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3D printing technology in musical instrument research: reviewing the potential
Abstract
Purpose – This paper aims to discuss additive manufacturing (AM) in the context of applications for musical instruments. It examines the main AM technologies used in musical instruments, goes through a history of musical applications of AM and raises the questions about the application of AM to create completely new wind instruments that would be impossible to produce with conventional manufacturing.
Design/methodology/approach – A literature research is presented which covers a historical application of AM to musical instruments and hypothesizes on some potential new applications.
Findings – AM has found extensive application to create conventional musical instruments with unique aesthetics designs. It’s true potential to create entirely new sounds, however, remains largely untapped.
Research limitations/implications – More research is needed to truly assess the potential of additive manufacturing to create entirely new sounds for musical instrument.
Practical implications – The application of AM in music could herald an entirely new class of musical instruments with unique sounds.
Originality/value – This study highlights musical instruments as an unusual application of AM. It highlights the potential of AM to create entirely new sounds, which could create a whole new class of musical instruments.
... In this work, the integration of 3D printing technology in instrument manufacturing [5] is explored as a cutting-edge approach to creating intricate and precisely engineered components. The ability to design and produce complex geometries with 3D printing not only facilitates the optimization of the instrument structure for enhanced acoustics, but also enables a level of customization previously unattainable with traditional methods. ...
... This process demands advanced manufacturing skills and specific tools, typically available only in specialized workshops operated by highly trained craftsmen [43]. In the musical instrument industry, the quality of 3D-printed parts is determined by the mechanical and acoustic standards, set by the manufacturer [5]. While it is feasible to quantitatively measure sound in terms of frequencies, amplitudes, harmonic content, and more, the qualitative assessment of these sounds poses challenges. ...
... While it is feasible to quantitatively measure sound in terms of frequencies, amplitudes, harmonic content, and more, the qualitative assessment of these sounds poses challenges. Subjectivity comes into play when involving human players and listeners, making it challenging to provide an objective evaluation [5,44]. ...
The evolution of musical instrument manufacturing has prompted a quest for innovative materials beyond traditional wood. This review explores the utilization of composite materials, 3D-printed materials, and metamaterials as favorable alternatives. The investigation is driven by challenges such as the scarcity of high-quality tonewoods, variations in wood properties, and environmental concerns. Carbon fiber, graphite fiber, ceramic polymers, and nanocomposites present promising alternatives, offering advantages in durability, weight reduction, and customizable acoustics. The integration of 3D printing technology introduces a cutting-edge dimension, enabling intricate, precisely engineered components, optimizing instrument structure, and allowing unprecedented customization. Additionally, this article explores metamaterials, leveraging unique mechanical properties from structural design rather than constituent materials. Metamaterials offer unprecedented capabilities for tailoring instrument vibrational characteristics by providing unparalleled control over sound production. The review provides a thorough analysis, including manufacturing methods for composite materials, metamaterials, and 3D printing in musical instruments. Comprehensive examinations of vibrational and acoustical analyses related to composite materials, 3D-printed materials, and metamaterials, for the evaluation of musical instruments, are presented. This overview, supported by experimental and numerical simulation methods, offers valuable insights for the future development of musical instruments.
... Nowadays, AM is used to produce prototypes, mostly for validation tests instead of taking advantage of its incredible design freedom capability [1]. Nevertheless, AM is becoming to be used also in the musical field for final product generation due to two main reasons: (1) reconstruction and replication of ancient musical instruments for conservation reasons [2]; (2) design with optimization of new musical instruments for innovative shape research to produce the desired sounds [3]. ...
... On the other hand, the research of innovative shapes useful to obtain unexplored acoustic capabilities is described in [3] with a discussion of the AM techniques which can be used. Indeed, AM gives the possibility to customize the musical instrument according to the musician's needs, producing innovative shapes that are optimized iteratively, thanks to musician feedbacks together with sound analysis in a fast design-to-manufacturing cycle by the Digital Manufacturing concept employment [6]. ...
... Furthermore, in the case of wind instruments, additional constraints must be taken into mind. Designers must consider the moisture that can be produced when the air flows inside the instrument and the material, that must be biocompatible, used to produce the mouthpiece because the component is close or in contact with the mouth [3]. ...
Nowadays additive manufacturing is affected by a rapid expansion of possible applications. It is defined as a set of technologies that allow the production of components from 3D digital models in a short time by adding material layer by layer. It shows enormous potential to support wind musical instruments manufacturing because the design of complex shapes could produce unexplored and unconventional sounds, together with external customization capabilities. The change in the production process, material and shape could affect the resulting sound. This work aims to compare the music performances of 3D-printed trombone mouthpieces using both Fused Deposition Modelling and Stereolithography techniques, compared to the commercial brass one. The quantitative comparison is made applying a Design of Experiment methodology, to detect the main additive manufacturing parameters that affect the sound quality. Digital audio processing techniques, such as spectral analysis, cross-correlation and psychoacoustic analysis in terms of loudness, roughness and fluctuation strength have been applied to evaluate sounds. The methodology herein applied could be used as a standard for future studies on additively manufactured musical instruments.
... However, among the various applications, the prospects of AM in musical instrument research are often overlooked. Recent studies show that AM technologies have a bright future in musical wind instrument development [11,12]. This paper presents a foundation database for understanding the potentials and challenges by focussing on the different AM technologies and materials innovation that could benefit musical wind instruments. ...
... AM in combination with CAD (Computer-Aided Design), and CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) tools helps researchers, instrument builders and players to experiment with unconventional designs, understand the ancient music instrument and provides an opportunity for personalization of the instrument design parameters. This would otherwise impossible with traditional manufacturing methods [11]. AM also offers material and energy conservation, especially for fabricating curved parts compared to subtractive techniques. ...
... where the user can order customized music instruments with desired material and sound characteristics. It is evident that a potential research interest among researchers and enthusiastic individuals on diverse applications of AM for musical instruments and more specifically wind instruments [11]. In order to leverage the AM's potential, it is necessary to have an understanding of the manufacturing process, different technologies involved, materials used, material properties such as mechanical, chemical, and biocompatibility properties. ...
This paper aimed to provide a foundation database for understanding the important applications of the different additive manufacturing (AM) technologies for musical wind instruments. A systematic review methodology was adopted in this study. The different AM techniques, materials used, the technical features, and processing parameters uniquely related to wind instruments were discussed. Selected heterogeneous applications demonstrate how AM techniques are being exploited in the innovation, improvement in aesthetics of the existing wind instruments, understanding the ancient music, and personalization with its capability to tune specific instrument design parameters for professional musicians.
... Under the influence of a variety of factors, some teachers do not pay attention to the improvement of students' stage performance ability, and in daily classroom teaching, they lack performance knowledge and performance skills training, which can not give full play to the potential of students, and is not conducive to the future development of students. Therefore, teachers should get rid of the limitations of the traditional teaching mode, clarify the future teaching objectives, formulate a perfect teaching plan, incorporate more stage performance content, enrich the teaching means, and improve the teaching effect [5][6][7]. ...
... After the selection of the piece is completed, the erhu sound acquisition is needed, and after the sound acquisition is completed, the material of each piece will be integrated into the sound output port of the system so that the experiencer can hear the accurate timbre and rhythm of the piece played in time when using the performance module of each piece in the system, thus deepening the perception of the erhu timbre and obtaining the supply of the content of the auditory channel. In the system's various repertoire performance modules, the user does not have to worry 7 about wrong fingering disrupting the normal feedback of the repertoire sound, and the continuous playback of the repertoire sound is also conducive to the completeness of the mood of the performance experience. ...
In today’s extremely rich material civilization, it is necessary to take the initiative to combine the inheritance of the erhu art with modern means, and in this regard, an immersive virtual erhu playing experience multi-channel interactive system is proposed. The multi-channel interactive system for an immersive virtual erhu playing experience is constructed by combining knowledge of erhu playing. The multi-channel interaction function module of this system consists of acoustic feedback, haptic perception, gesture recognition, and line-of-sight tracking interaction, while the virtual playing module contains two parts: dynamic guidance teaching and navigation menu distribution. Based on the research purpose, the system function and teaching effect are verified and analyzed. The results indicate that the system can recognize simple erhu-playing gestures with a recognition rate of 100.00% and can recognize relatively complex gestures with a recognition rate of more than 95.00%, thereby providing users with an enjoyable erhu-playing experience. The three aspects of erhu playing knowledge, rhythm ability, and improvisation ability show a significant difference between the traditional erhu teaching method and the system presented in this paper, with a P-value of less than 0.05. This difference clearly demonstrates the promotion effect of the interactive system on erhu performance teaching.
