Abstract
Highlighting the capabilities, limitations, and benefits of wind power, Wind Turbine Technology gives you a complete introduction and overview of wind turbine technology and wind farm design and development. It identifies the critical components of a wind turbine, describes the functional capabilities of each component, and examines the latest performance parameters and procurement specifications for these components. From cutting-edge design aspects to experimental data, this comprehensive reference contains eight chapters—each dedicated to a specific design aspect of wind turbine technology. It examines potential wind turbine installation configurations, along with the structural requirements for the tower and nacelle. The book also: • Presents site wind speed prediction techniques • Addresses the integration of wind farms into the electrical power system, including power quality and system stability • Describes wind speed frequency distribution and the structure of turbulence • Details design and analysis techniques, as well as the functions of wind turbine controllers The book uses a conventional nomenclature and consistent sets of symbols and units throughout to present the information in a manner that’s easy to understand. It also explains how to compare electrical energy generation costs from wind turbine installation with those of other renewable energy sources.
... It is evident that the most common research tools used to assess urban wind flow are as follows [27][28][29][30]: ...
... This results in simulating the turbulent nature of the urban wind flow [21]. Another important factor for increased accuracy of the results from atmospheric BLWT is the scaling similarity, which includes the following [29]: ...
... Using the logarithmic function to compute the velocity profile can be described using the following equation [29]: ...
Due to the complex nature of the built environment, urban wind flow is unpredictable and characterised by high levels of turbulence and low mean wind speed. Yet, there is a potential for harnessing urban wind power by carefully integrating wind turbines within the built environment at the optimum locations. This requires a thorough investigation of wind resources to use the suitable wind turbine technology at the correct location—thus, the need for an accurate assessment of wind resources at the proposed site. This paper reviews the commonly used wind assessment tools for the urban wind flow to identify the optimum tool to be used prior to integrating wind turbines in urban areas. In situ measurements, wind tunnel tests, and CFD simulations are analysed and reviewed through their advantages and disadvantages in assessing urban wind flows. The literature shows that CFD simulations are favoured over other most commonly used tools because the tool is relatively easier to use, more efficient in comparing alternative design solutions, and can effectively communicate data visually. The paper concludes with recommendations on best practice guidelines for using CFD simulation in assessing the wind flow within the built environment and emphasises the importance of validating CFD simulation results by other available tools to avoid any associated uncertainties.
... The orientation of the downwind HAWT is automatically controlled by the wind in the yaw direction to maximize the power output. The tether mechanism prevents transmission of bending moments from the rotor to the mechanical shaft and thus offers more flexibility than the three-bladed prop with high compactness and lighter weight [13]. It however suffers the disadvantage of wind shadowing effects that causes the blades to flex resulting in increased potential for failure due to fatigue, high blade noise level and lower power outputs [11]. ...
... Figure 4 below depicts the most important types of VAWTs. wind speed condition is unable to self-start [13]. Generally, the main supporting tower of vertical axis turbines is lighter than the horizontal counterpart as most of the force is transferred to the bottom. ...
... VAWTs have small output capacities and are thus widely utilized in low power requirement applications such as battery charging, mostly in remote and rural areas without access to electricity grids. They are also dynamically unstable and have tendency to stall under very turbulent wind condition [13]. ...
A Technical Report submitted in partial fulfilment for the completion of ECE-541 / ESE-500 / ME-552 course requirement on the 11th of December 2017 at the University of Michigan-Dearborn. The report provides a technical review on the current status, trend and development of wind turbine technology using Michigan State as a case study.
... However, research on VAWT continued in parallel on a smaller scale. Solving the main problems related to VAWTs, such as blade lift force, blade failure due to oscillating force and wind, etc. [20][21][22] , are some common previous studies, but more research is needed. VAWTs currently need to be more economically attractive on a large scale [13,23,24] . ...
... The first electrical-producing wind turbines were Scottish, Danish, French, and American [21] , and the Brush turbine was built in 1888 [20,31] . Nevertheless, modern VAWTs (Figure 1), used commercially for wind farms to generate electricity, usually have three blades that provide the force needed to rotate the rotor by lift force. ...
... After passing through the concave part, the fluid enters the other half of the rotor to apply a force against wind flow and in the direction of rotation. Regardless of the drag force in the convex part, the turbine output capacity is calculated as Equation (1) [20,36,39] . ...
Increased concern for the environment has led to the search for more environment-friendly energy sources so that wind energy can be used as an endless option for human consumption. Wind turbines offer a promising solution for off-grid areas. However, they have certain drawbacks associated with different configurations. Darrieus turbine is one type that can be more efficient than other types. The poor start-up performance of Darrieus turbines is one of the critical problems restricting its development. Another problem of this kind of wind turbine is tackled by identifying the optimization parameters, such as complex flow dynamics around the system. The present article reviews modeling vertical axis turbines methods and discusses the turbine's operation by presenting the results of these methods. In this review, the authors have attempted to compile the main aerodynamic models that have been used for performance prediction and design of straight-bladed Darrieus-type VAWT. The main object of this study is to research the advantages and disadvantages of wind turbine modeling methods, and the selection of these methods depends on the purpose of the modeling.
... However, research on VAWT continued in parallel on a smaller scale. Solving the main problems related to VAWTs, such as blade lift force, blade failure due to oscillating force and wind, etc. [20][21][22] , are some common previous studies, but more research is needed. VAWTs currently need to be more economically attractive on a large scale [13,23,24] . ...
... The first electrical-producing wind turbines were Scottish, Danish, French, and American [21] , and the Brush turbine was built in 1888 [20,31] . Nevertheless, modern VAWTs (Figure 1), used commercially for wind farms to generate electricity, usually have three blades that provide the force needed to rotate the rotor by lift force. ...
... After passing through the concave part, the fluid enters the other half of the rotor to apply a force against wind flow and in the direction of rotation. Regardless of the drag force in the convex part, the turbine output capacity is calculated as Equation (1) [20,36,39] . ...
p> Increased concern for the environment has led to the search for more environment-friendly energy sources so that wind energy can be used as an endless option for human consumption. Wind turbines offer a promising solution for off-grid areas. However, they have certain drawbacks associated with different configurations. Darrieus turbine is one type that can be more efficient than other types. The poor start-up performance of Darrieus turbines is one of the critical problems restricting its development. Another problem of this kind of wind turbine is tackled by identifying the optimization parameters, such as complex flow dynamics around the system. The present article reviews modeling vertical axis turbines methods and discusses the turbine’s operation by presenting the results of these methods. In this review, the authors have attempted to compile the main aerodynamic models that have been used for performance prediction and design of straight-bladed Darrieus-type VAWT. The main object of this study is to research the advantages and disadvantages of wind turbine modeling methods, and the selection of these methods depends on the purpose of the modeling. </p
... Wind generally occurs because of the sun heating the atmosphere unevenly, earth surface roughness and earth rotation [1]. It includes a large amount of useful energy that does not need any pre-processing. ...
... In addition, the usage of turbines eliminates the dependence of costly oil and gas used for electricity generation. Furthermore, the cost of electricity generation by wind turbines is much lower than other electricity generation methods such as coal-fired turbo-alternators, hydrothermal-, geothermal-, biofuel-based electricity generators, tidal wave turbines, nuclear reactor-based generators etc. [1]. ...
... They are also aerodynamically less efficient than the three-bladed HAWTs. Exceptionally, this type of turbine has also a potential to operate with just one blade [1]. Further, they can be designed as upwind or downwind oriented ( Figure 1-6). ...
In this thesis study, a wind turbine envelope protection system is introduced to protect
turbines throughout the below and above rated regions. The proposed protection
system, which is based on a neural network, adapts to various turbines and operational
conditions. It can keep the turbine within pre-defined envelope limits whenever a safe
operation is about to be violated. The avoidance is realized by control limiting
technique applied to the blade pitch controller output, thereby adjusting the blade pitch
angle. To achieve the purpose, a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) dynamic
(simulation) model based on Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory is developed
using MATLAB and Simulink programs. It is named as MS (Mustafa Sahin) Bladed
simulation model. The MS Bladed model includes important aerodynamic corrections
and particular coordinate systems etc. for a more realistic turbine behavior. It is
validated using experimental data or program/model performance predictions of
various turbines belong to National Renewable Energy Laboratory, or NREL.
