No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
The Siege of Marawi: A Game Changer in Terrorism in Asia
Abstract
The most serious militant action by the Islamic State (IS) terrorist group during its so called, Ramadan Jihad‟ was the siege of Marawi, the capital city of Lanao del Sur province in the Southern Philippine island of Mindanao. On 23 May, Marawi became the
first city outside the Middle East and North Africa to fall to IS, after the „Islamic State
Lanao‟ (ISL) fighters took over the city.1 With more than a month after the siege, the
continuing battle in Marawi between the US supported local military and police forces and
the IS foreign and domestic fighters bears some similarities with the battles in Aleppo,
Mosul, Raqqa and other war-torn cities in Iraq and Syria.
The battle in Marawi has a significant impact on extremists in Southeast Asia and beyond. It indicates that despite government efforts, the IS threat is growing both in the physical and virtual space. IS supporters have created telegram groups, which include "Expansion of the Caliphate in East Asia", "Sharq Asia and East Asia Wilayah" that focus on attracting foreign recruits to travel to the Philippines. These groups have also encouraged fighters to attack the Philippines, their own countries and people of other faiths. Even after IS fighters are defeated and pushed out from Marawi, the ideological ambitions of such groups will continue to pose a serious threat to security.
... 36 The ISIS leadership then proclaimed the city as an "Islamic State' and regarded its occupation as an expansion of the Islamic State into East Asia. 37 It called on its supporters to launch attacks outside of Marawi to ease the pressure of urban warfare and highlight the weaknesses of the Philippine government and security forces. ...
Since late 2016, the Philippine and U.S. military establishments have effectively
circumvented the crisis in the two countries’ alliance stemming from the Duterte
Administration’s appeasement policy toward China. This appeasement policy was
designed to foster closer diplomatic and economic relations with China and to
distance the Philippines from the United States and its allies (Japan and Australia)
relative to the South China Sea dispute. Despite the refocusing of the alliance
agenda from external defense and maritime security to counter-terrorism and
HADR, the U.S. military succeeded in strengthening the pro-American elements in
the Philippine government and the AFP and averted the crisis. This was evidenced
by the resumption of warfighting scenarios in the 2019 Balikatan exercises, and
Manila’s outrage over the persistent Chinese aggression in the South China Sea.
In February 2020, however, President Duterte unilaterally abrogated the 1999
Philippine–U.S. Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA). This move triggered another
crisis in the alliance. Recently, the Philippines and the U.S. adopted the November
16, 2021 Joint Vision for a 21st Century United States-Philippines Partnership
which reaffirmed their commitment to a security relationship between sovereign
equals despite President Duterte's ambivalent attitude towards the alliance. Its
urgent task is to ensure that the Philippine–U.S. alliance remains intact, and vibrant
in the face of the changing nature of the 21st century Indo–Pacific region.
... Wilayah operasi dinamakan dengan mantiqi, dimana masing-masing mantiqi memiliki pemmpin dengan fungsi untuk menjadi komando operasional atau administratif. Mantiqi I meliputi Singapura dan Malaysia, mantiqi 2 meliputi Indonesia (Bagian Barat), mantiqi III meliputi Mindanao, Sabah dan Sulawesi serta mantiqi IV meliputi Papua dan Australia (Gordin & Lindo, 2011: 5 Penting untuk disadari bahwa peristiwa di Marawi telah mengubah gambaran mengenai perubahan ancaman terorisme di Asia Tenggara terkait dengan beberapa hal yakni keberhasilan menguasai sebuah kota dengan populasi besar sebagai tawanannya, mengundang kombatan asing serta memberikan perlawanan bersenjata dalam waktu yang cukup panjang (Gunaratna, 2017). Meskipun pada akhir gagal dalam menjalankan tujuannya namun, berhasil membuktikan eksistensi mereka dan bisa menjadi inspirasi bagi kelompok lain untuk melakukan hal yang sama. ...
ASEAN as a regional organization is currently in an effort to develop cooperation in the form of the ASEAN Community. The formation of the ASEAN Community is based on three pillars, where one of the pillars is the political-security pillar (ASEAN Political-Security Community / APSC) who faces the most dynamic challenges related to security issues in the Southeast Asia. This security issue certainly has an influence on interactions both among intra-regional states and with extra-regional states. This paper aims to analysis the challenges and opportunities faced by the ASEAN political-security community to strengthen cooperation in dealing with security issues in the Southeast Asian. This paper is based on a constructivism analysis of the formation of a security community. This paper will get an overview of the challenges and opportunities faced in the realization of cooperation to tackle security issues in the Southeast Asia region within the framework of the APSC. The description of these challenges and opportunities can be the basis for analyzing what strategies must be done to encourage the realization of the APSC in accordance with what is expected by the members states.