... Recent studies have reported the use of SLS and DED for the production of complex wood-based objects, such as musical instruments. (Kantaros and Diegel 2018). ...
... Finally, further research is needed to investigate the potential applications of woodbased AM in various fields, such as architecture, interior design, and art. This could include the development of new design tools and software for wood-based AM, as well as the exploration of the use of wood-based AM in combination with other materials to create innovative and sustainable products (Kantaros and Diegel 2018). ...
Wood-based additive manufacturing (AM), some examples of which are called 3D printing, is a promising technology for reducing the environmental impact of manufacturing and increasing the sustainability of the construction industry. This review paper provides an overview of various AM methods, including commonly used wood-based techniques and the mechanical and physical properties of their products. The paper also discusses challenges related to precision and surface finish in wood-based AM and identifies areas for future research, including the effects of wood species, particle size, and processing parameters on the mechanical properties and dimensional stability of wood-based AM products. The review concludes by discussing the potential implications of wood-based AM for sustainable materials and the construction industry, along with recommendations for future research such as the development of new wood-based AM techniques and exploration of new applications for this technology. This paper provides valuable insights into the current state of wood-based AM research and its potential to revolutionize sustainable manufacturing practices.
... Meanwhile, brass instruments, for instance, the trombone, and Pbone are presently being produced in plastics. Kantaros and Diegel [32] conducted a study to investigate the major AM technologies in musical instruments on the applications of AM to entirely produce innovative wind instruments that cannot be produced with the conventional manufacturing process. Additive Manufacturing has been discovered with its broad application offering unique aesthetic designs in the production of conventional musical instruments. ...
... They performed a systematic literature review to evaluate the possibility of AM for musical wind instruments. The study presented various works of authors (such as [32], Zoran 2011; Kolomiets et al. 2020; Katz 2017; Ritz 2015) with AM technologies implemented, the materials used, challenges encountered, and their applications of AM for manufacturing of wind instruments. ...
In the Creative Industries (CI), Additive Manufacturing is one of the new areas of investigation and, without doubt, has the potential for disruptive Innovation capable of transforming the traditional manufacturing paradigm and increasing the broadly accepted and required shift toward the design, conceptualisation, and adoption of sustainable Additive Manufacturing (AM) process. The purpose is to identify the publication trends that primarily explain the adoption the additive manufacturing in the Creative Industry through the description of the central discourse rising newly in the field. This study answers the research question: What research streams of Additive Manufacturing in the Creative Industries can be identified from the literature? This systematic review revealed that: notwithstanding the increasing concern about the growth of the CI, issues related to the industries product innovation and technological development are understudied; there is good literature on the development of contextual creative industry practice, which researchers are dedicating their works. However, a further focus on research in the fashion, textile, architecture, sculpture, and archaeological sites has emerged in the more specialised literature.
... With the auge of 3D printing technologies, new materials are being incorporated to build parts of musical instruments or even complete instruments [1][2][3][4][5]. ...
... As perceived in the previous analysis, there is practically no difference between the different mouthpieces in the frequencies of the tones and their harmonics. The standard deviation between frequencies has been calculated using Equation (2), with values between 0% and 0.6%. ...
Brass instruments mouthpieces have been historically built using metal materials, usually brass. With the auge of additive manufacturing technologies new possibilities have arisen, both for testing alternative designs and for using new materials. This work assesses the use of polymers for manufacturing trombone mouthpieces, specifically PLA and Nylon. The acoustical behavior of these two mouthpieces has been compared with the obtained from a third one, built from brass. Both additive and subtractive manufacturing techniques were used, and the whole manufacturing process is described. The mouthpieces were acoustically assessed in an anechoic chamber with the collaboration of a professional performer. The harmonic analysis confirmed that all the manufactured mouthpieces respect the harmonic behavior of the instrument. An energy analysis of the harmonics revealed slight differences between the mouthpieces, which implies differences in the timbre of the instrument. Although these subtle differences would not be acceptable when performing with the instrument in an orchestra, they could be perfectly valid for early learners, personal rehearsals or any kind of alternative performance.
... For ODD Guitars, a New Zealand company that manufactures 3D printed electric guitars, it began as pure experimentation and exploring the possibilities of 3D printing in musical instruments [6]. After their very first solid body electric guitar was printed, the added value of 3D printing quickly became apparent. ...
... In the initial design configuration, the guitar body was made of solid nylon, and had a small 'waist' between the pickups. Finite element analysis in figure 6.10 showed that there would be a deflection in the original body design of up to 2mm with the strings under 100kg of tension. ...
This chapter provides over 25 diverse examples of product design practice, demonstrating how 3D printing has been implemented using one or more of the approaches defined within the three strategies of the previous chapters. The focus is on inspirational and unusual avenues for working with additive manufacturing for the product designer and includes high quality photographs and behind-the-scenes details of the realities of working with the technology. Some of the examples are from the authors’ own practice, such as the world’s first full-size 3D printed bicycle frame in one piece (James Novak), and a decade of 3D printed guitars (Olaf Diegel), while others are from high-profile companies and international designers like 3D printer manufacturer Renishaw, and Lionel Dean from FutureFactories. The intent is to encourage the exploration of new applications of the technology and adventures in design and practice. The eight case study topics are:
1: Tougher and Faster: Additive Manufacturing for Bicycles
2. Additive Manufacturing of Musical Instruments: Product Innovation – Guitars
3. 3D Printing the Designer Maker (including 3D printed furniture)
4. New Ways of Working: Film industry – animation, props, and costumes
5. 3D Printing Personalised Design for Health and Wellbeing
6. Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices
7. Creative exploration: Playing at the boundaries
8. Customisable Technical Products
... Using the technology of 3D printing, a wide range of applications can be performed, which range from manufacturing UAV parts with different functionalities and specifications [21][22][23][24] to fabricating medical devices [25], and even the field of musical instrument research [26]. This shows that 3D printing has a high potential in diverse applications. ...
... Therefore, the components' weight will be distributed on the drone based on the most suitable position for the center of gravity. The momentum theory represents the basic understanding of the drone motion, where the thrust is calculated based on this theory [26]. ...
This paper presents the design of a small size Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) using the 3DEXPERIENCE software. The process of designing the frame parts involves many methods to ensure the parts can meet the requirements while conforming to safety and industry standards. The design steps start with the selection of materials that can be used for the drone, which are polylactic acid (PLA), acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). The drone frame consists of four main parts, which are the center top cover (50 g), the side top cover (10 g), the middle cover (30 g), and the drone’s arm (80 g). A simulation was carried out to determine the stress, displacement, and weight of the drone’s parts. Additionally, a trade-off study was conducted to finalize the shapes of the parts and the various inputs based on their priorities. The outcome of this new design can be represented in design concepts, which involve the use of the snap hook function to assemble two body parts together, namely the middle cover and the center top cover, without the need of an additional fastener.
... Nowadays, the use of industrial design for product customization is becoming increasingly important, especially through the use of new technologies such as additive manufacturing. In the music sector, this technology is facilitating the creation of new musical instruments and complex geometries that provide ergonomics and new acoustics [6][7][8]. A clear example is the family of string instruments created by MONAD, who create violins and cellos through parametric design following an organic line and away from the traditional, generating new sounds and high customization possibilities [9][10][11]. ...
This study focuses on the analysis of the displacements generated in 3D-printed acoustic guitar tops. Specifically, the influence of 3D printing direction parameters on the vibrational behavior of a guitar top designed for polylactic acid (PLA) by analyzing five points of the top surface at a reduced scale. For this purpose, finite element tests and laboratory experiments have been carried out to support the study. After analyzing the results, it can be affirmed that the vibrational response in reduced-scale top plates can be modified and controlled by varying the printing direction angle in additive manufacturing, providing relevant information about the displacement in the vibrational response of PLA acoustic guitars. Furthermore, this work shows that the behavior of a specific acoustic guitar design can be characterized according to a specific need.
... Furthermore, wood artworks (Fuentes 2023), instruments (Kantaros and Diegel 2018) demonstrate the ability of printed WPCs to retain the characteristic texture of wood. Kromoser et al. (2022) and Eversmann et al. (2022) validated the possibility of applying AM to fully recycleable and materials-saving wood construction from a structural performance perspective. ...