Eventually, NREL 5 MW wind turbine is adopted in the MS Bladed model. Baseline
controllers such as generator torque and collective blade pitch controllers are designed
for NREL 5MW turbine, and then their simulations are evaluated. Afterward, the
proposed protection system is designed and added on to the controlled MS Bladed
vi
model for NREL 5 MW turbine. Thrust force is selected as the pre-defined envelope
limit. Simulations under normal turbulent winds with different mean values have
shown that the newly proposed system shows a promising capability to keep the 5 MW
turbine within the pre-defined thrust limit throughout the below and above rated
regions. In this thesis study, three example cases under normal turbulent winds with
mean values of 8, 11 and 15 m/s are given to show the effectivity of the proposed
algorithm.
... However, in most cases the wind turbines are classified according to their constructive form, and in this situation, the most convenient classification is that according to the position of the rotor axis. Depending on its position, wind turbines are divided into two categories: Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT) and Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT -Vertical Axis Wind Turbines) [3]. ...
... In contrast, wind turbines with vertical axis (VAWT) may represent the future solution for power generation in areas with low air stream speeds (between 2 m/s to 5 m/s) or in areas where the wind has a turbulent character, even if the power coefficient registers values between 0.2 and 0.3 [3,[5][6][7][8]. In addition to this, turbines with vertical rotors have the main advantage that they can operate and produce energy in severe weather conditions, with low intensity or turbulent wind of nature and frequent changes of direction [1][2][3]. ...
... In contrast, wind turbines with vertical axis (VAWT) may represent the future solution for power generation in areas with low air stream speeds (between 2 m/s to 5 m/s) or in areas where the wind has a turbulent character, even if the power coefficient registers values between 0.2 and 0.3 [3,[5][6][7][8]. In addition to this, turbines with vertical rotors have the main advantage that they can operate and produce energy in severe weather conditions, with low intensity or turbulent wind of nature and frequent changes of direction [1][2][3]. ...
The tendency nowadays is to reduce the consumption of conventional energy and to efficiently use renewable energy resources. Thus, the energy independence of the different consumers is tried, along which is the street lighting. There are many applications where street lighting is powered by renewable energy, using photovoltaic panels. This article presents a different solution for powering street lighting, with the help of wind energy, through Savonius turbines. A Savonius wind turbine with the overlap ratio of blades of 0.35 is tested, in order to determine its actual power coefficient and power extracted from the wind. According to the tests, a power coefficient of 0.3 was obtained for wind speeds of 4 and 5 m/s and the maximum power at a wind speed of 7 m/s. With the values obtained, for this type of turbine, different configurations of Savonius turbines have been dimensioned to supply an energy-efficient street lighting pole
... Explicitly, HAWT are composed of three main part: a rotor which is blades facing the wind to capture the energy and make a rotation which is transferred to a gearbox in some cases to convert the high torque to high rotational speed before getting into the generator shaft which is responsible for generating electric power, all these components are installed at the top of the tower, which is constructed at high altitude to capture more steadier wind. Additionally, commercial wind turbines are usually three bladed and coloured in white to make it visible to air plane as the turbines are located at high altitude ranged between 60 to 90 meters, while each blade length is ranged between 20 to 40 m [11]. HAWT can generate a large power output depends on its size and design; micro-turbines are designed to induce an Table 1 Comparison between power density in VAWT and HAWT Basically, VAWTs are classified into two main types based on rotor shape; Savonius and ...
... H-type, curved bade and cantilevered phi rotor [11]. Basically, difference between the Darrieus VAWT and Savonius one is the shape of the blade and the linkage with shaft. ...
... However, Savonius type is better considering the self-starting, figure 1 is representing the difference between Savonius and Darrieus VAWTs. [11] Figure 1 Savonius and Darrieus VAWTs [11] 1 ...
Wind power is becoming a vital point of interest in the power generation field. Indeed, the last few years have witnessed a significant development in VAWT research considering its advantages compared to the HAWT, as it can be operated in urban areas without producing noise, ease of maintenance and simple construction, in addition to its low cost. However, issues associated with VAWT have limited it from dominating wind turbines’ classifications; dynamic stall and poor self-starting are the most common known issues concerning VAWT. In this research, the Darrieus VAWT is configured as a multi-rotor turbine, in an attempt to increase its power coefficient as well as the power density of wind farms using this type. The current study includes the simulation of the wind flow field through a series of CFD tests utilizing ANSYS FLUENT© software. The work includes optimizing the distance between rotors and their oblique angle to maximize the overall power coefficient of the group of rotors, Moreover, the purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the upwind rotor shadowing wake effect upon the downwind rotors. The study resulted in 40% increasing for the overall power coefficient compared to the isolated single rotor turbine as well as a significant enhancement in power density.
Keywords: vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT); Darrieus turbine; computational fluid dynamics (CFD); multi-rotors turbine
... In this context, vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) are the most common devices used in urban areas to convert the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical power, mainly due to the fact that variations in the wind direction (such as wind variations caused by surrounding houses or buildings) do not affect the power generated by the turbine [6,7]. In particular, the drag-driven Savonius VAWT (S-VAWT) is a great candidate due to its high starting torque, low cost, easy installation and maintenance, and robustness [6,8]. ...
... In this context, vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) are the most common devices used in urban areas to convert the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical power, mainly due to the fact that variations in the wind direction (such as wind variations caused by surrounding houses or buildings) do not affect the power generated by the turbine [6,7]. In particular, the drag-driven Savonius VAWT (S-VAWT) is a great candidate due to its high starting torque, low cost, easy installation and maintenance, and robustness [6,8]. The working principle of these VAWTs consists in the difference between the positive and negative torque generated by the blades. ...
... The working principle of these VAWTs consists in the difference between the positive and negative torque generated by the blades. Despite the aforementioned appealing characteristics, the efficiency of the classical two-blade S-VAWT is approximately 15% [6,7,9,10] and it is mandatory to raise it. ...
Savonius wind turbines are the most suitable devices used in urban areas to produce electrical power. This is due to their simplicity, ease of maintenance, and acceptable power output with a low speed and highly variable wind profile. However, their efficiency is low, and the development of optimization tools is necessary to increase the total power output. This work presents a metamodel-based method to optimize the size and shape of a set of deflector plates to reduce the reverse moment of the turbine, using a genetic algorithm combined with an artificial neural network, reducing the computational cost. A parametrization of the deflectors geometry is proposed, and a Computational Fluid Dynamics model was implemented to train and validate the artificial neural network. The method was applied to design the deflectors of an actual 8-blade, 1[kW], 2.5[m] height turbine. Results showed an efficiency increment of 30%, from 0.215, to 0.279 in the turbine with the optimized deflectors. Furthermore, it is capable of producing power at 4[m/s], while the reference design had null power at that point. This methodology demanded 159 hours, a substantial reduction of the computational cost of up to 97% in contrast to the classical simulation-based optimization approach.
... A wind turbine change wind energy to electricity; a fan uses electricity to generate wind. In more sophisticated terminology, a wind turbine converts the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy [1]. The power effectiveness of wind power system has a high impact in the financial study of renewable energies. ...
... Wind turbines with three blades are operated "upwind" with rotor blades in front of the wind [1]. The angle of attack (AOA) of rotor blades is selected to optimize the kinetic energy from the wind. ...
Wind Energy is a fast-developing type of intensity age the world over. This is to a limited extent because of worries over worldwide environmental change and vitality security while interest for electrical vitality keeps on developing. Power request is proposed to develop at a yearly pace of 2.4% all around. Modern horizontal axis wind turbines have become a financially reasonable type of clean and renewable power production. As a result, the wind industry has recently experienced wonderful augmentation. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into rotating kinetic energy in the turbine further it converted in to electrical energy with the help of generator that can be supplied. The wind power depends on the wind velocity, swept area and design of blade. The wind qualities vary from place to place Therefore; a turbine design must be optimized for the site in which it will be placed. Blade is most critical and important element of any wind turbine because blade is directly responsible for power generation. In this article we use NACA 0018 single air foil cutting edge and done CFD examination on the grounds that CFD recreations can be executed in a brief timeframe. The investigation completed by taking different blade angles 0⁰, 10⁰, 15⁰ and 30⁰ with wind speed of 8 m/s. the outcome shows that blade angles 10o create ultimate power.
