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... Preisach hysteresis function a piezo actuator has the form [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] The transfer function of the linear part of the scan system with a piezo actuator for elastic-inertia load 22 ...
For the control system with a piezo actuator in astrophysical research the condition for the existence of self-oscillations is determined. Frequency method for determination self-oscillations in control systems is applied. By using the harmonious linearization of hysteresis and Nyquist stability criterion the condition of the existence of self-oscillations is obtained.
The schemes with lumped parameters and distributed parameters of the nano piezo engine are constructed for applied bionics. The scheme of the nano piezo engine is founded by method mathematical physics. The displacement matrix of nano engine is determined.
Background/Aim: With the availability of biosimilars, hospital formulary drug selection among biologics extends beyond clinical and safety considerations when comes to hospital resource management, to factors like human resource allocation and financial sustainability. However, research assessing the time and cost of labor, supplies, and waste disposal of biologics from the standpoint of hospitals remains limited. This study focuses on short-acting granulocyte-colony stimulating factor originators (Granocyte® and Neupogen®) and biosimilar (Nivestim®), comparing them based on mean total handling times per dose and total annual expenses. Materials and Methods: Ten nurses from a Taiwanese cancer center were recruited; they each prepared three doses of each drug. Results: Findings showed that the mean total handling times per dose of Granocyte® and Neupogen® were significantly higher than that of Nivestim®. Handling Nivestim® required the lowest total annual expense. Conclusion: Nivestim® is an advantageous alternative to Granocyte® and Neupogen®, benefiting hospital resource management.
The structural schemes of electroelastic engine micro and nano displacement are determined for applied bionics and biomechanics. The structural scheme of electroelastic engine is constructed by method mathematical physics. The displacement matrix of electroelastic engine micro and nano displacement is determined.
In the work is calculated of the piezoactuator for astrophysics. The structural scheme of the piezoactuator is determined for astrophysics. The matrix equation is constructed for the piezoactuator. The mechanical characteristic is determined. The parameters of the piezoactuator are obtained in nano control systems for astrophysics.
An electromagnetoelastic actuator is electromagnetomechanical device, intended for actuation of mechanisms, systems or management, based on the piezoelectric, piezomagnetic, electrostriction, magnetostriction effects, converts electric or magnetic signals into mechanical movement and force. The piezo actuator is used in vibration compensation and absorption systems in aircraft and rotorcraft elements, in nanotechnology research for scanning microscopy, in laser systems and ring gyroscopes. The structural scheme of an electromagnetoelastic actuator for nanotechnology research is constructed by using the equation of electromagnetoelasticity and the linear ordinary second-order differential equation of the actuator under various boundary conditions. An electromagnetoelastic actuator is using in nanotechnology, microelectronics, nanobiology, astronomy, nanophysics for the alignment, the reparation of the gravitation and temperature deformations. The nanomanipulator with the piezo actuator is applied in the matching systems in nanotechnology. In the present work, the problem of building the structural scheme of the electromagnetoelastic actuator is solving in difference from Mason’s electrical equivalent circuit. The transformation of the structural scheme under various boundary conditions of the actuator is considered. The matrix transfer function is calculated from the set of equations for the structural scheme of the electromagnetoelastic actuator in control system. This matrix transfer function for the deformation of the actuator is used in nanotechnology research. The structural schemes and the elastic compliances of the piezo actuators are obtained by voltage or current control. The structural scheme of the magnetostriction actuator is constructed for nanotechnology research. The characteristics of the piezo actuator are determined. The structural scheme of the piezo actuator with the back electromotive force is obtained. The transformation of the elastic compliances of the piezo actuators is considered for the voltage and current control.
The structural model of a nano drive is determined for biomedical research. The structural scheme of the piezo drive is obtained. The matrix equation is constructed for a nano drive.
For astrophysics equipment and composite telescope the parameters and the characteristics of the nanopiezoactuator are obtained. The functions of the nanopiezoactuator are determined. The mechanical characteristic of the nanopiezoactuator is received.
For the nano piezoactuator with hysteresis in control system its set of equilibrium positions is the segment of line. By applying Yakubovich criterion for system with the nano piezoactuator the condition absolute stability of system is evaluated.
The structural model of the nano piezoengine is determined for applied biomechanics and biosciences. The structural scheme of the nano piezoengine is obtained. For calculation nano systems the structural model and scheme of the nano piezoengine are used, which reflect the conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy of the control object. The matrix equation is constructed for the nano piezoengine in applied biomechanics and biosciences.
