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A szimbolikus tér átalakulása az Euromajdan után: Kijev és Kárpátalja összehasonlítása

October 2018
Metszetek 7(1):143-164

DOI:10.18392/metsz/2018/1/6

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CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

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HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences

Az utóbbi évtizedek társadalomföldrajzi kutatásai behatóan foglalkoznak a köztér és a politika viszonyának elemzésével (Massey 1994, Mitchell 2003). Ezen kutatások feltárták, hogy a város köztérnevekből, szobrokból és emlékművekből álló szimbolikus tere egy-egy politikai fordulat alkalmával jelentősen átalakul (Light 2004). Az Euromajdant követően, 2015-ben került elfogadásra Ukrajnában az ún. „kommunizmustalanító törvénycsomag”, amely minden korábbinál átfogóbban rendelkezett a szovjet múlt szimbólumainak közterekből való kötelező száműzéséről. A dekommunizáció kiterjedt a település- és köztérnevek mellett a városi tér egyéb elemeire, jelentősen átformálva azok arculatát. Jelen kutatás homlokterében a dekommunizáció térbeli vonatkozásainak vizsgálata áll. Célunk annak áttekintése, hogy a dekommunizáció nyomán milyen fő változások következtek be egyrészt az ukrán fővárosban, Kijevben és ezzel párhuzamosan az ország politikailag és gazdaságilag egyaránt perifériáján lévő Kárpátalja település- és köztérneveiben. Vizsgálatunk másik célja – Ungvár, a Beregszászi járás és Beregszász város példáján – rávilágítani arra, hogy a dekommunizáció nyomán hogyan valósul meg a lokális emlékezet térbeli reprezentációja.

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METSZETEK

Vol. 7 (2018) No. 1

ISSN 2063-6415

DOI 10.18392/metsz/2018/1/6

www. metszetek.unideb.hu

TEMATIKUS TANULMÁNYOK – Kárpátalja társadalma

142 A szimbolikus tér átalakulása az Euromajdan után…

A szimbolikus tér átalakulása

az Euromajdan után:

Kijev és Kárpátalja összehasonlítása1

23

ABSZTRAKT

Az utóbbi évtizedek társadalomföldrajzi kutatásai behatóan foglalkoznak a köztér és a politika

viszonyának elemzésével (Massey 1994, Mitchell 2003). Ezen kutatások feltárták, hogy a város

   



         



       



Jelen kutatás homlokterében a dekommunizáció térbeli vonatkozásainak vizsgálata áll. Cé

 





             

dekommunizáció nyomán hogyan valósul meg a lokális emlékezet térbeli reprezentációja.

: dekommunizáció, Kárpátalja, Kijev, szimbolikus tér, utcanév, köztér

ABSTRACT





The relation between power and public space has been one of the main interest of geographical

research in the last decades (Massey 1994, Mitchell 2003). Researches have illustrated that

following a regime change, the symbolic space of the city – compiled of street names, statues

    

         

1  



2



3



METSZETEK

Vol. 7 (2018) No. 1

ISSN 2063-6415

DOI 10.18392/metsz/2018/1/6

www. metszetek.unideb.huwww. metszetek.unideb.hu

TEMATIKUS TANULMÁNYOK – Kárpátalja társadalma

A szimbolikus tér átalakulása az Euromajdan után… 143

before the banishment of Communist symbols from the public space. The decommunization

besides toponymy, entangled other elements of public space resulting in major shifts the urban

landscape as well.

Main interest of present paper is to study the major shifts in symbolic landscape in the capital,

Kyiv and compare it to the processes that have taken place in the westernmost periphery of the



further aim is to shed light on the role of locality and how local memory is represented in public

space.

KEYWORDS: Decommunization, Transcarpathia, Kyiv, symbolic landscape, street name, public

space

1. Bevezetés



  





       











 









 

 

 

 

  



 

          





           







METSZETEK

Vol. 7 (2018) No. 1

ISSN 2063-6415

DOI 10.18392/metsz/2018/1/6

www. metszetek.unideb.hu

TEMATIKUS TANULMÁNYOK – Kárpátalja társadalma

144 A szimbolikus tér átalakulása az Euromajdan után…



  

 

         



 





  



   



          

  



     





















        

         

        

        

            











   

  

     





METSZETEK

Vol. 7 (2018) No. 1

ISSN 2063-6415

DOI 10.18392/metsz/2018/1/6

www. metszetek.unideb.huwww. metszetek.unideb.hu

TEMATIKUS TANULMÁNYOK – Kárpátalja társadalma

A szimbolikus tér átalakulása az Euromajdan után… 





      