... where V is the wind speed at the hub height, V 0 is the measured wind speed, H is the hub height, H 0 is the height where the speed was measured, and a is a constant that varies with surface roughness and terrain condition. is constant (a) has a typical value of 0.14 for smooth, level, grass-covered terrain [38]. ...
... e available wind kinetic energy is directly proportional to air mass and airflow speed. However, it is easier to use air density instead of air mass to compute available wind energy and actual wind turbine output energy using (4) [38] and (5) [40], respectively: where P w is the available wind power, P a is the actual output power generated by the wind turbine, ρ is the air density, A is the swept area of the blades of the wind turbine, V is wind speed, and C p is the power coefficient. e power coefficient (C p ) is an indicator of total wind turbine system efficiency, and it depends on many factors, such as tip angel, blade shape, and the correlation between wind speed and rotor speed. ...
In this research, an approach for predicting wind energy in the long term has been developed. The aim of this prediction is to generate wind energy profiles for four cities in Palestine based on wind energy profile of another fifth city. Thus, wind energy data for four cities, namely, Nablus city, are used to develop the model; meanwhile, wind energy data for Hebron, Jenin, Ramallah, and Jericho cities are predicted based on that. Three machine learning algorithms are used in this research, namely, Cascade-forward neural network, random forests, and support vector machines. The developed models have two input variables which are daily average cubic wind speed and the standard deviation, while the target is daily wind energy. The R-squared values for the developed Cascade-forward neural network, random forests, and support vector machines models are found to be 0.9996, 0.9901, and 0.9991, respectively. Meanwhile, RMSE values for the developed models are found to be 41.1659 kWh, 68.4101 kWh, and 205.10 kWh, respectively.
... The blade and was designed in SolidWorks, Figure 2, according (Schubel & Crossley, 2012;Gasch & Twele, 2012;Jha A. R., 2011). ...
... The constant rotation speed of the turbine rotor transforms any spatial variations of the wind in the rotor area into periodic blade loads when performing a complete rotation. For a turbine with a tree-bladed rotor, the aerodynamic frequency of excitation occurs at three times the rotational frequency of the rotor (3 Ω), (Gasch & Twele, 2012;Jha A. R., 2011). To verify possible interactions between these frequencies and the natural frequencies of the different structural components a Campbell diagram was elaborated, Figure 20. ...
This paper presents argumentation of structural design for 10 kW wind turbine composite blade developed at Technical University of Moldova, in order to maximize aerodynamic efficiency and structural robustness while reducing blade mass. For this purpose, optimized aerodynamic blade geometry was modeled and aerodynamic loads were determined for different wind speeds using 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). It was also elaborated structural design of the blade from composite material using elastic mechanical properties determined experimentally. In order to verify the blade strength a fluid-structure interaction was simulated for critical wind speed. After conducting a series of simulations was determined the thickness of composite material from the blade strength structure for which the blade tip displacement and equivalent stresses are within acceptable limits, and the blade mass was reduced. Finally it was established relationship that reflects the dependence between blade tip displacement and wind speed and the relationship that reflects the dependence of thickness of the composite material and equivalent stresses.
... Turbine" por su nombre en inglés representan una alternativa a las turbinas de eje horizontal, presentando como principal ventaja que pueden operar con vientos de cualquier dirección (Schaffarczyk, 2014) y que la instalación de la caja de engranajes y el generador puede hacerse en la base de la torre, facilitando el mantenimiento (Jha, 2011 Para una geometría y velocidad de rotación determinada, el torque y la potencia desarrollada por la turbina se pueden calcular a partir de la "Teoría del elemento de pala" (Paraschivoiu I. , 2009). ...
... Estas turbinas tienen una gran limitación en cuanto a sus potencias de salida y bajas eficiencias (como máximo 25%), pero son económicamente rentables debido a que requieren poco mantenimiento. Además, son usadas en algunos casos como motores de arranque para las turbinas Darrieus debido a que éstas bajo ciertas condiciones de viento son incapaces de auto arrancar(Jha, 2011).El ingeniero francés George Darrieus propuso en 1925 una turbina cuyo principio aerodinámico de funcionamiento es la sustentación, y consiste en álabes con forma curva capaces de rotor alrededor de un eje vertical, sin embargo, tiene serias dificultades para la fabricación de los mismo debido a su forma compleja. Una variación del rotor de Darrieus es el rotor tipo H, que, en vez de álabes curvos, utiliza álabes rectos conectados al eje del rotor. ...
En Venezuela, la Península de Paraguaná presenta velocidades de viento superiores a los 5 m/s a 10 metros sobre el nivel del suelo, que la convierte en una ubicación atractiva para instalar turbinas eólicas. El presente trabajo aborda el diseño mecánico de un aerogenerador de tipo Darrieus de perfiles rectos y simétricos, basado en una propuesta inicial dada por Banega (2016). Esta sugería un rotor con radio de 1,96 m con velocidad de giro de 120 rpm, con 3 álabes de perfil NACA0018 de cuerda 10 cm; capaz de entregar 0,39 kW para una velocidad de viento de 6 m/s. Mediante un programa de MATLAB se logró verificar la propuesta inicial y proponer un cambio de cuerda a 20 cm, debido a que no se mantenían las condiciones de operación estimadas en las simulaciones de Banega (2016). Además, el programa permitió estimar las cargas aerodinámicas para el diseño del rotor. Seguidamente, ya obtenidas las dimensiones generales de la turbina, se estudiaron las alternativas comerciales disponibles para el generador y se consideró un diseño propio. Posteriormente se generaron 3 propuestas de diseño conceptual y fueron evaluadas mediante una matriz de decisiones. Se decidió que la opción de fabricar el generador era la más acertada económica y técnicamente. Luego, se expone el diseño de detalle, mencionando las variables involucradas en el cálculo para el dimensionamiento de los distintos componentes, así como también la selección de materiales. Finalmente se brinda un presupuesto aproximado que permite estimar el costo de fabricación de la VAWT.
... Los aerogeneradores de baja potencia son de dos tipos: eje vertical y horizontal, siendo los de eje horizontal los más utilizados en parques eólicos [1]. Este tipo de turbina depende de la dirección de la velocidad del viento y que las turbulencias sean bajas. ...
... Los aerogeneradores de eje vertical no dependen de la dirección del viento y funcionan bajo condiciones de altas turbulencias. Este tipo de aerogeneradores generalmente son: Savonius, Giromill y Darrieus [1,2]. Los aerogeneradores convierten la energía cinética del viento en trabajo mecánico, donde el porcentaje máximo de conversión es del 59% como fue demostrado por Betz en 1926 [3]. ...
The wind interpretation as a granular system interacting with a Savonius wind turbine is discussed in this work. All the particles considered for the wind system are spherical, with a constant wind speed of 12 (m/s). Moreover, the wind conditions as particles are characterized by Young modulus, Poisson coefficient and friction coefficient between
them. The particle collisions simulated in this work are elastic and inelastic, defined by the restitution coefficient. The contact models used are Hertz and Hooke, where both shown a similar behavior in different tests of simulation with the Savonius turbine. The contact models used are comparable to air-fluid system, where the turbulences produced by the effect of the Savonius turbine shows vortex, which is expected on a fluid interpretation.
... The concave surface facing the wind direction captures the airflow, exerting a force on the blade that causes it to rotate around its central vertical axis. Performance of this turbine is normally expressed by the torque and power coefficient ( & which can be determined by equ. 2 & 3 respectively) comparing with tip speed ratio (TSR) which is expressed by [8]. ...
