
14
Soybean meal
18
17
19
17
17
18
18
Meat bone meal
10
10
9
10
12
10
10
Palm oil
3
4.5
6.5
4.5
6
4.5
6.5
Premix
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Banana peel meal
Sand
0
3.5
25
3
50
2
25
3
50
1,5
25
3
50
1
Total
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Nutrient content
EM (kcal/kg)
2,997.90
2,938.10
2,908.70
2,985.60
2,979.60
2,930.90
2,937.40
CP (%)
19.85
19.02
19.01
19.02
19.09
19.43
19.11
C fat (%)
7.69
11.51
15.44
11.51
15.27
11.38
15.66
CF (%)
4.35
6.21
8.03
6.21
7.97
6.17
8.10
Ca (%)
2.17
1.91
1.59
1.92
1.88
1.94
1.70
P (%)
0.62
0.67
0.67
0.67
0.82
0.67
0.72
Lys (%)
1.30
1.07
0.82
1.05
0.84
1.07
0.82
Met (%)
0.35
0.29
0.21
0.27
0.22
0.28
0.21
Trp (%)
0.20
0.19
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.19
0.17
Val (%)
0.90
0.82
0.69
0.78
0.72
0.80
0.70
PB= Basal feed
K25 dan K50 = basal feed with 25 and 50% of banana peel meal of Kepok
T25 dan T50 = basal feed with 25 and 50% of banana peel meal of Tanduk
R25 dan R50 = basal feed with 25 and 50% of banana peel meal of Raja.
content which is not much different. The same
composition of feed can affect feed consumption
in livestock, so that it can also affect body weight
gain (Hsu et al., 2000).
Body weight gain (Table 3) showed that
the duck in group treated with banana peel meal
of Kepok had the same body weight gain as the
ducks treated with banana peel of Tanduk and
with a half level (25%), on contrast orthogonal test
5 (K25 vs T25, R25). This is because in this
treatment group using half corn and half flour
banana peel. The level uniformity between Kepok
banana meal, Tanduk, Raja is half (25%), so the
feed has the same crude fiber content. Crude fiber
in feed with the same level is 14%, does not affect
body weight gain in broiler chickens during the 42-
day maintenance period (Kras et al., 2013).
Body weight gain (Table 3) showed that
the duck in group treated with banana peel meal
of Kepok had the same body weight gain as the
duck in group treated with banana eel meal of
Tanduk and Raja with a whole level (50%), on
contrast orthogonal test 6 (K50 vs T50, R50). This
is because the use of banana peel meal with the
same level is entirely (50%) without corn, so that
crude fiber is in the same feed (Table 3). Feed
with the same crude fiber content as the level of
14% does not affect broiler chicken body weight
gain during the 42-day maintenance period (Kras
et al., 2013). Oyedeji et al. (2015) reported that
replacing corn with banana peel meal up to 50%
in feed, causing a negative effect on the body
weight gain of starter phase broilers, but it has a
positive effect on finisher phase broilers, because
the cell tissue in the chicken's body is functioning
optimally when the chicken enters finisher phase.
Corn is the main source of feed energy in poultry
feed (Sinaei dan Houshmand, 2016).
Final body weight
The final body weight showed that the use
of Kepok, Tanduk, Raja (KTR) banana meal with
levels of 25 and 50% caused ducks given banana
peel meal to have lower body weight (P<0.05)
compared to the final body weight of ducks
treated. On contrast orthogonal test 1 (PB vs K25,
K50, T25, T50, R25, R50) and 3 (K25, K50 vs
R25, R50).
Final body weight (Table 3) showed that
the duck in group treated with basal feed had
higher final body weight (P<0.05) than the duck in
group treated with banana peel meal on contrast
orthogonal test 1 (PB vs K25, K50, T25, T50, R25,
R50). This is caused the use of banana peel meal
at levels 25 and 50% in feed causes the crude
fiber content to increase to 8.10%, so that the
body weight of ducks be lower compared to the
treatment of basal feed. The high crude fiber in
the feed, caused feed that is digested by ducks
easily comes out with the excreta, before the
absorption process occurs (Wulandari et al.,
2013). The most important amino acids contained
in corn are lysine and tryptophan. Both amino
acids are a fraction of essential amino acids which
are very important in the growth of poultry
(Prasanna et al., 2001). Amino acid is a
constituent of protein, one of its functions is to
increase growth in livestock, besides that. Banana
skin has antinutrient content such as oxalate,
phytate, and saponins which can cause the
growth of livestock to be inhibited, so that use in
feed needs to be limited (Muliani, 2006).
