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Histórico e perspectivas da cooperação entre os parques nacionais do Iguaçu, Brasil, e Iguazú, Argentina

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Abstract

Os parques nacionais do Iguaçu, Brasil, e Iguazú, Argentina, constituem sítios do Patrimônio Mundial Natural localizados na fronteira entre os países. O histórico de cooperação entre os parques foi descrito a partir de análise documental de relatórios da Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (UNESCO), de planos de manejo dos parques e da análise de entrevistas realizadas aos gestores de ambos parques. Observou-se uma relação crescente, porém irregular, de cooperação entre os sítios, especialmente nos setores de proteção, manejo e uso público. Estratégias formais e planejadas de cooperação são essenciais para garantir maior estabilidade do processo.
Vol. 1 n. 2
Jan-jul/2017
P. 5-25
HISTÓRICO E PERSPECTIVAS DA COOPERAÇÃO ENTRE OS
PARQUES NACIONAIS DO IGUAÇU, BRASIL, E IGUAZÚ,
ARGENTINA
HISTÓRICO Y PERSPECTIVAS DE LA COOPERACIÓN ENTRE LOS PARQUES
NACIONALES DEL IGUAÇU, BRASIL, E IGUAZÚ, ARGENTINA
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Resumo
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Resumen
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2 '(('9)  )"  $*' 45" 7$  ( !0'9) 45 7-
7"?@A"#$-?9% !"1B#$CDED?@9F@G-$(I$--8
5
Palabras clave: 7/--()($-7/(,(%- ;(
)8($-
ABSTRACT
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$((.88(K(.(-J)((..(<,$$8'8(K(.H
 (,(.(' '$"'L  $($ %'45") )(
$(7K ,)H- J 7L (.=( , K "8(  $" ''7 ,
$$8'"$$<.7)($('") )(8$-)$
$'(( '$(8M.(8$(<(.-
Keywords: 7'(--($.( (-987'-7)($.(<-
INTRODUÇÃO
1( ,(!(3)'$%&$'):"),(()")
,)(&( ( !0(*- ( !0 ($)(    (0
("  7!0 7($%!0 ()+$($"  (+)"  )!0
()" (: )) $!0N(4"FF@O#P#"GG#"GGA
;"GGAO#P#"GGE#;"GGD($-"GQ;OOO"G
 >OO>" GA5-  $  !" #$"  $ %&" 
 '"$ 0 ,(( *"0=!0$*'
7!0),)(!0((/):'-)80*'()+$
 %!0!2!0"3 $(45"$.)(
=7$7",(:'RL4"F@5-
R($*'()+$($,) '8$
) FDS FD?" '7)(- ((" 0  AG   ).)( $ )0 
()+ ())(L8$%&8$(4G?"G?85-
O7 1(($'(!0/R($"(& 8!0 7)
((($*')$(-
)") 3,8!0(,(!1( 
 .)($$"  $" $ ($ ," (( (7 )
86'77$.(/$!2(*'()+$$$%,((#$
 '-",%9)1$$(/8(7!0*'"
$)6(7() ()8-
6
SÍTIOS DE ESTUDO
,((8$.,)1)$ !45 %&4T5"(
 8) (($U'4,38$5$7(9#$4,3 '5-)
$$%9(8$"DE-GGG.)S)*(1"%
 !)$7()()(*'- $$%9( '"
?@-GGG.7*"( %&)* $8)(((/
4"FDD5-
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 !2(!0"  )()("(: L"$:)  78$
(*' 6!0($-'"()(: >V  7!0 
()+"   L)" '7)("8$% ($ =$(%
.18((:)!-)'$.))=(6(W1 )
4-@GG)=(05!:))!4 ) 
0($  7!0  (% B "  $ ) $35" ( $"$(
45"!(451 .45-
(!2(.$/ 8$/ 0$ $ *L"(
)((,+)  *'"  ((-  ,)!2.* $(( 
))( $77$U (1 )  )  GG $( 1 "  )
('7Q ( O8- )8  6( (( 6(*' )
)("(R($)(7$.(%" )7$:
7(:)).8(( $)($7()8$%37!0-
)(0)(,(,)!2N((,!$'("
$$)" () )!0 )$'( )8= (%$ $( ($
)$45"()8:))$745$ '",)!0)(
-')9=())-GGG:$(4"FFS5"EG
))*,"ASD7"?F="S:("(( 4#"GG5-()
7 ,))  '" AFX))*,)   3)4"
FDD5-
$)( 0:)(:)8&)4().75")(!2L
.77(-EGG-GGG))"(8"7)8"%)86))
.76."6$. ().74#"GGQY($-GGA5-()(
):7)(DG4"GG?5' )*)G)1=))
SG"))$'7/=)DGX-
7
MÉTODOS
1$)($$%(7.(/!0(,,(
'$%))($,3$)6FD?GG$ !