In modern times, renewable energy is gaining significant popularity owing to its environmental and economic benefits. Since the continuous decline in the storage of fossil fuels, it is essential to shift the attention to renewable sources. ENLIL setup is one of the options where the attention can be switched. In this study, the feasibility of this alternative power generation option is checked along with several structural analyses in Rajshahi highways. SOLIDWORKS 2019 is used primarily for modeling. CFD and FEA analysis methods are used for structural analysis which are developed in ANSYS fluent software. For getting the residual values, SST k-ε turbulence model is used. When wind velocity is maximum at 5.5 m/s, maximum turbine velocity can be 7.31 m/s. The minimum and maximum pressure imposed on rotor blade are-48.64 Pa and 31.79 Pa. Moment on blade tip is 1.6556e-02 Nm. The maximum deformation of blade is found 0.0029937 mm. The minimum and maximum elastic strain calculated from the von Mises equation is 2.5391e-29 and 2.0773e-6 mm/mm. The maximum stress calculated from the von Mises equation is 0.14683 MPa. Keeping these properties in consideration, Aluminum alloy is used as blade material. Several data are recorded to find out developed solar and wind turbine power placing the ENLIL setup at the island of the highway. Found that almost 200 Wh power is produced by the proposed model. By the energy, street or signal lights can be energised. This setup can function as a viable method of generating electricity, which could significantly impact the energy infrastructure of Bangladesh.
... Due to fossil burning and fuel consumption, worldwide energy demand has increased in the previous 35 years, raising concerns about the greenhouse effect [1]. "Wind energy has become an important component of the solution to these issues. ...
Wind speed is the major factor in generating power in a wind turbine. However, due to the non-optimum and redundant design of wind turbine blades, not nearly enough wind is captured for utilization. In the present study, modifications were done on the leading edge of the HAWT blade using tubercles showing their effects on aerodynamic performances. From this research, the following results found concerning the performances of HAWT with leading-edge tubercles were that; blades with tubercles on the leading edge will have superior performance in the post-stall regime by 27%, tubercles with a smaller amplitude and lower wavelength will produce higher lift and lower drag in the low wind speed condition, and tubercle blade will have a stable and smooth performance in varying wind speed conditions, producing higher torque and power at low wind speed. Using a small wind turbine model, SolidWorks Motion Analysis Simulation was used for dynamic modeling to evaluate and determine the force and torque of the mechanical structure. These results were compared and examined using standard wind turbine blades which showed an improvement of 30% in efficiency.
... Of the many types of wind turbines, which have a smal power capacity but have the advantage in terms of cost 2 production, installation, maintenance and repair is a type of wind turbine type Savonius VAWT (Vertical Axis Wind Turbine) [4]. Savonius wind turbines are wind turbines composed of several half-cylinder blades forming the letter "S". ...
Keponggok villages which are located in Purworejo Regency have a majority of its residents’ work as a farmer. To keep their crop as hydrated as possible, water pumps become their main tool to meet the water needs throughout the year, especially in the dry season. This water pump is very effective in meeting their needs, but the use of a water pump will reduce farmers’ income due to fuel and maintenance cost. An open wide agricultural land provides sufficient air transfer to allow for wind to build up where it can be used to drive a water pump. Therefore, it is necessary to design a wind turbine that can work at low speeds and has high torque characteristics such as VAWT. Savonius wind turbines are considered to be one of the best choices because it has high torque characteristics and self-starting ability at low wind speeds. But this wind turbine has a low efficiency, so the use of guide vane is expected to increase the efficiency of this wind turbine. CFD-based numerical analysis with Ansys software and CFX solver is used to determine the performance of wind turbines. Before conducting the analysis, the simulation method is validated first to find out the accuracy in the analysis. The analysis was carried out on Savonius 2, 3, and 4 blades wind turbines without and using guide vane which then the best configuration is chosen. The results are compared then the best configuration is chosen for driving the pump. The analysis shows that the best configuration is achieved on a 2 blades wind turbine with a 45 degrees guide vane. To pump water in a well with a depth of 20 m with a discharge of 500 liters per hour, 6 sets of wind turbines are needed.
... The field measurement of air velocity shows different pattern of tracing points as it depends on the roughness length (z0) which can represent the differences of surface features from one place to another and at different heights [2]- [3]. The tracing points of air velocity are about 12 points, they are selected in the urban context surrounding the courtyard building. ...
Related papers T he Evaluat ion of t he Effect s of Different Building Forms and Set t lement Areas on t he T her… ENES YASA A numerical invest igat ion int o t he feasibilit y of int egrat ing green building t echnologies int o row house… Dr. John Kaiser Calaut it CFD modeling as a t ool for assessing out door t hermal comfort condit ions in urban set t ings in hot arid… N. Hamza, Khalid Set aih Download a PDF Pack of t he best relat ed papers International Journal of New Technology and Research (IJNTR) ISSN:2454-4116, Volume-3, Issue-2, February 2017 Pages 24-29 24 www.ijntr.org Abstract-Consuming huge amount of energy and emitting large amount of heat can be assumed as one of the main problems facing urban environment in the world today. These problems associated with current high urban density and less of vegetation within urban fabric. For instance, in Egypt, Universities are today facing rising problem of offering more educational spaces especially in large cities such as Cairo and Alexandria. The study thus focuses on Revival Egyptian buildings in Alexandria University based on hierarchical transitional spaces. As Egyptian transitional spaces, such as courtyards historically were essential outdoor spaces for multiple uses and purposes. As part of retrofitting research project of existed transitional spaces in Alexandria University, this paper focused on one parameter which is building height. This is by targeting to find the maximum height of courtyard building with minimum negative effect on air and thermal flow. This simulation is done with consideration to the surrounding urban context in Alexandria University. The simulation approach is based on two years of field measurement of thermal conditions and air velocity in the University's transitional spaces. The study is usingfield-measurement data for nurturing the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model, and for validating the simulation results. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) study is done by introducing four cases of different building heights to investigating the changing air and thermal flow inside the existed courtyard.
... [6] Performance of the wind turbine can be improved by selecting appropriate number of blades and also their radius. [10][11] HAWT still can achieve larger efficiency compared to VAWT and are easier to manufacture. ...
Nowadays electricity is one of the most important basic needs for the human being. We have to shift from conventional to non-conventional energy resources, since conventional energy resources will deplete day by day. Among the renewable energy sources, the cheapest is the wind energy and available in large intensity. Electricity which is produced by wind turbine is having without damaging natural balance and can be available in affordable cost. Field testing of HAWT wind turbine is carried out in order to calculate the output power of wind turbine and it is compared with the theoretical power. This paper describes the Geometric modelling of Wind Turbine Blade using INDTH 4412 airfoil. Optimum angle of attack for INDTH 4412 airfoil was found to be 4°, and the Computational study for the Blade is carried out at 4° angle of attack. C-mesh domain is used to discretize the computational domain. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) analysis is performed on the blade and study is carried to determine lift and drag coefficient, results of which help to improve performance of Wind turbine.
... Additionally, the atlas provides a preliminary indication that wind energy could be feasible for shore and offshore applications. For a large wind project, the horizontal wind turbine is considered the most powerful technology for producing electricity (Jha, 2010). ...
Bahrain was the first Gulf Cooperation Country (GCC) to discover oil. Since then, oil has become the keystone of the country's economic development, reflecting on all sectors, particularly power generation. This underlines the difficulty of shifting from well-established oil-based power production to renewable energy. Nevertheless, a significant milestone was achieved in January 2017, when the Sustainable Energy Unit (SEU) launched the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP). The plan sets the roadmap for identifying the most appropriate renewable resources for Bahrain and its best technologies. Special attention should be paid to Sustainable Generation Expansion Planning (GEP) for Bahrain's electrical system with renewables. This is because Bahrain's government is committed to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and has incorporated them into its action plan since 2015.
The sustainability theme in the energy system interacts with different research areas, and it requires a multidimensional approach to cover its impact on the national grid, environment, economy and other sectors. This study aims to assist Bahrain's policymakers in evaluating the renewable energy technologies for sustainable growth of the generation sector by suggesting an Intelligent Decision Support System (IDSS) based on a combination of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). After evaluating the derived indicators from seventy-three studies by experts and applying the selection principles, fifteen indicators are selected for constructing the AHP model. The AHP model outcomes revealed that wind turbines are the most appropriate technology for Bahrain. Then, the ANN model is structured based on the generated cases from the AHP model. The LM algorithm is used for processing the data with a hyper tangent sigmoid and a linear function for the hidden layer and output layer of the ANN model. The scenario analysis demonstrates that the IDSS can be used with confidence to explore the effect of each criterion and sub-criterion on the sustainable growth of the electrical grid in Bahrain.
... The problem of global warming, occurred due to exorbitant use of fossil fuels, can be reduced by distributed green and clean energy (Jha, 2011). The solar, tidal, wind, biomass, etc. can be used for generation of electricity to bring down the effect of global warming (Simoes, et al., 2008). ...