Final body weight (Table 3) showed that
the duck in group treated with Kepok banana peel
meal had a higher final body weight (P<0.01) than
the duck in group treated with banana peel meal
of Raja, on contrast orthogonal 3 (K25, K50 vs
R25, R50). This is caused Kepok banana peel
meal has a lower oxalate content of 50.00 mg (%)
(Anhwange, 2008) than banana peel meal of Raja
which is 280.88 mg (%) (Romelle et al., 2016).
The oxalate contained in the feed has a negative
effect on the growth of broiler chickens, especially
in the final weight produced (Clement et al., 2017).
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Bagus Andika Fitroh et al. Performance and Carcass Production of Hybrid Ducks
Crude fiber which is high in feed, can
reduce life weight, because livestock quickly feel
full due to voluminous fiber, which can reduce
feed consumption (Prawitasari et al., 2012).
Digestion of crude fiber in the duck's caecum is
assisted by microorganisms, resulting in volatile
fatty acid (VFA) which can be absorbed by the
body properly, but microorganisms in the caecum
has a limited amount, so the ability of ducks to
digest crude fiber is not optimal (Sandi et al.,
2012). Poultry has a low ability to utilize crude
fiber, but fiber is still needed to support growth
(Tossaporn, 2013).
On contrast orthogonal test 2 (K25, K50 vs
T25, T50), 4 (T25, T50 vs R25, R50), 5 (K25 vs
T25, R25), and 6 (K50 vs T50, R50) have no
difference. Final body weight (Table 2) showed
that the duck in group treated with Kepok banana
peel meal had the same final body weight, with
the duck in group treated with banana peel meal
of Tanduk, on contrast orthogonal test 2 (K25,
K50 vs T25, T50). This is caused the use of
Kepok and Tanduk banana peel meal does not
change the presence of crude protein and energy
in feed, so that the body weight of ducks is not
different. The growth of Poultry depends on the
composition of nutrients in feed, such as energy,
protein, crude fiber, crude fat, and vitamins, if
there are differences or uniformity of energy,
protein, fiber content, then, causing differences in
body weight in poultry (Kompiang et al., 2001).
Final body weight (Table 3) showed that
the duck in group treated with banana peel meal
of Tanduk had the same body weight as the duck
in group treated with banana peel meal of Raja,
on contrast orthogonal test 4 (T25, T50 vs R25,
R50). This is caused the use of banana peel meal
of Tanduk and Raja does not change the energy
and protein content in the feed made uniformly, so
that ducks get the same amount of energy and
protein. Feed with different levels of crude protein
12, 14, 16, 18 and 20%, with the same energy of
2900 kcal/kg, gave no different effect on the
weight of Lueyang black-boned chickens aged 20
weeks (Liu et al., 2015).
Final body weight (Table 3) showed that
the duck in group treated with Kepok banana peel
meal had the same body weight as the duck in
group treated with banana peel meal of Raja dan
Tanduk with a half level (25%), on contrast
orthogonal test 5 (K25 vs T25, R25). This is
caused the use of banana peel meal with the
same level causes crude fiber in the feed is not
much different, so have no difference in body
weight in ducks. The uniformity of crude fiber
content in feed was 3.32%, using sunflower seed
flour, did not give a difference to the body weight
of 42 days old broiler chickens, that is, 1074
g/head (Sangsoponjit et al., 2017).
Final body weight (Table 3) showed that
the duck in group treated with Kepok banana peel
meal had the same body weight as the duck in
group treated with banana peel meal of Tanduk
and Raja with a all of level (50%), on contrast
orthogonal test 6 (K50 vs T50, R50). This is
caused the level of banana peel meal is used in
the same amount. The crude fiber which is
uniform in feed is 15%, using sunflower seed
meal, which gives no significant effect on body
weight of broiler chickens that are maintained up
to 42 days (Araujo et al., 2011).