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 !0)*'()+-A-O2)(38*'
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,)!2')-
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)!*'"L)("$)(")!22()$)0
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( 6$. ()8  GS,)(7( ( (   
1T-#9()$Z$.[(-):((7(,
$%$7()(,(($!0("7(()$
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$%1$(&)($" #4F@@5":)6((:
1$ )!2" 7 8(" )( 86'7 ()1'  !0 
(& ) " 4'('7  05 )() ,3 .)(
$'7]!2!0^!0() -((::)((3(C-:9
1$ -=$!0  )($ A-(()(  $( ((!0-  &$') (" ,%9
( %!0"6"$L!0$)( )$.!,!0-=$
((,'$%_K`('$W>7G4>>`>"G5-
3 ()((%)$) )(0,)7$-
4 *'$(//-:)")(0(,(!())8"0,$ (=(
)(*'8$")=!0$(/FD?"/=(*' '-
8
QUADRO INSTITUCIONAL E ESTRUTURA ADMINISTRATIVA
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)8)7)L!2) $)( )2(:L !0($48$ 5-
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7!0(%(7:)(!0.8((((-
Tabela I - .(/$)(!0 ! %&-
Parque Nacional do Iguaçu Parque Nacional Iguazú
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 !$.$=(("8)
)=$)1-SGG
."=()("
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FD?C,$*(
()+($;)-
FGGC='7$
 '$(!0
)$( ((
 %&
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,)!0)$+$(-
b--GA^FASC!0)
'!0$)()$+$(-
O(bGG-AA^FSC
,(!07( 
T"'!0(T$+
$(-
D-DG^F@GC$)7
$%(T41
((5-
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?@)$H)7(7
$$-
FDSCT,$*(
()+($;)-
Fonte:#"GG"FDD- %$(-
9
 $   ! :  $)( $   () $   
7!049"GGG5-(("())86'7817!0()(
 $7U $/  8$% 3" 8$( $%!0   RL
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#74#5"7$(:)8(-()('7))
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)8($"(!0 &8$-  (:.L  )$()8($  #" 
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7$)7%)GG($)()70"'G?-$6
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1-
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)6C Parque Nacional )( (" ) 86'7  7 1 )  ( ($"
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)  ,(   6) )R7 )  L *L (1 - 1
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45" 7$(:)!0- ()('7))(3
4.,5"6!0)8($"&8$7!0"Q-)
: (:)=!0&$')":)($Q
"17$$(!0- (0: $)($$6FDD""'
G?"()70-%)(8](*'$/ (8$"
'"'7)'-%&8$(7: ()-7$7)("
!0)(!0&8$()8:)0,(1-
*),!() $)(8*
(4#$57*4 '5-:)"86'70)$.("7$(](!0
 (*'- !)(: )$.("61 8)  7)(")
,$ '.1)7$)*)$L=-
10
(  )6L))$)( "  ): N(
('((7$7"))(%,(!"6$$)(
 ($-N())8))) 8 )(,(!-
 ($-4GE5()N()8()7(2()8"
=)$"'7 *$" )$(!0 .$:("8(("=('7)"!
- (() ) ) !0( #$  ' (8 
))%)('7=(87!(3)!0
)  0-
()  )  7( ) 7(  0   N(  
($)((%)$!0R($()+("$)(
7 () 24Q ($-" GE5-  )78$ 
)('7  " (  (!2$() )!
$7 )3$)(7((1-$:)"0(8$)2)
) (%" ) )((")))($=3
7(!0-6(" )6 ($.  ( (!21 $)( =$ $
 L'7-
O79("(("T ()$*'$0$" (
)  (()$",(($.,()0"!7
(($ * "7    ,8!0 $-  =)$ ) 
87$8$((*'-)")8 )(,(!