This paper dealt the implementation of a Leaky-Momentum Control Algorithm (LMA) for controlling a voltage source converter (VSC) to enhance the power quality of a three-phase self-excited induction generator (SEIG) used in a distributed generating system. This LMA technique operates the VSC to regulate voltage and frequency of SEIG within a permissible limit. The LMA control is implemented to reduce the higher demand of reactive power, harmonics distortions and balancing of loads under different operating conditions. During the electrical and mechanical dynamical conditions, the LMA technique is maintaining a constant voltage and frequency at point of common coupling (PCC). The proposed technique is a modified control technique of basic Leaky and Momentum Algorithms. This control has removed the drawbacks of Leaky and momentum algorithms. Moreover, it is observed that LMA performs better when there are uncertainties in input conditions. The whole system comprising SEIG, nonlinear load, voltage source converter and battery storage system is made in MATLAB /SIMULINK. It has shown promising performance under both dynamical state and steady state of the system.
... TSR is a parameter related with rated wind speed and rotor diameter. As the ratio between the speed of tip blade and wind speed through the blade, TSR can be determined as [5] TSR = λ = = ………………… (1) Where,V rotor is the tip speed or the peripheral velocity of rotor (m/s); ω is the angular velocity of rotor (1/s); d is the diameter of the halves cylinder of rotor (m), and V is the wind speed (m/s). The coefficient of torque or C t is defined as the ratio between the actual torque develop by the rotor (T) and thetheoretical torque available in the wind (T w ) as, fig.1Two blades Savonius wind turbine with the drag forces ...
Due to the increasing environmental and economic cost of fossil fuels, alternative sources of energy are needed. One such source is energy wind energy. Much of the current wind turbine research focuses on large-scale wind turbines. An alternative approach is small-scale wind turbines designed specifically to produce power at low wind speeds. This research work carried out for design small-scale wind turbine by analytical method.
... When the rotor shaft is mounted vertically as a type of wind turbine, a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is easier to maintain and mount, as the clutch and generator can be positioned at the bottom of a (VAWT) where it is low to the ground. There is no need to point it in the wind, which is another advantage of this setup [1]. Despite these benefits, VAWT has faced many challenges, from the early lift-based Darrieus rotors and later cyclo-turbines to the drag-based Savonius rotor, including low peak performance , low starting torque, pulsed torque, limited operating range and dynamic stability issues [2][3][4]. ...
Using Sketch up layout 2018, a vertical wind turbine was designed, manufactured using a CNC laser cutting machine and controlled by the fritizing beta software (version 0.93). During the manufacturing process, acrylic material is used in the designed parts. The gates have been used in current research to monitor the amount of air and the speed of the turbine entering the six-type turbine blades. The speed of the turbine was set in relation to the change in wind speed (wind energy), which resulted in the stability of the electrical generation system in terms of voltage and frequency (AC), the reduction of economic costs, the regulation of high currents by means of the controller, in addition to the control of the maintenance of the turbine. It became noticeable from experiments that the speed over a period of time was constant, which was approximately equal to 215 rpm.
... Berdasarkan arah aliran anginnya turbin angin dibedakan menjadi dua macam yaitu turbin angin sumbu vertikal dan turbin angin sumbu horizontal (Tian et al., 2018). Penggunaan turbin angin sumbu vertical lebih banyak digunakan untuk turbin skala kecil dikarenakan memiliki beberapa keunggulan yaitu kinerjanya tidak tergantung arah angin (Akwa et al., 2012), mudah dalam perawatan (Yang and Lawn, 2011), dan juga dapat beroperasi pada kecepatan angin rendah (Jha, 2010). Selain itu, turbin angin sumbu vertikal memiliki keunggulan start-self yang tinggi dan dapat beroperasi pada kecepatan rendah, memiliki torsi yang tinggi, dan memiliki noise yang kecil (Montelpare et al., 2018). ...
Renewable energy is an alternative energy that is clean, pollution-free, safe and has unlimited availability. Wind energy is one a renewable energy. The utilization of wind energy is done by using wind turbines, one of which is Savonius. Savonius turbines have a disadvantage in low Coefficient power (Cp) values. Adding the configuration of the position and location of the slotted blades can increase the Cp value. To optimize the design of Savonius wind turbines, it is necessary to find the factors that most influence the Cp value. This study aims to analyze the significance of the performance of slotted blades savonius wind turbines with statistically. Hypothesis testing of two factors that affect the value of Cp is done using the statistical method, Kolmogorov Smirnov test, linearity test, linear analysis-of-variance (ANOVA), one-way ANOVA using SPSS 22 software. The results show that the location of slotted blades significantly influences the location of slotted blades to the value of Cp (Sig. 0.000 less than 0.05). There is an interaction between the two position test posisi*lebar (Sig. 0.000 less than 0.05). The position of the slotted blades has a more significant effect on the value of Cp because of the value of Sig. 0.000 lower than the width of the slotted blades of 0.011. VAWT; slotted blades; analysis of variant; factorial design.
... Wind turbines have two types based on shaft position to the wind direction that is vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) and horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) [7,8]. VAWT wind turbines are more widely used for small-scale turbines because they have several advantages: their performance is independent of wind direction, easy to maintain, and can also operate at low wind speeds [9][10][11][12]. A VAWT Savonius is a wind turbine with a high self-start and can operate at low wind speeds [13]. ...
This study investigates the effect of Reynolds number on the performance of Savonius wind turbine with slotted blades. The turbine performance investigation was based on the torque coefficient (Ct), power coefficient (Cp), and tip speed ratio (TSR). The experiment used two number of blade configuration, blade overlap ratio of 10%, 12.5% and 20%, slotted position of 15%, 20%, 25% and 35%, and also slotted gap width of 3 mm, 5 mm, 7 mm, and 9 mm. The wind speed carried out in this experiment are 5.94 m/s, 6.46 m/s, 6.99 m/s, and 7.27 m/s, which are generated from the fan blowers as a wind source. The Savonius turbine with 10% overlap ratio shows the best performance. The highest Cp obtained is 0.138 by the variation of a 3 mm gap with Re of 1.44 × 10⁴ and 0.526 tip speed ratio (TSR).
... This arrangement allows the generator and gearbox to be located close to the ground, facilitating service and repair. VAWTs do not need to be pointed into the wind, which removes the need for wind sensing and orientation mechanisms [21,22]. ...
The wind resource offshore is often excellent due to a higher average wind speed and lower turbulence intensity. Jacket structures are the most common offshore platforms for extraction of oil and natural gas in relative low water depths. When the offshore resources run out, these structures must be displaced to another area containing underground resources or removed in the case of reaching their design life. Therefore, one possible procedure to reduce the carbon footprint on the planet, allowing society to rely on promising sources of ’clean’ energy while salvaging these oil and gas platforms, is to consider the transformation of these oil and gas platforms into offshore wind turbine support structures. The present research focus on the possibility of converting such structures for gas extraction into offshore platforms for wind turbines. In this study, a comparison between the behavior of horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines on the same offshore platform is presented. In this comparison, two different software programs are used: MATLAB and SAP2000. The model proposed is a new simplified tool used to study the structural analysis of the jacket structures, developed and summarized in 10 steps, adopted to evaluate the behavior of the platform with the wind tower configurations.
... Many improvements in wind turbines have been achieved, one of which is the Banki wind turbine as a basic crossflow wind turbine. Crossflow wind turbines have a high torque coefficient at low tip speed ratio, low noise, high stability, and are self-starting [5][6][7][8]. Therefore, wind turbines are suitable for use in urban areas as a small wind turbine. ...
Wind energy sources must be investigated to produce electrical energy from a renewable source. Crossflow wind turbines are suitable for use because they have several advantages such as self-starting ability, low noise, and excellent stability. They have the potential to be applied as small wind turbines in urban districts because of their small maximum coefficient of power (Cp), which is 10% of that of other small wind turbines. To enhance the performance of crossflow wind turbines, we changed the turbine to rotate in the opposite direction in the in-line configuration. Turbine performance testing was tested using a wind tunnel. The characteristics of crossflow wind turbines were investigated, then turbine performance was analyzed and discussed. The maximum power coefficient obtained was 0.169 (Cp) with the configuration of 12 turbine blades at a wind speed of 10 m/s. The maximum torque coefficient obtained was 0.703. The overall results show that the crossflow wind turbine in in-line configuration with opposite rotation can improve the performance of wind turbines.