Wood-plastic composites (WPCs), combined with wood particles as filler and plastic as matrix material, is a kind of sustainable (if recyclable polymer is used) and environment-friendly material. Additive manufacturing (AM), as its high-precision and cost-saving characteristics, provides the possibility for the formation of WPCs with complex structure. Therefore, this study systematically described the techniques and recent progress of WPCs formed by AM, including the preparation of original WPCs, preprocessing of WPCs used in AM, several available AM processes for WPCs, as well as current applications and prospects. This research is expected to lay the foundation for the high-value application of WPCs.
... Howеvеr, 3D printing tеchnology is not without limitations. Onе of thе kеy challеngеs pеrtains to production scalability, as thе spееd and volumе of 3D printing opеrations arе comparativеly lowеr than thosе of traditional manufacturing procеssеs, making it lеss suitablе for largе-scalе production runs (Kantaros and Diegel, 2018). Additionally, thе matеrial limitations associatеd with cеrtain 3D printing tеchniquеs may imposе constraints on thе mеchanical propеrtiеs, matеrial durability and surfacе finishеs of printеd componеnts, limiting thеir applicability in high-strеss industrial applications (Stansbury and Idacavage, 2016). ...
Thе dynamic fiеld of advancеd manufacturing has sееn a significant transformation with thе convеrgеncе of Cybеr-Physical Systеms (CPS), Digital Twins (DT) and 3D Printing tеchnologiеs. A comprеhеnsivе analysis of thе intеgration of thеsе cutting-еdgе tеchnologiеs is presented, highlighting thеir synеrgistic potеntial and thе impact on thе еcosystеm of industry 4.0. Thе intricatе intеrplay bеtwееn CPS, which amalgamatеs computing еlеmеnts with physical procеssеs, DT, which offеrs a virtual rеprеsеntation of physical assеts and 3D printing, which еnablеs on-dеmand fabrication of complеx structurеs is еxaminеd. Thus, thе crucial rolе of this intеgratеd approach in еnhancing production еfficiеncy, product customization and ovеrall systеm rеsiliеncе is inderscored. Thе discussion rеvolvеs around thе sеamlеss data еxchangе facilitatеd by CPS, еnabling rеal-timе monitoring, control and optimization, couplеd with thе prеdictivе insights dеrivеd from thе virtual rеprеsеntation of DT. Morеovеr, thе transformativе impact of 3D printing is еlucidatеd, in achiеving unprеcеdеntеd dеsign flеxibility, rapid prototyping and cost-еffеctivе small-batch production. Furthеrmorе, this study еxaminеs thе challеngеs and opportunitiеs associatеd with thе convеrgеncе of thеsе tеchnologiеs, еmphasizing thе critical nееd for robust cybеrsеcurity mеasurеs, standardizеd communication protocols and scalablе infrastructural support. This manuscript contributеs to thе ongoing discoursе on thе futurе of advancеd manufacturing, undеrscoring thе transformativе potеntial of a synеrgistic approach in driving innovation and compеtitivеnеss in thе global industrial landscapе.
... In this regard, 3D printers have become a highly viable option since they are capable of producing any object at an affordable cost and in a short time (Eren et al. 2016, p. 122;Fragkos et al. 2018, p. 6). Furthermore, there are encouraging scientific studies on the production of custom wind instruments (Dabin et al. 2016, p. 288;Kantaros & Diegel 2018, p. 1516Savan & Simian 2014, pp. 540-541;Lorenzoni et al. 2013, p. 423). ...
This paper examines the subject of whistling arrows, a type of military equipment that can produce a whistling sound through the use of horn or bone whistles. Despite their fascinating nature, whistling arrows have been a largely understudied topic within the medieval archery legacy due to the difficulty involved in their manufacture and testing. However, the growing availability of 3D printers has made it increasingly feasible for researchers to test and analyse archaeological artifacts. Accordingly, this study tests the hypothesis of using 3D models produced by 3D printers to overcome the challenges associated with manufacturing whistling arrows. Ten 3D whistle models based on three different typologies dating to the Turkic Khaganate period were printed and subsequently tested, with the resulting sounds recorded and analysed. Through this approach, the study seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the acoustic and mechanical properties of whistling arrows.
... Three-dimensional printing has numerous applications across various industries, including manufacturing, healthcare, fashion, and architecture [50][51][52][53][54][55][56]. For example, in the manufacturing industry, it can be used to quickly create prototypes, replace broken parts, and even produce end-use products. ...
Three-dimensional scanning and 3D printing have become increasingly important tools in the field of cultural heritage. Three-dimensional scanning is used to create detailed digital models of cultural heritage sites, artifacts, and monuments, which can be used for research, restoration, and virtual display. Three-dimensional printing, on the other hand, allows for the creation of physical copies of cultural heritage objects, which can be used for education, exhibition, and preservation. The use of these technologies has many advantages, including the ability to document and preserve cultural heritage sites, artifacts, and monuments in a non-invasive manner, as well as the ability to create digital and physical replicas that can be used for education and exhibition purposes. However, there are also challenges, such as the need for specialized equipment and expertise, as well as concerns about the preservation of the original objects. Despite these challenges, 3D scanning and 3D printing have proven to be valuable tools in the field of cultural heritage preservation and their use is expected to continue to grow in the future.
... Because of its ability to form complex objects with ease, 3D printing is already having a liking in the musical instruments industry. There are musical instruments that are produced by 3D printing, whether only some parts of it or the whole instrument itself [16,17]. In this research 3D printing is used as the method to produce the base structure of the music box with several modifications. ...
Musical instruments keep evolving every day. Nowadays, there is a lot of modification that differ new instrument from its predecessor. From the material used to the method to manufacture, the musical instrument now has a wide range of possibilities. One of those methods is additive manufacturing or 3D printing which is a widely researched manufacturing method. This study focused on several 3D printed slanted base structures of a hand-cranked music box, an old musical automaton that commonly made out of metal and actuated by hand, that evaluated by recording its sound from five directions then analyzing produced waveforms. The results show that the best model is the 60-degree slanted model with the direction from the above and front side where in general, the angle and direction of the recorded have small contribution to the sound performance from the music box.
... Possibilities for customization, rapid prototyping, waste reduction, and design freedom to create complex structures [3] are some of the main benefits of AM or 3D printing [4,5]. Many 3D printing techniques use low-melting-temperature polymeric materials [6][7][8], but it is not only the plastics industry that can take advantage of this technology; other complex areas and sectors can also benefit, such as construction [9][10][11][12], the automotive industry [13][14][15], the metal industry [16], regenerative medicine [17][18][19][20], and musical instrument fabrication [21,22], among others [23][24][25]. The textile industry has not remained on the sidelines either, since the advantages of customization, the use of complex designs, and the wide range of materials that can be printed make new products and innovations possible [26]. ...
Three-dimensional printing technology is being increasingly applied in a multitude of sectors. However, this technology is not generally applied in the same way as in other sectors, possibly due to the difficulty of adhesion between the polymer and the textile substrate. A textile garment is subjected to wear and tear during its lifetime, and a low tensile strength or rubbing resistance hinders a garment in most of the applications of this type of research. This study examined the influence of the characteristics of the cotton textile substrate, such as the weave structure and the yarn thickness, on the tensile strength of a 3D-printed element with conductive filament. Starting from the fabric with the highest tensile strength, different prints were made using this technology to incorporate conductive and heating properties into the fabric. The results validate the possibility of providing new properties to the textile by means of this technology; however, the correct selection of the textile used as a base substrate is important.
... (Eren et al., 2016, p. 122;Fragkos et al., 2018, p. 6) Moreover, scientific studies on producing custom wind instruments are also very encouraging. (Dabin, Narushima, Beirne, Ritz, & Grady, 2016, p. 288;Kantaros & Diegel, 2018, p. 1516Savan & Simian, 2014, pp. 540-541;Lorenzoni, Doubrovski, & Verlinden, 2013, p. 423) In his article, Amit Zoran has been compared a flute made of metal and another flute produced by a 3D printer, and he has shown that the frequency spectra of the B1 note of both instruments are very close to each other (Fig 3). ...
Whistling arrows are military equipment that can make a whistling sound through their whistles, which are usually made of horns or bone. Surprisingly, this highly intriguing weapon is one of the least studied subjects in the medieval archery legacy. The reason for this might be that the whistling arrows are very difficult to manufacture and test. On the other hand, using 3D printers has by researchers to test and analyse archaeological artifacts nowadays. Likewise, the affordable prices of 3D printers and the manufacturing speed of the models are also increasing these studies. In this context, our article aims to test the hypothesis of using 3D models produced by 3D printers to overcome the difficulties in producing whistling arrows. Three different whistle types dating to the Turk Khaganate period were selected to use in the tests, and ten 3D whistle models were printed out following these typologies. All whistles were tested in the prepared test setup and their sounds were recorded and analysed.