Body weight in ducks is also influenced by
strains, sex, and genetics (Lukaszewicz et al.,
2011). Bochno et al. (2005) reported that between
male and female ducks with the same strain, have
different body weights, because growth in male
ducks is faster. Male ducks from different strains
have different body weights due to different
genetic factors (Witak, 2008).
Feed conversion
Feed conversion showed that the use of
Kepok, Tanduk, Raja (KTR) banana peel with
levels of 25 and 50% caused ducks given banana
peel meal to have a higher feed conversion
(P<0.05) compared to ducks treated with basal
feed. Contrast orthogonal test showed that have a
effect on contrast 1 (PB vs K25, K50, T25, T50,
R25, R50) and 3 (K25, K50 vs R25, R50).
Feed conversion (Table 3) showed that the
duck in group treated with basal feed had lower
feed conversion (P<0.01) than the duck in group
given banana peel meal, on contrast orthogonal
test 1 (PB vs K25, K50, T25, T50, R25, R50). This
is caused banana peel meal causes a decrease in
final body weight, so that when calculated by the
formulation of feed conversion value, in ducks
given banana peel meal has a higher feed
conversion than basal feed treatment. Reddy et al.
(2010) reported that nutrients in feed such as
energy, protein, and crude fiber can affect body
weight in livestock, so the conversion of feed
produced depends on the body weight of the
livestock during maintenance. Feed consumption,
final body weight, and body weight gain have a
positive correlation to feed conversion value
(Sjofjan, 2008).
Feed conversion (Table 3) showed that the
duck in group treated with Kepok banana peel
meal had a lower feed conversion (P<0.01) than
the duck in group treated with banana peel meal
of Raja, on contrast orthogonal test 3 (K25, K50
vs R25, R50). This is caused ducks given banana
peel meal of Kepok have a higher final body
weight than ducks that are given banana peel
meal of Raja, so that when calculated into the
formulation, it causes a difference in the
conversion value of the feed produced. Haryanto
et al. (2016) reported that the value of feed
conversion is affected by the consumption of feed
spent by livestock. Santiago et al. (2010) reported
that with the change of feed ingredients, can affect
the value of feed conversion in livestock with each
treatment. Reduction in the proportion of corn in
feed, it turns out can cause differences in FCR
values in broiler chickens by 2.43; 1.73; 1.67;
1.58; and 1.52 (Singh et al., 2013).
Contrast orthogonal test 2 (K25, K50 vs
T25, T50), 4 (T25, T50 vs R25, R50), 5 (K25 vs
T25, R25), and 6 (K50 vs T50, R50) have no
226
Bagus Andika Fitroh et al. Performance and Carcass Production of Hybrid Ducks
difference. Feed conversion (Table 2) showed that
the duck in group treated with banana peel meal
of Kepok had the same feed conversion the duck
in group treated with banana peel meal of Tanduk,
on contrast orthogonal test 2 (K25, K50 vs T25,
T50). This is causeed the use of banana peel
meal of Kepok and Tanduk does not change the
energy content and crude protein in feed, so
ducks consume the same amount of feed and
produce the same body weight, when calculated
into the formulation, produce the same feed
conversion value. The amount of feed
consumption, the same body weight, produces the
same feed conversion value (Saber et al., 2011).
Feed conversion (Table 3) showed that the
duck group in treated with banana peel meal of
Tanduk had the same feed conversion the duck in
group treated with banana peel meal of Raja., on
contrast orthogonal test 4 (T25, T50 vs R25, R50).
This is caused the use of banana peel meal of
Kepok and Tanduk in feed does not change the
energy content and crude protein in the feed, so
ducks consume the same amount of feed, with the
same body weight, thus giving the same feed
conversion value when calculated based on the
feed conversion formulation. The giving of
probiotics of 100 mg/kg in feed, does not affect
the amount of feed consumption and body weight
of broiler chickens, so it has the same feed
conversion value (Khaksefidi dan Rahimi, 2005).