The structural model of the electroelastic engine for nanobiomedicine is determined. The structural scheme of the engine is constructed. For the mechatronics systems with the elecroelastic engine its deformations are obtained.
The structural scheme of a piezoactuator is obtained for astrophysics. The matrix equation is constructed for a piezoactuator. The characteristics of a piezoactuator are received for astrophysics.
The structural model of the drive for nanobiotechnology is obtained. The structural scheme of the drive is constructed. In nanobiotechnology for the control systems with the drive its deformations are determined.
The mathematical models of a piezoengine are determined for nanomedicine and applied bionics. The structural scheme of a piezoengine is constructed. The matrix equation is obtained for a piezoengine.
In nanosciences research the structural model of an electro elastic engine is constructed. Its structural scheme of is received. For an engine its matrix equation of the deformations are obtained in the decisions of the precision control systems. The parameters of an engine are determined.
The structural model of an engine for nanochemistry is obtained. The structural scheme of an engine is constructed. For the control systems in nanochemistry with an elecro elastic engine its characteristics are determined.
The structural model of a piezo engine for composite telescope is constructed. This structural model clearly shows the conversion of electrical energy by a piezo engine into mechanical energy of the control element of a composite telescope. The structural scheme of a piezo engine is determined. For the control systems with a piezo engine its deformations are obtained in the matrix form. This structural model, structural scheme and matrix equation of a piezo engine are applied in calculation the parameters of the control systems for composite telescope.
The generalized parametric structural schematic diagram, the generalized structural-parametric model, and the generalized matrix transfer function of an electromagnetoelastic actuator with output parameters displacements are determined by solving the wave equation with the Laplace transform, using the equation of the electromagnetolasticity in the general form, the boundary conditions on the loaded working surfaces of the actuator, and the strains along the coordinate axes. The parametric structural schematic diagram and the transfer functions of the electromagnetoelastic actuator are obtained for the calculation of the control systems for the nanomechanics. The structural-parametric model of the piezoactuator for the transverse, longitudinal, and shift piezoelectric effects are constructed. The dynamic and static characteristics of the piezoactuator with output parameter displacement are obtained.
Design and analysis of piezoelectric actuators having over 20% effective strain using an exponential strain amplification mechanism are presented in this paper. Piezoelectric ceramic material, such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT), has large stress and bandwidth, but its extremely small strain, i.e., only 0.1%, has been a major bottleneck for broad applications. This paper presents a new strain amplification design, called a “nested rhombus” multilayer mechanism, that increases strain exponentially through its hierarchical cellular structure. This allows for over 20% effective strain. In order to design the whole actuator structure, not only the compliance of piezoelectric material but also the compliance of the amplification structures needs to be taken into account. This paper addresses how the output force and displacement are attenuated by the compliance involved in the strain amplification mechanism through kinematic and static analysis. An insightful lumped parameter model is proposed to quantify the performance degradation and facilitate design tradeoffs. A prototype-nested PZT cellular actuator that weighs only 15 g has produced 21% effective strain (2.5 mm displacement from 12-mm actuator length and 30 mm width) and 1.7 N blocking force. ©2010 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other users, including reprinting/ republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted components of this work in other works. DOI: 10.1109/TMECH.2009.2034973
Structural-parametric models, parametric structural schematic diagrams and transfer functions of electromagnetoelastic actuators are determined. A generalized parametric structural schematic diagram of the electromagnetoelastic actuator is constructed. Effects of geometric and physical parameters of actuators and external load on its dynamic characteristics are determined. For calculations the mechatronic systems with piezoactuators for nano- and microdisplacement the parametric structural schematic diagrams and the transfer functions of piezoactuators are obtained.
Structural-parametric models and parametric structural schematic diagrams of electromagnetoelastic actuators are obtained. The transfer functions of the actuators are determined from structural parametric models. For calculations robotics and mechatronics systems with piezoactuators the parametric structural schematic diagrams and the transfer functions of piezoactuators are obtained.