The 2017 Marawi war between Philippine government troops and ISIL-linked terrorists depicted a new configuration of military heroism that admits humanitarian and civilian protection elements. Examining army-produced publications and interview data of field commanders, the institutional discourse depicts plural versions of heroism that recognize and place value on humanitarian tasks independent of combat goals. The discourse emphasizes the role of female civil-military operatives at evacuation center and checkpoints, and units engaged in civilian rescue operations. The Philippine military reaped tremendous institutional gains from this heroism recalibration, enabling higher public approval and private sector support. The discourse also portrays enduring strains in the military’s legitimacy seeking enterprise vis-a-vis the Muslim minority population, which remain critical of the government’s commitment for rehabilitation.
Entrepreneurs utilize social media to market their products, create value, innovate, and reach their customers. However, recent literature reviews emphasize the need for further investigating the role of social media in small businesses or individual owners. This study explores the enabling empowerment of women pursuing small businesses using social media platforms in Southern Philippines. A thematic analysis, following the grounded theory approach, was conducted to derive themes that explain social media as an enabler of empowerment as experienced by individual women business owners or sellers. The themes indicate that social media enabled them to start or continue their own business and expand their market reach through family and close friends. Moreover, it became an avenue for expressing their autonomy and learning to use the features of social media in an innovative way to support their business.
p>Since 2014, the Islamic State (IS) has emerged as one of the deadliest threats to world peace and security, as evidenced by the increasing number of terrorist attacks carried out by IS worldwide, and the number of fatalities caused by these attacks. IS established its strongholds in Iraq and Syria and is determined to create a global caliphate through the creation of IS wilayats across the world. In 2016, IS began to weaken and lose territory in the Middle East which resulted in it strengthening its power in Southeast Asia by forming a wilayat in the Southern Philippines.The presence of IS in the Philippines has been perceived as a national security threat in the country. President Rodrigo Duterte has formulated a national strategy to combat global terrorism in the country. This study aims to determine the strategy to eradicate global terrorism in the Philippines and explain the considerations behind the formation of that strategy. This research uses neoclassical realist perspective with major concepts named national security, national interests, terrorism, and counterterrorism. The methodology used is a qualitative descriptive research methodology that provides detailed explanations and a thorough analysis. The results of this study found five strategies to eradicate global terrorism in the Philippines, namely the importance of using military force, supported by strengthening laws on terrorism, security alliances, social rehabilitation, and regional cooperation. Furthermore, the existence of these strategies derives from three main reasons, namely the increasing prevalence of IS in the Philippines, the siege of Marawi, and maritime security in the tri-border area.
Bahasa Indonesia Abstract: Sejak tahun 2014, Islamic State muncul sebagai salah satu ancaman paling mematikan bagi keamanan dan perdamaian dunia, dibuktikan dengan meningkatnya jumlah serangan terorisme yang dilakukan oleh IS di seluruh dunia, diikuti dengan banyaknya korban jiwa yang disebabkan oleh serangan-serangan tersebut. Kelompok teroris internasional ini berbasis di Iraq dan Syria dan bertujuan untuk membangun khilafah global melalui pembentukan wilayat-wilayat yang tersebar di seluruh dunia. Pada tahun 2016, kondisi IS mulai melemah dan mulai kehilangan daerah kekuasaannya di Timur Tengah sehingga mendesak IS untuk memperkuat kekuatannya di Asia Tenggara dengan membentuk wilayat di Filipina Selatan. Kehadiran IS di Filipina telah dinyatakan sebagai ancaman bagi kemanan nasional. Pemerintah Filipina di bawah pemerintahan Presiden Rodrigo Duterte merumuskan strategi keamanan nasional untuk memberantas ancaman terorisme global di negara tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui strategi pemberantasan terorisme global Filipina tersebut dan menjelaskan pertimbangan-pertimbangan di balik pembentukan strategi tersebut. Perspektif yang digunakan ialah neoklasikal realis dengan konsep-konsep seperti keamanan nasional, kepetingan negara, terorisme, dan kontra-terorisme. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah metodologi penelitian deskriptif kualitatif yang memberikan penjelasan detil serta analisis yang menyeluruh. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan adanya lima strategi pemberantasan terorisme global di Filipina yaitu keutamaan penggunaan kekuatan militer, didukung dengan penguatan hukum mengenai terorisme, aliansi keamanan, rehabilitasi sosial, dan kerjasama regional. Selanjutnya, keberadaan startegi-strategi ini derangkat dari tiga asalan utama yaitu meningkatnya prevalensi IS di Filipina, pengepungan Kota Marawi, dan keamanan maritim di tri-border area.</p