... (Eren et al., 2016, p. 122;Fragkos et al., 2018, p. 6) Moreover, scientific studies on producing custom wind instruments are also very encouraging. (Dabin, Narushima, Beirne, Ritz, & Grady, 2016, p. 288;Kantaros & Diegel, 2018, p. 1516Savan & Simian, 2014, pp. 540-541;Lorenzoni, Doubrovski, & Verlinden, 2013, p. 423) In his article, Amit Zoran has been compared a flute made of metal and another flute produced by a 3D printer, and he has shown that the frequency spectra of the B1 note of both instruments are very close to each other (Fig 3). ...
Whistling arrows are military equipment that can make a whistling sound through their whistles, which are usually made of horns or bone. Surprisingly, this highly intriguing weapon is one of the least studied subjects in the medieval archery legacy. The reason for this might be that the whistling arrows are very difficult to manufacture and test. On the other hand, using 3D printers has by researchers to test and analyse archaeological artifacts nowadays. Likewise, the affordable prices of 3D printers and the manufacturing speed of the models are also increasing these studies. In this context, our article aims to test the hypothesis of using 3D models produced by 3D printers to overcome the difficulties in producing whistling arrows. Three different whistle types dating to the Turk Khaganate period were selected to use in the tests, and ten 3D whistle models were printed out following these typologies. All whistles were tested in the prepared test setup and their sounds were recorded and analysed.
... At that point, designers start with a simple exterior and interior modeling and then proceed with the design of the vehicle's individual components. Physical prototyping has also evolved nowadays with the introduction of 3D printing technology that allows designers to fabricate physical prototypes of their designs rapidly for testing operations [50][51][52][53][54][55]. However, while physical prototyping is essential, the simultaneous presence of a Digital Twin is of paramount importance for the automotive companies. ...
A newly introduced term in the field of simulating an artificial or physical system is that of the “Digital Twin” concept method. It employs a digital representation and modeling method, capable of expanding and improving the life cycle of complex items, systems, and processes. Nowadays, digital twin technology has become a key research field worldwide. In this context, it is applied and utilized in various fields. One such field is the automotive industry, a technological field that has great implications in users’ everyday life. Digital twin technology not only has great contributions from the initial stages of design until the final construction stages of vehicles, but also during its use, drawing useful information from its daily functions and making the driving experience more enjoyable, comfortable, and safe. It is worth noting that the vehicles that can greatly benefit from the use of digital twins are electric vehicles, which has tended to acquire greater shares in the last decade.
... Also, the availability of offered raw materials has rapidly increased. Thermoplastics, resin, and metal raw materials can nowadays be used by the technology, making the fabrication of customized items with tailored properties a reality [110,111]. Build size constraints, limited materials, postprocessing, inaccuracies in the design and build, and copyright infringement issues are the drawbacks of the 3D printing technology. ...
Every so often, a confluence of novel technologies emerges that radically transforms every aspect of the industry, the global economy, and finally the way we live. These sharp leaps of human ingenuity are known as industrial revolutions, and we are currently in the midst of the fourth such revolution, coined Industry 4.0 by the World Economic Forum. Building on their guideline set of technologies that encompass Industry 4.0, we present a full set of pillar technologies on which Industry 4.0 project portfolio management rests as well as the foundation technologies that support these pillars. A complete model of an Industry 4.0 factory which relies on these pillar technologies is presented. The full set of pillars encompasses cyber-physical systems and Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML) and Big Data, Robots and Drones, Cloud Computing, 5G and 6G networks, 3D printing, Virtual and Augmented Reality, and Blockchain Technology. These technologies are based on a set of foundation technologies which include advances in computing, nanotechnology, biotechnology, materials, energy, and finally cube satellites. We illustrate the confluence of all these technologies in a single model factory. This new factory model succinctly demonstrates the advancements in manufacturing introduced by these modern technologies, which qualifies this as a seminal industrial revolutionary event in human history.
... Also, the availability of offered raw materials has rapidly increased. Thermoplastics, resin, and metal raw materials can nowadays be used by the technology, making the fabrication of customized items with tailored properties a reality [110,111]. Build size constraints, limited materials, postprocessing, inaccuracies in the design and build, and copyright infringement issues are the drawbacks of the 3D printing technology. ...
Every so often, a confluence of novel technologies emerges that radically transforms every aspect of the industry, the global economy, and finally, the way we live. These sharp leaps of human ingenuity are known as industrial revolutions, and we are currently in the midst of the fourth such revolution, coined Industry 4.0 by the World Economic Forum. Building on their guideline set of technologies that encompass Industry 4.0, we present a full set of pillar technologies on which Industry 4.0 project portfolio management rests as well as the foundation technologies that support these pillars. A complete model of an Industry 4.0 factory which relies on these pillar technologies is presented. The full set of pillars encompasses cyberphysical systems and Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML) and big data, robots and drones, cloud computing, 5G and 6G networks, 3D printing, virtual and augmented reality, and blockchain technology. These technologies are based on a set of foundation technologies which include advances in computing, nanotechnology, biotechnology, materials, energy, and finally cube satellites. We illustrate the confluence of all these technologies in a single model factory. This new factory model succinctly demonstrates the advancements in manufacturing introduced by these modern technologies, which qualifies this as a seminal industrial revolutionary event in human history.
... Notably, these applications include the production of protective equipment in response to the COVID-19 emergency , as well as other health related products, including customized implants, prosthetics, orthodontic aligners, and other wearable medical devices (Dodziuk, 2016), as well as the production of pharmaceuticals (Nikitakos et al., 2021) and even replacement organs (Kantaros et al., 2016;Kantaros & Karalekas, 2014). Consumer product applications include a variety of objects and parts, including musical instruments (Kantaros & Diegel, 2018), toys, aerial drones (Galatas et al., 2018;Bishay et al., 2019;Negrelli, 2017), aerospace (Palomba et al., 2022), and automotive products (Savestano et al. 2016) Consumer electronics is another area of broad application for AM, as it includes both housing and customizable internal components such as circuit boards and microelectronics (Espera et al., 2019). ...
The terms Additive Manufacturing (AM) and 3D printing describe several very different methods for producing 3-dimensional forms. AM technologies present new opportunities for the yacht design and small boat manufacturing sectors, particularly the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) method. The design and construction of marine vessels present unique manufacturing challenges and opportunities for AM. While many AM methods are not well-suited for small boat manufacturing, some of these technologies are already being used by the marine industry. While AM technology is currently limited by the speed, scale, and material constraints of 3D printing materials and equipment, these technologies are being successfully scaled up for the marine industry by academic researchers and manufacturers. Additive Manufacturing technology will need to continue to advance in order to adapt itself to the complex material, structural, and mechanical requirements of the marine industry. The technical challenges that remain for large-scale AM to produce entire boats are the water-resistance of extruded materials, surface integrity (smoothness), the structural integrity of surface manifolds, and the integration of structural reinforcement systems.
... These printers are faster, can be built for less than $200, and perform well in comparison to traditional Cartesian printers [27]. 3D printing challenges and the analysis of the contribution of key process parameters in printing results and quality is discussed in [28,29]; there are a wide variety of uses for 3D printing, ranging from mechanical components and human implants to musical instruments and personal protection equipment, such as COVID-19 protection [30][31][32][33][34]. Numerous other broader application areas for Delta robots include micro robotics, visual control, dynamic balancing, medical haptic devices, and redundancy [4,5,22,35,36]. ...
... RP technologies are used in the fabrication of acoustic instruments. Musical instruments like flutes have been previously designed and manufactured using FDM and PolyJet processes [53]. ...
Additive Manufacturing (AM) offers flexibility in customising, designing, minimising waste, faster prototyping and manufacturing complex profiles. The process parameters play a crucial role in the mechanical strength of the 3D printed product. The paper's objective is to provide a concise review of additive manufacturing techniques, focusing on the Fused Deposition Method (FDM) and its process parameters, mainly infill pattern and infill density and its effect on the physical behaviour of 3D printed parts. The article also includes the functional and industrial applications of rapid prototyping. The article's contribution is to explain to the researchers from academics and industry how and why infill density and infill pattern affect the mechanical properties of the 3D printed part.
... In this way, designers have the competence to rapidly examine their design in physical form. Therefore, they can evaluate their design and can conduct the necessary modifications that will lead to the ideal product [3][4][5]. ...