Feed conversion (Table 3) showed that the
duck in group treated with banana peel meal of
Kepok had the same feed conversion of the ducks
treated with banana peel meal of Tanduk and
Raja with half level (25%), on contrast orthogonal
test 5 (K25 vs T25, R25). This is caused the use
of banana peel meal with the same level in feed,
so that ducks consume the same amount of feed
and the same body weight produced, the
conversion of the feed produced is also same.
Restrictions on feeding with nutrient uniformity,
caused no effect on feed conversion of broilers
aged 42 days, this caused that nutrient uniformity
in feed does not affect feed consumption and
body weight (Kusuma et al., 2016).
Feed conversion (Table 3) showed that the
duck in group treated with banana peel meal of
Kepok had the same feed conversion with the
ducks treated that give banana peel meal of
Tanduk and Raja of all level (50%), on contrast
orthogonal test 6 (K50 vs T50, R50). This is
caused the use of banana peel meal with the
same level of 50% in feed, so that ducks consume
the same amount of feed and produce the same
final body weight, so the conversion of feed
produced is also same. The uniformity of nutrient
content in feed did not give different results on
feed conversion of broilers aged 28 days
(Nugraha et al., 2017). The giving of feed in mash
to ducks of different ages, caused feed conversion
which is equally higher, because feed in the mash
is easily spilled and scattered (Khetani et al.,
2005). Each type of duck has a different ability in
growth, laying type ducks have a value of adjusted
feed conversion from the amount of egg
production, while broiler type duck feed
conversion value is adjusted from the results of
the final weight produced at the end maintenance
period (Men et al., 2002).
Carcass weight
Carcass weight showed that the use of
Kepok, Tanduk, Raja (KTR) banana peel with
levels of 25 and 50% caused the carcass weight
of the duck group given banana peel meal to be
lower (P<0.01) compared to the duck group in
treated with basal feed. pada kontras 1 (PB vs
K25, K50, T25, T50, R25, R50), 3 (K25, K50 vs
R25, R50), and 4 (T25, T50 vs R25, R50).
Carcass weight (Table 3) showed that the
duck in group treated with basal feed had higher
carcass weight (P<0.01) than the duck in group
treated with banana peel meal, on contrast
orthogonal test 1 (PB vs K25, K50, T25, T50, R25,
R50). This is caused the use of banana peel meal
causes differences in final body weight of ducks,
so that it also affects the carcass weight
produced. The high crude fiber up to 8.10%
causes the final body weight of ducks to decrease,
because the digested feed easily comes out with
excreta before the absorption process occurs.
High coarse fiber in feed can reduce the live
weight in poultry, because inside the caecum
microorganisms that help digest fiber are measly
(Sandi et al., 2012).
Carcass weight (Table 3) showed that the
duck in group treated with banana peel meal of
Kepok had a higher carcass weight (P<0.01) than
the duck in group treated with banana peel meal
of Tanduk, on contrast orthogonal test 3 (K25,
K50 vs R25, R50). This is caused banana peel
meal of Kepok is better able to meet the nutrient
requirements needed by ducks in producing
carcasses, while banana peel meal of Raja is
thought to reduce carcass production, because it
can increase crude fiber content, so that had
lower carcass production. Feed is the main thing
in determining the production produced by
livestock (Meliandasari et al., 2015). The high
crude fiber in feed can reduce carcass production
in ducks (Meliandasari et al., 2015).
Carcass weight (Table 3) showed that the
duck in group treated with banana peel meal of
Kepok had higher carcass weight (P<0.05) than
the duck in group treated with banana peel meal
of Tanduk, on contrast orthogonal test 4 (T25, T50
vs R25, R50). This is caused banana peel meal of
Tanduk has a lower amount of crude fiber than
banana peel meal of Raja seen in Table 3, but
when used as a substitute for corn in feed, it can
balance the content of crude fiber, crude fat, and
minerals needed by ducks, so banana peel meal
of Tanduk provides better carcass production than
banana peel meal of Raja. Feed is the main thing
in determining the production produced by
livestock (Meliandasari et al., 2015).