 

   

  

        

          

        





  













   



    

  

  

      

   

  



        

     



 



’

 









 





METSZETEK

Vol. 7 (2018) No. 1

ISSN 2063-6415

DOI 10.18392/metsz/2018/1/6

www. metszetek.unideb.hu

TEMATIKUS TANULMÁNYOK – Kárpátalja társadalma

146 A szimbolikus tér átalakulása az Euromajdan után…

          

  

    







   







    



2. A vizsgálati terepek bemutatása, módszertan









  











  

 





  

 

   













METSZETEK

Vol. 7 (2018) No. 1

ISSN 2063-6415

DOI 10.18392/metsz/2018/1/6

www. metszetek.unideb.huwww. metszetek.unideb.hu

TEMATIKUS TANULMÁNYOK – Kárpátalja társadalma

A szimbolikus tér átalakulása az Euromajdan után… 147

       

  

     



11



12







          

 





    

 





3. A dekommunizációs törvény Ukrajnában

  

 











        



13







11

12  



13    

  



METSZETEK

Vol. 7 (2018) No. 1

ISSN 2063-6415

DOI 10.18392/metsz/2018/1/6

www. metszetek.unideb.hu

TEMATIKUS TANULMÁNYOK – Kárpátalja társadalma

148 A szimbolikus tér átalakulása az Euromajdan után…







         



   

   









       









  

  











     

 







       









  

   



 Декомунізація

 

 





METSZETEK

Vol. 7 (2018) No. 1

ISSN 2063-6415

DOI 10.18392/metsz/2018/1/6

www. metszetek.unideb.huwww. metszetek.unideb.hu

TEMATIKUS TANULMÁNYOK – Kárpátalja társadalma

A szimbolikus tér átalakulása az Euromajdan után… 149

    

















    

 

  









          





 





       











          

         



 





      

       



   

  

     





METSZETEK

Vol. 7 (2018) No. 1

ISSN 2063-6415

DOI 10.18392/metsz/2018/1/6

www. metszetek.unideb.hu

TEMATIKUS TANULMÁNYOK – Kárpátalja társadalma

 A szimbolikus tér átalakulása az Euromajdan után…

     













4. Változások Kijev szimbolikus tájképében



















          

  

     









   

   

 





  

















METSZETEK

Vol. 7 (2018) No. 1

ISSN 2063-6415

DOI 10.18392/metsz/2018/1/6

www. metszetek.unideb.huwww. metszetek.unideb.hu

TEMATIKUS TANULMÁNYOK – Kárpátalja társadalma

A szimbolikus tér átalakulása az Euromajdan után… 

       

 







 





1. fotó.









METSZETEK

Vol. 7 (2018) No. 1

ISSN 2063-6415

DOI 10.18392/metsz/2018/1/6

www. metszetek.unideb.hu

TEMATIKUS TANULMÁNYOK – Kárpátalja társadalma

 A szimbolikus tér átalakulása az Euromajdan után…

2. fotó.





3. fotó.



METSZETEK

Vol. 7 (2018) No. 1

ISSN 2063-6415

DOI 10.18392/metsz/2018/1/6

www. metszetek.unideb.huwww. metszetek.unideb.hu

TEMATIKUS TANULMÁNYOK – Kárpátalja társadalma

A szimbolikus tér átalakulása az Euromajdan után… 

5. Változások Kárpátalja szimbolikus tájképében





         

       















        



1. táblázat. 



  



      

  113    

      

    11

 32 3   1

  1 1 1







  





 

    



           



  



METSZETEK

Vol. 7 (2018) No. 1

ISSN 2063-6415

DOI 10.18392/metsz/2018/1/6

www. metszetek.unideb.hu

TEMATIKUS TANULMÁNYOK – Kárpátalja társadalma

 A szimbolikus tér átalakulása az Euromajdan után…

 

21



     







22

4. fotó.