8$((=3("L)(N( '
'7"7(8$)()$.")$7"1')6-
COOPERAÇÃO ENQUANTO SÍTIOS DO PATRIMÔNIO
(: :  FDG  $!2 8$( ( #$  ' ,) )  7$
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'7,'7"$)(!'$)(4"G?5-
)!0)8)*'()+($$7())
))$!07!0))(=((,(!-=('7)0
()+ $  '(!0 ) *' ()+ $,(!" )
 %&^ !4 '^#$54"FDS"FDE5-
11
:)" ( 8$),() 6   , $() *'
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 - )0 ( 0") = !0)  * 7%.
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) (   (  $(/   ) 6$ ] 7!0 
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)FF4"FF5"27 $!2)"))FF
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)7%.)$!0]'74"GGE5-
1((",)$*),(  !0)8($ )(
7(($!0,(('7(*'-,'%)9)(
$'7 ] =(3  .(: ) )8  "  ))( =3 (*'- (
8$)))(,9]:7"$)(( !
4"G5-
)()$7( (0))8*:(!0.$:(
) 16())" $(!0 L'7 ).* !-
$:)",(7%0(("$)($,7$=$*'-
'" )0 7)$( $%!0 ( 6( 7L!0  *7
$(!2  (!0  $(/ ( ,)!28 $ ($!0  ' 
))())8*4"G?5-
)$!0 ] 7!0 87" $(/$'7 ] )2 8
(!0*'") GGDGE"()8$))4 GGD"GE5-$:))(
 $ 87  .$/( $ ($!0  .$:(" : ) !0
(]1 ')Z*$["$$%,( '-O )
,("($17) '7)($('$"$)(N= :'
$!2$7("$)!(",(()(U)
12
()-)$%!0)(6(()78$(:
L$('7 )N= :'((7:1" 9
) 1$ '  '17")=19$] 1  '"
'( ,!0(]7!0874"GGD5-
)7(L6(7!0*'"(3])!06(
'7  ]!0(  *'"  'GG(3)  '7"0
,)"   ] !0  )) )(  !0 (,(!" 7$(
$)(()((17$4"GG5-$(/GGAGG@"=)$"()
()66(4"GGA"GG@5-$(/GGE(('7)(
7!(]!0)( '4"GGE5",()7)(
)(GGD"$$(L$),)$%!26("6(
!0(*',)($")"(!0&8$4"GGD85-
)G? ,)7L7! L'7,)$%!0!0- 1 ,
8(" 7)    (!0  !0 )&( (  *' )
($.)(")($(/$-
)GGA"7$7)).7$771!2
(0 4" GGD5- )) $* '7   )()(" !0 
7$7)( ((17$"  &8$" (!0" $ )6"!0 ((!0)8($"
()((!0-((("'70,$ 7#$
 '")6'L'7,)$4"GGD5-
)GG?",7$7)(($%!0$)6"),
$&8$".7=('7()($(*
4"GGD5-)0GGD"(()8))$%
) 70   $  )6".7 , -)  
$))(((-$ ))!2"&(]72"7)
)0CL))())$)(7(!0 (
!0  70  $  )6 7$7 ) )) )(  !0
(,(!- ()8:)   ).)( (: '(!0   
!0$)64"GGD5-
$(/8(7!0*'GGD4"GGD85"(9'7
)$%70$)6)")("
(7:2,)6(",) ()C
))))(L%!0(,(!")$"
(!0&8$7$(]7$%!07$7$=$*'
13
7$7 )) ))% )( 7(!0"7$
8$/ (:'",(7('7() &8$"
,(($!2(%*71  !((
$%)(88\+)())$)7(1
(!2$)6%7(!01((
7$7)$)( ) ((:    )()(  :9.7"
L)($$(*',)()()+
7$7) 9$L(8(27!0-
 !0  )  ($(#$ '  (0 )()(
6(,)$(/GG4"GG5-)8:),(
70$)6",&8$1(((!0)$. (0
-((,)'7!0))))(,'7
 !0 (,(!- :)" , $(   , )    0 ]
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0 .7$0$ ( 8)( )$)(!0 ( $!0" $7 ]
!0"$(()+$$")$(=(=$70
)$)66(-)8:) )$()=*$L($
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6().8(7$*')$(/($.8(
