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Drug Invention Today | Vol 10 • Issue 7 • 2018
1254
Methods of recording mandibular movements - A review
Sanjay Madhavan1, M. Dhanraj2, Ashish R. Jain2*
INTRODUCTION
We are blessed with a dynamic masticatory system
which allows us to function and exist. The masticatory
system is a complex unit that primarily consists of
bones, muscles, ligaments, and teeth. It is a highly
intricate unit and primarily related to chewing, speech,
and swallowing. The ever so delicate balance between
the various components of the system is monitored
by the neuromuscular control. Maxillomandibular
relationships establishment have got the attention
of prosthodontists ever since the dynamic and static
positions of the condyles in the glenoid fossa have
been interpreted and understood.[1]
Mandibular movement is defined as “any movement of
the lower jaw” and is determined by the simultaneous
activities of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The
form of the bilateral TMJs and their function facilitate
Review Article
1Department of Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu,
India, 2Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu,
India
*Corresponding author: Dr. Ashish R. Jain, Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital,
Saveetha University, Poonamalle High Road, Chennai - 600 127, Tamil Nadu, India. Phone: +91-9884233423.
E-mail: dr.ashishjain_r@yahoo.com
Received on: 13-02-2018; Revised on: 11-04-2018; Accepted on: 17-05-2018
Access this article online
Website: jprsolutions.info ISSN: 0975-7619
the mandible in making a variety of movements
mainly carried out in three different planes, namely,
the sagittal, the frontal, and the horizontal planes.
Mainly, these movements produce rotational (turning)
and translational (sliding) motions.[2] The rotatory or
the hinge-like movement occurs between the condyle
and the articular disc. Basically, there are a couple of
movements of the mandible:
• The functional movements which are characteristic
naturally occurring movements such as those
occurring during mastication, speaking, and
yawning.
• The parafunctional movements which are non-
characteristic movements such as clenching and
tapping.
The maximum movement in a plane or direction is
termed the border movement. There is a wide range
of movement called intraborder movement that occurs
within the confines of the border movements. Border
movements are reproducible. Hence, they can be
measured mechanically. Intraborder movements are
not reproducible and hence cannot be measured with
ABSTRACT
The aim of this article is to review the current literature on various methods of assessing mandibular movements. As
mandibular movements reflect the functional morphology of temporomandibular joint (TMJ), the occlusal morphology of
each tooth may be functionally related to its antagonist, to the TMJ and to the other components of the stomatognathic system
in reasonably precise ways. Articulator specifications thus can be based on common recognizable elements of jaw movements
involved in chewing, swallowing, speech, regardless of various occlusal schemes. This would enable the dentist to prevent
or minimize periodontal and temporomandibular disease and consequent tooth loss. The movement pattern of the mandible
in function has long been the subject of considerable interest both from the physiologic and the clinical aspects. Mandibular
movement is defined as “any movement of the lower jaw” and is determined by the simultaneous activities of the TMJ. The
analysis of mandibular movements is specifically good at providing important parameters for evaluation of the TMJ function
as well as for the determination of the state of muscles involved in mastication. With a precise knowledge of these, articulator
specifications may be accurately made, which enable the dentist and the laboratory technician to build and test prosthetic
appliances in an actual functional relationship as it occurs in the mouth. This article attempts to recapitulate the various
methods of recording mandibular movements. Hence, this topic is chosen to provide the reader with a general picture about
the innumerous recent methods available to assess mandibular movements.
KEY WORDS: Articulators, Mandibular, Movements, Pantograph, Temporomandibular joint
Sanjay Madhavan, et al.
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Drug Invention Today | Vol 10 • Issue 7 • 2018
accuracy. A precise mandibular movement is required
to move the teeth efficiently across each other.[3]
Unlike natural teeth, prosthesis is either ankylosed
to the bone, rests on the supporting teeth or on the
alveolar mucosa. Lateral forces produced during
mandibular movements due to the prosthesis can
traumatize these supporting structures. The analysis of
mandibular movements provides important parameters
for evaluation of the TMJ function as well as for the
determination of the state of muscles involved in
mastication.[4] A study of mandibular movements
is thus essential for a clinician to simulate normal
functioning of the masticating apparatus. Therefore,
a thorough knowledge of mandibular movements is
essential for the prosthodontist to understand various
aspects of occlusion before fabricating the prosthesis.
A good knowledge of various methods that have been
employed to measure mandibular movements is of
key importance in the clinical analysis of mastication.