... Turbin angin merupakan salah alat dalam Sistem Konversi Energi Angin (SKEA) [1]. Menurut terminologi, turbin angin mampu mengkonversi energi kinetik menjadi energi listrik [2]. Energi angin merupakan salah satu energi baru terbarukan yang ramah lingkungan [3], tidak menghasilkan karbon [4], bahkan berkontribusi memenuhi 4% kebutuhan energi dunia dan mengurangi emisi karbon CO 2 dari total kapasitas instalasi 392 GW pada akhir juni 2015 [5]. ...
To improve electrical energy better, the design and optimization of micro scale wind turbines has become a very important element in research. The aims are improving the ability to capture power and maximize energy production properly. The object of this study was horizontal axis wind turbine performance testing with the configuration of types and numbers of NACA 3612 blade variation in terms of output power (W), efficiency (η) and tip speed ratio (TSR). The tests carried out in the laboratory using a wind tunnel. There are 8 variations of wind speed, 1.41 m/s, 1.76 m/s, 2.51 m/s, 3.74 m/s, 4.81 m/s, 5.50 m/s, 5.71 m/s and 6.11 m/s. The results showed that the best power value was a taperless type with 2 blades of 0.846 watts with a maximum rotating speed of 876.3 rpm at 6.11 m/s wind speed. For the best efficiency value obtained at 3.74 m/s wind speed on the type of taper with a number of 4 blades of 2.9% at TSR 4.778. While the maximum TSR occurs in the type of taper with a number of 3 blades of 6.256 at 3.74 m/s wind speed by testing without using a prony brake.
... According to (Adaramola 2014) and (AMEC 2014, for wind parks, the wind industry is currently dominated by HAWT ( Figure 1). These can again be subdivided in systems using a direct-drive, geared or a hybrid-drive generator concept. ...
Rare Earth Elements (REEs) are used in many technological applications since their chemical and physical properties allow them to obtain more efficient products, which is especially true for green energy technologies such as hybrid electric cars and wind turbines. The main area of application for REEs in this sector are permanent magnets, of which NdFeB magnets are the most common type. In terms of REEs, these contain mainly Neodymium, but also small amounts of Dysprosium, Praseodymium, and very limited amounts of Terbium. China’s dominance as the world’s largest producer of REEs creates a high supply risk for countries, whose green energy production depends on these raw materials. While exploration for REE deposits is undergoing in different countries, the recycling of different waste sources aiming at the recovery of REEs is gaining more importance, since their in-use capacity can reach up to four times the volume of their annual production. This report focuses on the available recycling routes for permanent magnets from wind turbines, where up to 650 kg of REE containing magnets are utilized per MW of installed capacity (Pavel et al, 2017), hence providing an interesting source of REEs. However, the attempts for recovering REEs from wind turbine magnets and other waste streams such as WEEE are quite new, which is why most of the projects are still being conducted on a lab scale. Furthermore, the availability of these magnets for recycling is not yet very large, since many wind turbines are only expected to reach their end of life in the next 20-30 years. Considering magnets for wind turbines can include nearly 30% of REEs, they are now in the interest of many countries, especially for the EU, since the supply risk is increasing together with the increasing demand. Although currently no industrial recycling plant for permanent magnets exist, there are pilot plants where hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical, and degassing processes are applied. These recycling methods are reviewed and possible flowsheets are proposed. Furthermore, a general view on the working principles of wind turbines, the production of permanent magnets, and the role of REEs in this system is given. It is concluded that a combination of hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processes can be applied to recover REEs in metal or oxide form from permanent magnets of wind turbines and that hydrogen decrepitation could possibly be applied as a direct recycling route.
... During the operation of wind turbines, blades are subjected to complicated loading conditions caused by the nature of wind. Wind turbine technology can offer an affordable as well as an alternate renewal energy source due to its capability of producing greater amounts of electrical energy with a quit zero greenhouse effects in comparison to other energy generating technologies including solar cell, biofuel, hydrogen, tidal wave, biodiesel, and biomass technologies [1]. Wind turbine simply transforms the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy, where output power delivered to a transformer, which converts the electricity from the generator to the appropriate voltage for the power collection system [2]. ...
The study aims to investigate a wind turbine composite blade subjected to wind loading forces. Linear elastic fracture mechanics principle was used to evaluate the blade with a deteriorated adhesive layer through the estimation stress intensity factor of an edge crack at the adhesive layer. The opening and sliding mode of SIF were predicted and discussed. Two dimensional, plane strain FE modeling was adopted in the study. Interfacial stresses along the bonding line of the composite blade were estimated as well. A parametric study was conducted to assess the influence of the adhesive, mechanical properties on the levels, and the distribution of the stresses along the interfacial bonding line of the composite blade for both intact and fractured blade.
... The aerodynamic power coefficient is used to establish the aerodynamic model for the capturing ability of wind energy, which can be represented as (3) with (4) Usually, WTs are controlled in two separate regions: maximize wind energy conversion efficiency below the rated wind speed [1], or maintain the rated power output above the rated wind speed [2]. Motivated by the development of control theory and technologies, different control strategies are proposed and applied in WT control field and achieved good control effect. ...
In this paper, a sensitivity-analysis-based wind turbine optimization strategy is introduced to improve the power output stability while reducing the shaft and tower loads. Both generator torque and blade pitch are controlled coordinately to achieve the optimization. During the wind turbine control process, blade pitch and generator torque are controlled proportionally to the generator speed tracking error, which simplifies the controller structure, thus, the wind turbine performance can be evaluated with control variables sensitivities directly. The wind turbine performance is considered in output power stability, shaft bending moment and tower bending moment. Both load parameters are analysed in fatigue damage lifetime. A conflicting relationship is realized between the load-power characteristic during the optimization, and a global coordination solution is selected on the pareto optimal frontier. Essential, this work is an exploration for the quantitative analysis from the wind turbine load performance to the control variables sensitivities directly without the limitation of controller forms. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
... However, the wind energy depends on the wind speed which is highly variable over time. The conversion of kinetic energy of the wind to the mechanical energy of rotation has an ideal efficiency of 58.3 for horizontal axis wind turbine with tip speed ratio of 6% [1]. According to Betz's law, the maximum possible efficiency of the wind turbine is 59.3% [2]. ...
The wind energy conversion system (WECS) is a system which allows the conversion of wind-generated kinetic energy to electrical energy. One of the currently used systems to generate electrical energy is the permanent magnet synchronous generator. The proposed control method in this paper is Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy model-based integral sliding mode control (ISMC). The ISMC method performs robustness to external disturbances and noises. The one important issue of the WECS is the variable wind speed which varies drastically over short periods of time. The solution to the problem of the wind speed estimation is the disturbance observer application which was also used to estimate the wind speed. The use of T–S fuzzy model is justified by the robustness to unmatched disturbances. The novelty of the proposed combination of control techniques is the solution to problems of nonlinearity, estimation of the aerodynamic torque and the chattering natural for sliding mode control. The simulation was conducted in MATLAB/Simulink software. The results are provided in the result-related section.
... Le marché de l'éolien a commencé à ralentir à la fin des années 1950, ceci étant causé par le développement des lignes électriques à grande échelle. Mais avant cela, la plupart des fermes utilisaient l'électricité éolienne équipée de la turbine à axe horizontal au vent construit en 1941 [84]. L'emploi de l'énergie éolienne a connu une hausse considérable au cours de la dernière décennie, la production mondiale à doubler tout les 3,5 ans depuis le début du 21 eme siècle [123], [81]. ...
... The main noise components generated by wind turbines are the aerodynamic noise produced by rotating blades and the mechanical noise produced by the electromechanical parts (generator, revolutions, cooling systems, and other components). The mechanical component has a lower sound level than the aerodynamic one, and a few tens of meters away is no longer perceptible [10]. The aerodynamic component, on the other hand, propagates and is also distinguishable from several hundred meters: In general, when sound propagates without obstruction from a point source, the sound pressure level decreases. ...