This chapter introduces control methods for the single cellular actuator and cellular actuator arrays. Segmented binary control (SBC) is introduced to control an actuator array where one must compensate for the hysteresis in each actuator unit. This method enables the use of bistable, or ON–OFF, control for individual actuator units, resulting in a simpler controller. Because the rhomboidal strain amplification mechanisms consist of thin metallic members, bistable control can introduce mechanical vibration. This is a problem because there is little structural damping in the material, the frequencies are low enough (because of the low stiffness of the structure) to be within an order of magnitude of the frequencies of operation, and the amplitudes of oscillation in response to the impulsive activation of the piezoelectric stacks are significant. For smooth operation and reasonable cycle times of operation of robotic devices using this technology, a reliable compensation method is necessary. Discrete switching vibration suppression (DSVS) is a technique that strategically phases the activation of the driving piezoelectric stacks to limit or even eliminate vibration from point-to-point moves. Large arrays of cellular actuators can pose a different problem altogether; signal routing from the main controller becomes unwieldy and fault-prone. When an actuator array consists of a large number of cellular units, stochastic broadcast control is more effective than using deterministic control. In this architecture, each unit is an independent agent with access to a common control signal that is broadcast wirelessly to all agents, eliminating the need for each unit to have an address or wire associated with. Units are constantly entering and leaving the active state stochastically such that in the aggregate the actuator array produces the contraction desired. In order to facilitate faster response in binary controlled actuator units, a technique named Hysteresis Loop Control (HLC) is introduced. The stochastic broadcast technique can be combined with HLC to compensate for pronounced hysteresis.
We developed a structural-parametric models, obtained solution for the wave equation of electroelastic actuators and constructed their transfer functions. Effects of geometric and physical parameters of electroelastic actuators and external loading on their dynamic characteristics determined. For calculation of automatic control systems for nanometric movements with electroelastic actuators, we obtained the parametric structural schematic diagrams and the transfer functions of piezoactuators. Static and dynamic characteristics of piezoactuators determined.
The objective of this paper is to describe the mathematical modelling and numerical testing of the static
behaviour and natural frequency of a flexure hinge transducer. The actuator is constructed of two parallel
beams mounted by stiff links with an offset to a piezoceramic rod. A monolithic hinge lever mechanism is
applied by cutting constricted hinges at the links to generate and magnify the in-plane displacement created
by the application of a voltage to the piezorod. This mechanism enables the piezoelectric transducers
to amplify displacement efficiently. A non-linear analytical model of the actuator is developed on the
basis of Hamilton’s principle and solved with use of the perturbation method. During the numerical analysis,
the static deflection and internal axial force generated by the electric field application are determined
by changing actuator properties such as the distance between the beams and the rod as well as
the stiffness of the constricted hinges. It is shown that for the flextensional actuator with a very high
flexibility of constricted hinges, the generated transverse displacement is limited by the maximum
electric field as the characteristic property for each piezoceramic material. In the dynamic analysis, the
fundamental vibration frequency and the adequate modes are studied in relation to the piezoelectric
force. The natural vibration frequency, affected by the piezoelectric force, also depends on the stiffness
of the beam supports, the matched beam and rod materials, the ratio of the cross section of the rod to
the beam and the direction of the electric field.
The transfer functions of multilayer nano- and microdisplacement piezotransducers are obtained under the conditions of longitudinal and transverse piezo-optic effects. The absolute stability conditions are derived for the strain control systems of multilayer nano- and microdisplacement piezotransducers. Some compensating devices ensuring the stability of strain control systems of multilayer piezotransducers are chosen.
To simplify the design of the linear ultrasonic motor (LUSM) and improve its output performance, a method of modal decoupling for LUSMs is proposed in this paper. The specific embodiment of this method is decoupling of the traditional LUSM stator¿s complex vibration into two simple vibrations, with each vibration implemented by one vibrator. Because the two vibrators are designed independently, their frequencies can be tuned independently and frequency consistency is easy to achieve. Thus, the method can simplify the design of the LUSM. Based on this method, a prototype modal- independent LUSM is designed and fabricated. The motor reaches its maximum thrust force of 47 N, maximum unloaded speed of 0.43 m/s, and maximum power of 7.85 W at applied voltage of 200 Vpp. The motor¿s structure is then optimized by controlling the difference between the two vibrators¿ resonance frequencies to reach larger output speed, thrust, and power. The optimized results show that when the frequency difference is 73 Hz, the output force, speed, and power reach their maximum values. At the input voltage of 200 Vpp, the motor reaches its maximum thrust force of 64.2 N, maximum unloaded speed of 0.76 m/s, maximum power of 17.4 W, maximum thrust¿weight ratio of 23.7, and maximum efficiency of 39.6%.