Fabricating objects with desired mechanical properties by utilizing 3D printing methods can be expensive and time-consuming, especially when based only on a trial-and-error test modus operandi. Digital twins (DT) can be proposed as a solution to understand, analyze and improve the fabricated item, service system or production line. However, the development of relevant DTs is still hampered by a number of factors, such as a lack of full understanding of the concept of DTs, their context and method of development. In addition, the connection between existing conventional systems and their data is under development. This work aims to summarize and review the current trends and limitations in DTs for additive manufacturing, in order to provide more insights for further research on DT systems.
... In the Harvard Semitic Museum, researchers rebuilt one of the two ceramic lions dating from 3300 years by 3D printing the missing elements from 3d laser scanning of the other one found in one perfect piece [57]. Fashion -Jewelry, sculpture [60], [61], [60] Material jetting Polymer Music [64] IV. MAJOR CONTRIBUTION OF THIS STUDY ...
Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing
(3DP), a new industrial revolution, is a manufacturing technique
that has revolutionized the way products and consumer goods are
made. Emerged in the 1980s, today, it has arrived at the maturity
phase, where products that were difficult to produce by
conventional processes are now possible. Our paper aims to
discuss this technology's evolution from the birth phase to the
maturity one, and the different AM processes and materials used.
We examine the growth of its adoption by companies to be more
competitive in the market, and also we highlight its several
industrial applications. We identify this technology's ability to
satisfy the automotive industry requirements by manufacturing
parts, which must be complex and lightweight at the same time.
We also investigate its application in medical field due to its
advantage of customizing the part to each patient's anatomy, and
its support against COVID- 19 by manufacturing face masks.
... 978-1-7281-6921-7/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE. Fashion -Jewelry, sculpture [60], [61], [60] Material jetting Polymer Music [64] IV. MAJOR CONTRIBUTION OF THIS STUDY ...
... The ancient instrument reconstruction is described in (Savan and Simian, 2014), where an ancient cornett is CT-scanned and a subsequent manufacturing using nylon with SLS technology is described. The research of new shapes useful to obtain extreme acoustic capabilities is described in (Kantaros and Diegel, 2018) where a discussion of the AM techniques which can be used is presented. Following (Zoran, 2008), musical instruments must be stiff and strong to avoid deformation that can affect the sound and the acoustic requirements. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this study is the evaluation of advantages and criticalities related to the application of addtive manufacturing (AM) to the production of parts for musical instruments. A comparison between traditional manufacturing and AM based on different aspects is carried out.
Design/methodology/approach
A set of mouthpieces produced through different AM techniques has been designed, manufactured and evaluated using an end-user satisfaction-oriented approach. A musician has been tasked to play the same classical music piece with different mouthpieces, and the sound has been recorded in a recording studio. The mouthpiece and sound characteristics have been evaluated in a structured methodology.
Findings
The quality of the sound and comfort of 3D printed mouthpieces can be similar to the traditional ones provided that an accurate design and proper materials and technologies are adopted. When personalization and economic issues are considered, AM is superior to mouthpieces produced by traditional techniques.
Research limitations/implications
In this research, a mouthpiece for trombone has been investigated. However, a wider analysis where several musical instruments and related parts are evaluated could provide more data.
Practical implications
The production of mouthpieces with AM techniques is suggested owing to the advantages which can be tackled in terms of customization, manufacturing cost and time reduction.
Originality/value
This research is carried out using a multidisciplinary approach where several data have been considered to evaluate the end user satisfaction of 3D printed mouthpieces.
... Greater accuracy and improved ergonomic factors of 3D printed instruments satisfy both mechanical and acoustic features. By utilising the PolyJet technology, wave whistle and transverse flute are printed in Objet PolyJet printer [12]. ...
PolyJet material jetting is a rapidly growing Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology due to its ability to build precise multi material parts having complex geometries. Mechanical properties of parts fabricated by AM are affected by printing parameters. Examining the strength of AM parts is important, due to the differences with PolyJet technology. The aim of this study is to characterize the effect of process parameters on the mechanical properties of VeroClear and VeroWhitePlus test specimens manufactured with digital material printing mode. Tensile, flexural and shore hardness tests are carried out to determine the mechanical properties of the 3D printed specimens. Findings indicate that the specimens printed in glossy finish are stronger and stiffer than matte finish. From a view of material and material concentration, VeroClear specimens show better results when compared to the mechanical properties of VeroWhitePlus specimens. In addition, comparison between the material consumptions and required printing time to complete the specimens were also carried out. All these test results revealed, VeroClear with glossy finish specimen is more efficient than the other combinations as it is significantly improved. This work provides a selection guideline that can be used to increase the durability of functional parts in wide variety of applications.
This study investigates the fracture behavior and chemical properties of stereolithography (SLA) resin materials under mechanical loading. Compact tension (CT) specimens were tested
following ASTM D5045 standards to evaluate fracture toughness, supported by Digital Image Correlation (DIC), SEM-EDX, and FTIR analyses. The fracture toughness tests exhibited consistent linear-elastic behavior until unstable crack propagation, with the highest recorded value of KIC2 = 0.8426 MPa√m. DIC analysis revealed localized deformation at the crack initiation zone and strain propagation in the crack propagation zone, providing insights into deformation mechanics. SEM analysis identified rough fracture surfaces with microcracks in the initiation zone, indicating high-stress concentrations, while the propagation zone exhibited smoother surfaces, reflecting brittle fracture and unstable crack growth. SEM-EDX analysis confirmed a homogeneous elemental distribution of carbon (61.9%) and oxygen (38.1%), while FTIR analysis identified key functional groups, such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, and ether, highlighting chemical transformations during curing and crack propagation. These findings demonstrate the interplay between mechanical stress and chemical changes,
emphasizing the transition from quasi-ductile to brittle fracture mechanisms. This study provides valuable insights for optimizing SLA resin materials, ensuring enhanced toughness and structural reliability in advanced applications.
This study explores the experience of concert piano technicians who work on pianos played by the top tier of concert pianists in the world. They identify as craftspeople with a strong sense of vocation, who are autonomous, skilled, yet connected. They consider their pianos to be alive, with their own personalities and agency, needing to be tamed, loved, and negotiated with. The connection between their human fingers and the body of the piano is experienced as one of sensation and vibration rather than conscious thought, leading to ‘flow’. Findings are contextualized through qualitative psychology, Actor Network, and Material Engagement Theory.
O presente estudo tem como objetivo mapear as potencialidades e limitações da impressão 3D na fabricação de instrumentos musicais, com foco no ensino de música. Este estudo constitui uma revisão sistemática da literatura, conduzida utilizando a abordagem do Methodi Ordinatio. As buscas foram conduzidas em março de 2023 nas bases de dados Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus e SciELO. Durante a pesquisa, foi empregada a combinação de termos-chave "Printed musical instruments", "Science and technology in 3D" e "music teaching" articulados pelo operador booleano AND. O corpo de pesquisa final compreendeu um total de 11 artigos. Constatou-se que é crescente o uso da impressão 3D na fabricação de instrumentos musicais. Os estudos analisados abordam aspectos como qualidade sonora, materiais e técnicas. Conclui-se que a impressão 3D tem potencial na fabricação de instrumentos, promovendo inovações em design, qualidade e acessibilidade, especialmente na música inclusiva, com oportunidades adicionais pela integração com eletrônica.
Industrial design provides a fundamental tool for customizing the product to the user's needs, and the use of new manufacturing technologies such as Additive Manufacturing can facilitate this task, as in the case of the design of new musical instruments. In the case of the acoustic guitar, customization according to the musician's tastes is an important aspect, as a bad design can lead to injuries due to misuse. The methodology proposed in this work shows the capacity to adapt the body of a traditional acoustic guitar with ergonomic aspects, solving these injuries as well as providing good sound quality. For this purpose, numerous sketches were made with implementation of ergonomic aspects, arriving at a final design that was manufactured in Fused filament fabrication (FFF) on a smaller scale and to be able to compare it with a wooden guitalele. Therefore, an acoustic test of an ergonomic body made of PLA by FFF in comparison with a wooden guitalele body is carried out, observing that a good sound can be provided despite the geometry modifications to facilitate its correct position and performance.