On contrast orthogonal test 2 (K25, K50 vs
T25, T50), 5 (K25 vs T25, R25), and 6 (K50 vs
T50, R50) have no difference. Carcass weight
(Table 3) showed that the duck in group treated
227
Bagus Andika Fitroh et al. Performance and Carcass Production of Hybrid Ducks
with banana peel meal of kepok has the same
carcass weight with the duck in group treated
banana peel meal of Tanduk, on contrast
orthogonal test 2 (K25, K50 vs T25, T50). This is
caused the use banana eel meal of Kepok and
Tanduk does not affect the amount of feed
consumption and body weight of ducks, so the
carcass weight produced is the same. The use of
black jintan up to 6% in feed as an antioxidant
turned out to give insignificant on the carcass
weight of broiler chickens, because the carcass
weight was closely related to the amount of feed
consumption and cut weight produced (Salam et
al., 2013).
Carcass weight (Table 3) showed that the
duck in group treated with banana peel meal of
Kepok has the same carcass weight as the duck
in group treated with banana peel meal of Raja,
on contrast orthogonal test 5 (K25 vs T25, R25).
This is caused the same level (25%) of the use of
banana peel meal in feed does not affect the
amount of feed consumption and body weight of
ducks, so the carcass weight produced is the
same. The uniformity of nutrient content in feed
does not affect the amount of feed consumption
and body weight of ducks, this causes carcass
weight also does not give effect (Kim et al., 2007).
Carcass weight (Table 3) showed that the
duck in group treated with banana peel meal of
Tanduk had the same carcass weight as the duck
in group treated with banana peel meal of Raja,
on contrast orthogonal test 6 (K50 vs T50, R50).
This is caused the all of level (50%) of the use of
banana peel meal in feed does not affect the
amount of feed consumption and body weight of
ducks, so that the carcass weight produced is not
different. The restrictions of feed on broiler
chickens do not affect the carcass weight,
because all nutrients in the feed have the same
value, so that the feed consumption and body
weight produced are the same (Jahanpour et al.,
2015). Sunari et al. (2001) reported that the ratio
of carcass weight to life weight is often used as a
measure to determine carcass production
(carcass weight) in the field of animal husbandry.
Abdominal fat percentage
The percentage of abdominal fat from the
analysis of variance (Table 3) showed that the use
of Kepok, Tanduk, Raja (KTR) banana peel meal
with levels of 25 and 50% caused the percentage
of abdominal fat of duck in group that given
banana peel meal was lower (P<0.01) compared
to duck in groups treated with basal feed. Contrast
orthogonal test showed that there is difference on
contrast orthogonal test 1 (PB vs K25, K50, T25,
T50, R25, R50), 3 (K25, K50 vs R25, R50), and 4
(T25, T50 vs R25, R50).
The percentage of abdominal fat (Table 3)
showed that the duck group treated with basal
feed had a higher percentage of abdominal fat (P
<0.01) than the duck group treated with banana
peel meal, on contrast orthogonal test 1 (PB vs
K25, K50, T25, T50, R25, R50). This is caused
the use of banana peel meal, the percentage of
abdominal fat decreases, this is due to the
increase in crude fiber content which varies in
feed shown in Table 1. Crude fiber in feed can
reduce abdominal fat deposits in poultry (Fuji et
al., 2013). The giving azolla with crude fiber up to
18.25%, can improve incomplete digestion, due to
exfoliation of the intestinal mucosa, thus disrupting
absorption due to gross fiber that is too high,
besides it can trigger digestive pH to be lower and
suppress the activity of enzymes that synthesize
fat, consequently the lipogenesis process
becomes inhibited (Samudera dan Hidayatullah,
2008). The process of digesting high crude fiber
requires more energy, so that do not have excess
energy to be stored in the form of abdominal fat in
poultry (Mahfudz, 2000). Abdominal fat deposits in
duck carcasses can decrease by means of
inhibition of fat absorption in the digestive tract,
which is caused by low production of bile salts,
because are bound by fiber (Letis et al., 2017).