HISTORY
Several methods have been employed to measure
mandibular movements. Measurement techniques
include simple measurement devices, such as a
millimeter ruler, to sophisticated electronic devices
to record movements of the mandible using magnets
or photodiode sensors. Many of them are based
on the use of recording instruments that usually
employ sensors fixed on the mandible,[5] such as
ultrasound,[6] accelerometers,[7] electromagnetic
fields,[8] videofluoroscopy,[9] and optoelectronic
devices.[10] Other methods include graphic tracings,[11]
imaging (lateral radiographs),[12] or electromagnetic
transducers cemented on anterior teeth.[13]
Graphic methods were used at an early date by
Ulrich[14] and Walker,[15] the movements of the
mandible being recorded with a stylus on a plate
attached to the upper jaw or the head. Photographic
methods also seem to have come into use in early
years; Luce[16] photographed the sunlight reflection
from beads placed opposite to the condyles. Walker
(1896) stated that the absence of condylar inclination
is the dictating factor and said that the dentures
balanced using Bonwill’s articulator did not balance
in the mouth. He gave “facial clinometer” for the
measurement of the condylar movements. Posselt[17]
studied condyle movement by profile radiography.
Cinematography was used for the first time by Thourén
(1914),[18] and this technique was later improved
by Hildebrand (1931),[19] who by utilizing mirrors
succeeded in obtaining simultaneous recordings in
two planes. Utilization of roentgenography in the
study of mandibular movement appears to have been
first introduced by Sicher (1929),[20] who reported that
he had been able to examine positions of the jaw by
ordinary roentgen recordings. A similar technique,
which also included stereoscopic roentgenograms and
photogrammetric analysis, was used later by Lindblom
(1960).[21] Hildebrand used fluoroscopy together with
roentgen kymography and recorded the movement
pattern of the mandible as kymograms showing the
condylar movements in different planes. The first
studies of the mandibular movements with the aid
of cineroentgenography were carried out by Klatsky
(1939).[22] His apparatus was based on the principle of
direct cinematographic recording of the fluoroscopic
image. Zola and Rothchildlo followed mandibular
movements with a condylar thesiograph.[23]
METHODS FOR RECORDING
MANDIBULAR MOVEMENTS
Methods using Mechanical Devices
Various graphical methods have been used to elucidate
articular movements of the study casts mounted in an
articulator. In the absence of the patient, the articulator
serves as a patient because it can be automated with
patient records that allow the operator to construct
a restoration that will be physiologically and
psychologically successful. Some of these devices
make no attempt to represent the TMJs (facebow
transfer) or their paths of motion. Some instruments
allow eccentric motion determined by inadequate
registrations. Some utilize average or equivalent
pathways.[24] Some attempt to reproduce the eccentric
pathways of the patient from three-dimensional
registrations. Hesse (1897) employed an intraoral
needle, placed in the gap after a lost first lower molar,
making imprints on an ebonite disc in the upper jaw. In
1957, Stuart introduced an apparatus for jaw tracking
purposes, which was based on the principles of a
pantograph. The instrument was made of a series of
rods arranged like a parallelogram. It consisted of six
recording styli and recording plates set at right angles
to each other around the skull.It was the Only study
done in 1986 which compared the jaw movements
recorded by two different pantographs. Donaldson
et al. determined that mandibular movements with
a mean difference of <0.1 mm was noted by these
pantographs. Messerman In 1969 presented the Case
of Gnathic Replicator which was able to measure
three-dimensional jaw movements in all six degrees of
motion of the jaw.[25] Using the case gnathic replicator,
Gibbs et al. provided a study of jaw motion and
maxillomandibular relationships during chewing. The
same equipment was also used to measure the angles
of approach of the chewing cycle.
Photographic Methods
Luce first introduced a photographic method with a
single camera and one stationary photographic plate.
Ulrich, Walker, Munzesheimer[26] used photographic
Sanjay Madhavan, et al.
Drug Invention Today | Vol 10 • Issue 7 • 2018
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method as well. These researchers used self-luminous
or intermittent light indicators with the form of
polished metal balls placed on a facebow, at the
anterior teeth, at the molars, and at the angle of the
mandible. To record the movements, the indicators
were exposed to strong sunlight or magnesium light.