7!0"$,)!28706($)64"GG5-
) G"   1$  " !0 (  '7 ) $(
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7!0 *'" ) !0 $ 8 7!  !0 4"G5-
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70$)61$6(&8$)86'77$7)70))
()1$8()(187!0"$)(8)()(
7$)1  !"($)(":7)()(,NL!0
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$(/ L,) )$'7 !0( *'4"
GS5-
5 e)(($()(0,(( (08),)$$%!0-
14
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,'7" $)(  (!0  *'- )9 7$7)(  ) $  !0
6((1*L)()(:9.74"GE5-
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(,(!" ) () (  (!2 (  17  )8"
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PLANOS DE MANEJO: CONVERGÊNCIAS E DIVERGÊNCIAS
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 '"L)(()(-
)$)6))8*0()$!0]
7!0*7%.4Ofg"FDD#"FD?5-$)6 '
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(7(7!0")8*)($*')$)("))
)'8$%!0.)06)$*'7$7)((*')
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15
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6(()) !B(0)8 )(!04#"FD?5-:)"
$ )67"8$$ #  GG" =() 2 ),3 ]
!0-($6)(()(" )(%)(:(
)86'7((!2$)1')8*=!0'7-
((" )0()((!0-)(86'7:
*L"7)1()'7!0($(-
 ( ($ : ()('7(((*"(
7!0(,(!$)()4#"GG5-)$.71:
 )$('7 ] (  $"6"(  ' )
8$. )] %  !- U)8( " $ $
!0(U)8#'$%O,(!0)8(:(),$(
!26(-(  ,$( !2($.)( (  (!0 
)8" ) +)(" * (1))() ,$(")(!0 
) 3C45(U()3()1 ))'7((/
45)0()1"8))*"7")8!2(7*$)'7
" )(" 86'7" ()(" ) $ ( $)(  ,)
( 7''76() $ ,  $7  7$
)8(-
((#$  '")FF@:7()))(,!
)( "$)( (    !  %&- ' 
(" (8$9))0 #$" $ ()8(  *
$.$")L$,)!27!0)
)8((*')84#"GG5-
())"(1(,3.$(=(( $)(!0
$(,3878%((-)0()8:)
(8$)(  )  ) 7!0 )()( 87 U)8( 
"$:)L!0$*'( ()"86'7(8$)()$
(*'($ !")7(4#"GG5-
16
)$"$64#"GG5,9(J)4FD?5'L
)(!08$($,()(!0,( )
)))86'77!0)6"$:)8)(:(8$$
)0  " )''7 )$.( $ )6- ( $"
9()(6*(!0)8($()8$)$8!0)
$)66("),(( 1((  '
 #$-(1  =(  J)",87)8*" 'GGG"
L)  () 1 ( " (8$( "  7 6(
'(%)("0)R7)(0-
0(((: 7!0(,(!")!2$/ 
78,-O(: ] >0#7 2$(  $(1"
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'!0 (("))7!!0,)$(T-
)'('7"(GSG?"$(%4JJ9#$5"
/>$7( '4>5#()O7$7)(4#O57$7)
6()Z('7)7(!0(+)
8)7!(3))((: )68$$
 ![4Q($-"G?5-)=,8,($)(!0(-
)$% 7 L ''7  /'70  $  )6  "
7  (  ' ) L *L  7  (8!2-  )($ 
(8(!0!0(-)())((
$6)(!0(1( (,(!:.)%!0$)6-
 '"  ( 72 ''7  $  )6   T (8) 
 )()))(((: -
EXPERIÊNCIAS DOS GESTORES BRASILEIROS E ARGENTINOS
(7($% ()8"$(9)))=)$
!0(  -)$7(  $(() C ) !"