The percentage of abdominal fat (Table 3)
showed that the duck in group treated with
banana peel meal of Kepok had a higher
percentage of abdominal fat (P<0.01) than the
duck in group treated with banana peel meal of
Raja, on contrast orthogonal test 3 (K25, K50 vs
R25, R50). This is because banana peel meal of
Kepok has a lower crude fiber content compared
to the treatment with banana peel meal of Raja,
thus affecting the percentage of abdominal fat
produced. Dong et al. (2007) reported that the use
of alfalfa as a source of fiber in feed up to 26%,
can reduce abdominal fat without affecting duck
meat production. The high content of crude fiber in
feed can reduce the digestibility of crude fiber, due
to the rate of flow of food substances in the small
intestine are increases, so that the digestibility of
fat are decreases (Leeson dan Summers, 2000).
The percentage of abdominal fat (Table 3)
showed that the duck in group treated with
banana peel meal of Tanduk had a higher
percentage of abdominal fat (P<0.05) than the
duck in group treated with banana peel meal of
Raja, on contrast orthogonal test 4 (T25, T50 vs
R25, R50). This is caused banana peel meal of
Tanduk has a lower amount of crude fiber than
banana peel meal of Raja seen in Table 3, so that
when added to the feed the abdominal weight in
ducks is lower than that of ducks given banana
peel meal of Raja. The high content of crude fiber
in feed can affect the amount of abdominal fat in
poultry (Massolo et al., 2016). The digestive
process of crude fiber in chickens requires as
much energy as possible, so that the chicken
does not have excess energy to store in the form
of abdominal fat (Mahfudz, 2000). Suryani dan
Bidura (2000) reported that the distribution of fat in
the body will decrease, with an increase in the
crude fiber content in the feed. Fat deposits in
poultry's body are sourced from triglycerides
obtained from feed by 95% and only 5% are
synthesized into the liver (Pratikno, 2011).
Contrast orthogonal test 2 (K25, K50 vs
T25, T50), 5 (K25 vs T25, R25), and 6 (K50 vs
T50, R50) have no effect. The percentage of
228
Bagus Andika Fitroh et al. Performance and Carcass Production of Hybrid Ducks
abdominal fat (Table 3) showed that the duck in
group treated with banana peel meal of Kepok
had the same percentage of abdominal fat as the
duck in group treated with banana peel meal of
Tanduk, on contrast orthogonal test 2 (K25, K50
vs T25, T50). This is caused the use of banana
peel meal of Kepok and Tanduk in feed causes
the content of crude fiber in the feed is not much
different, so the percentage of abdominal fat in
ducks is the same. The percentage of abdominal
fat is the amount of fat accumulation in the body of
poultry, abdominal fat deposits can be affected by
crude fiber in the feed. The content of crude fiber
in the feed with the same amount causes the
same abdominal fat produced (Sadeghi et al.,
2015).
The percentage of abdominal fat (Table 3)
showed that the duck in group treated with
banana peel meal of Kepok had the same
percentage of abdominal fat as the ducks treated
with banana peel meal of Tanduk and Raja with
half level (25%), on contrast orthogonal test 5
(K25 vs T25, R25). This is caused the use of
banana peel meal with the same level, causing
crude fiber in the feed is not much different (Table
1). The uniformity of crude fiber in feed with a
level of 3.51%, gives no significant effect on the
percentage of abdominal fat of 42 days old male
broiler chicken (Sarikhan et al., 2010).
Percentage of abdominal fat (Table 3)
showed that the duck in group treated with
banana peel meal of Kepok had the same
percentage of abdominal fat as the duck in group
treated with banana peel meal of Tanduk and
Raja with all of level (50%), on contrast orthogonal
test 6 (K50 vs T50, R50). This is caused the use
of banana peel meal with the same level, causing
crude fiber in feed is not much different (Table 1).
The same crude fiber in feed causes the average
percentage of abdominal fat to have the same
value in broiler chickens, which is 1.72 g/head
(Mourao et al., 2008).
Conclusions
Banana peel meal cannot be used as a
substitute for corn in hybrid ducks feed, because
it can reduce carcass performance and
production.
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