As a rule, the photographing was performed with a
single camera. Munzesheimer used more than one
camera to attain a three-dimensional recording. In
1914, Thouren introduced another method, which
included photography using a member of successive
photographic plates – cinematography. In 1931,
Hildebrand postulated that to improve cinematography,
it was necessary to take into consideration the two
following circumstances: An indicator must be small,
light, and as little obstructive as possible, and the
placement of the indicator must be such as to render
possible the most expeditious calculation of the
actual curves of movement. Condylar movements
were studied employing cinematography. [16] As a
reference point, the authors used a pinplaced directly
into the mandibular condyle. The movements of this
pin were detected and equated with the movements
of a pin fixed to the lower incisors. To obtain three-
dimensional recordings, three synchronously running
motion picture cameras were used. Head fixation was
obtained with a special cap attached to the headrest.
The condylar movements were described in detail.
The last photographic methods to be mentioned is
photoanthropometry that was developed de Rudd and
introduced in 1969.[27] The technique depended on the
use of an optical device - a prism beam splitter - that
was attached to the lens of a motion picture camera.
For reference, fluorescent indicator spheres were
fixed to frameworks made for the upper and lower
jaws. These spheres, coated with fluorescent paints,
were in the midline, laterally to the right first molar
and on the right high axis. Photographing was carried
out in a dark room with the use of ultraviolet radiation
to produce fluorescence. The use of head fixation was
not mentioned. Envelopes of motion were recorded in
one plane at the time. Analysis of chewing of different
test foods was performed for the right side only.
Roentgenographic Methods
In 1939, Klatsky introduced cinefluorography
(cineradiography) - the making of a motion picture
record of the image seen on a fluoroscopic screen.
In 1953, Jankelson improved the cinefluorographic
technique by synchronizing the excitation of the
roentgen tube with the camera shutter so that the
roentgen rays stroke the patient only during those
instants when the camera shutter was open, and thus
they obtained the greatest length of film exposure
without exceeding a certain radiation limit.[28] In 1956,
Berry and Hofmann started to use an image intensifying
apparatus, which replaced the ordinary fluorescent
screen and was able to convert the brightness of
the image 800–1000×. In 1989, Tobey and Lincks
introduced the videofluoroscopic method to study oral
motor function in terms of chewing, swallowing, and
speech in a group of patients with maxillary defects.
Indicators fitted into the obturator prostheses were
used. It was found that all prosthetic reconstructions
were sufficiently stable during function.
In 1992, Palmer et al. used video fluoroscopy
simultaneously with EMG to study the coordination
of mastication, the oral transport, and the swallowing
during intake of test foods having different consistency
and liquids.[29]
Electronic and Telemetric Methods
Neill (1967) incorporated miniature radio transmitters
in a mandibular denture. The open ends of the
circuit were formed by isolated metal cusp of the
first molar teeth. The transmitter was switched on
when conduction between these cusps took place
through the metal cusp of the opposing teeth. It
showed that the number of recorded tooth contacts
was more on the non-chewing side than on the
chewing side. They occurred in a random fashion
and increased in frequency as the chewing sequence
proceeded.[30] Glickman et al. (1968) achieved further
miniaturization with the development of the multilayer
switch. This system permitted one transmitter to
record three different occlusal positions by enabling
each contact a different frequency. Gilling presented
the photoelectric mandibulograph.[31] The apparatus
comprised a mandibular rod, a light attached to the
labial surfaces of the lower incisors, and photocells
which were put on a frame. All photocells were
arranged in three sets with six cells in each: One set
sensed the open-close, then the left-right, and a third
the anterior-posterior movements. By positional
changes of the light source, this system sensed
motion, discounting direct connection between the
jaws and recording apparatus. Hence, the subject’s jaw
movements were not constrained and were recorded in
three dimensions.
Magnetometry
In 1974, Lewin et al. introduced a recording method,
using a small magnet attached labially between the
central incisors of the mandible.[32] In this device,
three pairs of transducers, making use of the “hall
effect” discovered by Hall in 1879, were mounted on
a rectangular plastic frame located at a fixed distance
from the magnet with the mandible in the rest position.
The transducers produced signals of changing polarity
and magnitude as the magnetic pole moved in union
with the movement of the jaw.
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Drug Invention Today | Vol 10 • Issue 7 • 2018
In 1985, Maruyama et al. described the
Sirognathograph Analyzing System (SGG/AS), which
was developed by uniting the sirognathograph with a
personal computer.[33,34] The SGG traced the position
of the magnet attached to the labial surface of the
mandibular incisor with eight magnetic sensors.