The design of musical instruments is a discipline that is still carried out in an artisanal way, with limitations and high costs. With the additive manufacturing technique, it is possible to obtain results for the generation of not only electrical but also acoustic instruments. However, it is necessary to generate a procedure to evaluate the influence of the process on the final result of the acoustics obtained. This study focuses on investigating the relationship between the construction of acoustic guitars and their final sound. The reinforcement structures at the top of the instrument are analysed, as well as how this design affects the vibratory behaviour of the top in the first five vibratory modes. Specifically, this article presents a procedure for the design of customised acoustic guitars using additive manufacturing through parametrisation and a vibrational analysis of the designed tops using finite element (FEA) and experimental physical tests, in order to develop a methodology for the study of stringed instruments. As a result, an 11% increase in the high-frequency response was achieved with a printing direction of +45°, and a reduction in the high-frequency response with ±45°. In addition, at high frequencies, a relative error of 5% was achieved with respect to the simulation. This work fulfils an identified need to study the manufacture of acoustic guitars using polylactic acid (PLA), and to be able to offer the musician a customised instrument. This represents a breakthrough in the use of this manufacturing technology, extending its relationship with product design.
3D printing provides an exceptional tool for the fabrication of many complex geometries, which allows unparalleled freedom to the creative industries. This chapter provides an overview of various innovative implementations of additive manufacturing technologies in the context of arts and culture. Discussions relating to how the technology has affected traditional artistic ventures (fine and decorative), facilitated growth in industries (architecture and film), helped preserve and restore historically and culturally significant works, and the implementation in user centric mediums (fashion, jewelry, tabletop gaming, and music) are explored with references to applied techniques, technologies, and industry adoptions provided.
Acoustical properties of various materials were analyzed in order to determine their potential for the utilization in the three-dimensional printing process of stringed musical instruments. Polylactic acid (PLA), polyethylene terephthalate with glycol modification (PET-G), and acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA) filaments were studied in terms of sound reflection using the transfer function method. In addition, the surface geometry parameters (Sa, Sq, Sz, and Sdr) were measured, and their relation to the acoustic performance of three-dimensional-printed samples was investigated. It was found that a higher layer height, and thus a faster printing process, does not necessarily mean poor acoustical properties. The proposed methodology also proved to be a relatively easy and rapid way to test the acoustic performance of various materials and the effect of three-dimensional printing parameters to test such a combination at the very beginning of the production process.
3D printing, also known under the term additive manufacturing, is a technology that allows the creation of complex and highly detailed objects using a digital model and a number of materials, such as plastics, metals, and ceramics. 4D printing is an expansion of 3D printing that incorporates time, meaning that the material used in 3D printing can change shape or properties over time. This technology is becoming increasingly important in the context of Industry 4.0, characterized by the Integration of cutting-edge technologies, including artificial intelligence, the internet of things, and advanced robotics into manufacturing processes. In Industry 4.0, 3D and 4D printing is being used to create customized products, improve supply chain efficiency and reduce costs and lead times. Additionally, 3D and 4D printing is also being utilized in sectors like aerospace, regenerative medicine and dental, and automotive to create complex geometries and parts that would be challenging or impossible to create using conventional production techniques. Furthermore, 4D printing opens up new opportunities in emerging, novel, sectors where the ability to create materials that adapt and change over time can be highly beneficial.
3D Printing for Product Designers closes the gap between the rhetoric of 3D printing in manufacturing and the reality for product designers. It provides practical strategies to support the adoption and integration of 3D printing into professional practice.
3D printing has evolved over the last decade into a practical proposition for manufacturing, opening up innovative opportunities for product designers. From its foundations in rapid prototyping, additive manufacturing has developed into a range of technologies suitable for end-use products. This book shows you how to evaluate and sensitively understand people, process, and products and demonstrates how solutions for working with additive manufacturing can be developed in context. It includes a practical, step-by-step plan for product designers and CEOs aimed at supporting the successful implementation of 3D printing by stakeholders at all levels of a manufacturing facility, tailored to their stage of technology integration and business readiness. It features a wide range of real-world examples of practice illustrated in full colour, across industries such as healthcare, construction, and film, aligning with the strategic approach outlined in the book.
The book can be followed chronologically to guide you to transform your process for a company, to meet the unique needs of a specific client, or to be used as a starting point for the product design entrepreneur. Written by experienced industry professionals and academics, this is a fundamental reference for product designers, industrial designers, design engineers, CEOs, consultants, and makers.
Let’s put it into practice. The final chapter will highlight a number of ways to integrate 3D printing across a range of different science, technology, engineering, art, and math (“STEAM”) projects. We’ll present you with the information and resources to explore and potentially build the project yourself, as well as some background information to provide context to these specific examples.
Purpose
Although music education has been proven to benefit students, music programs are often cut when public school funding is reduced. The cost of instruments is a significant financial burden on music programs, which restricts student access to high-quality instruments that would benefit their learning. Therefore, this paper aims to develop additively manufactured, polylactic acid (PLA) claves that could reproduce the sound of wooden claves and be printed by students in schools at a reduced cost to promote equal access to music education regardless of a school’s financial status.
Design/methodology/approach
This study developed a dual approach for analyzing clave vibration using mathematical analysis in MATLAB and SolidWorks finite element frequency simulation to predict the natural frequencies of 15 claves with varying geometries. To evaluate the performance of both models, the authors obtained natural frequencies experimentally by recording the claves and analyzing the resulting frequency spectra. The authors considered the possible effects of damping and determined the effective damping required in both models through comparison with experimental results.
Findings
Results indicate that PLA claves cannot easily be made to replicate the high pitch of rosewood claves while maintaining typical clave dimensions. However, PLA claves could still be suitable in instances where matching pitch is not a primary concern or improved durability is desired. The SolidWorks simulation approach could accurately predict clave pitch for all varieties of clave, whereas the mathematical approach was only accurate in predicting pitch for the filled claves.
Originality/value
In this work, the authors attempted to create an analytical process for simple percussion instrument design, which is typically done with trial-and-error methods. Instead, the authors developed a two-pronged approach in which experimental results were compared to results obtained both mathematically and from a finite element simulation. Additionally, we limited the materials and equipment used to those that would be available in a school setting so that the clave prototypes could be reproduced by public school students, the population this research is intended to serve.
In the Creative Industries (CI), Additive Manufacturing is one of the new areas of investigation and without doubt has the potential for disruptive innovation capable to transform the traditional manufacturing paradigm and increase the largely accepted and required shift towards the design, conceptualisation, and adoption of sustainable Additive Manufacturing (AM) process. The objective of this study is to conduct a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to identify and describe different publications that can contribute to additive manufacturing in the creative industry’s knowledge base. The purpose is to identify the publication trends that largely explain the adoption the additive manufacturing in the manufacturing process of handicraft industry product literature through the description of the main discourse rising newly in the field. This research contributes to filling the gap in terms of SLR on the importance of CI and AM for industrial development conducted by bibliometric analysis. The results of this systematic review revealed that: notwithstanding the increasing concern about the growth of the CI, issues related to product innovation and technological development of the industries are understudied; there is promising literature for the development of contextual creative industry practice which researchers are dedicating their works. However, a further focus of research on the fashion, textile, architecture, sculpture, and archeological sites has emerged in the more specialised literature.
This paper reflects on the Music Archive of Monash University’s (MAMU) experiences working in Aceh and Lampung, Indonesia and the ways they inform our practices when closely liaising with communities at risk of disaster. To support local cultural continuity and revitalization, and especially in the wake of the 2004 tsunami and the 2018 volcanic eruption respectively, MAMU became an early proponent of making digital repositories freely available online. As technology has progressed, so too have MAMU’s efforts to engage with and support the cultural preservation of its collections’ source communities. One of the archive’s latest projects includes the creation of detailed 3D scans of historical musical instruments in the collection, potentially enabling instrument makers to discover previously lost construction techniques. This paper will explore some of the many ways that archives such as MAMU can be used to support cultural continuity in areas experiencing trauma and upheaval.