Wind energy is one of the most widely used renewable energy sources in the world and has grown rapidly in recent years. However, the wind towers generate a noise that is perceived as an annoyance by the population living near the wind farms. It is therefore important to new tools that can help wind farm builders and the administrations. In this study, the measurements of the noise emitted by a wind farm and the data recorded by the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system were used to construct a prediction model. First, acoustic measurements and control system data have been analyzed to characterize the phenomenon. An appropriate number of observations were then extracted, and these data were pre-processed. Subsequently two models of prediction of sound pressure levels were built at the receiver: a model based on multiple linear regression, and a model based on Random Forest algorithm. As predictors wind speeds measured near the wind turbines and the active power of the turbines were selected. Both data were measured by the SCADA system of wind turbines. The model based on the Random Forest algorithm showed high values of the Pearson correlation coefficient (0.981), indicating a high number of correct predictions. This model can be extremely useful, both for the receiver and for the wind farm manager. Through the results of the model it will be possible to establish for which wind speed values the noise produced by wind turbines become dominant. Furthermore, the predictive model can give an overview of the noise produced by the receiver from the system in different operating conditions. Finally, the prediction model does not require the shutdown of the plant, a very expensive procedure due to the consequent loss of production.
... TSR is a criterion that relates the diameter of wind turbine to the rated wind speed. Whereas, C t is expressed as the proportion of the actual torque created by the turbine to the hypothetical torque feasible at a particular wind speed [1]. Thirty distinct models of savonius wind turbine were examined by Savonius, a Finnish engineer who invented the turbine, in open-air and wind tunnel [2]. ...
Savonius wind turbine has got the upper hand in comparison to other wind turbine in terms of simplicity in construction and better opening torque at low wind speeds. In this background, models based on adaptive neuro-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) have been
prepared in order to predict the output performance parameters like tip speed ratio and actual torque of Savonius wind turbine in response to the input parameters like number of blades in the turbine and wind speed. The current work utilizes the experimental data of Savonius wind turbine which has been mentioned in the literature. In the literature, Savonius wind turbine with 2, 3, and 4 blades are tested at different wind speed using wind tunnel to determine the tip speed ratio
and actual torque delivered by them. The results predicted from the ANFIS models are substantial close to the experimental results. Moreover, the statistical pointers like R2, RMSE and MAPE are found to be 0.90, 0.066 and 18.26 for prediction of tip speed ratio and 0.97, 0.004 and 14.23 for prediction of actual torque, which highlight the precision of the models. Hence, it is finally realized that the developed ANFIS models are capable of finding the output parameter like tip speed ratio and actual torque of Savonius wind turbine with 2, 3, and 4 blades.
Ethiopia has an abundance of renewable energy resources, such as hydro, wind, geothermal, solar, and biomass. Access to sustainable energy services, on the other hand, is a major challenge for its people. The country is one of the 20 most impoverished countries in terms of clean energy access, with approximately 46% of the population without electricity. Ethiopia's government is focused on utilizing the country’s renewable energy resources. Hydropower is the primary renewable energy source that has been identified for this purpose. The Upper Blue Nile Basin (UBNB) is one of Ethiopia's 12 river basins with massive hydropower potential. It accounts for a significant portion of the country’s current electricity consumption. As hydropower is rainfall dependent, its long-term viability, under climate change, is highly uncertain in the future. Hence, there is a need to focus on diversifying renewable energy sources in addition to hydropower in the UBNB. The goal of this study is to investigate the suitability of wind farms in the UBNB using a multicriteria decision method as well as geographic information system and to determine the energy potential of suitable areas. Wind speed, slope, land use/land cover, distances from grids, roads, urban and protected areas were considered when determining suitable wind farms. Of the total area of the basin, only 1,498.69 km2 (approximately 1% of the basin) was found to be highly suitable. Wind speed data from ten automatic weather station (AWS) sites at 15-min intervals were obtained from the National Meteorology Institute of Ethiopia (NMIE) for the purpose of estimating wind power potential over a four-year period (2017–2020). After performing vigorous quality control checks for internal consistency and technical wind sensor problems, the AWS wind speed data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and MATLAB software. The highest wind power density was recorded at Wogeltena and Gatira, with wind power densities of 227.56 and 216.50 W/m2, respectively, at a turbine height of 50 m. There is a noticeable seasonal difference in wind power density production. Power densities were higher during the dry and short rainy seasons than during the wet season. As a result, it is reasonable to consider wind as a viable supplement to hydropower in the UBNB. The most promising sites are in the northeastern parts of the study area. As a result, these areas may be considered viable for grid-connected and stand-alone wind energy applications. However, most of the wind speed data in this study had short durations and were insufficient for estimating wind energy potential at large scales. Furthermore, the meteorological stations were primarily installed for weather forecasting purposes, and their location might not be optimal for wind energy purposes. Therefore, future research should concentrate on identifying optimal wind energy-producing areas in the region. Furthermore, different wind speed measuring tools, such as taller wind masts than the AWS wind speeds, are recommended for further wind energy potential investigations.
The demand for basic resources is increasing in today's modern society due to the rapid increase in
population. These demands come in a variety of forms, but we'll focus on transportation and the generator
electrical systems in this article.
The trend toward dispersed generation sources has emerged as a result of the rapid increase in energy
demand and the constraint of generation and transmission capacity. A decentralized generation system
based on diverse renewable energy sources that use a small combined generation system with a maximum
unit output of 100 kW, as well as supercapacitors and battery storage, that is built and deployed near the
local load center to supply. Significant distributed generation benefits, problems, applications, limitations,
and several distributed generation technology are discussed in this paper. Publicize information about the
present status of distributed generation. Advanced techniques for distributed generation, their existing
production capacities around the world, as well as their generating ability in a few countries with the
largest production plants and regions, are highlighted in this section.
Urban areas lack the average wind speed needed to operate horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT), so vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) are in demand. Savonius (Drag) and Darrieus (Lift) types of vertical axis wind turbines are both used. The comparison of the coefficients of performance (COP) of Savonius and Darrieus types of vertical axis wind turbines is the main focus of the current study. ANSYS Fluent-Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software is used to numerically analyse the aforementioned VAWTs. Both turbines' blade designs are selected to provide the best output possible given the available input. The wind turbines' output parameters are obtained separately and compared for the same input parameters. This comparison provides a basis for choosing the type of VAWT to be implemented according to the function.
The effects of sound pressure level at two observation positions of a fixed and varied blade pitch angle at Low-Mach unsteady incompressible Reynolds-Average Navier-Stokes flow approach, on an H-rotor Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. The objective of the study is to compare the noise dissipation and output power/energy of the airfoil blades design of the vertical axis wind turbine in residential zones. The Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FHWH) techniques were applied to validate the output noise and vortex shedding of the different angles of attacks (AoA). The study postulated that the time history of the calculated sound pressure level at two observers positions: the aeroacoustic, blade vortex interaction noise, flow separations, dynamic stall experience from varied angled of attacks are found to produces less noise and vortex shedding compared to the fixed angle of attack.
The windmill is one of the important applications of wind energy and it is one of the best and the easiest ways to manipulate this wind power and use it for water pumping. The best feature of windmills is their high solidity, which gives high torque at the starting. Therefore, they will be able to lunch at low wind speeds like 2 m/s which gives a great possibility of utilizing, especially in the agricultural countries. This feature has been the focus of attention of researchers and developers over the long years. There are several factors affected by it, the most prominent of which is the number of blades and the diameter of the rotor. Some researchers have tested with different models of different diameters and others did on different numbers of blades. The challenge is how to find a model with an ideal number of blades and diameter that can give us the highest torque value under low wind conditions. In this paper, the multi-bladed horizontal axis wind turbines, which are used for water pumping, are discussed. Besides, the literature review is described, which presented the basic design requirements for windmill rotors as solidity, diameter, and tip speed ratio, also information given about materials that used in manufacture. The investigations of this paper are focused on the effect of the number of blades to reach the main goal and the best performance at located wind speeds.
Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) have drawn increased attention for off-grid and off-shore power generation due to inherent advantages over the more popular horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs). Among these advantages are generator locale, omni-directionality and simplistic design. However, one major disadvantage is lower efficiency, which can be alleviated through blade pitching. Since each blade must transit both up- and down-stream each revolution, VAWT blade pitching techniques are not yet commonplace due to increased complexity and cost. Utilizing passively-morphing flexible blades can offer similar results as active pitching, requiring no sensors or actuators, and has shown promise in increasing VAWT performance in select cases. In this study, wind tunnel tests have been conducted with flexible and rigid-bladed NACA 0012 airfoils, in order to provide necessary input data for a Double-Multiple Stream-Tube (DMST) model. The results from this study indicate that a passively-morphing VAWT can achieve a maximum power coefficient (Cp) far exceeding that for a rigid-bladed VAWT CP (18.9% vs. 10%) with reduced normal force fluctuations as much as 6.9%. Operational range of tip-speed ratio also is observed to increase by a maximum of 40.3%.
Wind energy development is helpful for realizing a green city. This work concentrates on the study of estimating urban wind energy with consideration of urban morphology. Fourteen typical urban forms in Beijing city were selected and analyzed with nine relevant urban morphology parameters. Computational fluid dynamics numerical simulations were used to evaluate the wind energy potential of the urban forms. This work demonstrates that urban forms with higher plot ratio and mean aspect ratio usually have higher wind potential density by site area, an important indicator for neighborhood-scale wind potential development. Urban forms with higher average building height would have higher wind potential density by roof area, an important indicator for building-scale wind potential development. To promote wind potential over roofs, a layout of 45° of building configuration with inlet wind direction and building forms with round-angle corners are suggested. Local wind distribution is important for wind energy evaluation of individual buildings and wind energy distribution over different directions; however, it has a substantially lesser effect on the general wind potential comparison among urban forms with different urban characteristics.
Con el propósito de desarrollar estrategias para el mayor aprovechamiento del recurso eólico, es necesario disponer de modelos confiables para simular la respuesta de los aerogeneradores. Si bien, los fabricantes cuentan con modelos detallados, estos son generalmente de “caja negra”, lo que los hace incluso inutilizable en nuevos diseños. Así, los llamados modelos genéricos han proliferado. Bajo este enfoque, en este artículo se presenta el modelado dinámico del rotor de unaerogenerador tripala usando la formulación Euler-Lagrange. Para su análisis el rotor es descrito como un sistema multicuerpo de cuatro grados de libertad empleando matrices de transformación simplificadas. Se exponenlos detalles de la obtención del modelo, y la interpretación de su simulación tridimensional (3D) bajo diversas condiciones, que garantiza una fácil comprobación de la fiabilidad del modelo
Non-renewable energy source will run out quickly and pollute dangerously the environment. This causes the change in using source of energy to the renewable energy which is clean and eco-friendly. Wind turbine is one of renewable energy which is eco-friendly and having abundant sources. Indonesia has wind velocity for about 4 m/s which is appropriate to be installed Savonius wind turbine. This paper aims to increase Savonius wind turbine performance by adding slotted 5 mm and 7 mm, at 30 % chord of blade. In measuring the turbine, blower fans were used as the source of wind with the wind velocity of about 4 m/s to 7 m/s. The result showed that applying slotted blades could increase torque, therefore it was able to produce performance improvement at the condition of low angular velocity. The highest power coefficient occurred when slotted blades variation 5 mm at 30 % chord of blade is 0.118 at TSR 0.350.
Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) as energy saving devices can be used in many engineering fields. There are two types of rotors in VAWT. Savonius rotors require a low torque for starting, but their efficiency is very low and Darrieus rotors have high efficiency, but they are difficult to start up. The hybrid wind turbine obtained by combining these two technologies, has the self-starting ability and high efficiency. A Darrieus-Savonius combined rotor aiming at a high aerodynamic performance with a low start-up requirement has drawn the attention of many researchers. In this paper, the effect of Darrieus-Savonius combined wind turbine performance is investigated in order to improve VAWT efficiency by a CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) approach. Unsteady simulations solving the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations with standard k-ω SST turbulence model were conducted to obtain the static torque and the power coefficient. This numerical study focused on Darrieus-Savonius wind turbine with Savonius rotor placed in the middle of the Darrieus rotor at different tip speed ratio of 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2. The commercial CFD software Fluent 15.0 is used for the numerical study. The torque and power coefficient results of single Savonius turbine are compared and validated against experimental and numerical data based on the literature.
This work introduces the performance review regarding control algorithms implemented in wind-based distributed generation system for improving the system’s power quality. The system is comprised of three-phase self-excited induction generator, nonlinear load and voltage source converter. The nonlinear load is directly fed by the generator in off-grid operation. Due to this, the operation of the generator suffers as a whole means the voltage and frequency variation takes place according to variation in the load. Moreover, the power quality problems such as harmonics in the supply current, poor power factor, load unbalance and neutral current at the supply side are prominent. Therefore, the voltage source converter is used along with load to mitigate the power quality problems as well as voltage and frequency fluctuations. For frequency control, the input terminal of the converter uses a battery storage system. The converter operation is dependent on the dynamical performance of the control algorithm used for fundamental current extraction followed by reference current generation. Hence, authors have presented performance review of some control algorithms such as Lorentzian adaptive filter (LAF), momentum LMS, VCO-less PLL, adaptive vectorial filter (AVF) and nonlinear adaptive Volterra filter (NAVF) for reference current generation followed by gate pulses for converter for power quality features of the system. The control algorithms are selected based on their faster dynamics, less steady-state error and stable operation. The simulation and experimental performance of each have been carried out, and comparative analysis is provided.
Society started searching for alternative resources of energy, with more awareness of their responsibility to the environment. Renewable energies (RE) in buildings and cities experience a huge expansion, which raises many challenges to the scientists, researchers, and engineers. RE such as solar and wind energy is a clean and inexhaustible energy, and its technology is developing rapidly. This will lead to good results in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits. It would also reduce environmental pollution such as air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels. This study mainly focuses on analysis of wind energy potential inside a Gali-Zakho Tunnel in Duhok province in northern Iraq, which is located on the highway that connects the border between Kurdistan-Iraq and Turkey. This work also included investigating the feasibility of generating electrical energy (EE) from wind energy (WE). The idea proposed here is a new technique to generate electrical energy from WE produced due to the vehicles motion in this new Tunnel. The Gali-Zakho Tunnel is designed and constructed of a dual carriageway road with two lanes on each carriageway on the route linking Duhok to Zakho. The total length of the tunnel is 3604 m, and the diameter of each tunnel is 12.4 m. As the automobiles moves on this tunnel, there is a creation of pressure. Therefore lots of impact wind energy is generated due to the wind pressure difference. Due to this pressure, wind flow and create pressure thrust. This wind pressure thrust depends on many factors such as the intensity of the traffic, the size of the automobile, and the speed of the automobiles. For example, when the speed of small automobile was 65 km/h, the wind speed was 6 m/s. This WE can be converted into mechanical energy with the help of small turbines by placing them just nearby this highway sides. Therefore, these small turbines will generate EE. This EE can be used for different applications. This system can be used to produce electricity for the following applications: lighting the tunnel, pumping water and develop a well-maintained irrigation system to nearby area, communications equipment, etc. To fulfill this project, extensive research work on wind flow patterns is required to determine the average velocity of the impact wind created by vehicles running on the highway. Anemometer was used to measure velocity of fluid flow (air) in the surroundings at different orientation. It was found that the impact pressure thrust depends on different factors such as: (a) the intensity/frequency of the vehicles traffic, (b) the speed of the vehicles, (c) the size of the vehicles, (d) velocity of natural wind, (e) distance between the harnessing system and vehicles, and (f) angle of impact.
This book discusses various challenges and solutions in the fields of operation, control, design, monitoring and protection of microgrids, and facilitates the integration of renewable energy and distribution systems through localization of generation, storage and consumption.
It covers five major topics relating to microgrid i.e., operation, control, design, monitoring and protection. The book is primarily intended for electric power and control engineering researchers who are seeking factual information, but also appeals to professionals from other engineering disciplines wanting an overview of the entire field or specific information on one aspect of it. Featuring practical case studies and demonstrating different root causes of large power failures, it helps readers develop new concepts for mitigating blackout issues.This book is a comprehensive reference resource for graduate and postgraduate students, academic researchers, and practicing engineers working in the fields of power system and microgrid.
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