The Mandibular Kinesiograph (MKG)
In 1975, another system of magnetometry - The
MKG was introduced by Jankelson. It is an
instrument designed for research and diagnosis of
mandibular function/dysfunction. It electronically
records mandibular incisor-point movements in three
dimensions. Measurement of vertical velocity is
also provided by differentiating the vertical position
signal.[35]
Opto-electronic Methods
In 1977, Karlsson described an optoelectronic motion
recording system.[36] It consisted of light emitting
diodes (LED), a position sensitive detector in a
camera, and a computer with a camera interface. Using
two cameras placed at right angles to each other, the
three-dimensional coordinates of a movement could
be calculated. For recordings, one diode was attached
between the lower incisors. The reference diode
was attached to the forehead. Thus, it was possible
to exclude head movements by subtraction in data
analysis.
In 1985, another optoelectronic system (JAWS-
3D) was designed for monitoring the functional
movements of any mandibular point by Mesqui
and Palla.[37] The system consisted of three charge-
coupled device cameras that recorded the position of
six LEDs mounted on two triangular target frames
attached to the upper and lower dental arches by
means of custom-made metal splints. The upper
target frame compensated for head movements. The
new optoelectronic system called “mac reflex” was
described by Hamborg and Karlsson in 1996.[38] This
equipment consists of three basic units: Two video
cameras with a detecting lens sensitive to infrared
light, a video processor, and a software package in
a Macintosh computer. The equipment proved to be
easy to use in a clinical situation as it was accurate and
interference with the oral tissues was minimal.
Motion tracking systems based on optoelectronic
technology has become the preferred method to study
jaw movements because of their operational and
accuracy advantages over the other methods. Recent
advancements include a wireless mandibular motion
tracking device and optoelectronic data acquisition
system capable of analyzing, by means of graphic
computation, the real-time spatial behavior of the
entire mandible during mouth opening and closing
with no restriction of any movement.
Pantographs
It is a three-dimensional dynamic registration
procedure utilized in Class IV B type of articulators.
The tracings produced by pantographs are called
pantograms.[39]
The pantograph is an apparatus consisting of two face
bows; one fixed to the maxilla and other to the mandible
and one holds the styli and the other recording tables.
Six styli and recording tables are attached. Two are
located adjacent to each condylar area in horizontal
and vertical planes. Two additional tracing tables are
placed in the incisal region of anterior teeth, in the
horizontal plane. Mandibular movements then produce
pantograms on the tracing tables. It was the Only study
done in 1986 which compared the jaw movements
recorded by two different pantographs.[40,41]
To eliminate the time-consuming procedure of
transferring the tracing to the articulator, Denar
developed pantronic in 1982. The pantronic is an
electronic pantograph which provides a computer
printout of numerical condylar measurements. There
are three appliances available for tracings - one
designed by Stuart, one by Granger, and the third by
Guichet. The styli in the Guichet are on the upper
bow and are pneumatically controlled by one bottom.
Thus, the apparatus can be used easily and speedily
by one man. On the other hand, Grangers and Stuart’s
instruments have the condylar styli on the lower
member and the arrow point tracing styli on the upper.
In addition, Stuart and Grangers instrument record
the center of rotation for each condyle because their
horizontal styli are set to the terminal hinge axis.
It serves two principal functions: First, it acts as a
facebow to transfer the maxillary cast to the articulator
in an exact relationship to the condyles; second, it
stores all the needed information for adjusting the
articulator to the precise condylar movements of the
patient.[42]
Stereographics
This system provides a more simplified means of
accurately establishing articulator settings for precise
technical work. Four studs embedded in the upper
clutch allow intraoral molding of border movements
in soft acrylic added to the lower clutch. These
intraoral engravings provide a permanent three-
dimensional record of guided jaw movements and are
then employed to generate the equivalent condylar
characteristics on the TMJ articulator guided by these
intraoral engravings.[43,44] The intercondylar distance
on the articulator is adjusted to equal that of the
patient and the stereographic intraoral clutch records
are fixed to TMJ articulator. The right and left articular
fossae are molded in acrylic resin while allowing the
articulator to track the engravings on the intraoral
Sanjay Madhavan, et al.