A sound produced from the music box could mesmerize music lovers. The complex mechanism that 9 combined manual with semi-automatics movement creates the music box as a challenge for the 10 manufacturer to innovate and optimize. This study focused on redesigning a hand-cranked music box's 11 base structure using 3D printing and comparing the sound produced with the original model. It is 12 shown that 3D printing can create a complex model with minimum material waste and good 13 repeatability. After remodeling the music box's in a 3D CAD model, the prototype was built, and the 14 tune played by each model was recorded and compared. The results showed that four improvements 15 were made in the barrel mounting, crankshaft holder, crankshaft locker, and comb locker from the 16 built four models. The sound analysis shows that the quality of sound can be improved by using the 17 system's spacer. Furthermore, the finite element method and exact experiment results show that the 18 loudest and best sound quality can be achieved using a 60° angle slope for the music box base 19 structure. 20
This paper contributes to the innovation of the wind musical instru- ments sector, including historical and semantic references from the past and the present. The authors propose signs connections in an abduction way, qualifying old concepts with a renewed identity. The paper is based on mixed practice and co-design to enable new symbolic paths and produce unconventional design pro- jects. The research validates a system that can effectively become an alternative to the solutions existing on the market. This study demonstrates the role of design in the management of rapid production technologies focus on niche products with a high degree of customization. The authors prove that the development and dif- fusion of fast production technologies - 3d printers - and the implementation in the creation of components - mouthpieces for wind instruments – can be an op- portunity to propose new scenarios for the creation and product distribution.
Keywords: Design-driven Innovation · Co-design Sytem · 3D printing Tech- niques · Quality Function Deployment
The inclusion of the saxophone as a wind instrument at music conservatories, under Spanish Decree 2618/1966, marked an important step forward for the saxophone and saxophonists, making it pos-sible to receive specialist teaching at new conservatories (Organic Law 8/1985). This new situation consolidated the saxophone and study content under an educational plan that would allow its artistic and specialist quality as an instrument with a clear teaching syllabus, adapted to professional music teaching (Organic Law 1/1990) The purpose of this paper is to summarize the path of a saxophonist from the beginning of their musical experience, overlapping with learning processes as a student at a professional music conservatory, alongside their development and growth as a musician until joining the employment market. This has been done, by indirect observation and through a content analysis to identify the learning characteristics, the saxophonist at a music conservatory during the professional training stage in saxophone. Key conclusion include: 1) the current job market requires saxophonists to be versatile, 2) experimental developments in the sound of the saxophone has proven directly pro-portional to the evolution of the instrument both in terms of manufacture and range of products, 3) an educational overhaul of saxophone teaching in professional music conservatories in Spain is necessary, in order to incorporate diversification of music types, and 4) conservatories need to have tutors spe-cializing in a range of musical styles (classical, jazz, flamenco, etc.) in order to prepare students for all areas of the employment market
The current paper proposes a unique approach by examining the ancient Greek literature and antique black figure amphorae’s representations (also known as melanomorpha) for the reconstruction, after digital design processing, of a modern top-quality replica of an ancient tortoise lyre. Through the review of certain ancient Greek documents, the observation of the amphorae’s relevant representations, 3D scanning and reverse engineering as well as 3D design using advanced Computer Aided Design (CAD) software, this study illustrates the detailed drawings and the fabrication procedures followed for a modern version of the ancient musical instrument. By using only materials available in antiquity such as specific kinds of wood, tortoise carcasses and sheep strings, as well as modern carpentry technology, a high-quality musical instrument was produced suited for use by today’s professional musicians. Two variations were produced and tested utilizing the Phrygian and Lydian ancient Greek music scales in a specialized unechoic chamber, in order to define their sound properties. Typical statistics were computed in the frequency domain such as spectral centroid, spectral standard deviation, spectral skewness, spectral kurtosis along with spectral rolloff and spectral smoothness in order to justify the lyres’ quality as musical instruments. The result was a prototype music product using advanced 3D design procedures that can be produced in a rather repeatable manner.
The aim of this article is to investigate the changes brought about by online 3D printing platforms in co-creation and user innovation. As doing so requires a thorough understanding of the level of user involvement in productive processes and a clear view of the nature of co-creative processes, this article provides a ‘prosumption’ framework and a typology of co-creation activities. Then, based on case studies of 22 online 3D printing platforms, a service-based taxonomy of these platforms is constructed. The taxonomy and typology are then matched to investigate the role played by online 3D platforms in regard to the various types of co-creation activities and, consequently, how this impacts user innovation.
Physical prototypes have always been important in engineering design. However, little is known about the role that prototypes play in the development of complex physical products. This paper investigates the role of prototypes and prototyping in the development of two novel product innovations recently launched by an automotive original equipment manufacturer (OEM). Through an exploratory case study, prototypes are found to provide the capability to aid learning and communication both within the development teams and across the organization. Actual prototype usage was found to encompass activities beyond merely the verification and validation purposes covered in traditional engineering design literature.
Until recently, most manufacturing processes have been ‘subtractive’ in that matter is removed (e.g., scraped, dissolved, turned, machined) from a substance in order to produce the desired product. 3-D printing turns traditional manufacturing on its head in that it uses an ‘additive’ process. Similar to laser and inkjet printers, 3-D (three-dimensional) printers produce pieces by depositing, or adding, layers of material—plastic, polymer filaments, metals, and even foodstuffs—until the desired product is realized. This means that the creation and production of ‘one-offs’ is not only easy, it is also economically viable. 3-D printers are becoming ever more affordable, and it is not hard to envision them being as common in most homes in the near future as their two-dimensional counterparts are today. This article presents a 3-D printing primer for non-technical managers. It then considers the profound impact that 3-D printing will have on firms of all kinds as well as on individual consumers. In addition, it raises the substantial questions that 3-D printing will pose to policy makers from both intellectual property and ethical standpoints.
Purpose
This paper provides an overview of the different binding mechanisms in selective laser sintering (SLS) and selective laser melting (SLM), thus improving the understanding of these processes.
Design/methodology/approach
A classification of SLS/SLM processes was developed, based on the binding mechanism occurring in the process, in contrast with traditional classifications based on the processed material or the application. A broad range of commercial and experimental SLS/SLM processes – found from recent articles as well as from own experiments – was used to explain the different binding mechanism categories.
Findings
SLS/SLM processes can be classified into four main binding mechanism categories, namely “solid state sintering”, “chemically induced binding”, “liquid phase sintering – partial melting” and “full melting”. Most commercial processes can be classified into the latter two categories, which are therefore subdivided. The binding mechanism largely influences the process speed and the resulting part properties.
Research limitations/implications
The classification presented is not claimed to be definitive. Moreover some SLM/SLM processes could be classified into more than one category, based on personal interpretation.
Originality/value
This paper can be a useful aid in understanding existing SLS/SLM processes. It can also serve as an aid in developing new SLS/SLM processes.
This paper considers the controversy of modern acoustic instruments, which may have come to an evolutionary impasse, due to its high standardization that makes it difficult to explore design modifications. A new approach for the design and fabrication of an acoustic instrument is presented, using digital fabrication technologies, and specifically 3D printing, which has the potential to influence new designs, and to lead to new acoustics and ergonomic innovations. This paper describes the key concepts of this approach, presenting the development process of such a 3D printed instrument—a prototype ofa 3D printed concert flute, some other 3D printed elements, and a conceptual example of an innovative trumpet—discussing the potential of the new technology in fabricating and designing of musical instruments.
This paper presents a new approach for designing acoustic guitars, making use of the virtual environment. The physical connection between users and their instruments is preserved, while offering innovative sound design. This paper will discuss two projects, reAcoustic eGuitar, the concept of a digitally fabricated instrument to design acoustic sounds, and A Physical Resonator For a Virtual Guitar, a vision in which the guitar can also preserve the unique tune of an instrument made from wood.
Rapid Manufacturing is a new area of manufacturing developed from a family of technologies known as Rapid Prototyping. These processes have already had the effect of both improving products and reducing their development time; this in turn resulted in the development of the technology of Rapid Tooling, which implemented Rapid Prototyping techniques to improve its own processes. Rapid Manufacturing has developed as the next stage, in which the need for tooling is eliminated. It has been shown that it is economically feasible to use existing commercial Rapid Prototyping systems to manufacture series parts in quantities of up to 20,000 and customised parts in quantities of hundreds of thousands. This form of manufacturing can be incredibly cost-effective and the process is far more flexible than conventional manufacturing. Rapid Manufacturing: An Industrial Revolution for the Digital Age addresses the academic fundamentals of Rapid Manufacturing as well as focussing on case studies and applications across a wide range of industry sectors. As a technology that allows manufacturers to create products without tools, it enables previously impossible geometries to be made. This book is abundant with images depicting the fantastic array of products that are now being commercially manufactured using these technologies. Includes contributions from leading researchers working at the forefront of industry. Features detailed illustrations throughout. Rapid Manufacturing: An Industrial Revolution for the Digital Age is a groundbreaking text that provides excellent coverage of this fast emerging industry. It will interest manufacturing industry practitioners in research and development, product design and materials science, as well as having a theoretical appeal to researchers and post-graduate students in manufacturing engineering, product design, CAD/CAM and CIFM.