The use of nano- and micro-scale piezomotors in precision electromechanical systems is considered. The deformation of the piezoconverter corresponding to its stress state is investigated.
Block diagrams of a multilayer piezoelectric motor based on the longitudinal piezoelectric effect with account for the electromotive counterforce are designed. Transfer functions of the piezoelectric motor with regard to its geometric and physical parameters, electromotive counterforce, and external load are obtained.
Piezoelectric actuators have been used successfully to enable locomotion in aerial and ambulatory microrobotic platforms. However, the use of piezoelectric actuators presents two major challenges for power electronic design: generating high-voltage drive signals in systems typically powered by low-voltage energy sources, and recovering unused energy from the actuators. Due to these challenges, conventional drive circuits become too bulky or inefficient in low mass applications. This work describes electrical characteristics and drive requirements of low mass piezoelectric actuators, the design and optimization of suitable drive circuit topologies, aspects of the physical instantiation of these topologies, including the fabrication of extremely lightweight magnetic components, and a custom, ultra low power integrated circuit that implements control functionality for the drive circuits. The principles and building blocks presented here enable efficient high-voltage drive circuits that can satisfy the stringent weight and power requirements of microrobotic applications.
We study the compression diagrams and elastic compliances of composite piezoelectric transducers. We find the typical points
on the compression diagram which correspond to the mechanical stress of clearance cutting and smoothing the microroughnesses
and to the ultimate compression strength with crack formation on the edges of piezoelectric crystal plates. We construct mechanical
and adjusting characteristics of piezoelectric transducers and determine their static and dynamic characteristics.
The stability conditions for a system controlling the deformation of an electromagnetoelastic transducer under deterministic and random actions are discussed. Manufacturing high-precision electromechanical drives based on electromagnetoelasticity are offering challenges under the scope of nanotechnology, nanobiology, power engineering, microelectronics, and adaptive optics. High precision drives are operated within operating loads ensuring elastic strains of the executive electromagnetoelastic transducer. A system designed for the control of micro and nanoscale strains of an electromagnetoelastic transducer. The absolute stability conditions for a system with hysteresis nonlinearity are analytically described by using Yakubovic's absolute stability criterion. The absolute stability conditions obtained for a system can be used for stability estimation and the calculation of the characteristics of the control system.
The use of the solution to the wave equation to construct a generalized structural parametric model of an electromagnetoelastic transducer to determine the effect of its geometry and physical parameters is discussed. High-precision electromechanical drives are operated under working loads ensuring elastic strains of the executive device. Piezoelectric transducers are characterized by high piezoelectric moduli and they are frequently used to produce nanoscale displacements. The solution of the wave equation supplemented with the corresponding electromagnetoelasticity equation and boundary conditions on the transducer's two working surfaces allows to construct a structural parametric model of an electromagnetoelastic transducer. The transfer functions of a piezoelectric transducer are derived from its generalized structural parametric model and are obtained as the ratio of the Laplace transform of the transducer face displacement to the Laplace transform of the input electric parameter.
A study was conducted to prepare a structural parametric model of a pie piezoelectric nanodisplacement transducer. The structural parametric model was prepared to investigate the potential application of the piezoelectric transducer in the equipment of nanotechnology, microbiology, microelectronics, astronomy, for high-precision superposition, compensation, and wavefront correction. It was found that the piezoelectric transducer operates on the basis of the inverse piezoelectric effect, in which a displacement is due to the deformation of the piezoelectric element, caused by the application of an external electric voltage. The wave equations also needed to solved, to construct a structural parametric model of the voltage-controlled piezoelectric transducer.
Electromagnetoelastic actuator for large telescopes
- D Zwillinger
Zwillinger D. Handbook of differential equations. Boston: Academic
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Copyright:
©2018 Afonin
Citation: Afonin SM. Electromagnetoelastic actuator for large telescopes. Aeron Aero Open Access J. 2018;2(5):270-272. DOI: 10.15406/aaoaj.2018.02.00060
and applications. Parinov IA. editor, New York: Nova Science. 2015.
225-242 p.
Solution wave equation and parametric structural schematic diagrams of electromagnetoelastic actuators nano- and microdisplacement
- S M Afonin
Afonin SM. Solution wave equation and parametric structural
schematic diagrams of electromagnetoelastic actuators nano-and
microdisplacement. International Journal of Mathematical Analysis
and Applications. 2016;3(4):31-38.