In May 2017, the Armed Forces of the Philippines attempted to raid the suspected safe house of Isnilon Hapilon, a prominent leader of Abu Sayyaf Group fighters who were allied with the self-proclaimed Islamic State (IS). Prevailing intelligence suggested that Hapilon and his counterparts in the Maute Group, another Mindanao-based IS affiliate, planned to carry out a series of joint attacks later that year. The attempted raid, however, was met with unexpected but significant militant force, sparking five months of urban conflict between the Abu Sayyaf Group, IS affiliates, and the Philippine government for control over the city. The Battle for Marawi, as the conflict is now known, drew significant international attention and interest to the influence of the self-proclaimed Islamic State and violent extremism (VE) in the country. Beyond local IS-affiliates, the battle included a contingent of foreign fighters, popularizing narratives suggesting a shift in fighters’ focus from Syria and Iraq to battlegrounds elsewhere, including Southeast Asia. Up until the termination of hostilities in Marawi, there was wild speculation over the impending establishment of an IS wilayah, or province, in the Philippines. As early as 2016, however, there were indications that IS core leadership, reeling from military defeats in Iraq and Syria, had abandoned their wilayah ambitions in the Philippine state.
View Document
The participation of foreign fighters on the side of terrorist groups has raised many questions about the legal basis for the criminal prosecution of acts of terror during armed conflicts. In cases regarding the commission of terrorist crimes with transnational elements, such as the foreign nationality of the alleged perpetrator, cooperation with other states in matters such as extradition or mutual legal assistance can be crucial. This study will analyse two regimes that may constitute a legal basis for cooperation in criminal matters against acts of terror committed during armed conflicts: (i) the rules on criminal responsibility under international humanitarian law (IHL), and (ii) the United Nations framework of anti-terrorist conventions. IHL has been seen by many as the only framework applicable to acts committed during armed conflicts. In contrast, the position adopted in this article is that IHL does not necessarily exclude the application of other regimes to acts committed during armed conflicts, which can serve as a complementary tool in international efforts for the prevention and suppression of terrorism.
The article is dedicated to the analysis of ISIS impact on the evolution of jihadist movement in the countries of South-East Asia with implication for heightening the threat of terrorism in the region where 15% of the world Muslim population live and where long standing terrorist Islamite groups have been harboring a plan of creating a salafi caliphate for decades. The author explores the causes of vulnerability of Muslim countries of South-East Asia towards expansion of radical Islam ideology that creates prerequisites for involvement of local jihadists in the international terrorist movement with implica-tion for stability of the region. The formation of ISIS poses direct threat for security of countries of South-East Asia as it stimulates the intensification of activity of local extremist Islamic groups. They share the common position characterized by denial of democratic system of government that should be replaced by sharia governance. The attack on town Marawi (the South of the Philippines), conducted by local ex-tremists that support ISIS has become the warning for other countries of South East Asia of reinforced threat of regionalization and internalization of terrorism and of region becoming the new front of battle for ISIS planning to create its base there. The author analyses risks of growing interest of ISIS towards region where it conducts goal-directed activity aimed at expanding its social base and mobilizing its supporters while looking at the region as its main base for recruiting fighters in the context of promoting its strategy of export terrorism using “lone wolves”. For this purpose, ISIS applies different political instruments considering propaganda of jihad in Internet as the most effective way to exert ideological influence on local Muslim population. The author concludes that the formation of ISIS has resulted in renovation of terrorism in South-East Asia and emer-gence of different small terrorist cells, what leads to upgrading the level of terrorism threat in the region. The impact of ISIS on political situation in the region is displayed directly - by promoting extremism and reinforcing the threat of terrorism and indirectly - by intensifying the process of Islamic radicalization in the political development of Muslim countries of South-East Asia.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.