Rapid prototyping (RP) technologies have become more than just a fast and inexpensive way to produce prototypes. Today RP is widely used to produce functional prototypes, end-use parts and tooling as well as visual prototypes. When RP is used for end-use parts with interconnected moving assemblies or for producing metal casting molds which must have sufficient material for machining tolerances, accuracy is very critical. However, in general, accuracy of the finished RP parts is relatively low compared to parts produced by traditional manufacturing processes. The understanding of why some of these accuracy differences exist is either unknown or not well documented. The first step in determining this understanding is to find out the effects of process parameters on part accuracy for RP processes. The goal of this research was to determine the effects of build orientation, printhead life and the diameter of the 3D printed part on their cylindricity when using ZCast® build material with a ZCorp 310 printer. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) study was conducted using a Zeiss Contura® G2 CMM. Eleven sample batches, for a total of 132 specimens, were produced and measured. Each batch of printed parts consisted of twelve specimens of two different diameters and three different build orientations. In addition, printhead life was recorded before each of the eleven batches. During measurement, each of the 132 specimens was held in a fixture and measured at three axial levels with fifteen discrete measurement points at each level. The results of this study indicate that the build orientation was the only parameter which had a significant affect on the cylindricity of 3D printed parts using ZCast® build material.
This article introduces two independent projects led by Jamie Savan and Ricardo Simian, both of which utilize CAD (computer-aided
design) software and the latest in commercially available 3D printing techniques to model historical cornetts, based on original
instruments in Christ Church, Oxford and the Sammlung Alter Musikinstrumente, Vienna. Together, these pilot projects have
established the viability and efficacy of the technology to render accurate and playable instruments, which can lead to a
deeper practical and theoretical understanding of the historical originals on which they are based. Possible future applications
and developments of CAD modelling and 3D printing for musical instrument research are identified and discussed, as are the
current limitations. Some of the wider philosophical implications of the technology are considered, as are opportunities for
musical instrument museums to embrace the technology as a means of engaging with a wider constituency of practitioners and
scholars.
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a process by which functional parts can be rapidly produced by sequential deposition of fused material layers. Various severe inaccuracies such as curl and warp distortions and delaminations are attributed to residual stresses and strains build up during the fabrication process. Their magnitude is largely influenced by the selected process parameters. This study investigates the magnitude of the solidification induced residual strains in FDM fabricated parts using different processing parameters. Two important parameters were considered: (a) layer thickness and (b) deposition orientation. The developed residual strains at the end of the fabrication process were recorded using an optical sensor with a short fiber Bragg grating (FBG) embedded at the midplane of FDM built specimens. The same specimens were additionally subjected to a thermal cycle where the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the ABS material was measured using the FBG sensor.
This article examines the characteristics and applications of 3-D printing and compares it with mass customization and other manufacturing processes. 3-D printing enables small quantities of customized goods to be produced at relatively low costs. While currently used primarily to manufacture prototypes and mockups, a number of promising applications exist in the production of replacement parts, dental crowns, and artificial limbs, as well as in bridge manufacturing. 3-D printing has been compared to such disruptive technologies as digital books and music downloads that enable consumers to order their selections online, allow firms to profitably serve small market segments, and enable companies to operate with little or no unsold finished goods inventory. Some experts have also argued that 3-D printing will significantly reduce the advantages of producing small lot sizes in low-wage countries via reduced need for factory workers.
Purpose
To investigate the “staircase effect”, which is one of the most significant manifestations of part inaccuracy in liquid‐based rapid prototyping (RP) processes, on multi‐layer RP parts made using a thick layer deposition and photo‐curing process in a stepless rapid prototyping (SRP) system.
Design/methodology/approach
The building of a five‐layer part is simulated layer by layer using a finite element method based on an incremental elastic model, to analyze the staircase effect due to shrinkage induced by polymerization and temperature variation. The influence of various factors such as layer thickness and intensity of incident UV light is studied. The results were verified experimentally.
Findings
Results show that the staircase amount increases 20 percent and 300 percent with light intensity increasing from 65 to 145 mW/cm ² and layer thickness increasing from 0.2 to 2.0 mm, respectively. It is also found that the overall staircase is below 100 μ m, which suggests that the SRP process improves surface quality greatly compared to other RP systems, and can provide enough accuracy for fabricating functional parts.
Research limitations/implications
The results apply only to the material used in the work: an acrylate‐based photopolymer resin, C123, produced by Tianjin Chemical Co., China. Also, the thickness of the layers is fixed at 6 mm.
Practical implications
Provides a method to analyze the origin and amount of the staircase effect, upon which to better control the surface finish of RP parts. New materials and different layer thicknesses can be investigated using the same method.
Originality/value
Apart from the above practical implication, this paper establishes the parameters that influence the shrinkage of the material used in SRP.
Tensile strength, modulus of rupture, and impact resistance were found for different layer orientations of ABS rapid prototype solid models. The samples were fabricated by a Stratasys rapid prototyping machine in five different layer orientations. The 0° orientation where layers were deposited along the length of the samples displayed superior strength and impact resistance over all the other orientations. The anisotropic properties were probably caused by weak interlayer bonding and interlayer porosity.
This paper presents experimental investigations on influence of important process parameters viz., layer thickness, part orientation, raster angle, air gap and raster width along with their interactions on dimensional accuracy of Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) processed ABSP400 (acrylonitrile-butadine-styrene) part. It is observed that shrinkage is dominant along length and width direction of built part. But, positive deviation from the required value is observed in the thickness direction. Optimum parameters setting to minimize percentage change in length, width and thickness of standard test specimen have been found out using Taguchi’s parameter design. Experimental results indicate that optimal factor settings for each performance characteristic are different. Therefore, all the three responses are expressed in a single response called grey relational grade. Finally, grey Taguchi method is adopted to obtain optimum level of process parameters to minimize percentage change in length, width and thickness simultaneously. The FDM process is highly complex one and hardly any theoretical model exist for the prediction purpose. The process parameters influence the responses in a highly non-linear manner. Therefore, prediction of overall dimensional accuracy is made based on artificial neural network (ANN).
Selective laser melting (SLM) is driven by the need to process near full density objects with mechanical properties comparable to those of bulk materials. During the process the powder particles are completely molten by the laser beam. The resulting high density allows avoiding lengthy post-processing as required with selective laser sintering (SLS) of metal powders. Unlike SLS, SLM is more difficult to control. Because of the large energy input of the laser beam and the complete melting of particles problems like balling, residual stresses and deformation occur. This paper will describe SLM applied to a mixture of different types of particles (Fe, Ni, Cu and Fe3P) specially developed for SLM. The different appearing phenomenons are discussed and the process optimization is described. The latter includes an appropriate process parameter adjustment and the application of special scanning strategies. Resulting parts are characterized by their microstructure, density and mechanical properties.
Part deposition orientation is very important factor of layered manufacturing as it effects build time, support structure, dimensional accuracy, surface finish and cost of the prototype. A number of layered manufacturing process specific parameters and constraints have to be considered while deciding the part deposition orientation. Determination of an optimal part deposition orientation is a difficult and time consuming task as one has to trade-off among various contradicting objectives like part surface finish and build time. This paper describes and compares various attempts made to determine part deposition orientation.
Rapid prototyping (RP) technologies provide the ability to fabricate initial prototypes from various model materials. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) and 3D printer are commercial RP processes while nano composite deposition system (NCDS) is an RP testbed system that uses nano composites materials as the part material. To predict the mechanical behavior of parts made by RP, measurement of the material properties of the RP material is important. Each process was characterizes by process parameters such as raster orientation, air gap, bead width, color, and model temperature for FDM. 3D printer and NCDS had different process parameters. Specimens to measure compressive strengths of the three RP processes were fabricated, and most of them showed anisotropic compressive properties.
Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a fast growing rapid prototyping (RP) technology due to its ability to build functional parts having complex geometrical shape in reasonable time period. The quality of built parts depends on many process variables. in this study, five important process parameters such as layer thickness, orientation, raster angle, raster width and air gap are considered. Their influence on three responses such as tensile, flexural and impact strength of test specimen is studied. Experiments are conducted based on central composite design (CCD) in order to reduce experimental runs. Empirical models relating response and process parameters are developed. The validity of the models is tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Response surface plots for each response is analysed and optimal parameter setting for each response is determined. The major reason for weak strength may be attributed to distortion within or between the layers. Finally, concept of desirability function is used for maximizing all responses simultaneously. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. Ail rights reserved.
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