   

  





     



21  





22



METSZETEK

Vol. 7 (2018) No. 1

ISSN 2063-6415

DOI 10.18392/metsz/2018/1/6

www. metszetek.unideb.huwww. metszetek.unideb.hu

TEMATIKUS TANULMÁNYOK – Kárpátalja társadalma

A szimbolikus tér átalakulása az Euromajdan után… 











 

         



     



       

















      23  

















23



         

 















METSZETEK

Vol. 7 (2018) No. 1

ISSN 2063-6415

DOI 10.18392/metsz/2018/1/6

www. metszetek.unideb.hu

TEMATIKUS TANULMÁNYOK – Kárpátalja társadalma

 A szimbolikus tér átalakulása az Euromajdan után…





      

      





































  









       

     

     

 









METSZETEK

Vol. 7 (2018) No. 1

ISSN 2063-6415

DOI 10.18392/metsz/2018/1/6

www. metszetek.unideb.huwww. metszetek.unideb.hu

TEMATIKUS TANULMÁNYOK – Kárpátalja társadalma

A szimbolikus tér átalakulása az Euromajdan után… 



 











       31

















  









31

METSZETEK

Vol. 7 (2018) No. 1

ISSN 2063-6415

DOI 10.18392/metsz/2018/1/6

www. metszetek.unideb.hu

TEMATIKUS TANULMÁNYOK – Kárpátalja társadalma

 A szimbolikus tér átalakulása az Euromajdan után…





6. Konklúzió



        























 

        











       













          

          





        

 





METSZETEK

Vol. 7 (2018) No. 1

ISSN 2063-6415

DOI 10.18392/metsz/2018/1/6

www. metszetek.unideb.huwww. metszetek.unideb.hu

TEMATIKUS TANULMÁNYOK – Kárpátalja társadalma

A szimbolikus tér átalakulása az Euromajdan után… 



  













6. fotó.



METSZETEK

Vol. 7 (2018) No. 1

ISSN 2063-6415

DOI 10.18392/metsz/2018/1/6

www. metszetek.unideb.hu

TEMATIKUS TANULMÁNYOK – Kárpátalja társadalma

160 A szimbolikus tér átalakulása az Euromajdan után…

Irodalom















     

















  







     







 













         









METSZETEK

Vol. 7 (2018) No. 1

ISSN 2063-6415

DOI 10.18392/metsz/2018/1/6

www. metszetek.unideb.huwww. metszetek.unideb.hu

TEMATIKUS TANULMÁNYOK – Kárpátalja társadalma

A szimbolikus tér átalakulása az Euromajdan után… 161





         



           









 

,







          





         

       









    

       







 











  



METSZETEK

Vol. 7 (2018) No. 1

ISSN 2063-6415

DOI 10.18392/metsz/2018/1/6

www. metszetek.unideb.hu

TEMATIKUS TANULMÁNYOK – Kárpátalja társadalma

162 A szimbolikus tér átalakulása az Euromajdan után…











      























 











  





         

   



és









         

       

  



METSZETEK

Vol. 7 (2018) No. 1

ISSN 2063-6415

DOI 10.18392/metsz/2018/1/6

www. metszetek.unideb.huwww. metszetek.unideb.hu

TEMATIKUS TANULMÁNYOK – Kárpátalja társadalma

A szimbolikus tér átalakulása az Euromajdan után… 163

   







    









    

   



          



  











     



 

















        





www. metszetek.unideb.hu

METSZETEK

Vol. 7 (2018) No. 1

ISSN 2063-6415

DOI 10.18392/metsz/2018/1/6

www. metszetek.unideb.hu

TEMATIKUS TANULMÁNYOK – Kárpátalja társadalma

164 A szimbolikus tér átalakulása az Euromajdan után…

 







  : 



  

   





  





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

     







Theory and Practice. Ethnographic Approaches to Cultural Heritage and an Empirical Example from Western Ukraine

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2024

Borbély Sándor

The study focuses on the examination of today's ethnographical approaches and theoretical-methodological paradigms of cultural heritage , as well as everyday social practices related to heritagization (preparing lists of local values and Hungarikums, monumentalization, festivalization, musealization, etc.). In the first part of the paper, the author briefly describes the most common ethnographic approaches to the concept of cultural heritage , as well as the most important related analytical models. He argues for approaching heritage phenomena and their various manifestations (objects, places, and practices) through a kind of ontological framework. Through an empirical example — the analysis of the collection/preservation of values that started after 2010 among the Hungarian minority in Transcarpathia — the study presents the local/regional practices and ritual and symbolic patterns of heritage making in the Western Ukrainian region. Examining the activities of minority political–cultural elites, the author analyzes the transformations of meanings through which the individual local cultural assets or certain accentuated elements become global social realities, for example national/translocal heritage objects.