($.)(6("(,)!2'!0$.-(0,)
L$(/$)6"=') (2!2
1-
=3))'$.)()($ $%!06(
,)(-6(^)()( *7"6,:!(46 "
6 (35" ( (" ,) =)$ !06( )(-!0 
17
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)(")()" ()( )$." $ )()$!" U) (H-[ 4--"
8$"E5-
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 '"E5-
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18
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 ((7("=)$"4(!25"
  4( (!25"    !  ""   #
$  % 4) (!05&  ,3 86'7 ^.(/^$( 
)$)(!01( (,(!7$($((8
#$ 7!0-
19
CONCLUSÃO
).$,)($ (0T)*'()+($$-
$(/$)() %!0)(" "7$ (,((
7!0 ->L93 !0 !0  $8!0 $ 
)6 6( 7 $)( ] $!0  8$) (   &8$- !0 
)) !0 (,(! :  ,)($" $) ,)$%!0 
- 1$  $  )6 )( 7 8$  !0 ( "
$)( ) $!0  )()(  1 )6- 89"  (("  7
!200,'71' ))($)() (2
)$)(!0,(-
(7() (7$))(U7()()$7(
!0$(/  "$)()$!0  &8$-
N3'(!087$!2 '7!0( (*'->1
=)$  !0 ( $ (" $)( ) !2  ($.)( (
,)!2"0(07$)6'(-,)$%!0()(
(88)$*'!0(,(!70/1
( (")()8:))8'$%!0)(1())(!2
)$.(-
7$%!0))()(!0,)0,) =((
.)(()1',$(()'%!0))-(("89
70()+($('$/ "(((8($.,)8$%
34T#"GG?5-'"0((()(),(
!28()+"8))8!0(*'"0) (")
()8:))(()((-
() )8)( (/8$/ ^$/  7!0 (,(!"
()().)(L$8()())$"(%)
$)(!0(8$)(7!'7!0-(8$)(!(
(  (=$ )'L!0   ,)!0 $!- '" 
&$')   ,)(L'7( !0 (  " '  6(
$JJ")()(-(7:6(",)$%7 %
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,($).)(8!0(,(!-)" 96$%7
20
7$!0(( ("(8).)(7!!0
'7% )=(-
CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
!0(,(! )7!0 6 ( " (")( 
)$(((17$.8((^())'$.-)(!0'
 )))(8  !0  L'7 '7 $  ) !"
=('7)-)" (0) '7( $7$('7
7!087-(("=()L$ "$*'L$!)
*7!0-L:)((.$)()'$
L((: )$.:)]$$-(,*7$7L1
(  ()'$.)C-$)( ( $( (% )'))
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S-(',($)( (07!0,(!
,(7!0())'$.")$(7:!26(-
(8$)((()&((8$6)('7
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)88$"$8!0 ))(,)!0&8$
$ 7 )()0 () 86'7 7!0
7$7)(")*7$"'7&8$()6(-,($)(
'!07!0()+$)7( %!2(")"
'$)(")0$8d( ")((8$($6)(
((17$7$7)((!0*'()+-)")
) ,$( )$)(!0  )'L!0 ))" 7!0 ((!0 
()+(,(!) L)'$.)8*"$:)7$!0
6( (2 7!0 (0   ()+  $  0 
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AGRADECIMENTOS
21
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REFERÊNCIAS
4OfO`5- '()*-#C
"FDD-
#O"-+*-8C!2@G"F@@-
#"-8<87(<7'''7-,- .".$$."7-@"
-9"-GE9?"GGA-
#;" a- Q ,)L 'C . (8< ((   7'($- /
/")()"7-?@"-A"-AFS9SGS"GGD-
" a- 0  0 1 '
( )! 2& GG?-O(!0 4( )$  7!0597
$(Q$")Q"GG?-
O#P" - -#"O- -(( ( 7)($'  (. (-$  -
(,"$8"7-S"-"-S@9D"GG-
jjjjjjj- $$ <"<()  .<(8<(((.(-$)(
H-/+$"J. ("7-E"-"-SGE9S"GGE-
" - - - 2  ( C '$ H  7)($ . ( (. '9#%$
8"DFG9FFG-G?-4O(59(,7(<"(,"G?-
Q"- $!2 8$( '98$ ( !0  $C )  
7$(),'7!0- 3/-%$"7-"-"-?F9FE"
G-
QY"-- ($-- $ )( $  !C 9 O(8!0.8((-
3-** "a"7-F"-G@9?"GGA-
22
;"a-,' 7'45  (.,C (. $ 7  #7(<"
)O7$)()' $(,-,- .".$$."7-
@"-9S"GGA-
#4#O#O>d>5-
'()!&#*$C#"FD?-
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k.MC^^KKK-8)- 7-8^K8^^^$jj)6^@^.()$^=-.()l-  )C ?