Drug Invention Today | Vol 10 • Issue 7 • 2018
1258
clutches. In this way, permanent condylar moldings
are made that incorporate condylar inclination,
progressive and immediate side shift at the correct
intercondylar distance.[45]
Advantages of the stereographic system include,
intraoral records are used to capture the patients
border movement which are readily transferred
to the laboratory articulator mounting. Intraoral
records may be used to generate condylar fossa
analogs and articulator movements. These analogs
become specific articulator characteristics for
each patient, incorporating details of condylar
inclination and side shift that are determined by
extraoral tracings.
Disadvantages of this include operator error, errors
when molding TMJ analogs in the laboratory and
inability of the operator to observe the cutting rods,
as they are obscured by the clutches while they are
guided by the gothic arch molding in the opposite
clutch.
Axiography
By locating the condylar axis and then precisely tracing
the movements of that axis three-dimensionally, the
movement pattern of each condyle can be analyzed.
With axiography, the mandibular function can be
analyzed in relation to both condylar hinge axis and
occlusal relationships and even the compressibility of
the disc can be measured.
Axiographic recording procedure includes the
following:[46,47]
Clutch fixation: The clutch is filled with impression
plaster and seated on occlusal/incisal surfaces and
firmly pressed over the lower teeth.
Analyzer bow preparation and placement: The side
arms of the bow are adjusted over the ears. The first
reference point is fixed at the level of the infraorbital
margin.
Placement of recording arm bow: The vertical screws
are adjusted so that the arms are parallel to the cradles
and horizontal adjustment is calibrated to zero.
Hinge axis location: One hand of the operator is cupped
under the patients chin, and the other hand is on top of
patients head. The mandible is moved up and down in
terminal hinge position. The recording arms are adjusted
until the point of the stylus do not arc but remain
stationary on the graph paper. The axis point is marked.
Recording of movements: The non-recording stylus
is replaced with a recording stylus. To record the
opening movement, the patient is asked to open toward
maximum and this is repeated three times. Following
this, the protrusive movement is recorded in the same
manner starting from the hinge axis point.
Cadiax Compact
The Cadiax compact axiographic device was
designed to produce a fast joint analysis for
articulator programming and also to aid in diagnosing
the functional mandibular disorders. It allows
computerized recording of the opening, protrusion,
and mediotrusion tracings, and it calculates the
sagittal and transversal condylar inclination angles for
the adjustment of articulators.
Computerized Analysis of Mandibular Movements
This digital system has been devised to analyze and
duplicate jaw motion in an accurate manner. The
hardware consists of these components: A sensor that
senses the movements in all the directions, an analog
tape recorder that stores the processed incremental data
from the electronic module, duplicator that receives
impulses from the electronic module, sigma 2 computer
used to count and store the incremental pulses from
the electronic module, and digital plotter used for the
graphics display of the mandibular motion.[3]
Electromagnetic Articulography (EMA)
This device measures displacements of the structure
in real time as well as the acoustics and mechanics
of speech using a microphone connected to the
measurement system. It has transmitter coils that
determine magnetic fields to collect information
about movements from sensors located on various
structures (tongue, palate, mouth, incisors, skin, etc.).
After measurement, the information is passed on to a
computer and read to visualize the recording of the
mandibular movements registered by the EMA.[48]
Computer-monitored Radionuclide Tracking
A new technique for the three-dimensional recording
of a person’s mandibular movement is described.
A small and harmless radioactive source is fixed on the
patient’s skin at the point of interest or sealed in a tooth
cavity. Using the proper collimation, the motion of
the point source is recorded through a gamma camera
and minicomputer. Long-term storage on a magnetic
device offers playback, slow-motion facilities, and
data analysis through the use of sophisticated computer
languages. Simultaneous recordings using two cameras,
or post-synchronization of two different views of an
experiment, enable the three-dimensional restitution of
mandibular movements. Superimposition of a grid of
radioactive spots spaced at measured intervals during
the recording permits a straightforward calibration of
the patient’s motion. This method offers a powerful
tool of general interest for the tracking of dynamic
events in many fields such as TMJ dysfunction and
prosthetic restorative techniques.[49]
Sanjay Madhavan, et al.
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Drug Invention Today | Vol 10 • Issue 7 • 2018
CONCLUSION
For replacement of teeth and restoring function, it
is important to have a knowledge of the mandibular
movements as it aids in selection and programming
of articulators, understanding occlusion, fabricating
dental restorations, and arranging artificial teeth.
Therefore, this article gives a detailed history,
understanding, and recent methods developed to
assess mandibular movements.
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Source of support: Nil; Conflict of interest: None Declared