Multilingual COVID-19 linguistic landscape in Berehove

Article

Full-text available

May 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought severe changes to people’s lives and has influenced all aspects of our being. The most common attribute of these changes is that we had to comply with regulations that we had not experienced before, use words and phrases that might have been previously unknown to us. Tour daily rhythm was radically transformed. The measures taken to stop the epidemic and the social effects of the pandemic have been examined in many forms. In our paper, we focus on a multilingual town in Transcarpathia, namely Berehove. The results of our longitudinal study, the trends that emerge from the data, can be projected not only on the city, but also on its agglomeration and other settlements that are inhabited by Hungarian speakers. In the linguistic landscape of Berehove, a multiethnic town in the westernmost part of Ukraine, a number of new signs have appeared after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, which are an excellent reflection of the multilingual nature in the region and the municipality. In our study, we present the geosemiotic characteristics of the signs, announcements on epidemiological restrictions and warnings published in public places in Berehove. We also investigate whether the advertisements, inscriptions and symbols were made on the official or private level (top-down / bottom-up). The photographic data was collected in the course of two years (2020–2021) and clearly shows the ever-changing multilingual landscape of the territory, and the alternations of different waves of the pandemic. International literature finds it important to advocate for the appearance of multiple languages as regards to the linguistic landscape of the virus, precisely because linguistic tolerance towards minorities in a hard times like the previous years of constant lockdowns, financial and heath crises, is not only a language policy issue, but also related to health policy. Linguistic landscape, even in these times is not only a reflection of a territory’s ethnolinguistic and ethno-demographical composition but is shaped issues of language policy, cultural legacies, language dynamics and attitudes.

Managing the difficult past: Ukrainian collective memory and public debates on history

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2017

Anna Wylegała

This article analyzes the status of difficult historic events in Ukrainian collective memory. Difficult elements of collective memory are defined as those which divide society on basic matters, such as identity and national cohesion, and events which are being actively forgotten because of the role of Ukrainians as perpetrators. Three such issues were analyzed: World War II and the role of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), the Holocaust, and the ethnic purge of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia in 1943–1945. Utilizing data from quantitative and qualitative studies, the author showcases the significance of these issues for contemporary Ukrainian identity and Ukraine’s relations with its neighbors. In particular, the evaluation of World War II and the role of the UPA in Ukrainian history polarizes Ukrainian society to a great degree. At the same time, this element of national history is used to construct a common, anti-Russian identity. The difficulty of relating to the memory of the Holocaust and the ethnic purge in Volhynia is of a different character. These events are problematic for Ukrainian collective memory because they demand a painful settling of accounts with the past. At present, only Ukrainian elites are willing to work on these subjects, and only to a limited degree, while the common consciousness either denies or ignores them altogether.

“In memory of victims”: Monument and counter-monument in Liberty Square, Budapest

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2016

Ágnes Erőss

Conceived by the Hungarian government as a commemoration of the German occupation of Hungary and accord- ing to the inscription dedicated to the “memory of victims”, the monument in Liberty Square has been a scene of protest against a prominent emblem of the right-wing Hungarian government. The protest has taken the form of a counter-monument that contests the o cial meanings of the government-sponsored composition and especially the notion it conveys depicting Hungary as a victim of German occupation. Whereas the o cial monument evokes traditional forms and its aesthetic is neo-classical, the counter-monument consists of ephemeral features such as gradually accumulated wri en messages and everyday artefacts, and it is constantly built up by protesters. The counter-monument not only challenges the adjacent o cial monument and its notion of Hungary as a victim of German occupation; importantly, it de es the legitimacy of the o cial conception of victimhood by direct refer- ences to the su ering of Hungarian Jews at the period. This paper explores the politics of commemoration at the contested memorial site with an emphasis on the dialectic relationship between the o cial monument and an adjacent counter-monument. Focusing on a contemporary case-study in the centre of the Hungarian capital, it o ers insights into resistance and protest as geospatial features of the politics of public memory.

Decommunization in Post-Euromaidan Ukraine: Law and Practice.

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2016

Oxana Shevel

Ukraine’s infamous decommunization legislation, enacted in May 2015, may be less divisive than it initially appeared. The laws ban positive public expression toward the Soviet past and mandate the renaming of thousands of localities with Soviet-era names. Critics have said that the laws will prohibit open discussion of Ukraine’s complex history and may deepen societal divisions. Thus far, however, the process has not led to any sizeable protests, and parties that vocally opposed the laws have not been able to convert their stance into any actual mobilization. At the same time, there is no evidence of widespread support for decommunization within society, with the reasoning being more economic than ideological. In the end, Ukraine’s decommunization efforts may turn out to have a modest yet significant effect: the successful shedding of the Soviet symbolic legacy.