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"-8<((8(K=#$%-35.$$."7-E"
-S"-SSE9SES"FF@-
4eO#594OOOO>oY5-#*$C
""GGG-
Q"- ($- 7   !  !  '
$ 2/-"&0$C
JJ"G?-
>>`>($<_K-8-)$&>G-G-
" --($-  p( KJ$$,K.(((B= #$-
-(".$$."7-S"-F"-F?9F@"G-
" a- Q- >OO" - >" - Q (8<h  '('$ $< , (8<
(() )(.$$ (($ "(,-/-"J$,7$$"7-D"-S"-D"
GA-
Q" - ( $- !0 ( 1 (  ,(!C 7(  0 (
(8$)( ) ) 7!0  87 7!(3) 
23
8$$ !^ %&-CQ#OOOO>oY"
D-"GE-'8"+---O*7$)C
k.MC^^7(-, 8'- -8^#^8$.l-)CG)-G?-
-3!!7-C"F@-
jjjjjjj-)*($&G?-O*7$)Ck.MC^^K.-- ^^$(^AGA^)(^l-
)CG(-G?-
jjjjjjj-)!($&G?8-O*7$)Ck.MC^^K.-- ^^$(^AEE^)(^l-
)CG(-G?-
jjjjjjj-59)($:+$;2<:=>=;=??<&GGD-O*7$)C
k.MC^^K.-- ^^$(^AEE^)(^l-)CG(-G?-
jjjjjjj-@-3A&FDS-O*7$)C
k.MC^^K.-- ^.7^)DS-.()qAGAl-)CE(-G?-
jjjjjjj-    & FDE-O*7$)Ck.MC^^K.-- ^.7^FDE^9DE9,GGD9
Fj-,l-)CE(-G?-
jjjjjjj-)!($2>@BCC>B?&GE-O*7$)C
k.MC^^K.-- ^^$(^AEE^)(^l-)CG(-G?-
jjjjjjj--$9 !'$H-FDF-O*7$)C
k.MC^^K.-- ^^^AG@l-)CE(-G?-
jjjjjjj--$C !'$H-FF-O*7$)C
k.MC^^K.-- ^^^ASl-)CE(-G?-
jjjjjjj--$C !'$H-FFF-O*7$)C
k.MC^^K.-- ^^^AGSl-)CE(-G?-
jjjjjjj--$C !'$H-GG-O*7$)C
k.MC^^K.-- ^^^S?Gl-)CE(-G?-
jjjjjjj--$C !'$H-GGA-O*7$)C
k.MC^^K.-- ^^^@El-)CE(-G?-
24
jjjjjjj--$C !'$H-GGE-O*7$)C
k.MC^^K.-- ^^^DDl-)CE(-G?-
jjjjjjj--$C !'$H-GG@-O*7$)Ck.MC^^K.-- ^^^FF@l-
)CE(-G?-
jjjjjjj--$C !'$H-GGD8-O*7$)C
k.MC^^K.-- ^^^DFFl-)CE(-G?-
jjjjjjj--$C !'$H-GG-O*7$)C
k.MC^^K.-- ^^^ES?l-)CE(-G?-
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Africa's political leaders, local communities, governments, conservation and tourism organizations, bilateral and multilateral aid agencies, the private sector and NGOs are increasingly embracing Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) in recognition of their role in conserving biodiversity, socioeconomic development and promoting a culture of peace. The establishment of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park has provided a useful model for demonstrating the institutional arrangements for TFCA establishment, which have to address political and legal issues, regional support, the role of government departments and conservation agencies, community participation and financial requirements. Two proposed TFCAs, namely the Three-Nations Namib Desert TFCA (South Africa/Namibia/Angola) and the Upper Zambezi/Okavango TFCA (Angola/Botswana/Namibia/Zambia/Zimbabwe) are described and examined in more detail in relation to the benefits they can bring to the participating countries and their role in conserving global biodiversity.
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