Street names - Between ideology and cultural heritage

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2013

Jaroslav David

Figuratively speaking, street names (urbanonymy) are witnesses and mirrors of the local history of every particular city or town, just as they mirror and bear witness to national history. If we focus on the system and the stimulus behind street naming in most European cities, there are several key periods in their development from the early Middle Ages until modern times. Put briefly, the names of streets in pre-modern cities were descriptive.

Ethnic features of symbolic appropriation of public space in changing geopolitical frames - The case of Oradea/Nagyvárad

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2010

If a person, a group or a society takes possession of a place, a territory, after naming it makes an effort to indicate its boundaries and to mark it with peculiar features typical of that person or group. But what happens, if another - in our case: ethnic - group lives there in mass, forming an organized minority as the former 'ruling nation'? This place may become the scene of power struggle. Culturally diverse Oradea (Nagyvárad in Hungarian) as every city in North Transylvania went through several power changes in the 20th century, which have affected its demographic features (e.g. ethnic structure) as well as the image of the city. Every power (local or national) tried to prove the right to ownership by the control of ethnic composition and of the image of public space. Street names, statues/monuments, specially chosen colours and different types of buildings have always referred to the characteristics of the actual power. In this paper an attempt is made to present these changes in power, their effect on the (ethnic) image of Oradea, the city lying at the Hungarian-Romanian state border and ethnic boundary. It is aimed to present the endowment of spatial features of changing street names, monuments and buildings with symbolic meanings.

Space, Place, and Gender

Book

Jan 1994

Doreen B Massey

Decommunisation of the Public Space in Post–Euromaidan Ukraine

Article

Dec 2016

Antonina Kozyrska

The problem of thorough and ultimate decommunisation in Ukraine got suddenly valid during Euromaidan on the turn of 2013/2014 and after its termination. It became a component of post–revolutionary reforms in the field of policy of memory. A year after Euromaidan Ukraine’s parliament adopted four “decommunisation laws” on 9 April 2015. One of them concerns the condemnation of the Communist regime and prohibition the propaganda of his symbols. The author analysed contents of the law and focused on the results of decommunisation, which included the cleansing the public space from Soviet–era legacy. Full implementation of the law was planned for the year. During this time the goal was almost fully implemented regarding the renaming of many locations and districts. The communist names of thousands streets, squares, urban districts were changed, although this process was delayed. The process of renaming of many institutions, industrial plants and press titles was very slow.

Toponymic Inscription as an Instrument of Power in Africa: The case of colonial and post-colonial Dakar and Nairobi

Article

Jun 2016

Ambe J Njoh

This study analyses toponymic inscription, the exercise of street/place naming, as a tool for articulating power in Anglophone and Francophone Africa. The focus is on Dakar, Senegal and Nairobi, Kenya, which were respectively indispensable for the colonial projects of France and Britain in Africa. Dakar was for France's West African Federation what Nairobi was for Britain's colonial East Africa. It is shown that toponymic inscription was used with equal zeal by French and British colonial authorities to express power in built space. Thus, both authorities used the occasion to christen streets and places as an opportunity to project Western power in Africa. With the demise of colonialism, indigenous authorities in Kenya inherited the Western vocabulary of spatiality but speedily moved to supplant Eurocentric with Afrocentric street/place-names. In contrast, post-colonial authorities in Senegal remain wedded to the colonial tradition of drawing most important street-and place-names from the Eurocentric cultural lexicon. Consequently, although the vocabulary of spatiality in Nairobi projects African nationalism and power, that of Dakar continues to express mainly Western power.

National Identity in Ukraine: Impact of Euromaidan and the War

Article

Apr 2016

Volodymyr Kulyk

The essay examines the impact of the Euromaidan protests and the subsequent Russian aggression on Ukrainian national identity. It demonstrates that national identity has become more salient vis-à-vis other territorial and non-territorial identities. At the same time, the very meaning of belonging to the Ukrainian nation has changed, as manifested first and foremost in increased alienation from Russia and the greater embrace of Ukrainian nationalism. Although popular perceptions are by no means uniform across the country, the main dividing line has shifted eastwards and now lies between the Donbas and the adjacent east-southern regions.

Naming the past: The significance of commemorative street names

Article